home » Calculation » Lectures on investments - file Lectures on investments.doc. Choice of economically efficient type of vehicles The indicator of reduced costs takes into account

Lectures on investments - file Lectures on investments.doc. Choice of economically efficient type of vehicles The indicator of reduced costs takes into account

Listed costs

an economic category that reflects the value (in value terms) of the total costs of social labor, current and one-time, for the production of products. Numerically P. z. are equal to the sum of total current production costs (including depreciation (See Depreciation)) WITH and parts of capital investments (See Capital investments) TO to this event. This part is equal to T n - the standard payback period. , Where - normative coefficient efficiency indicated E n. Thus, W=WITH+E n․TO.

Calculus P. z. is used when comparing the options for capital investments required to solve a given economic task. The best of the compared options is determined by the smallest P. z. The economic meaning of the calculation of P. z. is as follows. The best option in most cases is not the option that requires the least running costs. Usually, the option that gives the lowest operating costs requires a larger capital investment. For example, the lowest current cost is obtained by replacing manual labor mechanisms, but this requires capital investments in mechanization. The amount of capital investment has great importance when choosing options, since the Accumulation Fund in national economy limited. Therefore, it is necessary to choose the option that gives the optimal (under given conditions) ratio between current costs and capital investments. For this, capital investments are reduced to an annual dimension in proportion to the annual share of the standard payback period E n. After that, the given investments are summed up with the current costs. For example, if you need to choose the most efficient type of machine out of 3 possible, the price of which (including installation) is 50, 60 and 70 thousand rubles, and the current annual production costs for each machine are 40, 35 and 30 thousand, respectively. rub., then the value of P. z. with an efficiency standard of 0.12 (according to the Standard Methodology for Determining the Efficiency of Capital Investments) will be: 50․0.12 + 40 = 46 thousand rubles, 60․0.12 + 35 = 42.2 thousand rubles. and 70․0.12 + 30 = 38.4 thousand rubles. The smallest value of P. z. is obtained by the 3rd option, which should be chosen.

The value of the standard efficiency coefficient depends on the accumulation fund and the need for capital investments. The larger this fund, the smaller the standard can be, and this allows you to invest in more expensive and advanced equipment. The greater the need for capital investment, the higher the standard should be, and it is necessary to raise funds for options that require relatively less capital investment.

Inclusion in P. z. part of capital investments that correspond to the capital investment norm does not aim to ensure the return of capital investments, since it is carried out through depreciation included in current costs. With regard to capital expenditures, adding a part of capital investments to current expenditures makes economic sense, which makes it possible to reflect the smallest increase clean production, which can be obtained in the national economy at the expense of these capital investments aimed at increasing public product. This determines the value as a standard of efficiency when comparing options E n, and the value of this standard when comparing costs at different times IN. According to the Model Methodology, this latter standard is assumed to be 0.08. P. z. are not the socialist price of production, since the expression payback of capital investments).

P. z. are used in planning when choosing options for capital investments, new equipment, location of production, etc. Application P. z. for these purposes was recommended by the All-Union Conference on economic efficiency capital investments and new technology (1958). These recommendations were included in the Standard Methodology for Determining the Economic Efficiency of Capital Investments. Based on them, sectoral and special methods were compiled, as well as methods adopted by the CMEA for calculating efficiency in the implementation of international events in the world socialist system.

Lit.: Typical methodology for determining the economic efficiency of capital investments, M., 1969: Khachaturov T. S., Economic efficiency of capital investments, M., 1964; his, Improvement of methods for determining the effectiveness of capital investments, "Questions of Economics", 1973, No. 3; Krasovsky V.P., Problems of the economy of capital investments, M., 1966.

T. S. Khachaturov.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Distributed Costs" is in other dictionaries:

- (a. discounted costs; n. diskontierter Geldaufwand; f. depenses escomptees; i. reflujos de dinero descontados) economical. a category that reflects the value (in value terms) of the total costs of companies. labor (current and one-time) on ... ... Geological Encyclopedia

- (a. unit output costs; n. Reduktionsaufwand; f. depenses pour unite de production; and. costes por unidad de produccion) an indicator of comparative savings, the effectiveness of Capital investments. Z. p. in cost form express costs ... ... Geological Encyclopedia

costs given- The sum of current and one-time costs reduced to one dimension using the standard coefficient of efficiency of capital investments [Terminological dictionary for construction in 12 languages (VNIIIS Gosstroy of the USSR)] Topics construction ... ... Technical Translator's Handbook

The sum of current and one-time costs, reduced to one dimension using the standard coefficient of efficiency of capital investments (Bulgarian; Bulgarian) and difference (Czech; Čeština) srovnatelné náklady (German ... ... Construction dictionary

An indicator characterizing the people economic results and economic feasibility of the production of new technology and its application. They distinguish a fundamentally new technique, the implementation of which is at an initial stage (for example, ... ...

One of key indicators development of the socialist economy, the ratio of a useful result (effect) to the cost of obtaining it, determined at the national economic, sectoral, and factory levels. Comparing the types of costs... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

One of the indicators of the effectiveness of capital investments, the ratio of capital investments to the economic effect obtained through these investments. In the USSR, the purpose of capital investments directed to the creation of new, expansion and ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

An indicator that characterizes the planned connections and quantitative correlations between the expenditures of a socialist society on the expansion and simple reproduction of fixed assets and the results obtained from this. Immediate result... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

CAPITAL INVESTMENT- in with. x in, the total cost of reproduction in the main. funds with x va (production, and non-production, destination). Formed from funds allocated by the state, and own sources means of agricultural enterprises. Heading…… Agricultural Encyclopedic Dictionary

capital investments- in agriculture, a set of costs for the reproduction of fixed assets of agriculture (industrial and non-industrial purposes). They are formed from funds allocated by the state and their own sources of funds ... ... Agriculture. Big encyclopedic dictionary

Given costs:

where K - total investment;

E n - normative coefficient of capital investments (bank interest):

E - operating costs.

The total investment is determined by the amount:

Here C L - capital investments per 1 km of the pipeline;

C gs and C ps - capital investments, respectively, in one head and one intermediate (without a tank farm) pumping stations;

C pr - investment in one intermediate pumping station with a tank farm

C p - cost per unit volume of the tank farm;

L tr - the distance of transportation through the pipeline;

l is the length of the operational section of the pipeline;

The optimal option is the one with the lowest reduced cost.

where K - capital costs for the construction of the pipeline;

l p - the length of the pipeline sections passing through the areas to which the territorial coefficient K ter is applied;

Operating costs are calculated using the formula

where K l - capital investments in the linear part, taking into account all correction factors;

K st - capital investments in pumping stations, taking into account correction factors;

Z e - electricity costs

b 1 - annual deductions in fractions of a unit for depreciation of stations (b 1 = 8.5% of capital costs stations);

b 2 - annual deductions in fractions of a unit for depreciation of the linear part of the pipeline (b 2 \u003d 3.5% of the capital costs of the pipeline);

b 3 - annual expenses for Maintenance stations (b 3 = 1.3%);

b 4 - annual costs for the current repair of the pipeline (b 4 \u003d 0.3%);

G - annual volume of pumping through the pipeline, t/year;

H st - differential pressure developed by one station;

K c - coefficient taking into account the reduction in electricity consumption with seasonal regulation of pumping (can be taken = 1);

s n and s n - efficiency of the pump and electric motor;

N c - electricity consumption for own needs of the pumping station;

C e - the cost of 1 kWh of electricity;

З t - the cost of water, lubricants, fuel;

Z z - wages;

P - other expenses (0.25% of salary).

Data on the reduced costs:

Table 6

Comparison of calculation results for three options shows that the option with D 2 =820 mm is optimal. For this diameter, all further calculations are carried out.

Choice of main equipment

According to the given bandwidth(Q \u003d 0.87 m 3 / s) as the main pump, we select the NM 5000-210 pump with a replaceable rotor for a supply of 2500 m 3 / h. With a supply of 3200 m 3 / h, this pump develops about 190 m

Based on the strength of the fittings and the pipeline itself, the maximum working pressure cannot exceed 5.2 MPa, therefore, the pressure created by the station cannot exceed 560 m.

Therefore, it is necessary to connect three such pumps in series in order to achieve the planned head. It is also necessary to have one pump in reserve.

We choose the NMP 3600-78 pump as a booster pump.

Let's recalculate the characteristics of the pump NM 5000-210 from water to oil.

According to the table 20 for HM 5000-210 D 2 = 45 cm, in 2 = 6.9 cm. Then:

According to table 21, we determine the correction factors K a = 1.0; K n \u003d 1.0 and K s \u003d 1.0. Therefore, the performance of the pump when running on oil remains the same as when running on water.

Since the pumps we have chosen are equipped with electric motors at the factory, it should be checked whether the power of the electric motors corresponds to the power required by the pump.

The pressure developed by the pump NM 5000-210 with a replaceable rotor for a flow of 2500 m 3 / h at Q h = 3150 m 3 / h is 190 m. In this case, s n =0.87%. Then:

This is less than the rated power of the STD 2500-2 electric motor, and, therefore, there will be no overload.

A booster pump NMP 3600-78 is also selected.

2 pumps are required: 1 working and 1 in reserve, as the GNPS has a tank farm.

For booster pump NMP 3600-78

This pump is equipped with an electric motor DS-118/44-6 with a rated power of 800 kW, and, therefore, there will be no overload.

to this event. This part is , where T n- standard payback period. can be written as , Where - normative coefficient of efficiency indicated E n. Thus, W=WITH+E n× TO.

Calculus Listed costs is used when comparing the options for capital investments necessary to solve a given economic problem. The best of the compared options is determined by the smallest Listed costs The economic meaning of the calculation Listed costs is as follows. The best option in most cases is not the option that requires the least running costs. Usually, the option that gives the lowest operating costs requires a larger capital investment. For example, the lowest current costs are obtained by replacing manual labor with mechanisms, but this requires capital investments in mechanization. The amount of capital investment is of great importance when choosing options, since accumulation fund in the national economy is limited. Therefore, it is necessary to choose the option that gives the optimal (under given conditions) ratio between current costs and capital investments. To do this, capital investments are reduced to an annual dimension in proportion to the annual share of the standard payback period or the efficiency ratio E n. After that, the given investments are summed up with the current costs. For example, if you need to choose the most efficient type of machine out of 3 possible, the price of which (including installation) is 50, 60 and 70 thousand rubles, and the current annual production costs for each machine are 40, 35 and 30 thousand, respectively. rub., then the value Listed costs with an efficiency standard of 0.12 (according to the Standard Methodology for Determining the Efficiency of Capital Investments) will be: 50 × 0.12 + 40 = 46 thousand rubles, 60 × 0.12 + 35 = 42.2 thousand rubles. and 70 × 0.12 + 30 = 38.4 thousand rubles. smallest value Listed costs is obtained by the 3rd option, which should be chosen.

Inclusion Listed costs part of the capital investments corresponding to the capital investment norm does not aim to ensure the return of capital investments, since it is carried out through depreciation included in current costs. Concerning Listed costs, then the addition of a part of capital investments to current expenditures has the economic meaning that allows us to reflect the smallest increase in net output that can be obtained in the national economy due to these capital investments aimed at increasing the social product. This determines the value as a standard of efficiency when comparing options E n, and the value of this standard when comparing costs at different times IN. According to the Model Methodology, this latter standard is assumed to be 0.08. Listed costs are not the socialist price of production, since the expression is not the average profit, but represents the minimum value inverse to the standard payback period (see. Return on capital investment ).

Listed costs are used in planning when choosing options for capital investments, new equipment, location of production, etc. Application Listed costs for these purposes it was recommended by the All-Union Conference on Determining the Economic Efficiency of Capital Investments and New Technology (1958). These recommendations were included in the Standard Methodology for Determining the Economic Efficiency of Capital Investments. On their basis, sectoral and special methods were drawn up, as well as methods adopted by the CMEA for calculating efficiency in the implementation of international measures in the world socialist system.

T. S. Khachaturov.

Article about the word Listed costs" in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia has been read 14116 times

COSTS GIVEN

(ZP) ( English reduced costs)

estimated indicator of comparative economic efficiency this decision in the field of organization of production, technical and economic policy, the minimum of which is the criterion for choosing the best option from the alternatives under consideration; formula ZP \u003d C + EK, where C is the cost of the future product (solution), K is capital investments (investments) for this decision, E is the standard coefficient of efficiency of capital investments (equal to the reciprocal of the payback period, for example, if the payback period is 6 years, then E=1/6). Of the options (C + EK), the one that gives the minimum RFP is selected.

Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B.. Modern economic dictionary. - 2nd ed., corrected. Moscow: INFRA-M. 479 p.. 1999 .

Economic dictionary. 2000 .

See what "COSTS GIVEN" are in other dictionaries:

Costs consisting of the cost of production and profit equal to capital investments multiplied by the standard efficiency ratio; or consisting of the cost for the payback period of capital (equality of accumulated profit and ... ... Glossary of business terms

reduced costs- Costs in the form of the sum of two terms: the cost of production and capital investments, multiplied by the standard coefficient of efficiency. In practice, at least P.z. are used as a criterion for the effectiveness of new technology and capital investments ... Technical Translator's Handbook

Reduced costs- - the sum of the estimated cost and operating costs, reduced to an annual dimension using the appropriate coefficients. [Recommendations for the further use and development of various structural systems used in housing ... ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials

Reduced costs- - an estimated indicator of the comparative economic efficiency of this decision in the field of organization of production, technical and economic policy, the minimum of which is the criterion for choosing the best option from the alternatives under consideration ... Commercial power industry. Dictionary-reference

COSTS GIVEN- costs in the form of the sum of two terms: the cost of production and capital investments, multiplied by the standard coefficient of efficiency. In practice, at least P.z. are used as a criterion for the effectiveness of new technology and capital investments ... Big accounting dictionary

COSTS GIVEN- costs in the form of the sum of two terms: the cost of production and capital investments, multiplied by the standard coefficient of efficiency. In practice, at least P.z. used as a criterion for the effectiveness of new technology and capital investments ... Big Economic Dictionary

COSTS GIVEN- is an indicator for evaluating the effectiveness of capital investments, which allows you to choose the most economical option, i.e. the option that provides the minimum value of the reduced costs. Zpr \u003d Сi RplKvi. ? min, where Zpr - reduced costs; … Concise Dictionary economist

- (ZP) an estimated indicator of the comparative economic efficiency of this solution in the field of production organization, technical and economic policy, the minimum of which is the criterion for choosing the best option from those considered ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary economics and law

reduced costs- an estimated indicator of the comparative economic efficiency of this solution in the field of organization of production, technical and economic policy, the minimum of which is the criterion for choosing the best option from those considered ... ... Dictionary of economic terms

Listed costs- [reduced cost] 1. Estimated category, reflecting the amount of current and one-time (capital) costs of production. In the central planning system, the following P.z formula was used: Zp \u003d C + En x ... ... Economic and Mathematical Dictionary

Reduced to the same dimension in accordance with the efficiency standard. The standard of efficiency of capital investments is determined from the standard payback period of investments E = I T. The reduced costs are calculated according to the formula 2

The calculation of the costs given by the time factor is made only to determine the economic effect when comparing options. It cannot serve as a basis for changing the estimated cost of construction, development.

The cost of water injection (in rubles) consists of the costs shown in Table. 62.

When carrying out activities, the implementation of which or the achievement of the effect on which requires a long time, and operating costs and capital investments change over time, the total costs, given at the beginning of the billing period, are determined by the formula

Even a limited list of cost objectives given in Table. 2.1 leads to the conclusion that a unified approach to the distribution of costs is unacceptable. Management accounting links the answers to the questions "what" and "why" (Table 2.1) by classification, in particular the classification of costs.

You can also use a multiple regression model that takes into account the impact on cost variability of several factors, so that the formula for total costs above, y \u003d a + bx, will now take the following form

In the absence of the necessary initial data to calculate the reduced costs of the manufacturer for the base case, the current list price (Lfi) can be used, and for the designed product - the estimated price (D2) and the costs of research and development work and other pre-production costs , reduced by the time factor to the settlement year (KpR)

When forming indicators, one should be guided by the characteristics of cost elements, given in the Regulation on the composition of costs, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 01.08.92 No. 552 and subsequent changes.

The calculation of the influence of factors on the change in direct costs is given in Table. 12.10.

Our calculation, based on data on these costs, is given in Table. 10.2. A relevant comparison is the comparison of the profit from additional sales with the possible costs of an additional investment in receivables. Since the profit on additional sales of $72,000 exceeds the profit share required for additional investment in receivables of $49,600, it makes sense to change the loan term from 30 to 60 days. The profit from additional sales volume is greater than the funds to offset additional investments in receivables, most of which (investments) are due to current buyers slowing down their payments.

In connection with such reasoning, it has already been said that the cost budget should be considered as the base of standard costs. The 2000 norm-hours given were obtained from the assumption of a possible load, usually this is done subject to the number of work shifts given, as shown in the example. Thus, flexible cost budgets could be ready as early as September. When the implementation plan for the next year, you can very quickly determine the costs of the turning section corresponding to the implementation plan by recalculating them for the corresponding load, and this is done on a computer if all basic planning and regulatory budgets are prepared. For example, it turned out that according to the sales plan, the average monthly load of the turning section will be 1800 standard hours. In this case, all proportional costs

The specific moment of costs is the ratio of the moment of costs to the amount of costs given by the time factor.

Type of costs Reduced costs, rub. In % of total costs

Exception from specified order at present, situations can arise when the head of the enterprise, within the framework of the competence granted to him by the owners (founders) of the enterprise, for a certain type (amount) of costs (given above, regardless of their connection with ordinary activities or belonging to other expenses), profit is specifically indicated as a source (specific year), remaining at the disposal of the enterprise. In this case, the accountant in accounting reflects the source (net profit of a particular year), which is indicated in the administrative document.

At the same time, it should be noted that for storage costs, the value of which does not depend on the procurement price, it is more rational to use a different method for posting deviations between the balance sheet of materials and production costs, based on the use of natural distribution bases. A quantitative example of the distribution of storage costs between the closing balance of materials and production costs is given in paragraph 5.3.

In both cases, the indicators of both modes of transport should be determined as a sum for the entire period, and not for one year of maximum pumping, as is done when calculating the design efficiency of pipelines. In particular, total amount costs (reduced actual costs) for the period under consideration should be calculated as the sum of capital investments and annual operating costs for this period, taking into account the time factor, i.e. using the cost reduction factor (if the design efficiency was determined without taking into account the distance, then bringing all costs to the first year of the period under evaluation is excluded)

It is easy to see that such a rationing of the efficiency of capital investments ensures the coordination of the local and global optimum of investments and, of course, the achievement of their overall maximum effect. At the same time, the indicator of optimality of the compared design and planned decisions, as indicated in the standard methodology for determining the economic efficiency of capital investments, is the minimum of the reduced costs. The given costs for each option are the sum of current costs (cost) and capital investments reduced to the same dimension in accordance with the efficiency standard. In the simplest cases, when capital investments for the compared options are carried out within 1 year, after which the facilities go into normal operation with a constant level of current costs, the reduced costs for the i-th option are determined from the expression

The cost of acquiring a license, also given by 1975, will amount to 180-1.36 = 244.8 thousand rubles. The costs minus the resulting savings will amount to 244.8 - 175.04 \u003d 69.76 thousand rubles. If, however, to develop and create a design without buying a license, then all costs given by 1975 will be

In the presence of significant dynamics of both capital investments and current costs, Acad. T. S. Khachaturov recommends calculating the sum of all types of costs reduced to one period equal to the standard payback period of capital investments. The total cost for each option can be calculated using the formula

The calculated capital investments and current costs, reduced to the same dimension, were related to 1 m3 of the calculated hourly productivity of the structures. This performance dimension was chosen based on the analysis of technological tasks for the design of industrial facilities, in which the water consumption for industrial consumption is indicated in m3 / h. The currently used aggregated indicators of the cost of water supply facilities, with the dimension of rubles / m3 per day, make it difficult to calculate the reduced costs, since the number of hours of operation per day of industrial facilities is different, and this often leads to erroneous estimates of the required costs.

Solution. In order to choose one of the two proposed options for the distribution system, we set the selection criterion - this is the minimum of the reduced annual costs, that is, the costs reduced to a single annual measurement. Then we evaluate each of the options according to this criterion.

Firms using a cost superiority strategy should be wary of cost reduction. The above analysis of cost drivers provides a framework that allows you to look for new ways to reduce prices. Experts believe that the entry into the European retail market of leaders in terms of costs in the form of simple, wholesale warehouse-clubs will have a strong impact primarily on the trade in food and consumer goods. In addition, by converting its cost advantage (and lower revenues) into low prices they can create a distinctive advantage over their competitors.

Lectures on investments - file Lectures on investments.doc. Choice of economically efficient type of vehicles The indicator of reduced costs takes into account

See what "Distributed Costs" is in other dictionaries:

Choice of main equipment

See what "COSTS GIVEN" are in other dictionaries:

Popular