Indicators of economic activity. Determination of the results of economic activities for the reporting period The results of economic activities can be

The financial result includes the result of all transactions grouped by the relevant categories of income and expenses for the reporting period.

When analyzing financial results profit is considered as an indicator of the efficiency of the economic activity of the enterprise, the factors that determine the amount of profit, the procedure for generating profit, the relationship between profit and movement are studied. Money.

The main types of income are as follows:

Gross profit is the difference between sales revenue and cost of goods sold for the same period. The size of gross profit is used to characterize the efficiency of the production units of organizations;

Profit from sales of products - the difference between the gross profit and expenses of the period for the main activity for the same period. Subtracting recurring expenses from gross profit contributes to the division of the risk of the entrepreneur from the possible non-sale of products with the state. The amount of profit from sales is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the main activity;

Profit from financial and economic activities - the sum of profit from sales and the total result from financial transactions (interest receivable and payable, income from participation in other organizations, etc.). The value of this profit is used to evaluate the main and financial activities of the organization;

Profit before tax (balance sheet profit) is the sum of profit from financial and economic activities and profit (expense) from other operations. Balance sheet profit is an indicator economic efficiency all economic activities of the enterprise;

The net profit (loss) of the reporting period is the balance sheet profit minus the current income tax.

It is also important to divide profit into accounting, economic and tax.

Accounting profit - profit from entrepreneurial activity, calculated according to accounting documents without taking into account the undocumented costs of the entrepreneur himself, including lost profits.

Economic profit is the difference between income and economic costs, which include, along with the total costs, alternative (imputed) costs; calculated as the difference between the accounting and normal profit of the entrepreneur.

Taxable income is the income on which it is necessary to pay income tax.

The discrepancy between accounting and economic profit is expressed in the fact that the first does not reflect the economic content of profit, and therefore, the real result of the organization's activities for the reporting period. The economic nature of profit reveals what will be received in the future.

3 Investment project efficiency indicators (project profitability index, investment payback period);

To analyze the effectiveness of investments, the following indicators of the effectiveness of investment projects are used:

1) Net current (present) value of the project (NPV).

3) Payback period of investments (T)

4) Internal rate of return (IRR)

The profitability index of the project is determined by: I r =PV/I

Where PV is present value

I-initial investment

The higher this indicator, the more profitable the project. But in essence, a profitability index above 1 means that the NPV of the project is positive.

If Ir>0 the project should be accepted; Ir<0 отвергнуть; Ir=0 проект ни прибыльный, ни убыточный.

The profitability index is a relative indicator, so it is very convenient when choosing one project from a number of alternative ones that have approximately the same NPV value or when completing an investment portfolio with the maximum total NPV value.

Payback period (T). This method is the simplest and most commonly used. The payback period shows the time required for the receipt of income from deferred capital in amounts that allow reimbursement of the initial, single, time costs.

This method has 2 drawbacks:

1 Does not take into account the cash flow received after the payback period

2 The difference in the time of receipt of income before the payback period.

The payback method is used in enterprises with insufficient cash, weak credit opportunities.

4 Labor motivation;

Motivation is a set of internal and external driving forces that induce a person to activity, set the boundaries and forms of activity and give this activity an orientation focused on achieving certain goals.

The main purpose of motivation is to stimulate the production behavior of the company's employees, directing it to achieve the strategic objectives facing it.

The effectiveness of motivation will depend on how the strategic goals of the organization are realized due to the motivation of the staff. In turn, the motivation of employees will be determined by how fully the organization ensures the satisfaction of their basic needs. Therefore, the main meaning of motivation is to combine the interests of the employee with the strategic objectives of the organization.

The effectiveness of motivation includes two main concepts:

1. economic efficiency of motivation;

2. social effectiveness of motivation;

The economic efficiency of motivation includes solving the problems facing the organization. It will depend on the correct and efficient use of human resources. Motivation should orient workers to those actions that are necessary for the organization. Motivation can solve the following tasks of the organization:

a) attracting personnel to the organization;

b) retaining employees in it;

c) stimulation of the production behavior of employees (productivity, creativity, devotion to the organization, etc.)

d) reduction of cost indicators.

These and other economic performance indicators of the organization will depend on effective motivation.

When creating an effective motivation system, a manager must take into account a number of factors complicating this process:

1. non-obviousness of motives. The leader can only guess what motives are at work.

2. different degree of influence of the same motives on different people. The same motive will act differently on people's behavior.

3. there is no unambiguous connection between motivation and the final result, because many random factors intervene here, such as the employee's abilities, his mood at the moment, understanding of the situation, the influence of third parties.

5 Composition and structure of fixed assets;

Depending on the nature of the participation of fixed assets in the production process, they are divided into production and non-production fixed assets. By appointment, the following groups of fixed assets are distinguished:

1. Buildings - architectural construction objects that provide working conditions for sales workers, storage, working and preparation of goods for sale.

2. Structures - engineering and construction facilities necessary for the implementation of trade and technological processes (railways, overpasses, ramps).

3. Transmission devices, all devices with the help of which energy, heat, etc. are transferred (electric networks, gas networks, telephone networks, water networks).

4. Machinery and equipment (vending machines, weight measuring instruments and cash registers, packaging equipment), etc.

5. Tool - mechanized and non-mechanized tools for manual labor (carts, stackers).

6. Production equipment and accessories (work tables, counters, containers for storing liquid and bulk goods).

7. Vehicles.

8. Household equipment - items of office and household equipment (safes, office furniture).

9. Working and productive livestock for commercial enterprises

10. Perennial plantings own farm.

Increasing the level of use of basic production assets is of great importance for ATP of any purpose. It allows you to increase the volume of transportation and, accordingly, the income of the enterprise, ensure savings in current costs, increase profits and increase the competitiveness of the enterprise.

It is possible to increase the level of use of fixed production assets due to extensive (increasing the operating time of the rolling stock) and intensive (increasing the productivity of the rolling stock per unit of time) factors.

Fixed assets are valued at original, replacement and residual value. The initial cost of fixed assets is the sum of the costs for the construction or acquisition of fixed assets, including the delivery and installation of equipment at prices in force at the time of their commissioning. The replacement cost of fixed assets is the cost of their reproduction at a particular point in time at prices in effect at that point in time. The residual value of fixed assets is the amount of unrecovered value that has been retained in fixed assets to date after a certain period of their operation.

6 Financial results of economic activity of the enterprise (profitability);

The financial results of the enterprise are characterized by indicators of the profit received and the level of profitability. Therefore, the system of indicators of financial results includes not only absolute (profit), but also relative indicators (profitability) of efficiency of use. The higher the level of profitability, the higher the efficiency of management.

Profitability is a relative indicator that has the property of comparability and can be used when comparing the activities of different enterprises. Profitability characterizes the degree of profitability, profitability, profitability.

Profitability indicators allow you to evaluate how much profit an enterprise has from each ruble of funds invested in assets.

All business activities in the conditions market relations is divided into three types:

operating room (main);

investment (investment in shares, other securities, capital investments);

· financial (receipt and payment of dividends, interest, etc.).

Profitability of products (works, services) is characterized by the following indicators:

profitability of sales (turnover, sales);

the profitability of the output).

The profitability of sales (turnover, sales) is determined by the ratio of the value of the annual balance sheet profit of the enterprise to the value of the annual proceeds from the sale of products without VAT and excises, expressed as a percentage.

The profitability of certain types of products depends on:

level of sales prices;

the level of production costs.

The analysis of the profitability of the output of certain types of products is carried out on the basis of the data of planned and reporting calculations. The level of profitability of certain types of products depends on the average selling prices and unit cost of production.

7 Performance indicators of investment projects (net present value of the project);

The project's net present value (NPV) is the most commonly used metric. characterizes the overall absolute result of investment activity.

where I is the amount of initial investment.

PV is the present value of the investment

NPV shows the net gains or net losses of investors as a result of putting money into a project compared to keeping it in a bank.

If NPV>0, then during its entire economic life, investment project will reimburse the initial costs I and ensure a profit. The project should be accepted.

If NPV=0, then the project only pays for the initial costs, but does not bring profit.

When forecasting income by years, it is necessary to take into account all types of income associated with a given project. If at the end of the project it is planned to receive funds in the form of the salvage value of equipment or the release of part of working capital, then they should be taken into account as income of the corresponding periods. If money is invested in the project not one-time, but in parts over several years, then the following formula is used to calculate NPV:

8 The concept of price. Price types. State price regulation;

Federal legislation does not contain a single (universal) concept of price.

Price is a means of establishing a given ratio (exchangeable goods) within the framework of specific acts of exchange occurring between participants in civil circulation.

The price is expressed in the payment to the counterparty of a certain amount of currency or in another counter provision for the transferred goods (work performed, service rendered) by agreeing on its (price) by the parties in the contract, based on the regulatory requirements of the current legislation.

Depending on state influence, prices are divided into three types: free (market), regulated and established (fixed) by the state.

The market price of a good (work, service) is the price established by the interaction of supply and demand in the market of goods (work, services) in comparable economic conditions.

Regulated prices are also formed as a result of an agreement reached between the parties to the contract. However, the latter cannot set the price above or below the limit set by the relevant competent government authority. The specified type of prices is widely used in such sectors of the economy as the fuel and energy complex, main transport, communications, production and provision of services for increased social value and etc.

Prices set (fixed) by the state are an extreme version of direct price regulation, when the seller (executor) does not have the right to deviate from them in any direction. They (prices) are set by the state in a fixed amount.

Depending on the service sector of the national economy, all prices (free, regulated, established) are divided into wholesale, retail, prices for construction products, tariffs (price of services), foreign trade prices.

State regulation of prices is one of the forms of legalized state intervention in free market relations. State- legal regulation prices are carried out by establishing: fixed prices and tariffs; marginal prices and tariffs; marginal coefficients of price change; limit level profitability. Special attention should be paid to the administrative-legal nature state regulation prices and pricing in the Russian Federation. In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the fundamentals of pricing policy are in charge of the Russian Federation.

In cases provided for by law, prices (tariffs, rates, rates, etc.) are applied, established or regulated by authorized government bodies and/or local authorities.

federal Service on tariffs is the federal executive body authorized to carry out legal regulation in the field of state regulation of prices (tariffs) for goods (services).

Separate powers in the field of state regulation of prices (tariffs) are assigned to sectoral federal executive bodies.

According to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On measures to streamline the state regulation of prices (tariffs)", enterprises and organizations that violate the norms of the legislation on state regulation of prices (tariffs) are subject to sanctions in the form of collecting the entire amount of excessively received revenue.

The Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation provides for liability for overstatement or understatement of state-regulated prices for products, goods or services, marginal prices.

9 Valuation of fixed assets;

In the practice of economic activity of enterprises, such a concept as the assessment of fixed assets is quite often used. The vast majority of companies in the course of their activities acquire property. Sometimes its service life is calculated in months, after which it is written off the balance, sometimes more than a year.

When such an assessment is necessary, this procedure is necessary in the following cases:

For tax purposes;

During privatization activities;

For the purchase of individual objects property complex;

When registering a lease;

When concluding a loan agreement with a pledge of property;

When forming the price for sale;

When assessing the authorized capital;

In case of property disputes.

Types of assessment In modern accounting and economic practice, the assessment of fixed assets can be carried out in several ways. We give a brief description of them.

1. Full or inventory - represents the cost of fixed assets at the time of their acquisition. This includes all shipping and installation costs.

3. Restoration appraisal determines the value of these funds, taking into account their depreciation, but based on market prices. Therefore, sometimes it can exceed the total cost.

4. The book value is reflected in the reporting documents of the enterprise, and taxes are calculated on its basis. It is calculated according to a mixed scheme, since some of the objects are accounted for at replacement cost, and some at full cost.

5. Market valuation the value of the property of the enterprise, perhaps most clearly reflects the price of fixed assets. Everything is taken into account here - the initial cost, wear and tear, the situation on the market and even the existing financial position of the company. It is this indicator that appears in all agreements and contracts when making transactions.

Valuation of fixed assets is carried out in monetary terms and is a rather complicated procedure. To carry it out for the internal needs of the enterprise and current accounting, they usually manage with the help of their own specialists. They have in their hands all the tools for accurate and thorough calculations. It is enough to take into account the existing data and add new ones. Moreover, in the arsenal of accountants now there are perfect software products requiring only the timely input of certain information. The program will give the result itself.

10 Calculation of the manufacturer's selling price. Pricing method based on the analysis of break-even production and ensuring target profit;

In the economy of an enterprise, the initial principle of pricing is the reimbursement of costs for the production and sale of products, works, services and making a profit in an amount sufficient to carry out expanded reproduction, pay relevant taxes to the state and municipal authorities, and form a consumption fund in an amount that provides a certain standard of living for employees of the enterprise .

When developing, calculating and setting the selling price for its products, the company adheres to the following sequence of work:

● 1st stage – selection of pricing strategy. It depends on what the company enters the market with and what goals it seeks to achieve with the help of this product.

● 2nd stage - determination of demand for products, as it determines the maximum price for the goods. In a normal situation, demand and price are inversely proportional, i.e. the higher the price, the lower the demand and, accordingly, the lower the price, the higher the demand;

● 3rd stage - estimation of production costs. Production costs are analyzed, as they determine the minimum price for the product. The company calculates the costs for various sales volumes and selects best option;

● 4th stage - analysis of prices and quality of similar products of competitors. In a competitive environment, the company, when selling its product, seeks to find the so-called optimal price. The real price of goods is determined in the market based on a comparison of supply and demand. It is important that the optimal price calculated by the enterprise tends to the level of the real price;

● 5th stage – selection of the pricing method. The most common pricing methods are:

The method is based on the analysis of break-even production and ensuring target profit. This method is based on production costs, but the price is set taking into account the desired amount of profit. The method is based on the construction of a break-even chart.

The chart shows:

1 - fixed costs in the production of products P:

y1 = P S, (7.3)

where P is the sum of items: expenses for the preparation and development of production, general production expenses and general business expenses;

S - the planned annual volume of serviced machines.

2 - production costs, including fixed and variable components (full cost of production):

y2 = V N + P, (7.4)

where V is variable costs per unit of production; include the sum of the items: material costs, labor costs of the main production workers, deductions for social needs

N is the volume of production.

3 - proceeds from the sale of products:

y3 = C N, (7.5)

where C is the price of a unit of production (excluding VAT);

Point A is the breakeven point, i.e. the volume of production (NA) at which the cost of its production will be equal to the proceeds from its sale:

y2 = y3; (7.6)

V NA + P \u003d C NA;

NA \u003d P / (C - V);

4 - profit zone P:

P \u003d y3 - y2; (7.7)

P \u003d C N - (V N + P);

5 - UB loss zone:

UB = y2 - y3

It is recommended to make several options for schedules corresponding to different levels of product prices, since much depends on the elasticity of demand, and choose the most realistic one. The method itself does not determine the final price of the goods, but gives an idea of ​​the quantity of goods that must be sold at a particular price in order to obtain a particular amount of profit. The break-even production schedule does not take into account the elasticity of demand;

11 Insurance premiums. Personal income tax;

Insurance premiums are a non-tax fee that all organizations, as well as individual entrepreneurs in the Russian Federation, are required to pay.

Types of insurance premiums

With a tax amount of up to 463 thousand rubles. per year, for each individual employee, insurance premiums amount to only 30% of the wage fund.

Insurance premiums include:

Insurance contributions for compulsory pension insurance (OPS) paid to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation (22%);

Insurance contributions for compulsory social insurance for temporary disability and in connection with motherhood, paid to the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation (2.9%);

Insurance premiums for compulsory medical insurance (OMI) paid to the Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation (5.1%);

Personal income tax (PIT) is the main type of direct taxes. It is calculated as a percentage of the total income of individuals, minus documented expenses, in accordance with applicable law.

The amount of income tax directly depends on the tax rate at which the income received by an individual is taxed. For the majority of incomes that receive individuals, a tax rate of 13% applies. These incomes include: wages; income received on the basis of civil law contracts (tutors, private consultations, etc.); sale of property owned for less than 5 years (since 2016); renting out property; winning the lottery or receiving a gift from individuals (except for gifts from family members or close relatives) if their value is more than 4,000 rubles. Dividends from equity participation in the activities of organizations (since 2015).

Income not subject to personal income tax Income tax is not subject to: income received from the sale of property owned for more than 5 years (since 2016); income received by way of inheritance; income received under a donation agreement from a family member or close relative.

12 The enterprise as the main link in the market system of management. Enterprise classification road transport;

In the conditions of market relations, the center economic activity moves to the main link of the entire economy - the enterprise. It is at this level that the products needed by society are created, the necessary services are provided.

The most qualified personnel are concentrated at the enterprise, issues of economical use of resources, the use of high-performance equipment are being resolved, business plans are being developed.

Currently, the status of the enterprise is regulated by the law of the Russian Federation "Civil Code of the Russian Federation" adopted by the State Duma October 21, 1994

The company has:

1. Organizational unity. Enterprise is a certain way organized team with his internal structure and management order.

2. A certain set of means of production. An enterprise combines economic resources to produce economic goods in order to maximize profits.

3. Separate property. The company has its own property, which independently uses for certain purposes.

4. Property liability. The enterprise bears full responsibility with all his property for various obligations.

5. Acts in economic circulation on his own behalf.

Classification of road transport enterprises.

Depending on the purpose, road transport enterprises are divided into three types:

Motor transport (auto-operational);

Motor transport enterprises (ATP) are the most common type of road transport enterprises and serve to transport goods and passengers.

Depending on the type of transportation, ATP are divided into:

Freight;

Passenger (bus and cars);

Mixed (cargo-passenger);

Special (ambulance) medical care, utilities, etc.)

ATP can also be:

Complex;

Specialized.

Complex ATPs carry out not only transportation of passengers and goods, but also storage, Maintenance and current repairs of rolling stock owned by the enterprise itself.

Specialized ATPs carry out only the transportation of passengers and goods. These are small enterprises where the creation of their own repair base is irrational.

By departmental affiliation ATP are divided into enterprises:

Common use;

Departmental.

Enterprises common use are included in the system of the Ministry of Transport and provide transport services only on a commercial basis for legal entities and individuals.

Departmental ATPs are included in non-transport industries (construction, industry, etc.) and serve enterprises and organizations only in the industry they belong to.

13 Indicators of the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets (generalizing indicators);

The efficiency of the use of fixed assets is characterized by general and particular indicators.

Generalizing indicators express the result of using the entire set of fixed assets. These include:

Return on assets (F O)- the quantity of products sold from one ruble of the cost of fixed assets is determined by the formula

Where IN- proceeds from the sale of products, works, services (volume of sales), rubles;

WITH WEDDING YEAR.- the average annual cost of fixed assets, determined by the formula

If fixed assets are introduced in the 1st half of the month, i.e. before the 15th day, then they are taken into account in the value of fixed assets of this month.

2. Capital intensity (F E)- the value, the reciprocal of the capital productivity indicator, the cost of fixed assets attributable to each ruble of proceeds from the sale of products (works, services), is determined by the formula

3. Capital-labor ratio of the worker (worker) (F V)- the cost of fixed assets attributable to one worker (worker):

Average headcount employed (workers), pers.

14 Financial condition of the enterprise and its analysis;

Information about the financial condition of the enterprise is necessary for all market participants:

First, the head of the enterprise, in order to make the right decisions, needs to know financial condition competitors, potential partners, customers;

Second, investors financial information needed to assess the effectiveness of future capital investments and the magnitude of financial risks;

Thirdly, financial information allows banks to determine the reliability and creditworthiness of the client.

The financial condition is determined by:

1) degree of independence from external sources financing their activities;

2) the ability to repay their financial obligations in due time, i.e. solvency.

Solvency is determined by liquidity current assets, i.e. the time required to turn them into cash;

3) the ability to provide loans to customers, i.e. creditworthiness.

A stable financial condition is characterized by the equality or excess of sources of own funds over the amount of liabilities (borrowed funds).

1) balance sheet;

2) income statement with attachments and explanatory note(statement of cash flows, etc.);

3) an auditor's report confirming the reliability financial statements(if it is in accordance with federal laws subject to audit).

Audit is an independent verification of financial records.

The information contained in these documents makes it possible to evaluate the past and current financial and economic activities of the enterprise, understand the main trends in the indicators and draw conclusions about the potential opportunities of the enterprise.

Pollution charges are a type of taxation in which the taxable amount is the mass of pollution, regardless of other results of the economic activity of the enterprise. Pollution charges cannot be considered as a full

This section reflects in value terms all the results of economic activity of enterprises, associations. The financial plan is drawn up in the form of a balance of income and expenses and reflects income and receipts, expenses and deductions of funds, relationships with the budget, credit relationships, profitability and distribution of profits.

The orientation of the economy towards intensive methods of managing the economy and a sharp increase in production efficiency determines especially high requirements for the choice of indicators that objectively reflect the final results of the economic activity of enterprises.

Meanwhile, in order to improve the use of material means of production, it is necessary to link the results of the economic activity of the enterprise with the resources available to it. Therefore, in accordance with the decisions of the September (1965) Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the profitability of production was adopted as the ratio of the amount of profit to the value, g, of the enterprise's production assets. ft ---. -

The gigantically increased scale of socialist production, the growing complexity of economic ties, and the ongoing changes in the nature of labor and its organization place increased demands on managers, engineers and technicians. Production managers and specialists must know technology and economics well, be able to analyze the results of the economic activities of enterprises, correctly apply moral and material incentives to work in practice, and master the basics of scientific production management based on modern technology.

With directive cost accounting, all the main possibilities and results of the economic activity of an enterprise are rigidly programmed according to the top-down principle of administrative management on the basis of voluminous and normative tasks of central planning. The task of enterprises here is purely performing.

In addition, employees of teams involved in the construction of well clusters are rewarded for savings received from a reduction in the estimated cost of constructing a well cluster, regardless of the overall results of the economic activity of the enterprises. This premium is paid in excess of the established maximum premiums.

The final positive result of the economic activity of the enterprise is profit, and the negative one is loss.

The first part of the textbook outlines the theoretical foundations of the analysis of economic activity as a system of generalized knowledge about the subject, method, tasks, methodology and organization of microeconomic analysis. The second part is devoted to the methodology for a comprehensive analysis of the results of economic activity of enterprises. The latest methods of analysis , characteristic of a market economy , are considered . A significant place is given to the presentation of the method of financial analysis of the enterprise, taking into account the latest developments in this subject area. After each topic, questions and tasks are given to test and consolidate knowledge.

The third stage of the circuit (f - D) consists in the sale of manufactured products and the receipt of funds. At this stage, circulating capital passes from the stage of production into the stage of circulation and again assumes the form of money. The interrupted circulation of commodities is resumed, and the advanced value passes from the commodity form into the money form. The advance funds are recovered from the proceeds received from the sale of products. The difference between D and D is the value of cash income and savings or the financial result of the economic activity of the enterprise. The money form that circulating capital assumes at the final stage of the circuit is at the same time the initial stage of the turnover of capital.

Calculation and interpretation of financial ratios. Financial ratios represent two groups of indicators. In the first group, indicators can be distinguished that are determined on the basis of financial statements that characterize the financial condition and results of the economic activity of the enterprise. The second group includes indicators, for the determination of which, in addition, data on the assessment of the state of the enterprise and its shares in the financial markets are used.

The final effect of the use of intangible assets is expressed in the overall results of the economic activity of the enterprise

In ch. 16 it was indicated that each enterprise needs capital, first when creating and building an enterprise, then in investing in new equipment to replace obsolete equipment (see Chapter 12), in maintaining the continuity of production, paying wages, buying raw materials and materials, and selling expenses (This is discussed in detail in Chapter 13). Financing of these needs occurs both at the expense of own (profit received from the implementation of various activities, depreciation, proceeds from the sale of own shares, etc.), and borrowed funds (loans, subsidies, etc.). In addition to these forms, there are special forms of financing leasing, factoring (see Chapter 16). The peculiarity of financing the needs of the enterprise lies in the fact that the inflows and outflows of financial resources occur in time at different times and unequal in their magnitude. Therefore, in order to ensure the stable and progressive development of the enterprise, it is necessary that the payment of all the above needs occur on time and in full, which can only be achieved if there is a balance (balance) between the inflow and outflow of funds both in time and quantity. . This balance is not the result of a purely mechanical timing of inflows and outflows of financial resources as a result of the economic activity of the enterprise. It is based on the organization of production and sales of products, ensuring the achievement of such a financial condition of the enterprise and its solvency, which would allow it to function successfully and invest in the expansion of production. This is due to the fact that the financial condition of the enterprise and solvency are the result of its production, economic and commercial activities associated with the sale of products at prices that bring him profit, on the one hand, and the ability to effectively manage own and borrowed capital, on the other hand. Before the enterprise, questions constantly arise where and when, in what quantity the available financial resources should be invested, how to optimally distribute them according to production needs (Fig. 29.10).

financial position and results of economic activity of the enterprise.

To go to new system we need your support. At the same time, I would like to use the same data that is received by our accounting department now, but in a different form. The cost and benefit accounts need to be regrouped so that business-critical data is presented in a more concise and focused manner. To do this, you must support us in resolving this issue, and also agree that some accounts should be kept unchanged for comparison over a number of years. We need your help in building a bridge of reconciliation that spans the business results of the business to the results we get in the P&L account.

With self-governing / situational / cost accounting, all the main opportunities and results of the economic activity of the enterprise are determined by it on the basis of self-planning of volumetric and normative tasks under the influence of situational / market / realities of freedom of economic choice, subject to certain mandatory conditions for state regulation of non-market parameters of the enterprise / legal, social, economic, environmental, etc./.

V. p. is calculated in the average industry wholesale prices. . VB. .new conditions for planning and economic incentives, when the assessment of the results of economic activity of enterprises is carried out not according to indicator g, p., but according to the indicator

Kz - according to the type of change in obligations - divides all the facts into those leading 1) to the emergence of obligations, for example, the receipt by the storekeeper of materials received from suppliers leads to the emergence of obligations in relation to the enterprise from the custodian agent (storekeeper) for the values ​​\u200b\u200baccepted by him for liability and from the enterprise to the correspondent-supplier for the materials received, but not yet paid by the enterprise 2) to the termination of obligations, for example, when the materials are released into production, the storekeeper for the amount of the released materials relieves himself of liability for them in the same way, when the enterprise pays the invoices of suppliers for the materials received from them, it extinguishes its obligations to the latter 3) to change (the emergence of some and the transformation of others) obligations, which can be quantitative (volumetric) and qualitative in the first case, the obligation remains, but its volume changes, for example, as a result of a change prices, the volume of obligations to the enterprise changes, and the volume of obligations in monetary terms changes, remaining unchanged in kind; X rub., when checking, a shortage of Y rub. is revealed, the volume of obligations of the financially responsible person remained unchanged and amounts to A rub., but the nature of these obligations has changed. Now the storekeeper - a materially responsible person is liable for material assets in the amount of X-Y rubles. and, in addition, undertakes to compensate for the shortage of Y rubles. (at the same time, the shortage in part or in full can be attributed to the results of the economic activity of the enterprise). Classify-

The conclusion by the owners of the enterprise of civil law agreements with the leading managers of the enterprise, ensuring the financial responsibility of managers for the results of the economic activity of the enterprise Information of the enterprise -

Criterion 4.8. Conclusion between the enterprise and its leading managers of civil law contracts that ensure liability

Each production is opened for execution specific tasks, usually it is the receipt of income, the provision of new jobs, the improvement of any branch of activity. During the workflow, various events, activities, actions that are directly related to production take place. The sum of these events is called the economic activity of the enterprise.

Economic activity of the enterprise- this is an activity to create goods, provide services, perform all kinds of work, which is aimed at generating income in order to meet the needs of the management and working staff of the enterprise.

The economic activity of the enterprise consists of several stages:

• scientifically based research and developments of designers;
• production of products;
• additional production;
• maintenance of the enterprise;
• marketing, sales of products and its subsequent service.

Economic processes that make up the economic activity of the enterprise:

1. The use of the means of production is the main means of the enterprise, Technical equipment, depreciation, that is, those elements that are involved in the process of generating income.
2. Using Items labor activity enterprises are raw materials, the consumption of which should be minimal and standardized, then this can have a fruitful effect on the financial results of the enterprise.
3. Exploitation of labor resources - the availability of highly qualified specialists, an acceptable ratio of the exploitation of the working time of personnel and wages.
4. Manufacture and sale of goods - indicators of the level of product quality, time periods for its sale, volumes of products supplied to the market,.
5. Indicators of the cost of goods - when calculating it, it is necessary to take into account all the expenses incurred in the manufacture and sale of products.
6. Indicators of profit and profitability - indicators of the results of the labor activity of the enterprise.
7. The financial position of the enterprise.
8. Other business activities.

All of these processes relate to the concept of the economic activity of an enterprise and constantly interact with each other, and therefore need a systematic analysis.

All economic activity of the enterprise is divided into two groups: processes associated with the production of products (production), and other processes (non-production).

Manufacturing processes dedicated to the production of goods. As a result, there is a change in the material type of raw materials and the price of the original raw materials increases by changing its type, combination or transformation. This cost is referred to as the "form value". A variety of manufacturing processes can be referred to as mining, analytical, production and assembly processes.

Non-manufacturing processes- provision of various services. These processes can perform actions that are different from the transformation of the material form of raw materials. Important processes include warehousing of products, various kinds of trade and many other services.

Material on the topic from the electronic journal

Why do you need an analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise

Analysis of the economic activity of an enterprise (AHD) is a natural scientific method of studying economic processes and phenomena, which is based on dividing them into parts and studying their interaction with each other. This is the main function of managing the economic activities of the enterprise. Analysis helps to approve decisions and implement actions, contributes to their justification and is the foundation of the scientific management of the enterprise, ensuring its effectiveness.

What functions are pursued by the analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise:

• study of directions and patterns of economic processes and phenomena, taking into account the laws of the economy in specific situations, the implementation of economic activities at the level of one enterprise;
• analysis of the results of the economic activity of the enterprise in relation to resource capabilities, evaluation of the effectiveness of the activities of various departments of the enterprise, taking into account planned indicators;
• analysis of ways to increase the efficiency of the economic activity of the enterprise on the basis of modern international experience in the field of scientific and technological progress;
• identification of reserves for increasing the volume of products, carrying out measures for the rational use of production potential;
• a scientific approach to all plans available at the enterprise (perspective, current, operational, etc.);
• tracking the implementation of the tasks approved in the plans for the efficient use of resources in order to realistically assess and the possibility of influencing the workflow of the enterprise;
• development of solutions for the management of the economic activity of the enterprise on the basis of scientific research, selection and analysis of the economic reserve for increasing the efficiency and profitability of production.

Analysis and diagnostics of the economic activity of the enterprise is divided into several areas.

Analysis of financial and economic activity:

• analysis of the level of profitability of the enterprise;
• analysis of the payback of the enterprise;
• analysis of the use of own financial resources;
• analysis of solvency, liquidity and financial stability;
• analysis of the use of financial loans;
• assessment of economic value added;
• business activity analysis;
• analysis of the movement of finance;
• calculation of the effect of financial leverage.

Management analysis of economic activity:

• finding out the place of the enterprise in its sales market;
• analysis of the exploitation of the main factors of production: means of labor, objects of labor and labor resources;
• outcome evaluation production activities and marketing of goods;
• approval of decisions to increase the range and improve the quality of goods;
• formulating a methodology for managing financial expenses in production;
• approval of pricing policy;
• analysis of profitability of production.

Comprehensive analysis of economic activity enterprises - a study of primary accounting documentation and reports for several past reporting periods. Such an analysis is necessary for a full-fledged study. financial position enterprises, the results of the analysis are applied in the improvement of business processes. It should be noted that complex analysis- this is an important event in the transformation, change in the form of ownership, to attract serious investment for new business projects.

Based on the results of the reporting period, an assessment of the effectiveness of the economic activity of the enterprise is given, it is necessary to select and change the main development strategy, to improve production processes. Such an event should be held when you have planned to implement serious investment projects.

Analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise: the main stages

Stage 1. Analysis of the profitability of the enterprise.

At this stage, all sources that generate income are analyzed and allow us to trace the picture of profit formation - the main result of the company's activities.

Stage 2. Analysis of the payback of the enterprise.

This stage consists in the study of payback by comparing various indicators, data is also collected in order to evaluate the payback of the enterprise.

Stage 3. Analysis of the use of financial resources of the enterprise.

This stage consists in analyzing where the company's own financial resources are spent, by examining documentation and generating reports on further development production.

Stage 4. Analysis of the financial capabilities of the enterprise.

This stage consists in finding opportunities for the use of invested funds, for the analysis of various obligations. This stage provides the enterprise with the opportunity to decide on a development strategy for the future, to draw up a scheme for the application of investments.

Stage 5. Liquidity analysis.

At this stage, a study of the company's assets and their structuring takes place in order to find out the level of liquidity of the economic activity of the enterprise.

Stage 6. Analysis of the financial stability of the enterprise.

At this stage, the strategy of the enterprise is determined, with the help of which the financial stability of the enterprise is achieved, as well as the degree of dependence of the company on borrowed capital and the need to raise funds.

Stage 7. Analysis of the use of borrowed capital.

At this stage, it is necessary to find out how borrowed capital is used in the activities of the enterprise.

Stage 8. Economic value added analysis.

Based on the results of the analysis of economic value added, the volume of the company's expenses for the production of products, the real cost of goods, as well as the degree of justification of this cost, are determined, and ways to reduce it are found.

Stage 9. Analysis of business activity.

At this stage, the activity of the enterprise is monitored by examining completed projects, increasing the volume of sales of products to the market and entering the level of international trade.

Also, the diagnostics of the economic activity of an enterprise includes an analysis of the movement of finances (various operations with financial resources, paperwork for various transactions, etc.) and the calculation of the effect of financial leverage (impact on the level of financial resources through the approval of economic decisions).

What is business planning

The stable financial position of the company, the modernization and promotion of production can be guaranteed if you are engaged in planning the economic activities of the enterprise.

Planning is the development and adjustment of a plan that includes foresight, justification, concretization and description of the basics of the enterprise's economic activity for the near and long term, taking into account the situation on the sales market for products at the maximum exploitation of the enterprise's resources.

The main tasks of business planning:

1. Study of demand for the company's products.
2. Increasing the level of sales.
3. Maintaining a balanced growth in production.
4. Increasing income, payback of the production process.
5. Minimizing the cost of the enterprise by applying the strategy rational development and increase production resources.
6. Strengthening the competitiveness of goods by improving their quality and reducing cost.

There are two key type planning: operational and production planning and technical and economic planning.

Technical and economic planning aimed at creating a system of standards for improving the technical equipment and financial affairs of the enterprise. In the process of this type of planning, the acceptable volume of products manufactured by the enterprise is clarified, the necessary resources for the production of goods are selected, the optimal indicators of their use are calculated, and the final financial and economic standards for the functioning of the enterprise are established.

Operational and production planning aimed at concretizing the technical and economic plans of the company. With the help of it, production goals are formed for all departments of the enterprise and tasks for the production of products are adjusted.

Main types of planning:

1. Strategic planning - a production strategy is formed, its main tasks are developed for a period of 10 to 15 years.
2. Tactical planning is a confirmation of the main goals and resources of the enterprise needed to solve strategic problems for a short or medium term.
3. Operational planning - ways to achieve strategic goals are selected that are approved by the management of the enterprise and are typical for the economic activity of the enterprise (work plans for the month, quarter, year).
4. Normative planning - the selected methods for solving strategic problems, goals of the enterprise for any period are justified.

Each enterprise experiences difficulties in attracting private investment, since its own financial resources are often not enough, the enterprise needs loans, therefore, in order to combine the opportunities of private investors, loans are provided, which are formed by the enterprise's economic activity plan.

Business plan- a program for the implementation of business operations, company actions, containing information about the company, product, its production, sales markets, marketing, organization of operations and their effectiveness.

Business plan features:

1. Forms ways of development of the enterprise and ways of selling goods.
2. Carries out planning activities of the enterprise.
3. Helps to get extra loans, which gives a chance to buy new developments.
4. Explains the main directions, changes in the structure of production.

The program and volume of the business plan depend on the volume of production, the scope of the enterprise, and its purpose.

• Performance indicators - the main sensors of the company

Organization of economic activity of the enterprise: 3 stages

Stage 1. Opportunity assessment

At the initial stage, it is necessary to assess the resources for the implementation of the production process, for this it will be necessary to involve scientific developments and the work of designers. This stage will help to assess the potential for the production of goods in the volume and under the conditions that the owner of the company wants to explore in order to approve the final decision to start production. After exploring potential opportunities and implementing a series of actions, the production line is launched within the boundaries of the formulated plan. Each stage of production is monitored using various tools.

Stage 2. Launch of auxiliary production

If there is a need, then the next stage is the development of additional (auxiliary) production. This may be the production of another product, for example, from the remnants of raw materials from the main production. Additional production is a necessary measure that helps to develop new market segments, increase the chances of effective development of the company's financial activities.

Maintenance of the enterprise can be carried out both on its own and with the involvement of specialists and resources from outside. This includes the maintenance of production lines, the implementation of repair work that is necessary for the organization of uninterrupted work activities.

At this stage, it is possible to use the services of delivery companies (for transporting products to warehouses), the services of insurance companies for insuring the property of the enterprise, and other services that optimize production activities and assess potential financial costs. At the next stage, marketing work is carried out, aimed at researching the market, opportunities for selling products that will help organize uninterrupted sales of goods. A marketing scheme is applied that helps to establish the process of marketing and delivery of products. This process is also needed when assessing the potential for producing goods in the quantity that will be sold on the market with minimum level financial costs for an advertising campaign, delivery of products and at the same time will be able to attract the maximum number of buyers.

Stage 3. Sales of products

The next stage is the sale of the finished product within the framework of the developed plan. Each stage of the sale of products is monitored, accounting for the sold goods is carried out, forecasts are made and research is carried out to approve competent decisions to manage the future activities of the enterprise. In some situations, it is necessary to formulate a methodology for after-sales service (if the manufacturer has established a warranty period for products).

The economic activity of the enterprise within the framework of the approved development plan makes it possible to assess the economic situation of the company, the reserves of resources for the production of products, to investigate the impact of factors on the performance of sales of products, on the level of quality of goods. When conducting an analysis of the economic activity of an enterprise, indicators of profitability, payback, and the potential for increasing the volume of production are studied.

Enterprise business management: features and mechanisms

The main condition for the effective operation of the company is the organization of its economic activities in such a way that its preferred factors are taken into account with the utmost accuracy and the consequences of negative factors are minimized.

Solving the difficulties of effective management of the organization requires the development latest methods implementation of financial and economic activities of the enterprise. With the help of such methods, it is necessary to formulate a strategy for the development of the organization, justify the decision-making on the management of the enterprise, control their timely implementation, evaluate the results of the economic activity of the enterprise.

The principles of managing the economic activity of an enterprise are a set of principles, methods, indicators and actions taken to organize the work of an enterprise. The main task of such management is the fulfillment of the tasks set, namely, the manufacture of a product that can satisfy the needs of customers.

The main success factor in the management of the economic activity of the enterprise is the consistency at all levels and stages of management, at which they are approved and implemented. decisions made- from the moment of acquisition of resources, raw materials, their preparation for use in the workflow of the enterprise to the moment of sale of the finished product to customers.

The experience of managing the economic activities of the enterprise of many companies, as a rule, is chaotic, which is caused by the ineffective work of state and commercial companies, the fragmentation of their actions, the lack of education of business leaders, the poor level of development of their entrepreneurial ethics.

The main condition for raising the level of management efficiency in the process of economic activity of the enterprise can be called the use of various methods guides aimed at maximizing the use of hidden opportunities of the enterprise. They are a multi-level system of resource, financial and production capabilities, each of which is used at some stage of the enterprise's economic activity, guaranteeing the achievement of a positive result.

Evaluation of the economic activity of the enterprise: highlights

• Report development

The results of the economic activity of the enterprise based on the results of the reporting time period are recorded in the format of a detailed report. Highly qualified employees of the enterprise are allowed to draw up reporting documentation; if necessary, access to secret data is opened. The results of the report are published if required by law. In some situations, the information remains classified and is used to develop a new direction for the development of the enterprise, to improve efficiency. You need to know that the evaluation of the results of economic activity of the enterprise consists of the preparation, research and analysis of information.

• Forecast development

If necessary, you can make a forecast for the development of the enterprise in the future. To do this, you need to provide free access to all information related to financial activities enterprises, for a certain number of reporting periods in order to make the forecast as accurate as possible. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the information recorded in the reporting documentation must be true. In this case, the data provided will help to detect problems of financing, distribution of funds among various departments of the enterprise. As a rule, the results of the economic activity of the enterprise are evaluated according to the results of the reporting period, which is one year.

• Accounting

All business activities of the company without fail should be taken into account. For this, automated programs for accounting and processing primary accounting documents are used. Regardless of how the accounting of the economic activity of the enterprise is carried out, a report is formed based on the results of its study. Accounting is carried out strictly according to accepted standards; if the company also operates on international markets, then its documentation must comply with international standards.

Maintenance and formation of reporting documentation is carried out either by your own specialists working at your enterprise, or by specialized employees of another organization on a contractual basis. The results of the report are used to calculate the amounts of tax deductions that must be paid during the reporting period. Reporting documentation must take into account the specifics of the company's activities.

• Document flow in the organization: when everything is in its place

How the main indicators of the economic activity of the enterprise are determined

The main indicators of the economic activity of the enterprise, which are used in business projects, are divided into two groups:

1. estimated indicators - income, turnover of the company, cost of goods, etc.;
2. indicators of production costs - payment of wages to personnel, depreciation of equipment, energy and material resources, etc.

The most important estimated indicators of economic activity:

• turnover (sales volume) of the enterprise;
• gross income;
• conditionally net profit, production;
• income after deductions of interest on credit loans;
• income after payment of taxes;
• profit after payment of other payments;
• liquidity after the implementation of financial investments in the improvement of production;
• liquidity after payment of dividends.

All these criteria are necessary for managing processes within the company for effective control over the production of products, for the financial stability of the enterprise, as well as for the formulation of new management decisions.

With the help of these criteria, the head of the enterprise receives data. This information is the basis for developing solutions that can improve the situation in production. Some indicators perform an important function in the development of a methodology for motivating staff.

• Company turnover

With the help of the first evaluation criterion of the economic activity of the enterprise, the turnover of the organization is revealed.

It is calculated as total sales, that is, the value of products and services that were provided to customers. When calculating the turnover of a company, the period for which it is determined (month, decade, year, etc.) plays an important role, since this criterion is greatly affected by the processes associated with inflation.

More convenient to calculate this indicator, using constant prices, but if necessary, accounting calculations and further planning, the turnover can be determined at current prices.

Such an estimate of turnover is a priority for budget companies and firms that are not yet making a profit.

In the field of trade and in the sales departments of enterprises, the volume of trade is the foundation for setting the sales rate of products, and also plays an important role in motivating staff.

With a stable level of sales, staff salaries, as a rule, depend on goods sold. The seller receives a management-approved percentage of the cost of each item they sell. The greater the turnover rate of finances and the number of completed transactions for a specified period, the greater the salary the employee will receive.

It is sometimes quite difficult to determine the turnover, especially in associations of enterprises or in branches of huge companies. In the last example, there are difficulties with intra-company turnover - turnover between departments of the company on the basis of transfer funds. If we remove the price of purchased resources, raw materials, other expenses from the turnover of the enterprise, then the output is another indicator of the economic activity of the enterprise - gross income (profit). This criterion can be calculated in the departments of large corporations.

• Gross profit

In enterprise management gross profit is the most used evaluation criterion. The indicator of gross profit is common in those areas of business and industry where the volume fixed costs is at a low level. For example, in the field of trade.

In the process of short-term planning, the use of the gross profit indicator is more rational than the use of the company's turnover indicator. The indicator of gross profit is used in those areas of production where the percentage of variable expenses, material and energy costs in the cost of goods is high. But this indicator cannot be used in capital-intensive areas of production, where the amount of income is calculated by the volume of operation of the technical equipment of production, the level of organization of the labor process. In addition, the gross profit indicator can also be used in companies with a changing structure of production costs, prime cost. The main hurdle in calculating gross profit is determining inventory and work in progress. Taking into account inflation, these factors significantly distort the value of this criterion in organizations.

• Conditionally net profit

If you subtract overheads and depreciation costs from gross profit, you get the company's "notional net" income, or income before interest on loans and taxes. This criterion of the economic activity of the enterprise is used in the conduct of almost all business projects. But in small projects, this criterion is often confused with the entrepreneurial profit of the owner of the firm.

The net profit indicator is the basis for calculating the staff bonus fund. IN international practice the level of bonuses to the chief executives of enterprises is also set depending on the level of profits received.

• Conditionally pure products

Adding to the value conditionally net income the cost of paying salaries to staff, we get the indicator of conditional net production. The value of this indicator can be formulated as the difference between the goods sold and the amount of costs for its production (raw materials, costs for the repair and maintenance of equipment, services of contractors, etc.). The growth of conditional net profit is a criterion for the effectiveness of the company's activities, regardless of the scale of the inflation process.

In practice, it is applied similarly to the gross profit indicator. But the most convenient industry for its implementation is the implementation and consulting business.

Conditionally net profit indicator – effective tool managerial control in areas and organizations that have a stable system of production spending. But this criterion is not suitable for evaluating the results of the work of conglomerates, organizations with the production of various types of products. The indicator is the basis for calculating the payroll, especially in areas where the number of staff, labor costs and labor costs are difficult to control.

• Profit before tax

If we subtract wage payments and interest on loans from the indicator of conditionally net production, then income before tax is obtained. This indicator cannot serve as an estimate for newly opened enterprises that have not yet gained momentum in production and sales of products, as well as for enterprises that use serious financial investments with a long payback period. It can't be used in the home service industry.

The scope of use of other estimated indicators is limited solely by the needs of accounting.

• Strategic Indicators

Together with indicators that are necessary for the implementation ongoing planning and enterprise leadership, there are criteria for strategic leadership.

Main strategic indicators:

• the volume of the sales market controlled by the enterprise;
• product quality standards;
• customer service quality indicators;
• indicators that relate to the training and professional development of the company's personnel.

All these indicators are associated with an increase in the volume of profit received by the enterprise. For example, an increase in the volume of deliveries to the sales market leads to an increase in the income that the company will bail out. This dependence is especially clear in the sphere of capital-intensive production. It should also be noted that the increase in income is only achieved on a prospective basis and cannot be determined using criteria that are used for current planning and management needs only for specific time periods.

If it is not difficult to calculate the sales market share, then the criterion of product quality is a very difficult concept to define. As a rule, for requirements within production, the failure rate is used. percentage from a batch of goods using statistical quality control, that is, by choosing, the failure rate in a particular batch per thousand pieces of products is determined. This indicator is not so much aimed at reducing costs production process how much aims to maintain the level of your company in the market. Outside the company or production, indicators of product quality are: the percentage of products returned by buyers for service under warranty, the percentage of goods returned by buyers to its manufacturer, in the volume of products sold.

• Organizational cost management, or How to create a minimum cost system

Expert opinion

Performance indicators in online trading

Alexander Sizintsev,

CEO online travel agencies Biletix.ru, Moscow

In business projects that operate online, performance is analyzed using different methods compared to offline companies. I will talk about the main criteria that are used in evaluating the effectiveness of the project. By the way, the Internet project Biletix.ru began to pay for itself only after two years.

1. The level of sales is increasing at a faster pace than the market. We analyze the effectiveness of our project in the context of the market situation. If the statistics show that passenger transportation has increased by 25% in a year, then our sales volume should also increase by 25%. If the situation is not so good for us, then we must understand that our level of efficiency has decreased. In this situation, we urgently need to take a number of measures to promote the site and increase traffic. At the same time, we must improve the quality of customer service.
2. Increasing the volume of goods with a high level of profitability in the volume of total sales of the company. The percentage of such products in different areas activity can be very different. For example, one of the most profitable activities is a service for the provision of hotel room reservation services. And the lowest margin is the sale of air tickets. The difference between them can reach up to 12%. It is natural that reliance should be placed on the room reservation service. Over the past year, our team was able to increase this level to 20%, but the percentage of total sales still remains low. Based on this, we set ourselves the goal of reaching a 30% level of all company sales - this is a standard indicator of the organization's performance in foreign business projects that are identical to our company.
3. Increase sales through the most profitable channels. The main indicator of the effectiveness of our business project is the increase in sales through certain promotion channels. The website of our project is the most profitable channel, we directly address our potential clients. This figure is approximately 10%. The percentage from the sites of our partners is several times lower. It follows from this that the site of our business project is the most important indicator of the effectiveness of the project.
4. Increasing the number of buyers who are interested in your products or services, and also make purchases. To study the level of efficiency, you need to correlate the share of your regular customers with the entire customer base of the company. We can also increase profits by repeat orders. That is, the customer who will purchase products from us repeatedly is the most profitable client of the project. It is necessary to take a number of measures that increase the profitability of buyers, and not extend to reduce the cost of goods. For example, to increase one-time profits, many projects launch all kinds of promotions and discounts. If your buyer once purchased a product at a discount, then the next time he will not want to buy it at full price and will look for other online stores that have promotions at the moment. From this we understand that this method will not be able to increase the income of the project constantly, which means that it is inefficient. If we talk about numbers, then the percentage of regular customers should be approximately 30% of the total number of customers. Our business project has already achieved such a performance indicator.

What indicators are used to evaluate the results of the economic activity of the enterprise

Income- profit from the sale of goods or from the provision of services, less financial costs. It is the cash equivalent of the company's net product, that is, it consists of the amount of funds spent on its production and the benefits after its sale. Income characterizes the entire amount of the company's financial resources that enters the organization for a certain time period and, minus tax deductions, can be used for consumption or investment. In some cases, the income of the enterprise is taxed. In such a situation, after the process of deducting tax payments, income is divided among all sources of its consumption (investment fund and insurance fund). The consumption fund is responsible for the timely payment of salaries to the personnel of the enterprise and for deductions based on the results of work, as well as for the percentage in the authorized property, for material support, etc.

Profit- this is the percentage of the total income that the enterprise has left after the financial costs of the production process and its sale. In a situation market economy profit is the main source of savings and increasing the revenue side of the state and local budgets; the main source of development of the company's activities, as well as the source by which the needs for financial resources of the personnel of the enterprise and its owner are satisfied.

The amount of profit can be influenced both by the volume of goods produced by the enterprise, and its diversity, the level of product quality, the cost of production, etc. And income can affect such indicators as the payback of products, the financial capabilities of the company, etc. The total amount of profit enterprises is called gross profit, and it is divided into three parts:

1. Income from the sale of goods is the difference between earnings from the sale of goods, excluding value added tax, and the cost of goods sold.
2. Income from the sale of material assets of the enterprise, from the sale of the property of the enterprise - the difference between the funds received from the sale and the funds spent on the purchase and sale. Income from the sale of fixed assets of the enterprise is the difference between the profit from the sale, the residual price and the financial costs of dismantling and selling.
3. Income from additional activities enterprises - profit from the sale of securities, from investing in business projects, from renting out premises, etc.

Profitability- a relative indicator of the effectiveness of the organization's labor activity. It is calculated as follows: the ratio of profit to expenses, reflected as a percentage.

Profitability indicators are used to evaluate the performance of various enterprises and entire areas of activity that produce different volumes of products and a different range. These indicators characterize the amount of profit received in relation to the resources spent by the enterprise. The most commonly used indicators of profitability of goods and the profitability of its production.

Types of profitability (payback):

• payback from product sales;
• payback of invested funds and expended resources;
• financial payback;
• the amount of net payback;
• payback of labor activity of production;
• payback of the personal capital of the enterprise;
• time frame of return on own investments;
• payback of permanent investments;
• overall return on sales;
• return on assets;
• payback of net assets;
• return on investment borrowed;
• payback of working capital;
• gross margin.

How is the efficiency of the economic activity of the enterprise determined?

The efficiency of the economic activity of the enterprise directly depends on its results. The absolute criterion, which characterizes the result of the company's work process in the financial (monetary) assessment, is called "economic effect".

For example, an organization has acquired new technical equipment for its production and, thanks to this, has increased the level of income of the enterprise. In such a situation, an increase in the level of income of the enterprise means the economic effect of the introduction of new technologies. At the same time, increasing profits can be achieved in different ways: by improving the technology of the workflow, purchasing modern equipment, advertising campaign etc. In such a situation, the efficiency of the economic activity of the enterprise will be determined by economic efficiency.

The efficiency of the economic activity of an enterprise is a changing indicator that measures the achieved result with the financial resources or other resources spent on it.

• Efficiency= result (effect) / costs.

The formula indicates that the best efficiency is achieved if the result is aimed at the maximum level, and the costs - at the minimum.

• Cost reduction in the enterprise: the most effective methods

Expert opinion

How to spot signs of poor business performance

Alexey Beltyukov,

Senior Vice President for Development and Commercialization of the Skolkovo Foundation, Moscow

Analysis of the effectiveness of the economic activity of the enterprise consists of a study of the financial level, as well as existing risks.

1. The main indicator is set.

In each area of ​​activity, you can find some basic financial criterion that can display the effectiveness of a business project. For example, we will consider organizations that provide services. mobile communications. Their main criterion is the average level of the organization's profit per month per user. It is called ARPU. For services involved in the repair of cars, this is the setting of an indicator for 1 hour on one operating lift. For the real estate industry, this is the level of profitability per square meter. meter. You need to opt for an indicator that clearly characterizes your business project. In parallel with the establishment of the indicator, it is necessary to study information about your competitors. From my own experience, I can say that getting this information is not difficult at all. Based on the results of the work done, you will be able to assess the state of your business project in comparison with other companies in the industry in which you operate. If a study of the effectiveness of the economic activity of your enterprise has revealed a level of performance higher than that of organizations competing with you, then it makes sense to think about developing the capabilities of your enterprise; if the level is lower, then your the main objective– identify the reasons for the low level of performance. I am sure that in such a situation it is necessary to conduct a detailed study of the process of formation of the value of products.

2. Research of the value formation process.

I solved this problem like this: I identified all financial indicators and supervised the formation of the value chain. Tracked financial expenses in the documentation: from the purchase of materials for the creation of products to their sale to customers. My experience in this area indicates that by applying this method, you can find many ways to increase the level of efficiency of the economic activities of the enterprise.

In the economic activity of the enterprise, two bad indicators of efficiency can be found. The first is the presence of a large area of ​​warehouses with semi-finished products; the second is a high percentage of defective goods. In financial documentation, indicators of the presence of losses can be called high level working capital and high spending on one item of goods. If your organization is engaged in the provision of services, then the low level of efficiency can be tracked in the workflow of employees - as a rule, they talk to each other too much, do unnecessary things, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the service.

How is the economic activity of the enterprise regulated at the state level

Legal regulation- this is the activity of the state, aimed at public relations and carrying out its actions with the help of legal instruments and methods. Its main goal is to stabilize and put in order relationships in society.

Legal regulation various kinds There are two types of activity: directive (also called direct) or economic (also called indirect). The legal documentation contains rules in relation to various types of activities. Direct regulation, which is carried out by state bodies, can be divided into several lines:

• formulating the conditions that will apply to the economic activity of the enterprise;
• approval of restrictions on various manifestations in the conduct of business activities of the enterprise;
• application by the state of penalties in case of non-compliance with established standards;
• entering amendments into the documentation of the enterprise;
• formation of business entities, their restructuring.

Legal regulation of the economic activity of the enterprise occurs when using the norms of labor, administrative, criminal, tax, corporate law. You need to know that the rules set out in legislative documents are constantly changing in response to the current situation in society. If the business activity of the enterprise is carried out without taking into account the established standards, then an unpleasant situation may arise for the owner of the enterprise - he will be held administratively or criminally liable or receive penalties.

In practice, very often, company managers sign contracts without really studying and analyzing all the information. Such actions can negatively affect the final result. The client has the right to use such omissions for his own purposes - he can terminate the contract. In this case, your company will suffer huge financial losses and all sorts of costs. For this, there is a definition of “legal regulation of the economic activity of an enterprise”. The head of the organization needs to keep a large number of issues under personal control. Lots of excitement management staff enterprises also bring inspections by state control bodies.

Most of the entrepreneurs in our country are accustomed to impunity, especially in those moments that relate to labor relations. As a rule, violations are discovered in the process of dismissal of staff. IN modern society employees have learned to stand up for their rights. The head of the enterprise must keep in mind that an employee who has been illegally fired may return to his job. workplace By the tribunal's decision. But for the owner of the company, such a return will result in financial costs, including salary deductions for the employee for all the time he did not work.

The legal regulation of the economic activity of the enterprise includes legislative, regulatory and internal documentation, which is approved by the organization independently.

• Compensation upon dismissal: how to pay off an employee

Information about experts

Alexander Sizintsev, CEO of online travel agency Biletix.ru, Moscow. CJSC "Vipservice" Field of activity: sale of air and railway tickets, as well as the provision of tourism and related services (Biletix.ru agency - a b2c project of the Vipservice holding). Number of personnel: 1400. Territory: central office - in Moscow; more than 100 points of sale - in Moscow and the Moscow region; representative offices - in St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, Rostov-on-Don and Tyumen. Annual sales: 8 million air tickets, more than 3.5 million railway tickets.

Alexey Beltyukov, Senior Vice President for Development and Commercialization of the Skolkovo Foundation, Moscow. The Skolkovo Innovation Center is a modern scientific and technological complex for the development and commercialization of new technologies. The complex provides special economic conditions for companies operating in the priority sectors of the modernization of the Russian economy: telecommunications and space, medical equipment, energy efficiency, information Technology and nuclear technology.

Financial results of economic activity of the organization

Coursework in the discipline "Finance and Credit"

3.2.6. Methods for determining revenue from the sale of goods, products, works, services for tax purposes 20

1. at the moment of payment for goods, products, services (“cash method”); 20

5. Evaluation of the financial results of the enterprise (on the example of CJSC "Uralselenergoproekt") 30

1. Introduction

In a market economy, the efficiency of production, investment and financial activities is expressed in financial results.

In market conditions, each economic entity acts as a separate commodity producer, which is economically and legally independent. An economic entity independently chooses a business area, forms a product range, determines costs, forms prices, takes into account sales proceeds, and therefore reveals profit or loss based on the results of activities. In market conditions, making a profit is the direct goal of the production of a business entity. The implementation of this goal is possible only if the business entity produces products (works, services) that, in terms of their consumer properties, meet the needs of society. Society does not need ruble equivalents, but specific commodity and material values. The act of selling a product (works, services) also means public recognition. Receiving revenue for manufactured and sold products does not mean making a profit. To identify the financial result, it is necessary to compare the revenue with the costs of production and sales:

The essence of the activity of each enterprise determines the features of its functioning, the content and structure of assets, in particular fixed assets; forms a significant part of the final financial result.

A stable financial position has a positive impact on the implementation of production plans and the provision of production needs with the necessary resources. Therefore, financial activity as an integral part of economic activity is aimed at ensuring the planned receipt and expenditure of financial resources, the implementation of settlement discipline, the achievement of rational proportions of equity and borrowed capital and its most efficient use.

Thus, consideration of the issue of the nature and formation of the financial results of an economic entity is important and relevant in a market economy.

The relevance of this issue determines the choice of topic and the content of this work.

The aim of the work is to study the essence, structure and formation of the financial results of the enterprise.

In accordance with the goal, the following tasks are to be solved:

Consider theoretical aspects of the economic content of financial results;

Financial results of the enterprise as a guarantee of the successful operation of the enterprise;

Analyze financial results at a separate enterprise CJSC Uralselenergoproekt.

2. Organization of enterprise finance

The company is an independent business an entity created to conduct economic activities, which is carried out in order to make a profit and meet public needs. 1

The company is usually legal entity, which is determined by a combination of features: the isolation of property, liability for obligations with this property, the presence of a bank account, actions on their own behalf. The isolation of property is expressed by the presence of an independent balance sheet on which it is listed.

The content of the economic activity of the enterprise is the organization of production and sale of goods. In this capacity, products of a natural-material nature (for example, products of the mining, processing and processing industries, agriculture, construction), performance of works (industrial, installation, design and survey, geological exploration, research, loading and unloading, etc.) provision of services (transport, communication services, utilities, household, etc.).

The enterprise interacts with other enterprises - suppliers and buyers, partners in joint activities, participates in unions and associations, as a founder contributes a share in the formation of authorized capital, enters into relationships with banks, the budget, extra-budgetary funds, etc.

Financial relations arise only when the monetary the basis is the formation of the enterprise's own funds and its income, the attraction of borrowed sources of financing of economic activities, the distribution of income generated as a result of this activity, and their use for the development of the enterprise.

The organization of economic activity requires appropriate financial support, i.e. initial capital, which is formed on the contributions of the founders of the enterprise and takes the form of authorized capital. This is the most important source of formation of the property of any enterprise. Specific methods of formation of the authorized capital depend on the organizational and legal form of the enterprise.

When creating an enterprise, the authorized capital is directed to the acquisition of fixed assets and the formation of working capital in the amount necessary to conduct normal production and economic activities, it is invested in the acquisition of licenses, patents, know-how, the use of which is an important income-generating factor. Thus, the initial capital is invested in production, in the process of which value is created, expressed by the price of products sold. After the sale of products, it takes on a monetary form - the form of proceeds from the sale of manufactured goods, which is credited to the company's current account.

Revenue is a source of reimbursement for the funds spent on the production of products and the formation of cash funds and financial reserves of the enterprise. As a result of the use of proceeds, qualitatively different components of the created value are distinguished from it.

First of all, this is due to the formation of an amortization fund, which is formed in the form of depreciation deductions after the depreciation of fixed production assets and intangible assets takes the form of money. A prerequisite for the formation of an amortization fund is the sale of manufactured goods to the consumer and the receipt of proceeds.

The material basis of the created goods is made up of raw materials, purchased components and semi-finished products. Their cost, along with other material costs, depreciation of fixed production assets, salary workers is the costs of the enterprise for the production of products, taking the form of cost. Until revenue is received, these costs are financed at the expense of working capital of the enterprise, which are not spent, but are advanced into production. After the receipt of proceeds from the sale of goods, working capital is restored, and the costs incurred by the enterprise for the production of products are reimbursed.

The separation of costs in the form of cost makes it possible to compare the proceeds received from the sale of products and the costs incurred. The purpose of investing in production is to obtain a net income, and if the revenue exceeds the cost, then the company receives it in the form of profit.

Profit and depreciation are the result of the circulation of funds invested in production, and relate to the company's own financial resources, which it manages independently. Optimal use of depreciation and profit for the intended purpose allows you to resume production on an expanded basis.

The purpose of depreciation is to ensure the reproduction of fixed production assets and intangible assets. Unlike depreciation deductions, profit does not remain completely at the disposal of the enterprise, a significant part of it goes to the budget in the form of taxes, which defines another area of ​​financial relations that arise between the enterprise and the state regarding the distribution of the generated net income.

The profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise is a multi-purpose source of financing its needs, but the main directions of its use can be defined as accumulation and consumption. The proportions of the distribution of profits for accumulation and consumption determine the prospects for the development of the enterprise. Depreciation deductions and part of the profit allocated for accumulation constitute the financial resources of the enterprise used for its production and scientific and technical development formation of financial assets - the acquisition of securities, contributions to the authorized capital of other enterprises, etc. the other part of the profit used for accumulation , is directed to social development enterprises. A part of the profit is used for consumption, as a result of which financial relations arise between the enterprise and persons, both employed and not employed in the enterprise.

In modern economic conditions, the distribution and use of depreciation and profits at enterprises is not always accompanied by the formation of separate monetary funds. The depreciation fund as such is not formed, and the decision on the distribution of profits to special purpose funds remains within the competence of the enterprise, but this does not change the essence of the distribution processes that reflect the use of the financial resources of the enterprise.

The objective nature of financial relations arising in the course of economic activity does not preclude their state regulation. This applies to taxes levied on enterprises and affecting the amount of profit remaining at the disposal of enterprises, the procedure for calculating depreciation, the formation of financial results of economic activity and the formation of certain financial reserves.

On the basis of repayment, the enterprise attracts loans financial resources: long-term bank loans, funds of other enterprises, bonded loans, the source of return of which is the profit of the enterprise.

Since the finances of enterprises as relations are part of the economic relations that arise in the course of economic activity, the principles of their organization are determined by the fundamentals of the economic activity of enterprises. Based on this, the principles of organizing finance can be formulated as follows: independence in the field of financial activities, self-financing, interest in the results of financial and economic activities, responsibility for its results, control over the financial and economic activities of the enterprise.

The economic activity of the enterprise is inextricably linked with its financial activity. The enterprise independently finances all directions of its expenses in accordance with production plans, manages the available financial resources, investing them in the production of products in order to make a profit.

Directions for investing funds can be different: related both to the main activities of the enterprise for the production of products (works, services), and to purely financial investments. In order to receive additional income, enterprises have the right to acquire securities of other enterprises and the state, to invest in the authorized capital of newly formed enterprises and banks. Temporarily free funds of the enterprise can be separated from the total cash flow and placed in the bank on deposit accounts.

The amount of profit and the level of profitability are the main indicators characterizing the results of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise. The greater the amount of profit and the higher the level of profitability, the more efficiently the enterprise functions and the more stable its financial condition.

First of all, to analyze the results of economic activity, the dynamics and structure of financial results are analyzed according to the data of Form No. 2 (Table 1).

Table 14 - Analysis of the dynamics and structure of financial results

Name of indicator	For the beginning of the year	At the end of the year	Change
						growth rate, %
1. Profit (loss) from sales
2. Interest receivable
3. Interest payable
4. Income from participation in other organizations
5. Other income
6. Other expenses
7. Total profit (loss) before tax
8. Income tax
9. Net profit

An analysis of table 14 showed a slight deterioration in the financial position of the enterprise, since in the reporting year the net profit of the enterprise after taxes decreased by 651 thousand rubles. or almost 2 times and amounted to 853 thousand rubles.

The main growth factor was the reduction of loss from the sale of products by 3602 thousand rubles.

Also a significant positive factor was the reduction of interest payable by 265 thousand rubles.

The reduction factor in net profit was the reduction in other income by 3,625 thousand rubles. and an increase in other expenses by 1250 thousand rubles. or by 12.3%. At the end of 2012, other expenses amounted to 11,443 thousand rubles.

In connection with the reduction in profits, the income tax also decreased, which led to an increase in net profit by 376 thousand rubles.

In general, net profit after taxes decreased by 651 thousand rubles.

Balance of deviations = 3602 - 19 + 265 - 3625 - 1250 + 376 = - 651 thousand rubles.

Factor analysis of net profit (NP) (Table 2) is carried out according to the model:

where B is the proceeds from the sale of products, thousand rubles;

C is the total cost of production, thousand rubles;

VP - gross profit, thousand rubles;

NP - income tax, thousand rubles;

DiR - expenses and income from other activities, thousand rubles;

d c - the share of the cost in the proceeds from the sale of products, in fractions of units;

R Pd - profitability of production, in shares of units.

PE 0 \u003d B 0 * d c0 * R pd0 + DiR 0 -NP 0

PE VR \u003d B 1 * d c0 * R pd0 + DiR 0 - NP 0

PE C \u003d B 1 * d c1 * R pd0 + DiR 0 -NP 0

PE R \u003d B 1 * d s1 * R pd1 + DiR 0 -NP 0

PE Dir \u003d B 1 * d c1 * R pd1 + DiR 1 -NP 0

Table 15 - Analysis of the influence of factors on the change in net profit

Name of indicator		Base period	Reporting period	Change (+,-)
Sales proceeds, thousand rubles
Net profit, thousand rubles
Full cost, thousand rubles
Gross profit, thousand rubles
Income tax, thousand rubles
Income and expenses from other activities, thousand rubles
The share of cost in sales proceeds, in shares of units.
Profitability of production, in shares of units.
Impact on the change in net profit factors:
Revenues from sales
Share of cost in sales proceeds
Profitability of production
Income and expenses from other activities
income tax

PE 0 \u003d 84713 * 1.05 * (-0.048) + 6417 - 652 \u003d 1504 thousand rubles.

PE BP \u003d 112200 * 1.05 * (-0.048) + 6417 - 652 \u003d 121 thousand rubles.

PE C \u003d 112200 * 1.006 * (-0.048) + 6417 - 652 \u003d 360 thousand rubles.

PE R \u003d 112200 * 1.006 * (-0.006) + 6417 - 652 \u003d 5106 thousand rubles.

PE Dir \u003d 112200 * 1.006 * (-0.006) + 1788 - 652 \u003d 477 thousand rubles.

PE 1 \u003d 112200 * 1.006 * (-0.006) + 1788 - 276 \u003d 853 thousand rubles.

121 - 1504 = - 1383 tr.

360 - 121 = 239 tr.

5106-360 = 4746 tr.

477 - 5106 \u003d - 4629 tr.

853 - 477 = 376 tr.

1383 + 239 + 4746 - 4629 + 376 = - 651 t.

Increase in sales proceeds in the reporting period compared to the base period 27487 thousand rubles. led to the fact that net profit decreased by 1383 thousand rubles.

With a reduction in the share of cost in revenue in the reporting period compared to the base period by 0.044, net profit increased by 239 thousand rubles.

The decrease in the degree of unprofitability of production led to an increase in net profit by 4,746 thousand rubles.

Growth in loss from other activities in the reporting period compared to the base period by 4629 thousand rubles. resulted in a substantial reduction in net income.

The decrease in income tax led to an increase in net profit by 376 thousand rubles.

As a result, net profit in the reporting period decreased by 651 thousand rubles.

To improve financial performance, I recommend taking measures to increase product sales and reduce production costs.

The efficiency of the enterprise is most fully characterized profitability indicators, because they are relative indicators comparing results with costs.

The dynamics of profitability indicators is analyzed in tabular form (Table 16).

Table 16 - Profitability indicators of the enterprise (%)

Name of indicator		Base year	Reporting year	Change
1. Overall profitability (sales)	Rprod \u003d PE / V
2. Profitability of production (recoupment of costs)	Rpr \u003d VP / S
3. Profitability total capital(assets)	Pk = PE / WB
4. Return on current assets	Roa = CHP / OA
5. Profitability of production assets	Rpf \u003d BP / PF
6. Profitability of financial investments	Rfv \u003d Pvf / (DFV + KVF)
7. Profitability equity	RSK = CHP / SK

In the reporting year, the profitability of sales decreased by 0.42%. At the beginning of the year, the profitability was 1.34% and by the end of the year 0.92%. The main reason is the reduction in profits from core activities.

Profitability of production in the reporting year decreased from 7.03% at the beginning of the year to 3% by the end of the year. At the moment, the indicator is at a low level, and indicates the need for measures to reduce the cost of production and provision of services.

The return on assets decreased by 0.04%, which indicates a low profitability of the company's activities and unsatisfactory performance.

The return on working capital also decreased, at the end of the year by 1 rub. current assets received 0.001 rubles. net income, which is very low.

Profitability of production assets decreased and amounted to 1.77%. Those. invested fixed assets receive a very low return.

The return on equity was 1.04% at the end of 2012, which is 0.12% lower than at the beginning of the year.

In general, the reduction in net profit at the end of 2012 gave a negative trend to all profitability indicators, the priority in our case is to reduce production costs.

The dynamics of the most important indicators let's represent profitability graphically (Fig. 3)

Figure 3 - Dynamics of profitability indicators

The return on total capital (Рк) is analyzed according to the model:

where P pr - profitability of sales;

To about - turnover ratio;

FO - return on assets of fixed assets;

FO n - return on assets of intangible assets.

Table 17 - Analysis of the influence of factors on the change in return on equity

Name of indicator		Base year	Reporting year	Change (+,-)
Sales proceeds, t.
Net profit, t.
Average balance of working capital, t.
Average annual cost of fixed assets, t.
Average annual cost of intangible assets, t.
Average annual value of capital, t.
Return on equity
Profitability of sales
Working capital turnover ratio, about.
Capital productivity of fixed assets, rub. /rub.
Return on assets of intangible assets, rub. /rub.
Impact on the change in return on equity factors:
a) return on sales
b) turnover ratio of working capital
c) capital productivity of fixed assets
d) return on assets of intangible assets

Substitution 0 = 0.68

Substitution 1 = 0.467

Substitution 2 = 0.521

Substitution 3 = 0.640

Impact of return on sales = 0.467 - 0.68 = - 0.21%

Influence of the turnover ratio = 0.521 - 0.467 = 0.05%

The impact of capital productivity of fixed assets \u003d 0.64 - 0.521 \u003d 0.12%

An analysis of Table 5 shows that the greatest impact on the growth of return on capital was made by the return on fixed assets by +0.12%. The turnover ratio of working capital increased this figure by 0.05%. The decrease in return on sales by 0.42% reduced the return on equity by 0.21%.

To assess the influence of individual factors on the return on equity, a factor model is used:

RSK \u003d Rpr * Kob K * M SK

Table 18 - Analysis of the influence of factors on the change in return on equity

Index	Base year	Reporting year	Change
Initial data
Sales revenue, thousand rubles
Net profit, thousand rubles
Assets, thousand rubles
Own capital, thousand rubles
Estimated data - factors
Profitability of sales
Turnover ratio
Return on equity
Change in return on equity
Assessment of the influence of factors on the change in return on equity
Profitability of sales
Turnover ratio
Equity multiplier
The combined effect of all factors

The return on equity decreased by 0.12%, with the largest increase coming from the turnover ratio - +0.29%.

Table 19 - Indicators of turnover of working capital of the enterprise

Name of indicator		Base year	Reporting year	Change (+,-)
1. Sales proceeds, t.
2. Average balance of working capital, t.
3. Average balance by types of working capital:
Stocks and costs
finished products
Accounts receivable
Cash and KFV
4. Average duration one turn, days:
All working capital
Stocks and costs
finished products
Accounts receivable
Cash and KFV
5. Turnover ratio, vol.:
All working capital
Stocks and costs
finished products
Accounts receivable
Cash and KFV
6. Load factor of working capital in circulation, rub.

In 2012, the company's revenue increased by 27,487 thousand rubles. The average balance of working capital increased by 6700 thousand rubles, while the value of inventories increased by 11953 thousand rubles, finished products increased by 3581 thousand rubles, accounts receivable decreased by 9174 thousand rubles, the balance of cash and KFI decreased for 286 tr.

The turnover of current assets in the reporting period increased slightly from 0.9 to 1.1 vol.

Inventory turnover also decreased by 1.2 vol. and amounted to 4 about. while the duration of turnover increased by 21 days. Consequently, the company has an incorrectly built inventory management policy.

Increased turnover finished products by 0.5 vol. and amounted to 3.1 about. Consequently, the measures to increase sales gave a positive result.

turnover accounts receivable increased by 1.8 vol., and the duration decreased by 67 days. This positively characterizes the solvency of buyers and the choice of credit policy.

The utilization factor of working capital in turnover decreased and amounted to 0.87 in the reporting year, which indicates an increase in the efficiency of their use and an increase in returns.

The acceleration of capital turnover helps to reduce the need for working capital (absolute release), the increase in production volumes (relative release) and hence the increase in profits. As a result, the financial condition of the organization, solvency improves.

The slowdown in turnover requires the attraction of additional funds.

Analysis of the change in the turnover time of the organization's resources invested in stocks and calculations makes it possible to determine the reserves for reducing the need for working capital by optimizing stocks, their relative reduction in comparison with the growth of production, accelerating settlements or, conversely, raising funds for circulation in an unfavorable state of affairs. A low indicator indicates a lack of inventory, which further leads to a reduction in productivity.

The main reasons for the growth of the indicator of the period of inventory turnover, including raw materials and materials, inventories, work in progress and finished products are:

decrease in output for certain types of products and deviation of the actual consumption of materials from the norms, excessive and unused material values, uneven flow of material resources.

cancellation of production orders, rise in the cost of production, shortcomings in planning for the organization of production, underdelivery of purchased semi-finished products and components.

drop in demand for certain types products, low quality products, not rhythmic release of finished products and delayed shipment.

The influence of factors on turnover ratios is analyzed by models:

where is Cob i- turnover ratio i-th type of working capital,

B - proceeds from sales;

ABOUT i- average balances i-th type of working capital.

The results of the analysis of the influence of factors are summarized in the table (Table 7).

Table 20 - Analysis of the influence of factors on turnover ratios

Turnover ratios	Base year	Reporting year	Change
	including due to changes
sales volume	average balances
1. all assets
2. current assets
3. stock and cost
4. Finished products
5. accounts receivable

Impact on the turnover ratio of all assets

1) sales volume:

(112200/167474) - 0,98 = - 0,307

2) balances of all assets:

0,283 + 0,307 = 0,023

Impact on the turnover ratio of current assets

1) sales volume:

KoTA B \u003d (B 1 / ObS 0) - KoTA 0

(112200/91012) - 0,93 = 0,302

2) balances of current assets:

KOTA ObS =? KOTA - KOTA B

0,217 - 0,302 = - 0,085

Influence on inventory turnover ratio:

1) sales volume:

KoZZ B \u003d (B 1 / ZZ 0) - KoZZ 0

(112200/16276) - 5,21= 1,689

2) inventory balances:

KoZZ ObS \u003d? KoZZ - KoZZ B

1,230 - 1,689 = - 2,919

Impact on the turnover ratio of finished products:

1) sales volume:

KoGP B \u003d (V 1 /GP 0) - KoGP 0

(112200/33088) - 2,56 = 0,831

2) finished product residues:

KoGP ObS \u003d? KoGP - (V 1 /GP 0) - KoGP 0

0,5 - 0,831 = - 0,331

Impact on the turnover ratio of current assets:

1) sales volume:

KoDZ V \u003d (V 1 / DZ 0) - KoDZ 0

(112200/36131) - 2,35= 0,760

2) balances of current assets:

KoDZ ObS \u003d? KoDZ - (V 1 / DZ 0) - KoDZ 0

1,817 - 0,76 = 1,057

In general, the main negative factor that affected the turnover by types of assets was the balance of working capital.

The economic effect as a result of the acceleration of turnover is expressed in the relative release of funds from circulation, as well as in an increase in the amount of revenue and profit. The amount of funds released from circulation due to acceleration (-E) or additionally attracted funds into circulation (+E) in case of slowdown in turnover is determined by the formula:

The calculation results will be presented in tabular form (Table 5)

Table 21 - Calculation of the impact of turnover on the amount of revenue

current assets	Turnover in days	Vl-ie on the size about. Wed, t.
			release of resources	add. fundraising
1. Current assets
2. Stocks and costs
3. Finished products
4. Accounts receivable
5. Cash and KFV

The duration of the turnover of current assets in the reporting year decreased by 73.3 days, as a result, the release of funds amounted to 22,845 thousand rubles.

The duration of inventory turnover increased, as a result of which the additional attraction of funds amounted to 6670 thousand rubles.

The period of turnover of finished products decreased by 22.9 days, which made it possible to release funds from turnover in the amount of 7137 thousand rubles.

Reducing the period of turnover of receivables had a positive impact on the release of funds in the amount of 20882 thousand rubles. The enterprise has established efficient work with debtors, which allowed to reduce the amount of their debt.

One of the important components of assessing the profitability of an enterprise is breakeven analysis.

To conduct a break-even analysis, it is necessary to calculate the break-even point (profitability threshold), which represents the amount of sales at which the revenue received by the enterprise is equal to the costs attributed to the cost of production. The excess of actual sales proceeds over the profitability threshold is the stock financial strength.

Table 22 - Determination of the break-even point of the enterprise

Name of indicator		Base year	Reporting year	Change (+,-)
Revenue from product sales
Cost price incl.
fixed costs
variable costs
Gross margin (profit margin)	VM=V-Zper=P+Zp
Gross margin ratio (price ratio)
Break even	TB=Zp/Kvm
Margin of financial strength, t.
Margin of financial strength, %	ZPF%=ZPF/W*100
Operating lever force	SWOR=VM/P

In the reporting year, the break-even point increased by 1638 thousand rubles.

Figure 4 - Graph of the break-even point

Both at the beginning and at the end of the period, the enterprise does not have a margin of financial strength, but, despite this, the negative indicator for it decreased over the year by 25849 thousand rubles.

In general, there has been a certain decline in the activity of the enterprise, which is mostly observed in the reduction of its assets. Despite a significant increase in sales proceeds, net profit for the reporting year has decreased and is at a very low level.