Cultivation and marketing of oyster mushrooms for profit. Cultivation of oyster mushrooms: high incomes at a minimum of costs Start your business with the production of mushrooms

Growing mushrooms at home can quickly and easily turn into a good business, provided you know how and where to run it. Seriously thought about this possibility? Then let me help you. We know where to start and how to succeed in production. This will help you prevent possible pitfalls and problems. Ready?

Paperwork

To open own enterprise must have the whole package important documents. The first thing to take care of is the permission of the sanitary and epidemiological station. It is issued after a thorough examination of the radiation background of the room in which you are going to grow mushrooms.

Next, you must acquire a quality certificate from the SES, which is available only after analyzing all products for the content of herbicides, radioactive elements, heavy metals and pesticides. As a rule, the cost of a certificate varies between 200 - 900 rubles, depending on the region. At the same time, the period for obtaining such a certificate can reach both two days and two weeks. But the validity period indicated in the document will be valid only as long as the products are grown on a specific substrate. As the substrate changes, so does the certificate.

How much will it cost you to start the whole production? Differently. It's really quite difficult to answer. If you plan to place several blocks in the country or on the balcony, you will spend around 50 rubles. Well, if you are seriously thinking about opening industrial production to enter the market, you need to set up production within 50 - 100 kg daily, and this is from 800 to 1,200 m? area and $5,000 investment.

But, if you have an empty room or warehouse, and potential “employees” are your family, then you can set up production with an initial capital of 10,000 rubles.

One of the main advantages of such production is the fact that to open your own enterprise you do not need to use expensive high-tech equipment at all (with the exception of industrial scale). But, the list of special devices and components includes:

• Special liquid, average price $2 per 1 liter;
• special container with filling (wheat straw is used as filling, weight - from 10 to 15 kg);
• ready-made blocks as an alternative solution to the first two points ($2-3 for 1 block).

Well, then you have to start looking for the necessary premises with right conditions for growing mushrooms, among the main requirements are high level humidity in the room - not lower than 85%, because it is a moisture-loving culture. You also need to take care of sufficient lighting. A greenhouse may be a good option, but since it needs to be heated in the winter, and this is a big financial expense, you can just find a room with large windows. And, of course, a ventilated system should be installed in the room, which contributes to the rapid enrichment with oxygen.

Standard 7-8 blocks are freely placed on 1 m². Be guided by these data to calculate the required area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room. Also keep in mind that if successful, you will need to expand, which means that it is better to initially find a larger room, say 15-20 m².

The rental rate per space will be between $10 and $20, so calculate your rental costs first.

The production technology has never been complicated, so you can implement the idea yourself. One person calmly serves up to 50-60 m? area, which is more than 350 blocks. This allows you not to use the services employees.

How to grow ? Buy planting material and straw. On average, the cost of planting material reaches $ 3 per 1 kg, but it brings up to 4 kg of crop. Straw as bedding is the best option, although many choose sawdust. Before using straw, grind it and mix it with fertilizer (125 kg of compost is needed for 1 kg of planting material, and this will bring 22 kg of mushrooms).

Substrate preparation . So, the straw is crushed and moistened. It is heated with boiling water, kept in water for up to 30 minutes. After that, it is dried and laid on a clean surface.

Plastic film bags must be filled with mycelium and straw (first there is 5 cm of straw, and then a small amount of mycelium, then all layers are repeated in turn until the bag is completely filled). In several places, the bag is cut to allow air to enter.

Incubation. First, the required temperature is maintained, without light entering the room. The best option is red light. After small mushrooms are seen in the slots, the second phase will begin.

Fruiting. In this phase, it is necessary to take care of a high level of humidity in the room. Use a moisture meter for regular measurements. But, during the process, make sure that the temperature does not fall below +17°C and does not rise above +20°C. natural light- the main requirement (12 hours a day).

Move the bags from a warm room to a cooler place for a day. This procedure is called shock and accompanies rapid growth mycelium.

Collection. Determine if the product is ripe: a mature representative will have fully formed hats.

The advantage of the mushroom growing business is that after 50 days you will harvest a new crop in the same bags.

Harvest sales

One of the difficulties of such a business is finding buyers. Even at the first stage of cultivation, you must decide how you are going to sell the crop. There are several ways to market:

1. Sell ​​mushrooms in bulk small shops or city supermarkets. This is a regular buyer with excellent sales volumes and the possibility of a price increase;
2. sell the harvest on the market yourself. You can rent a vegetable point and retail;
3. if you live in a big city, offer products to big restaurants. This will allow for a regular supply of fresh mushrooms. Such an offer is especially tempting for a pizzeria;
4. canning may be your alternative solution. By the way, very good. You can also buy freezing equipment and sell mushrooms for several months.

If you have a large amount of used substrate, you can sell it. For example, in rural areas it is purchased to fertilize the soil and feed livestock.

Your profit

Since it is a fast-growing crop, it can be harvested three times from one crop. Two weeks after the first sowing, the second phase begins, and then the third. The optimal area for growing oyster mushrooms, for example, is 300 m², which is equal to 1,000 blocks.

For 1,000 blocks, you will need 4 tons of substrate ($400), 333 kg of mycelium ($10 per kg = $3,330). Well, what about maintenance costs? normal conditions cultivation (watering, heat and humidity) for 60 days is $ 1,800. So, for a month you will spend $ 5,530. And what is the profit?

The wholesale price for 1 kg of oyster mushrooms is approximately $ 6. In the first month you will collect about 1,500 kg, the second and third - another 1,500 kg. 3,000 * 6 = $18,000 in 60 days, and your net income will be $12,470.

The prospect is really great, which is why we advise you to take this opportunity seriously. Only then will the income be much more than the cost of not dusty work.

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Growing mushrooms as a business is suitable for an entrepreneur with a small start-up capital. Mushroom growing has every prospect of growing into a profitable business, provided that not only money is invested in it, but also professional knowledge.

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The relevance of the mushroom growing business

The mushroom growing niche is being actively explored by entrepreneurs. This is due to the fact that the business does not require large start-up costs, and the products are in high demand all year round. Despite the obvious relevance of this type of activity, at present the market can be called low-competitive.

Compared to growing other vegetable crops, mushroom growing does not require the construction of special expensive greenhouses. In addition, the cultivation technology itself is quite simple and can be mastered even by an inexperienced entrepreneur. All this allows you to quickly earn and recoup investments.

Growing mushrooms becomes profitable for the following reasons:

• there is no need to provide expensive care;
• it is possible to organize a small farm at home;
• fast ripening rate of the crop: from 3 weeks;
• there is a winter season of "high prices".

Before organizing a mushroom growing business, you should decide on their assortment and types, each of which requires special care.

What mushrooms to choose for cultivation?

Oyster mushrooms Champignons White mushrooms Truffles

On Russian market The following types of mushrooms are most often chosen for cultivation:

• oyster mushrooms;
• Champignon;
• Forest mushrooms;
• truffles.

Oyster mushrooms are a very popular and most unpretentious species. It attracts a novice entrepreneur with its high yield: up to 14 kg of mushrooms can be harvested from one square meter. In this case, the first collection is possible in a month. Oyster mushrooms are a valuable species containing many nutrients and vitamins. However, in the process of growing, some of its shortcomings appear.

Disadvantages of oyster mushroom:

• fragility: this mushroom is difficult to transport over long distances;
• exactingness to a special temperature regime and the fastest possible delivery;
• unexpressed mushroom aroma;
• possible allergy to spores.

Many mushroom growers agree that champignons are more difficult to grow than oyster mushrooms. They require special quality mycelium and growth media. In addition, mushrooms need special humidity and temperature conditions. Mushrooms grow in racks and boxes. Within a month they reach the required growth and after three months they are already harvesting their crops.

The most common wild mushroom for cultivation is porcini. This is the most valuable mushroom in terms of taste, which can be grown only when conditions of the natural environment are created. The germination of this species is possible only in symbiosis with the roots of trees, so the cultivation of the white fungus occurs in groves and coniferous forests.

Growing truffles is an extremely profitable and, at the same time, an extremely risky business. They grow under oak trees. Seedlings are placed under sterile conditions and then transported to the farm. The fungus requires special, enriched with various elements, compost.

According to entrepreneurs, you should start with the most unpretentious, but no less tasty and nutritious mushrooms - oyster mushrooms. In the future, it is also possible to organize the production of truffles and some types of forest mushrooms.

Necessary conditions for growing oyster mushrooms and.

Description and analysis of the market

Until 2014, the mushroom market in Russia consisted almost entirely of imported products. After the introduction of import restrictions, foreign products reduced their volumes, which allowed domestic producers to increase the cost of mushrooms grown on their own, without reducing demand. The magazine "School of mushroom growing" for 2015 published data on an increase in the production of oyster mushrooms by 17% compared to the data for 2014 of the same period.

Today, the market volume in Russia is about 60 thousand tons. About 160 thousand tons of mushrooms are required to cover import substitution. Such data, together with the low level of competition in the market, is a good indicator for organizing your own farm.

Market analysis shows that the demand for products depends on the location. The most successful for making money are small towns and even arid villages - those places where forest, grown in natural conditions mushrooms are also few.

The most common mushrooms grown in Russia are champignons and oyster mushrooms. The most popular format of reference this business are small farms, with a yield of 3-5 tons per year.

largest Russian manufacturer oyster mushrooms "Cascade" is located in Rostov region. The leaders in terms of production are the Central, Volga and Southern Federal Districts.

According to the data marketing research“Analysis of the world and Russian markets for mushrooms and mushroom products. Forecast until 2014”, by EVENTUS Consulting, the volume of domestic production should increase by 2.5-3 times.

Reasons:

• relatively low consumption of mushrooms per person and the growth potential of this indicator;
• the ability of manufacturers to compete on price and types of products;
• height economic indicators and the desire for a healthy lifestyle of the population.

The target audience

The target audience of this type of activity is both individuals over 30 years old, striving for a healthy and varied diet, and large enterprises, suppliers.

Among them:

• grocery stores and supermarkets;
• enterprises Catering;
• animal enterprises;
• mushroom wholesalers.

Competitive advantages

The competitive environment in this area can currently be defined as low. However, the market is evolving and you should define your own advantages.

They can become:

• constant support of high quality and freshness of products;
• uninterrupted delivery of mushrooms;
• monitoring and introduction of new technologies into production;
• use only proven suppliers of mycelium;
• the ability to work with both legal entities and individuals;
• discounts for bulk purchase;
• flexible pricing policy.

To minimize losses and provide an additional assortment to the buyer, an entrepreneur can open his own line for processing mushrooms or manufacturing semi-finished products.

Advertising campaign

To promote a product on the market, it is necessary to make it a recognizable brand with its own history. The basis for the formation of the company's image is the presence of an informative website with product characteristics and elements of corporate identity.

• Name;
• logo;
• corporate video with footage of production and products.

To work with legal entities and representatives of major retail chains important:

• make information materials good quality;
• develop a strategy for presence in the online environment;
• develop methods of additional competitive advantages.

To advance among individuals can be used:

• accommodation outdoor advertising at points of sale;
• holding promotions and tastings;
• development of social networks and attraction with non-standard content.

Step-by-step instructions for opening a mushroom farm

To implement the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bgrowing mushrooms at home, you must:

1. Analyze the market.
2. Write a detailed business plan.
3. Pass the state registration and choose the form of taxation.
4. Select mycelium and find substrate suppliers.
5. Develop a technology for making compost.
6. Find and prepare a room.
7. Start growing products and adjust technology.
8. Search for marketing channels.
9. Produce sales of products and establish contacts with wholesale customers.

Documentation

Business registration involves the possibility of registration in several forms:

• Individual entrepreneurship (IP);
• Society with limited liability(OOO);
• Peasant farming(KFH).

The IP form allows you to both grow and sell mushrooms.

• certified application by a notary in the form No. P21001;
• an application for the transition to the ESHN or USN (otherwise it will be OSNO by default);
• copy of all pages of the passport.

The LLC form makes it possible to attract additional financial assets through government programs and loans.

Requires the following documents for registration:

• application in the form No. Р11001;
• charter of LLC;
• a decision to open an LLC or a protocol, if there are several founders (partners);
• receipt of payment of state duty;
• copies of the founders' passports certified by a notary;
• application for the transition to the unified agricultural tax or simplified tax system (the default will be general).

KFH is a simplified form of LLP (limited liability partnership), as well as IP and LLC are endowed with legal force.

OKVED codes, under which the mushroom growing business falls:

• 01.13 "Growing vegetables, melons, root and tuber crops, mushrooms and truffles";
• 01.13.6 "Cultivation of mushrooms and truffles".

After growing a batch of mushrooms, it is necessary to obtain documents for the products.

Namely:

• quality certificate;
• declaration of conformity with the state standard;
• phytosanitary certificate;
• conclusion about the radiological examination.

Mushroom farm space

The organization of mushroom growing is beneficial, among other things, due to the absence of high costs for finding and preparing premises.

At home, a suitable room can be:

• basement;
• barn;
• cottage or village house;
• abandoned agricultural or industrial buildings.

Basic requirements for the premises:

• air temperature from 12-25°C;
• air humidity not less than 85%;
• availability of communications: electricity and water supply;
• connected heating and ventilation.

For small rooms, additional air humidification is not required. However, for large-scale production a special humidification and conditioning system is required. Inside large rooms, cultivation chambers are also used, which allow maintaining an optimal microclimate.

Production zones:

• a warm zone for sprouting mycelium with an irrigation system and good ventilation;
• cool area for planting mushrooms.

If you plan to produce compost yourself, then you need to organize an additional area with a grinder and equipment for pasteurization.

Equipment and inventory

For growing mushrooms at home, equipment and supplies are required:

Name	Quantity, pcs.	price, rub.	Amount, rub.
Hammer crusher
Humidifier
Heater
steam generator
Exhaust fan
pasteurization container
Polyethylene bags
garden pitchfork
Formalin solution, kg
Household boxes
cooling chamber

Hammer crusher 35 000 rub. Humidifier 20 000 rub. Steam generator 38 000 rub. Polyethylene bag 250 rub.

For large-scale production, additional equipment will be required:

• climatic installations depending on the cultivated species;
• autoclave for the manufacture of mycelium;
• special equipment for pasture of mushroom fruiting bodies;
• substrate preparation machines;
• racks for camera equipment;
• Packaging equipment.

Mycelium

The choice of mycelium should be approached especially carefully, since the yield and income of the entrepreneur depends on its quality.

Mycelium is the seed material, which is the vegetative body of fungi, consisting of thin, branched filaments called hyphae.

It is worth buying mycelium only in specialized laboratory companies. At the initial stage, it is recommended to purchase from several suppliers with a good reputation and draw a conclusion based on your own experience.

The supplier is selected according to the following criteria:

• availability of licenses and quality certificates;
• Availability positive feedback from buyers;
• product quality;
• average market value.

The shelf life of mycelium is up to 120 days at a temperature of +2 degrees, so its purchase is carried out several times a year.

When buying, you should pay attention to the following product characteristics:

• strain and variety of fungus;
• speed and percentage of grain fouling;
• storage period;
• mold resistance;
• internal temperature + 20-22 degrees;
• absence of black or green spots with an ammonia smell.

Mycelium is used to prepare the substrate. Over time, you can make it yourself. This process is quite complicated and requires additional premises and professional skills. However, substrate components are inexpensive, so if done well, making seed can save a lot of money.

The main stages of preparing the substrate at home:

1. Straw or sawdust are steamed in hot water at the rate of 1 kg of mycelium per 10 kg of substrate.
2. The resulting mixture is cooled, combined with mycelium and placed in plastic bags. The mycelium is crushed without opening the bags and its temperature is equalized with the substrate. The laying of the mycelium and the opening of the package is carried out under sterile conditions with the treatment with a disinfectant solution.
3. In the resulting bags with a clean object, holes of 0.5 cm are made at an angle of 45 degrees at a distance of 10-15 cm. Mushroom blocks are installed so that the sides with slots are ventilated and are not on the side of the wall.
4. Bags of 10-12 kg are sent to the shelves in a room without light penetration at a temperature of +18-20ºС. During the incubation period, the room is not ventilated. IN without fail daily cleaning with chloride solutions.

Staff

Often, mushroom production begins as family business. This reduces the cost of wages and allows you not to worry about the responsibility of employees.

However, with the expansion of production, additional staff of qualified specialists will be needed. On average, it takes 1 worker to harvest up to 100 kg per day.

Thus, the composition of the staff of the mushroom farm:

Job title	Number of people	Salary, rub.	Monthly payment fund, rub.
production worker
support worker

Production responsibilities include:

• harvesting;
• monitoring of growing processes and timely adjustment;
• reporting;
• creation of conditions for the productive functioning of production;
• formation of applications for the purchase of mycelium and cultivation of compost.

The auxiliary worker is the main production assistant and performs the operational instructions of the manager.

Financial plan

Mushroom growing is a business with an average start-up cost. The amount of investment, recurring costs and income depends on the planning of scale. Drawing up a financial plan with exact numbers will help calculate the main indicators and make the project profitable. You can download a ready-made business plan on many sites, but all indicators should be adjusted to the characteristics of a particular region.

How much does it cost to open a mushroom farm?

Startup costs will be:

Item of expenses	price, rub.
Premises for rent
Repair and communication
Purchase of mycelium and substrate
Purchase of equipment
Registering an enterprise and obtaining the necessary licenses
Searching for sales channels and establishing contacts
Other types of expenses, including contingencies
Salary to staff for the first month

Recurring costs

Monthly cost items will be:

Income

To calculate the profitability per month, you should determine the income from one cycle. There can be 4-6 such cycles per year.

10 tons of substrate give about 2 tons of mushrooms. The average selling price is 150 rubles. per kilogram. Thus, net profit per month will be 150 thousand rubles.

Business income per month 42 thousand rubles.

Calendar plan

The plan for launching the enterprise is designed for 4 months. feature calendar plan will receive additional certificates for products, which are possible only after the cultivation of the first batch. Similarly with the establishment of distribution channels.

Stage	1 month	2 months	3 months	4 months	5 months
Market analysis	+	+
Business plan preparation		+
Registration of a package of documents		+
Obtaining Additional Permissions		+			+
Premises for rent		+
Repair work		+	+
Purchasing and stocking		+	+
Recruitment		+
Establishment of sales channels					+
Opening				+

Risks and payback

The payback period of the project with a stable yield and organized marketing is 16 months.

After the project reaches the break-even point, the following prospects can be distinguished:

• increase in selling prices for products;
• increase in production volumes;
• expansion of views;
• availability of additional distribution channels and wholesale customers.

Like any business related to the cultivation of products, mushroom growing is associated with certain risks.

Risks and ways to minimize them:

1. Unsold goods and damage to the presentation. You should think over the distribution channels in advance and purchase a refrigerator for short-term storage of products.
2. Insufficient yield. You should study the market for bioadditives and, if necessary, change the supplier of mycelium.
3. Unforeseen costs associated with lack of experience. It will help the study of special literature and acquaintances in order to exchange experience.
4. The growth of competition. It is necessary to monitor the observance of the balance "price - quality" and work on expanding the service.

A business with low competition is attractive to an entrepreneur as highly profitable. But it is often associated with the lack of development of a niche and the lack of professional knowledge of the organizer himself. A systematic study of the specifics of the activity and the prompt change of negative factors will lead to the expansion of the business and its successful functioning.

Mushrooms are always popular, regardless of the season. Some people like to collect them in the forest on their own, others prefer to buy them in shops and markets. Growing mushrooms at home or in the country can be a very profitable business. Its profitability reaches 40%, and entering the business does not require special knowledge and large investments.

What mushrooms to grow?

First of all, you need to decide which mushrooms you plan to grow. It is possible to identify several cost-effective options:

• Porcini- one of the most valuable on the mushroom market. Soups, sauces, salads are prepared from it. Is in high demand. But at the same time, growing porcini mushrooms is somewhat troublesome, as they grow best in gardens near the roots of trees. When grown in greenhouses, they need to create conditions similar to natural ones.
• Oyster mushrooms- the easiest type of mushroom to grow. It requires a small area for planting, and a monthly harvest per square meter can reach 14 kg. The first mushrooms can be obtained in a month. Oyster mushrooms are in high demand because they contain a lot of nutrients, vitamins B, PP, C and H and amino acids.
• Champignon- This type of mushroom is considered one of the most expensive. Requires compost, which is quite difficult to make at home, therefore, you will have to spend money on its purchase.

Business registration

It is necessary to obtain a number of documents that will allow you to legally sell mushrooms:

• Certificate of registration as an individual entrepreneur. OKVED code - A.01.12.31. (growing mushrooms and mycelium). ESHN should be chosen as the tax regime.
• Certificate of registration with the pension fund and tax service.
• Permission and certificates from SES.
• Conclusion of Rospotrebnadzor.
• radiology protocol.
• Quality certificate obtained in Rosstandart.
• Compiled and approved rules for the storage and transportation of mushrooms and products derived from them.

Please note that certificates obtained in the laboratory are valid only as long as you grow mushrooms on the same substrate. When changing the substrate, it is necessary to undergo laboratory tests again.

Room selection

Mushrooms can be grown both indoors and outdoors. The second is relevant if you plan to open a mushroom farm and get a crop all the time, and not just in the warm season. Suitable as a basement, as well as a warehouse, a greenhouse and even an ordinary living room.

Mushroom cultivation requires a dry and clean room with good ventilation. In the cold season, it is also necessary to install additional stoves or radiators to maintain the thermal regime.

It is worth paying attention to the humidity, which should reach 80-90%, depending on the type of mushroom grown. To maintain it, it is necessary to install containers filled with cold water in the room.

Despite the fact that mushrooms do not like bright light, it is still necessary to provide short-term artificial lighting. It will be needed during the ripening of the crop.

It is advisable to divide the room into several zones, based on the main stages:

1. For the preparation and storage of the substrate.
2. For planting mushrooms.
3. For sprouting mycelium.
4. For the direct cultivation and collection of mushrooms.
5. For processing and storage of finished products.

The selected room must be pre-treated with a disinfectant solution and then the walls whitewashed.

Purchase of mycelium

Mycelium is a mycelium that looks like thin light threads with a thickness of 10 microns or less. After planting it, the growth of mushrooms begins. When choosing a mycelium, one should pay attention to the variety, type and timing of the ripening of mushrooms, their resistance to diseases of various kinds.

Be sure to check the expiration date of the mycelium, their color and smell. The seller must have a license for the goods.

To get started, buy a small trial batch.

Equipment

For proper organization business on a mushroom farm, it is important to have such equipment and Supplies, How:

• polyethylene bags for planting mushrooms;
• refrigerator and cold rooms;
• heaters;
• humidifiers;
• racks;
• container for packaging;
• harvest boxes.

Staff

If you have fixed serious production V industrial scale, then you should get helpers. To run a mushroom farm you need:

• technologist;
• harvester and packer;
• handyman;
• Sales Manager.

The number of workers depends on the size of the farm and the amount of harvest.

How to grow white mushroom

The technology depends on where you grow mushrooms:

In an open area

First you need to prepare a special solution according to this recipe: break the cap of an adult mushroom and soak it for a day in cold water. Then, on the site, it is necessary to remove the top layer of turf directly near the trees, and pour the cleared place with an infused solution with fungal spores.

It is worth planting mushrooms at the end of May - beginning of June, if you are in the southern regions, in the middle lane, the landing dates fall at the end of August - the beginning of September.

To accelerate growth, you can buy mycelium of porcini mushrooms. It is planted in a small pit, about 20-30 cm deep. It is first filled with a substrate. Substrate can be:

• dry foliage of trees;
• bark;
• various kinds of nutrient mixtures.

The thickness of the layer reaches 7-10 cm. Then a second layer is laid, consisting of humus or ordinary earth, mycelium is laid on it, then another layer of nutrient mixture 3 cm thick. Then everything is sprinkled with a layer of earth 3-5 cm thick.

in the greenhouse

Seeds must be planted in boxes and placed on racks. For planting, special compost is used, consisting of:

• dry crushed straw;
• sawdust;
• sunflower husks;
• chalk or plaster in small quantities.

Chicken, cow or horse droppings can act as fertilizer. The resulting mixture is poured with hot water and infused for 2-3 weeks. During this period, the compost is shaken and watered. Then mycelium is added to the compost and laid out in boxes.

In the room it is necessary to organize subdued lighting, a high level of humidity and provide ventilation.

Oyster mushroom cultivation

There are two options for growing these mushrooms:

First option

It involves the preparation of the substrate, which includes:

• crushed and soaked straw;
• sawdust;
• fresh sunflower husk.

The mixture is crushed and poured with hot water. After cooling, fit into polypropylene bags. The substrate layer and the mycelium layer should be alternated. In this case, the mycelium makes up 3-5% of the total mass of the bag. The polyethylene should have holes for ventilation, about 2 cm in diameter. It is advisable to make holes every 15 cm.

The first month, the blanks are stored in a closed dark room at a humidity of 90% and a temperature of about 25 degrees. After the specified period, everything moves to a cooler place with a temperature regime of 12-18 degrees, where the mushrooms ripen.

The first mushrooms can be obtained in a few weeks, and they grow in waves. With each new wave, the amount of harvested is less.

Second option

It implies the use of wood and stumps for growing crops:

1. They take stumps of deciduous trees, preferably young ones that are not infected with other fungi. You can also use pre-treated cuts from tree trunks.
2. Stumps and cuts are infected with mycelium and kept at high humidity until they are overgrown with mycelium.
3. Then they are planted in the ground to provide constant moisture.

This method is characterized by low productivity and is used extremely rarely.

You can learn about the real experience of growing such mushrooms from the video:

Growing champignons is considered a more complex process. Firstly, this is due to the fact that they require a special compost or substrate, and secondly, it is necessary to strictly observe the microclimate.

The substrate can be prepared independently. For him take:

• fresh dry straw - 12 kg;
• fresh chicken manure or cow or horse manure - 8 kg;
• gypsum or chalk - 0.5-1 kg;
• ammonium sulfate - 200-250 g.

All this is laid out in layers, then insisted for a month, watering daily, every 6-7 days it must be shaken. To determine whether the mixture is ready for planting, the absence of a characteristic ammonia smell will help. As soon as it disappears, you can sprinkle the compost with earth and plant the mycelium.

The temperature regime for champignons is at least 15 degrees, best of all - 20-25. The humidity level is within 70-80%.

The mushroom picker germinates within two weeks, and the first harvest can be obtained in 2-3 months.

Sales of mushrooms

finished products must be disposed of as soon as possible or specially processed for long-term storage. Fresh mushrooms can be sold:

• selling them to restaurants and canteens;
• deliver to markets and shops, supermarkets;
• sell to individual buyers.

Leftovers can be canned or dried.

During Lent and holidays the cost and demand for mushrooms is rising.

How much money do you need to start a business?

We present exemplary business plan by expenses:

1. Premises for rent in 40-60 sq.m. - 7,000 rubles.
2. Purchase of mycelium or mycelium - 10,000 rubles.
3. Purchase of substrate or compost - 20,000 rubles.
4. Packages at the rate of 500 pieces - 5,000 rubles.
5. Plastic boxes, 10 pieces - 1,000 rubles.
6. Equipment for organizing a microclimate - 15,000 rubles.
7. Refrigerators and cold rooms - 40,000-60,000 rubles.
8. Transportation costs - 15,000.
9. Registration and execution of all papers - 20,000 rubles.
10. Utility bills - 30,000 rubles per month.

To open a business, on average, you will need 183,000 rubles. The exact item of expenditure depends on the volume of production and the region.

Business Pros

The main advantages of the mushroom business include:

• mushrooms are unpretentious in care and do not require constant care;
• no special training or skills required;
• use in the production of simple and affordable materials;
• high demand and stable income.

For starters, it's best to try growing mushrooms on a small scale for yourself. Once you understand the cultivation process, you can expand the mushroom farm and enter the market.

When working with mushrooms - planting, harvesting - use gauze bandages, as fungal spores can cause allergic reactions.

Video: Mushrooms - an idea for a private business

You can learn more about growing mushrooms and organizing a mushroom business from the video below:

Growing mushrooms is a fairly cost-effective and simple type of business. It does not require any special knowledge. Its profitability reaches 40%, and it pays off within a year.

Mushrooms have always been a popular food item in Russia. With the growth of the population, their collection ceased to satisfy consumer needs, and artificial cultivation of mushrooms appeared. The profitability of the business and reviews of this type of activity are attracting more and more entrepreneurs to mushroom production.

What kind to choose?

The most famous variety that is grown under artificial conditions is. There is a lot of publicly available information on the technology of its cultivation, features and recipes. Of the minuses, one can note the presence of competitors in the sales market, the manure substrate and the need to purchase mycelium from specialized companies.

Note. Mycelium is the mycelium from which the fruiting body of the fungus develops. Grown in the laboratory and can be separate view business. The substrate is a nutrient medium for mycelium, which can be prepared independently.

The next most popular is oyster mushroom. A useful and nutritious mushroom that grows on straw, sawdust or sunflower husks. Less whimsical in production than champignon, but can cause allergies to spores in workers. Failure to comply with sanitary standards in the preparation of the substrate causes infection and death of the crop.

The exotic shiitake mushroom, common in the East, is mainly purchased by Japanese restaurants. It has healing properties, does not grow under the open sun and costs much more than champignons with oyster mushrooms - from 500 rubles. for 1 kg.

The growing technology has not been worked out and there are no large specialized enterprises. The incubation period is from 1 to 3 months, mycelium is not produced, but imported from abroad at a very high prices. As a result, the cost of production is quite expensive, but if there is a constant market, profitability is also high.

Another delicacy mushroom is truffle. Its main feature is that it grows exclusively in forest land at a depth of 30 cm. Those wishing to organize the production of truffles will have to start by renting a large land plot, buy expensive mycelium and wait 6 years for the first harvest. It's not for the faint of heart, even considering the selling price of $ 500 per 1 kg. It is possible to collect about 15 kg of mushrooms from one truffle plantation with an area of ​​one hectare.

Of the traditional forest mushrooms, the most beloved is white, although for some reason it is considered poisonous in Switzerland. Cultivation of porcini mushrooms is possible both in rural and urban areas; personal plots, greenhouses, warehouses. Or even at home, but then the harvest and profit will be small, and it is difficult to provide the necessary microclimate.

General conditions for successful mushroom growing in indoors are:

1. Organization of the desired microclimate (humidity, temperature, lighting, ventilation).
2. Acquisition of mycelium.
3. Making or purchasing a substrate.
4. Strict adherence to sanitary standards to prevent bacterial contamination.

Taking into account the advice of experienced entrepreneurs and an assessment of the economic situation, it is most profitable for a novice businessman to start breeding and selling oyster mushroom.

Oyster mushroom cultivation technology

There are two global approaches to :

• extensive;
• intensive.

Extensive technology is very similar to the growth of mushrooms in natural conditions - oyster mushroom is cultivated on stumps and trees. Disadvantages of this method:

1. The incubation period significantly exceeds the germination time with the intensive method.
2. After a few years, the yield of the substrate decreases.
3. Difficult to provide the necessary conditions for continued fruition.

The extensive method is mainly used by adherents of eco-products and home businesses.

Intensive method allows you to get stable, controlled yields all year round by providing an ideal microclimate. First, the substrate is prepared: straw (husk or sawdust) is crushed and steamed, then nutrients and mycelium are added (at the rate of 3-5 kg ​​of mycelium per 1 ton of substrate). All the resulting mass is tightly stuffed into plastic bags of 10-12 kg. Lots of slits are made in the bags to remove excess moisture and the germination of mushrooms.

The bags are hung from the ceiling or racks in a dark chamber with a humidity of 65% and a temperature of up to 24 °, where the entire volume of the bag is overgrown with mycelium for about a half-moon.

After that, the bags are transferred to another chamber with a high humidity of about 85% and a temperature of 12° to 18°. It is under such conditions that after seven to fourteen days, primordia appear in the slots - fungal embryos, which then form into clusters weighing from 0.3 to 4 kg.

The crop is cut off, and after ten days, new mushroom clusters of a smaller size and weight are formed in the same place. Usually, 3 waves of harvest are harvested from one batch of bags, with decreasing effectiveness. The bags are then discarded or sold as livestock feed.

On average, 2-3 kg of oyster mushrooms are obtained from one ten-kilogram bag.

Procedure

First, you should draw up a business plan, which will allow you to conduct activities in an orderly manner and calculate the required amount of start-up capital.

The main stages of starting a mushroom business:

• legal and tax registration;
• selection of premises;
• purchase of equipment and raw materials;
• recruitment of staff;
• sales organization;
• calculations of financial indicators.

Company registration

The founder can be either one person or several. In the first case, it is made individual entrepreneurship, in the second - a limited liability company. Mushroom production is agriculture, therefore, taxes must be paid according to the ESHN system (single agricultural tax) in the amount of 6% of the amount of annual profit.

The list of documents required for legal activity includes:

1. radiology protocol.
2. Certificate of conformity of products to GOST.
3. Phytosanitary certificate.

These papers will need to be issued after the start of production and the receipt of the first batch of mushrooms.

Production room

It is better to find a place for production away from residential buildings, since oyster mushroom spores are highly allergenic. You also need to take into account the location of the main suppliers of raw materials and buyers in order to save on transport costs in the future.

Basic requirements for the premises:

• Minimum quadrature - 15 square meters. m.
• Presence of a microclimate: humidity not less than 80%; temperature not lower than 12 ° and not higher than 25 °; constant ventilation.
• Availability of communications (water supply, sewerage, electricity).
• Concrete floor and whitewashed walls.

The production plan should include:

1. Chambers for growing mushrooms.
2. Substrate making room.
3. Room for pasteurization of the substrate.
4. Stock.
5. Department for employees.

The area of ​​the premises depends on the planned production volumes. From 1 sq. m., you can get about 4 kg of mushrooms every month.

Raw materials and equipment

At first, there is no need to purchase expensive units. You can do without them at all, build your own or buy used cars. The savings will be significant, because the following devices are needed for a large-scale mushroom farm business:

In addition, mushroom chambers need to be equipped with a bag hanging system, harvest boxes and lighting fixtures should be purchased.

• The substrate - straw or sunflower husks - is the cheapest to buy in large farms directly from the fields.
• Mycelium produce specialized companies in laboratory conditions using sophisticated technology. The cost of 1 kg of oyster mushroom mycelium is about 100 rubles.
• Nutrient additives - bran or bark - are introduced in the amount of up to 10% of the total volume of the substrate.

Employees

Tons of the substrate must be unloaded and loaded into the equipment, completed with ready-made blocks for growing chambers, moved to the chambers for maturation, then harvested, packaged for sale.

If a beginner farm is not equipped with special equipment, then all operations for preparing the substrate - cutting, processing, mixing, stuffing - are done manually, this also requires workers. IN Russian conditions finding unskilled labor is no problem.

For the sake of correctness technological process the technologist is watching. He controls the composition for growing, buys raw materials, monitors the microclimate in the chambers, and assesses the degree of ripening of the crop. In case of contamination of the substrate with pests or non-ripening of mushrooms, the technologist can determine the cause and provide methods for correcting the situation.

On average, 3 handymen, 1 technologist, 1 distributor will cope with the cultivation of 200 kg of mushrooms per day. An accountant is required for accounting and reporting.

Sales

With the right approach, buyers take the entire day's picking of mushrooms by self-delivery. However, it is quite difficult to accurately predict the volume of the crop. You can make a big mistake both up and down and either let customers down or not sell a large batch of a perishable product.

Wholesale consumers are supermarkets, processing plants. Retail sale takes place through markets, fairs, small retail outlets.

If even when choosing production premises thought out distribution channels with minimal transport costs, then high profitability will be ensured from the very beginning, otherwise the delivery of products will be a large item in the cost price.

To form a permanent clientele in stores, you can come up with a company logo, design your own packaging, place recipes on it, etc.

Start-up capital, income and expenses

Growing mushrooms as a business does not require huge investments Money, especially if it is organized on a personal site and expensive equipment has not been purchased. In this case, to implement a business idea on an area of ​​200 sq. m. you will need:

If the premises are rented and equipment was purchased, then the starting capital will be:

Current monthly expenses production:

The average market retail price for oyster mushroom is 180 rubles/kg. With a yield of 800 kg of mushrooms per month, the revenue will be 144,000 rubles.

Investments in a mushroom farm, taking into account rent and equipment, will pay off in 8-9 months.

Spent mushroom blocks can be sold as fertilizer or livestock feed at a price of 60-80 rubles. This will add real profit of 12,000 rubles. — 16,000 rubles.

Profitable mushroom production at the level of 60-70% makes it very attractive for small businesses.

mushroom processing

If production is greater than demand, you can build your own harvesting and processing workshop. Mushrooms, as a very valuable product, are salted, pickled, dried, frozen.

During the natural mushroom season, you can buy forest mushrooms and berries from the population. The most common are chanterelles, white, honey mushrooms, raspberries, blackberries, blueberries, blueberries. It is easiest and most profitable to dry or freeze them.

For salting and pickling, you need good recipe brine, glassware sterilization technology, bottling line. And for dried and frozen products, only special equipment, packaging and storage space are needed.

Video: mushroom business.

We invite you to familiarize yourself with detailed business plan cultivation various kinds mushrooms. Read the finished production plan and find out the list of possible risks.

Hello dear readers!

Growing mushrooms is a promising business idea for aspiring entrepreneurs. Its implementation does not require large start-up capital, purchases special equipment or a large room.

Brief Investment Memorandum

The goal of the project is to grow oyster mushrooms and sell them fresh in your city, as well as further development production capacity: increase in the volume of production, expansion of the range.

Advantages of the mushroom business:

1. The cultivation technology has been studied and developed. For the harvest, you just need to strictly follow the instructions.
2. Eco-products grown without chemical fertilizers are at the peak of popularity. Mushrooms are a hearty and tasty product that is in demand all year round.
3. Investments are not needed to establish production. Use your garage or cottage. The main costs at this stage are mycelium, growing bags.
4. Many sales channels: market, catering establishments, supermarkets, eco-product stores.
5. High profitability subject to well-established production and marketing of goods.
6. For the cultivation of champignons and oyster mushrooms, waste from the agricultural and processing industries is used.
7. Mushrooms are not demanding on growing conditions. They grow in basements, mines, garages, greenhouses. Any room can be adapted for growing mushrooms.
8. Mushrooms are sold fresh, dried, canned.

The relevance of the mushroom growing business

In the last 4 years, when the import of champignons and oyster mushrooms has significantly decreased, it has become much easier for a novice mushroom grower to enter the market. These varieties produce a stable crop all year round, so your main task is to market it.

There are several types of mushroom products on the Russian market.

Demand different types mushrooms in our country is displayed on a pie chart:

As you can see in the diagram, champignons are the most sought after mushrooms.

Another one helpful information for a novice mushroom grower - the cost of the most popular mushroom varieties among buyers. Prices are valid for the summer season of 2017.

The most expensive are packaged mushrooms on the market

According to the School of Mushroom Growing, the volume of oyster mushroom production on the Russian market in 2017 is 6-7 thousand tons per year. Mushrooms are grown 6-8 times more.

Demand for oyster mushrooms is less than for champignons, but experts consider its cultivation to be promising. The main thing for an entrepreneur who has chosen this variety is to launch effective advertising products and improve sales.

Sales market - ways to sell finished products

Mushrooms do not belong to long-term storage products, so products must be sold quickly before they lose their freshness and presentation.

Let's talk about marketing.

Restaurants, cafes and other catering establishments

Invite the administration of the establishments to try the products. Show quality certificates, the conclusion of a radiological examination, confirming the safety and quality of your product.

Market

For sale on the market, documentation confirming the naturalness of the product will also be required.

Supermarkets and shops

Provide information about the quality of oyster mushrooms or champignons, leave the goods for testing, treat the management with pickled mushrooms own production and the signing of the contract will not be long in coming.

Sale to wholesale buyers

This is a fast, but disadvantageous way to implement. The purchase price is much lower than the retail price.

Experts from the Center for Environmental Programs, which specializes in the development of private mushroom growing, say: “Cultivated mushrooms are in the greatest demand in the European part of Russia. In areas such as Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Chelyabinsk, the population prefers wild-growing edible mushrooms.

Sales and Marketing

We have already talked about where to look for customers and about the sales market. I will tell you how to write a catchy ad and attract the attention of buyers.

For sales on the Internet at the start, you just need to register on Avito or another trading platform.

In order for a buyer to choose you, your ad must have:

1. Photos of fresh produce. If you add a few photos of fruits growing in the mycelium, this will inspire more confidence in the buyer. He will also be interested in photos with pickled or fried oyster mushrooms, or champignons.
2. Product Description. Indicate that the variety you have grown is safe, that you use only environmentally friendly germination technologies, a natural substrate.
3. Price. If the ad does not include a price, it is not specific and will not generate interest.
4. Contact Information. Specify not only a phone number, but also an account in social network. It is desirable that on your page or on the group page there are customer reviews about the quality of the product.

For sales in the market the best advertisement- give the buyer a taste of a delicious mushroom dish. Find the original marinade recipe and treat every customer. A month later this advertising campaign you will have a stable audience of customers.

The owners of supermarkets and restaurants will be "bribed" by a small free batch of product for testing.

The key to success is the quality and naturalness of champignons and oyster mushrooms. Selling one batch is easy, but your task is to generate stable sales.

Financial plan

financial planning- the stage necessary for opening any business. It is made before the establishment of production. Having drawn up such a plan, you will correlate the costs with the expected income, you will be able to calculate the payback period of production. The financial plan is based on starting and current expenses as well as profit from sales.

An example of the expenditure part of a business plan with start-up costs (the data in the table depends on the scale of production):

№	Expenses	Amount in rubles
1	Room rental (up to 60 square meters)	8 000 -10 000
2	Mycelium and mycelium	10 000
3	substrate, compost	20 000
4	Bags or packages (500 pcs.)	5 000
5	Plastic containers (10 pcs)	1 000
6	Microclimate equipment (humidifiers, fans, heaters)	25 000
7	Refrigeration equipment	60 000
8	Shipping costs to the point of sale	15 000
9	Registration, registration of documents and certificates	20 000
10	Communal expenses	20 000
Total:		186 000

To the figures presented in the table, add the amount of taxes, staff salaries, rent trading place on the market, payment accounting services, advertising costs and other operating costs.

Possible risks and guarantees

This type of business has 3 main risks:

• low yield;
• weak sales;
• competition.

Productivity depends on the accuracy of compliance with production technologies, sales - on product quality and good advertising.

Business Success Guarantees:

1. Stable year-round customer demand.
2. Several ways of implementation (dried, frozen, canned and fresh).
3. Multiple distribution channels (market, shops, restaurants, wholesalers).
4. No serious competition. Private mushroom growing is only being mastered by entrepreneurs and investors.
5. High profitability. Investments in the opening of the enterprise pay off after the first good harvest.

Inspirational video about the experience of an entrepreneur from Krasnodar Territory growing champignons at home:

Download business plan

A business plan is the very first step in starting a business. It reflects all aspects of the business: from its goals to the competent distribution of profits. The business plan specifies each action on the way to the implementation of the idea, acting as insurance against rash spending and fiasco.

They draw up a plan based on an analysis of the mushroom growing industry, studying the specifics of the region. This is what professional marketers do. Thanks to ready plans from the internet you have the opportunity to understand the basic concept and develop your own document.

This approach is real reconnaissance in battle, because you yourself will analyze the competition, learn everything about the technology of the process, and even find potential buyers.

Download finished sample one of the links on this page. Don't forget that these are templates that you need to adapt to your idea.