There are 5 types of work in human activity. Activities

Activity- a way of a person's relationship to the outside world, consisting in the transformation and subordination of his goals to a person.

Human activity has a certain similarity with the activity of an animal, but differs in a creative and transformative attitude to the world around.

Character traits human activity:

Conscious character: a person consciously puts forward the goals of activity and foresees its results, thinks through the most expedient ways to achieve them.

Productive nature: aimed at obtaining a result (product).

Transformative character: man is cheating the world(affects the environment with specially created means of labor that enhance the physical capabilities of a person) and himself (a person keeps his natural organization unchanged, at the same time changing his way of life).

Public character: a person in the process of activity, as a rule, enters into various relationships with other people.

At the heart of activity are human needs.

motive(from lat. movere- set in motion, push) - a set of internal and external conditions, causing the activity of the subject and determining the direction of activity (for example, needs, interests, social attitudes, beliefs, drives, emotions, ideals).

Purpose of activity- this is a conscious image of the result, to achieve which the action of a person is directed.

material activity- is the creation of material values ​​and things that are necessary to meet human needs. It includes material and production activities, associated with the transformation of nature, and socially transformative activity, associated with the transformation of society.

Spiritualactivity associated with a change in people's consciousness, the creation of scientific, artistic, moral values ​​and ideas. It includes cognitive, value-oriented and prognostic activity.

cognitive activity reflects reality in a scientific and artistic form, as well as in myths, legends, religious teachings.

value orientation activity- this is the formation of a person's worldview and his relationship to the world around him.

predictive activity represents the foresight and conscious planning of changes in the existing reality.

There are various criteria for classifying activities:

by objects and results of activity- creation of wealth or cultural values;

by subject of activity- individual and collective;

by the nature of the activity- for example, reproductive or creative;

according to compliance legal regulations - legal and illegal;

according to moral standards- moral and immoral;

in relation to social progress- progressive and reactionary;

by areas public life - economic, social, political, spiritual.

Main types of human activity:

A game- this is a special type of activity, the purpose of which is not the production of any material product, but the process itself - entertainment, recreation. The game, like art, offers a certain solution in a conditional sphere, which can be used in the future as a kind of model of the situation. The game makes it possible to simulate specific life situations.

Doctrine- a type of activity, the purpose of which is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities by a person. The peculiarities of the doctrine are that it serves as a means of psychological development of a person. Teaching can be organized and unorganized (self-education).

Communication- this is a type of activity in which there is an exchange of ideas and emotions (joy, surprise, anger, suffering, fear, etc.). According to the means used, the following types of communication are distinguished: direct and indirect, direct and indirect, verbal and non-verbal.

Work - a type of activity that is aimed at achieving a practically useful result. Characteristic features of labor: expediency, focus on achieving a specific result, practical usefulness, transformation external environment a habitat.

Creation - it is a type of activity that generates something qualitatively new, something that has never existed before. The most important mechanisms creative activity are: 1) combining existing knowledge; 2) imagination, that is, the ability to create new sensory or mental images; 3) fantasy, which is characterized by the brightness and unusualness of the ideas and images created; 4) intuition - knowledge, the methods of obtaining which are not realized.

QUESTIONS:

1. Establish a correspondence between the types of activities and their characteristics: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

2. Read the text below with a number of words missing.

“The simplest, most accessible type of activity is _______________ (A). She wears a conditional __________________ (B) and fulfills the child's need for activity and for learning about the world around her based on the assimilation of human forms of behavior. A more complex type of activity is ___________________ (B), aimed at mastering scientific knowledge and acquiring relevant skills and abilities. Most important view human activity is considered __________________ (D). It ensures not only the existence of human ___________________ (D), but is also a condition for its continuous _______________ (E). Among its types, one distinguishes between subject-practical and abstract-theoretical, or the first is often called physical, and the second - mental.

In the list below, the words are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used once.

Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.

1) culture

2) character

6) globalization

7) development

8) society

9) sign

3, 2, 4, 5, 8, 7

3. It is believed that the French enlighteners Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Diderot played a big role in preparing the Great French Revolution of the 18th century. What type of activity can be attributed to the "work" of the French Enlightenment? Describe this activity.

It is about value-oriented activity.

4. (1−4). Read the text and do tasks 1-4.

It seems to me that those who are horrified by the development of technology do not notice the difference between a means and an end. (…) the car is not the target. The plane is not a target, it is just a tool. The same tool as the plow.

(...) Reveling in our successes, we served progress - we laid railways, built factories, drilled oil wells. And somehow they forgot that all this was created in order to serve people. (…)

Even a machine, becoming more perfect, does its job more modestly and inconspicuously. It seems that all the labors of a man - the creator of machines, all his calculations, all sleepless nights over the drawings only manifest themselves in external simplicity; as if the experience of many generations was needed in order for the column, the keel of the ship or the fuselage of the aircraft to become slimmer and more chased, until they finally gained their original purity and smoothness of lines (...). It seems as if the work of engineers, draftsmen, designers comes down to this, to grind and smooth, to lighten and simplify the attachment mechanism, to balance the wing, to make it invisible - no longer a wing attached to the fuselage, but some kind of perfection of forms, naturally developed from the kidney , mysteriously fused and harmonious unity, which is akin to a beautiful poem. As you can see, perfection is achieved not when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to take away. A machine at the limit of its development is almost no longer a machine.

So, according to an invention brought to perfection, it is not clear how it was created. In the simplest tools of labor, the visible signs of the mechanism were gradually erased, and in our hands we found an object, as if created by nature itself, like pebbles turned by the sea; the car is also remarkable in the same way - using it, you gradually forget about it.

(A. de Saint-Exupery. "Planet of people")

1) Find in the text any three examples of human transformational activity.

2) Indicate and illustrate with the help of this text any two distinctive features of human activity.

3) Is it possible to call the process of people's labor in creating machines imprinted in the document creative? Justify your answer with the text. Define creative activity.

4) What is the ultimate goal of the transformational activity of a person in the opinion of the author and in your opinion? Justify both answers.

1. Three examples of human transformational activity:

laying of railways;

construction of factories;

oil well drilling.

2. Two distinguishing features of human activity:

practical utility (“... a car is not a goal. An airplane is not a goal, it is just a tool. The same tool as a plow.”);

transformative character (“in the simplest tools, the visible signs of the mechanism were gradually erased, and in our hands we found an object, as if created by nature itself, like pebbles turned by the sea”).

3. 1) An affirmative answer is given.

Response reasoning:

2) The author describes the appearance of the results of a new, more perfect quality of objects as a result of human labor (“It seems that the work of engineers, draftsmen, designers boils down to grinding and smoothing, to facilitate and simplify the attachment mechanism, balance the wing, make it invisible - no longer a wing attached to the fuselage, but a certain perfection of forms, naturally developed from a kidney, a mysteriously fused and harmonious unity, which is akin to a beautiful poem.

3) Creative activity is an activity, as a result of which something new appears that did not previously exist in nature.

4. ultimate goal The transformational activity of a person, according to the author, is the desire for perfection: “As you can see, perfection is achieved not when there is nothing left to add, but when nothing can be taken away.” Your opinion and your explanation.

The activities are varied. It can be playful, educational and cognitive and transformative, creative and destructive, industrial and consumer, economic, socio-political and spiritual. Special activities are creativity and communication. Finally, as an activity, one can analyze the language, the human psyche and the culture of society.

Material and spiritual activities

Usually activities are divided into material and spiritual.

Material activities aimed at changing the environment. Since the surrounding world consists of nature and society, it can be productive (changing nature) and socially transformative (changing the structure of society). An example of material production activities is the production of goods; examples of social transformation are state reforms, revolutionary activity.

Spiritual activities aimed at changing the individual and public consciousness. It is realized in the spheres of art, religion, scientific creativity, in moral deeds, organizing collective life and orienting a person towards solving the problems of the meaning of life, happiness, well-being. Spiritual activity includes cognitive activity (obtaining knowledge about the world), value activity (determining the norms and principles of life), prognostic activity (building models of the future), etc.

The division of activity into spiritual and material is conditional. In reality, the spiritual and the material cannot be separated from each other. Any activity has material side, because in one way or another it is related to outside world, and the ideal side, since it involves goal setting, planning, choice of means, etc.

Creativity and communication

Creativity and communication in the system of activities has a special place.

Creation- this is the emergence of a new in the process of transformative human activity. Signs of creative activity are originality, unusualness, originality, and its result is inventions, new knowledge, values, works of art.

Speaking of creativity, they usually mean the unity of the creative personality and creative process.

Creative person represents a person endowed with special abilities. The actual creative abilities include imagination and fantasy, i.e. the ability to create new sensory or mental images. However, often these images are so divorced from life that they practical use becomes impossible. Therefore, other, more “mundane” abilities are also important - erudition, a critical mindset, observation, a desire for self-improvement. But even the presence of all these abilities does not guarantee that they will be embodied in activity. This requires will, perseverance, efficiency, activity in defending one's opinion. creative process includes four stages: preparation, maturation, insight and verification. The actual creative act, or insight, is associated with intuition - a sudden transition from ignorance to knowledge, the causes of which are not recognized. Nevertheless, it cannot be considered that creativity is something that comes without effort, labor and experience. Insight can only come to one who has thought hard about the problem; a positive result is impossible without a long process of preparation and maturation. The results of the creative process require mandatory critical verification, since not all creativity leads to the desired result.

There are various techniques for creatively solving a problem, such as using associations and analogies, looking for similar processes in other areas, recombining elements of what is already known, trying to present someone else as understandable, and understandable as someone else, etc.

Since creativity can be developed, and creative techniques and elements of the creative process can be studied, any person is able to become a creator of new knowledge, values, works of art. All that is needed for this is the desire to create and the willingness to work.

Communication there is a way of being a person in relationship with other people. If ordinary activity is defined as a subject-object process, i.e. the process in which a person (subject) creatively transforms the surrounding world (object), then communication is a specific form of activity that can be defined as a subject-subject relationship, where a person (subject) interacts with another person (subject).

Communication is often identified with communication. However, these concepts should be separated. Communication is an activity that has a material and spiritual character. Communication is a purely informational process and is not an activity in the full sense of the word. For example, communication between man and machine or between animals (animal communication) is possible. We can say that communication is a dialogue where each participant is active and independent, and communication is a monologue, a simple transmission of a message from the sender to the recipient.

Rice. 1. Structure of communication

In the course of communication (Fig. 1), the addresser (sender) will transmit information (message) to the addressee (recipient). For this, it is necessary that the interlocutors possess information sufficient to understand each other (context), and that the information is transmitted by signs and symbols understandable to both (code) and that contact is established between them. Thus, communication is a one-way process of transmitting a message from an addresser to an addressee. Communication is a two-way process. Even if the second subject in communication is not a real person, human traits are still attributed to him.

Communication can be considered as one of the sides of communication, namely its informational component. In addition to communication, communication includes both social interaction, and the process of knowing each other by subjects, and the changes that occur with subjects in this process.

Language, which performs a communicative function in society, is closely related to communication. The purpose of the language is not only to ensure human mutual understanding and transmission of experience from generation to generation. The language is also social activity on the formation of a picture of the world, the expression of the spirit of the people. The German linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835), emphasizing the procedural nature of language, wrote that "language is not a product of activity, but activity."

Play, communication and work as activities

Under labor understand the expedient human activity to transform nature and society in order to meet personal and social needs. Labor activity is aimed at a practically useful result - various benefits: material (food, clothing, housing, services), spiritual (scientific ideas and inventions, achievements of art, etc.), as well as the reproduction of the person himself in the totality of social relations.

The process of labor is manifested by the interaction and complex interweaving of three elements: the most living labor (as human activity); means of labor (tools used by man); objects of labor (material transformed in the labor process). living labor it can be mental (such is the work of a scientist - philosopher or economist, etc.) and physical (any kind of muscular labor). However, even muscular labor is usually intellectually loaded, since everything a person does, he does consciously.

During labor activity improved and changed, resulting in an ever higher efficiency of labor. As a rule, the evolution of the means of labor is considered in the following sequence: the natural tool stage (for example, a stone as a tool); tool-artifact stage (appearance of artificial tools); engine stage; stage of automation and robotics; information stage.

The subject of labor- a thing to which human labor is directed (material, raw material, semi-finished product). Labor eventually materializes, is fixed in its object. A person adapts an object to his needs, turning it into something useful.

Labor is considered the leading, initial form of human activity. The development of labor contributed to the development of mutual support of members of society, its cohesion, it was in the process of labor that communication and creative abilities developed. In other words, thanks to labor, the person himself was formed.

Under understand the activities for the formation of knowledge and skills, the development of thinking and consciousness of the individual. Thus, learning acts both as an activity and as a translation of activity. The well-known psychologist Lev Semenovich Vygotsky (1896-1934) noted the active nature of learning: “The basis educational process the personal activity of the student must be laid down, and all the art of the educator must be reduced only to directing and regulating this activity.

The main feature of educational activity is that its goal is not to change the surrounding world, but the subject of activity itself. Although a person changes both in the process of communication and in labor activity, this change is not the direct goal of these types of activity, but only one of their additional consequences. In training, all means are specifically aimed at changing a person.

Under game understand the form of free self-expression of a person, aimed at the reproduction and assimilation of social experience. As the constitutive characteristics of the game, the Dutch cultural theorist Johan Huizinga (1872-1945) singles out freedom, positive emotionality, isolation in time and space, and the presence of voluntarily adopted rules. To these characteristics one can add virtuality (the game world is two-dimensional - it is both real and imaginary), as well as the role-playing nature of the game.

In the process of the game, norms, traditions, customs, values ​​are assimilated as necessary elements of the spiritual life of society. Unlike labor activity, the purpose of which is outside the process, the goals and means of gaming communication coincide: people rejoice for the sake of joy, create for the sake of creativity, communicate for the sake of communication. In the early stages of the development of mankind, beauty only during the playtime of the holiday could be felt only as beauty, outside the relationship of utility, which gave rise to an artistic attitude to the world.

Occurs mainly in the course of play, learning and work. In the process of growing up, each of these activities consistently acts as a leader. In the game (before school), the child tries on different social roles, at more adult stages (at school, college, university), he acquires the knowledge, teachings, and skills necessary for adult life. The final stage of personality formation takes place in the process of joint labor activity.

Activity- specific conscious activity of a person, aimed at the knowledge and creative change of the surrounding world and oneself in accordance with actual needs and goals. The main feature of activity is that it cannot be determined only by those needs and motives that give rise to it. The need itself can act as an incentive to activity, and its content will be determined by the level of knowledge, skills, goals of society, and individual experience.

In contact with

Features of human activity

The activity of the individual is very different from the activity of animals, since it has a creative and transformative character. If you need to give a definition of human activity in the exam, then it is important to understand its features in order to clearly formulate the concept.

She has these traits:

Main Components

In order to fully understand the complexity and specifics of human activity, you need to understand its main components:

• Subject - the individual who performs the action.
• An object - what the actions and activity of the subject are aimed at. The object can be any material (manufacturing of products), another individual (exposure to change beliefs), or the subject himself (training in the gym to change himself).

There are also components that form the structure of activity:

human needs

The famous American psychologist A. Maslow developed a "pyramid of human needs". He divides all human needs into primary (physiological, the need for safety and security) and secondary (social needs, respect, self-realization). Primary needs are basic for the survival of the individual, if they are not satisfied, then the transition to the satisfaction of needs from the higher layers of the pyramid is impossible. Secondary needs are acquired in the process social life of a person, their satisfaction occurs during the interaction of individuals in interpersonal communication.

Motives of activity

On the basis of needs, the motives of the subject are formed, pushing him to activity. Complex activities can carry many motives. In such cases, a hierarchy of motives is formed, in which the dominant (main) and secondary motives are determined.

The motive can be formed under the influence of one or more needs that pass through the prism of the interests, beliefs, traditions, attitudes of the individual:

• Interest is the main reason for action. Different social groups may have identical needs but different interests. For example, entrepreneurs and people of art: the first group has material interests, and the second - spiritual; Both groups have a common need, but the ways to achieve it are different. In addition, each person has interests that are formed under the influence of the environment, inclinations, level of development (people can read books of different genres or engage in different types of creativity).
• Traditions are a set of rituals, attitudes from previous generations, which is manifested in religion, national rituals, professional and corporate features. Sometimes people, following traditions, can limit their basic needs. For example, soldiers in war may limit their need for security because professional and national traditions require them to defend their country.
• Beliefs are fundamental and firm views on events and the world around them, which can make the subject give up basic needs in favor of what he considers right (refusal of money to preserve dignity).

Goal definition

Human motivation determines the formation of goals and results. An individual can create an internal plan of action, on the basis of which they will be carried out in a certain order to obtain a specific result. When the subject begins to do something, he keeps in mind the image of the desired result. That is, before creating something in reality, the individual creates it in his imagination.

Since human activities are often complex, goals are also divided into simple and complex. To achieve a complex goal, it is necessary to plan your activity, break it down into steps, highlight tasks, identify tools for action and possible ways to overcome obstacles. If all the tasks during the manipulations are solved, then the goal will be achieved.

Individuals may have common needs, goals and go to achieve the same results, but when using different means and performing different actions, the content of the activity will be very different.

Action types

There are such types of social actions identified by M. Weber:

• goal-oriented - with such actions, a person plans all the tasks and means, thinks over ways to overcome obstacles (preparing a teacher for a lecture);
• value-rational This kind of action is based on moral principles, values, beliefs (the decision to save the life of another person, risking his own life);
• affective - spontaneous actions under the influence of strong emotional states (flight when attacked);
• traditional - actions that a person performs out of habit can be developed on the basis of rituals or traditions (the sequence of actions in a wedding ceremony).

The basis for active human actions are the first two types of actions, which are characterized by awareness of the goal and creative nature.

Forms of activity

There are two main forms of activity of the subject, different in the nature of the functions performed:

• Physical work- is carried out with the activation of the musculoskeletal system, muscles and all functional systems of the body. With this form of activity, very high energy costs and fatigue of the body.
• Brainwork- implies intellectual activity to perform work related to the processing of information. With this form of activity, the tension of all mental processes increases: attention, memory, thinking, imagination.

As a rule, human actions include both forms of activity.. There are many examples of human activity that combines physical and mental labor: actions to modify the surrounding space, work to create creative objects, and others. Let's consider in more detail: in order to plant a tree, you must first think over the course of action, get everything necessary materials for this, and then with the help of physical effort to perform this action.

There are many activities in which a person is involved throughout his life. But which of them are called the main ones and why? These include play, learning, communication, work and creativity. They are the main ones, because it is in them that the most intensive and effective development of the individual takes place.

This is a specific type of human activity, the purpose of which is not a result, but a process. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that all actions take place in an imaginary situation that can change rapidly. Children use substitute objects that are analogues for them of what adults use in real life.

In the game, the development of mental processes, attention, social activity and the acquisition of interpersonal communication skills take place. Exist different types games that occur at certain age periods, subject to the normal development of the child.

This is one of the basic types of interaction, which is characterized by the mutual exchange of emotions, thoughts, views.. The structural components of communication are the subject (initiator of communication), purpose (what the communication is for), content (information that is transmitted), means (methods of information transmission; drawings, audio, video, sense organs can be used) and the recipient of information.

Communication is a structural component of any purposeful activity, and the activity itself is a condition for the emergence of communication.

The purpose of this type of activity is the acquisition by the subject of knowledge, skills and abilities. Teaching can be specially organized or spontaneous (gaining knowledge and experience while performing other actions). And also there is such a form of teaching as self-education.

Labor is the purposeful activity of an individual, the purpose of which is to obtain a specific result.. Labor is impossible without a certain level of knowledge, skills and craftsmanship. This purposeful activity helps develop personality and transform environment.

Creation

Creativity is called the activity of a person, which gives rise to something new, which did not exist before. She may be independent activity or a component of another activity. This is an activity that is common to all children. When a person grows up, he already has certain abilities and talents that develop and manifest themselves in creativity.

Depending on the result aimed at the actions of the individual, there are:

Based on the number of subjects and objects of activity, they distinguish individual And collective activity. By influence on social progress accepted to share progressive(develops society) and reactionary activity. There are also the following types of activities: legitimate And illegal, reproductive(modeling) and creative(creating something new) extraversion(physical actions) and introversion(thinking, fantasy, feelings).

The purposeful activity of a person is fundamentally different from the behavioral activity of animals, since it is his way of existence. The behavior of animals is regulated by instincts and is a means of adaptation to changing environmental conditions.

Human behavior is a conscious activity that is aimed at transforming the surrounding world. An example of this is setting a goal, developing an internal plan of action, anticipating the result of this activity.

The very existence of man is a constant creation and development, changing himself and the outside world to create better conditions life and meet their needs. Human activity is characterized by awareness, the presence of an internal plan of action, which is subsequently implemented in the performance of tasks. Another important difference between human and animal behavior is that the activity of an individual is not always associated with basic motives and can very often come into conflict with them. you will find the answer in the link.

Human modern society engages in a variety of activities. In order to describe all types of human activity, it is necessary to list the most important needs for a given person, and the number of needs is very large.

emergence various kinds activities associated with the socio-historical development of man. The fundamental activities in which a person is included in the process of his individual development are communication, play, study, work.

• * communication - the interaction of two or more people in the process of exchanging information of a cognitive or affective-evaluative nature;
• * game - a type of activity in conditional situations that imitate real ones, in which social experience is assimilated;
• * learning -- the process of systematic mastery of knowledge, skills, abilities necessary to perform work;
• * labor-an activity aimed at creating a socially useful product that satisfies the material and spiritual needs of people.

Communication is a type of activity consisting in the exchange of information between people. Depending on the age stage of human development, the specifics of the activity, the nature of communication changes. Each age stage is characterized by a specific type of communication. In infancy, an adult exchanges an emotional state with a child, helps to navigate in the world around. At an early age, communication between an adult and a child is carried out in connection with object manipulation, the properties of objects are actively mastered, and the child's speech is formed. During preschool childhood role-playing game develops interpersonal communication skills with peers. Junior schoolboy is busy learning activities, respectively, and communication is included in this process. In adolescence, in addition to communication, a lot of time is devoted to preparing for professional activity. The specificity of the professional activity of an adult leaves an imprint on the nature of communication, demeanor and speech. Communication in professional activity not only organizes, but also enriches it, new connections and relationships between people arise in it.

The game is a kind of activity, the result of which is not the production of any material product. She is the leading activity of a preschooler, because through her he accepts the norms of society, learns interpersonal communication with peers. Among the varieties of games, one can single out individual and group, subject and plot, role-playing and games with rules. Games have great importance in people's lives: for children they are mainly of a developmental nature, for adults they are a means of communication, recreation.

Teaching is a type of activity, its purpose is to acquire knowledge, skills and abilities. In progress historical development accumulated knowledge in various areas science and practice, therefore, for the development of this knowledge, teaching stood out as a special type of activity. Teaching affects the mental development of the individual. It consists of assimilation of information about the properties of surrounding objects and phenomena (knowledge), right choice techniques and operations in accordance with the goals and conditions of activity (skill).

Labor is historically one of the first types of human activity. The subject of psychological study is not labor itself as a whole, but its psychological components. Usually labor is characterized as a conscious activity, which is aimed at the implementation of the result and is regulated by the will in accordance with its conscious purpose. Labor performs an important formative function in the development of the individual, as it influences the formation of his abilities and character.

The attitude to work is laid in early childhood, knowledge and skills are formed in the process of education, special training, and work experience. To work means to show oneself in activity. Work in a certain field of human activity is associated with a profession.

Thus, each of the above types of activity is the most characteristic for certain age stages of personality development. The current type of activity, as it were, prepares the next one, since it develops the corresponding needs, cognitive capabilities and behavioral characteristics.

Depending on the characteristics of a person's relationship to the world around him, activities are divided into practical and spiritual.

Practical activity is aimed at changing the surrounding world. Since the surrounding world consists of nature and society, it can be productive (changing nature) and socially transformative (changing the structure of society).

Spiritual activity is aimed at changing individual and social consciousness. It is realized in the spheres of art, religion, scientific creativity, in moral deeds, organizing collective life and orienting a person towards solving the problems of the meaning of life, happiness, well-being.

Spiritual activity includes cognitive activity (obtaining knowledge about the world), value activity (determining the norms and principles of life), prognostic activity (building models of the future), etc.

The division of activity into spiritual and material is conditional. In reality, the spiritual and the material cannot be separated from each other. Any activity has a material side, since in one way or another it correlates with the outside world, and an ideal side, since it involves goal setting, planning, choice of means, etc.

By spheres of public life - economic, social, political and spiritual.

Traditionally, there are four main areas of public life:

• § social (peoples, nations, classes, gender and age groups, etc.)
• § economic (productive forces, production relations)
• § political (state, parties, socio-political movements)
• § spiritual (religion, morality, science, art, education).

It is important to understand that people are simultaneously in different relationships with each other, connected with someone, isolated from someone when solving their life issues. Therefore, the spheres of the life of society are not geometric spaces where different people live, but the relations of the same people in connection with various aspects of their lives.

Social sphere are relations that arise in the production of direct human life and man as a social being. The social sphere includes various social communities and the relationship between them. A person, occupying a certain position in society, is inscribed in various communities: he can be a man, a worker, a father of a family, a city dweller, etc.

The economic sphere is a set of people's relations arising from the creation and movement of material goods. The economic sphere is the area of ​​production, exchange, distribution, consumption of goods and services. Relations of production and productive forces together constitute the economic sphere of society.

The political sphere is the relations of people connected with power, which provide joint security.

The elements of the political sphere can be represented as follows:

• § political organizations and institutions - social groups, revolutionary movements, parliamentarism, parties, citizenship, presidency, etc.;
• § political norms - political, legal and moral norms, customs and traditions;
• § political communications- relations, connections and forms of interaction between participants in the political process, as well as between political system in general and society;
• § political culture and ideology - political ideas, ideology, political culture, political psychology.

The spiritual sphere is the sphere of relations that arise during the production, transfer and development of spiritual values ​​(knowledge, beliefs, norms of behavior, artistic images, etc.).

If the material life of a person is connected with the satisfaction of specific daily needs (for food, clothing, drink, etc.). then the spiritual sphere of human life is aimed at meeting the needs for the development of consciousness, worldview, and various spiritual qualities.

The inclusion of society - mass, collective, individual.

In connection with social forms associations of people in order to carry out activities, allocate collective, mass, individual activity. Collective, mass, individual forms of activity are determined by the essence of the acting subject (a person, a group of people, public organization and so on.). Depending on the social forms of association of people in order to perform activities, they establish individual (for example: managing a region or country), collective (ship management systems, work in a team), mass (an example of mass media is the death of Michael Jackson).

Dependence on social norms - moral, immoral, legal, illegal.

Conditionality from the conformity of activities to existing general cultural traditions, social norms differentiate legal and illegal, as well as moral and immoral activities. Illegal activity is everything that is prohibited by law, the constitution. Take, for example, the manufacture and production of weapons, explosives, the distribution of drugs, all of this is an illegal activity. Naturally, many try to adhere to moral activity, that is, to study conscientiously, to be polite, to value relatives, to help the old and the homeless. There is a vivid example of moral activity - the whole life of Mother Teresa.

The potential of the new in activity is innovative, inventive, creative, routine.

When human activity affects the historical course of events, with social growth, then progressive or reactionary, as well as creative and destructive activities are distributed. For example: The progressive role of the industrial activity of Peter 1 or the progressive activity of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin.

Depending on the absence or presence of any goals, the success of the activity and the ways to accomplish it, they reveal a monotonous, monotonous, patterned activity, which in turn proceeds strictly according to certain requirements, and a new one is most often not given (Manufacturing of any product, substance according to the scheme at the plant or factory). But the activity is creative, inventive, on the contrary, it carries the character of the originality of the new, previously unknown. It is distinguished by specificity, exclusivity, originality. And elements of creativity can be applied in any of the activities. An example is dancing, music, painting, there are no rules or instructions, here is the embodiment of fantasy, and its implementation.

Types of human cognitive activity

Teaching or cognitive activity refers to the spiritual spheres of human life and society. There are four types of cognitive activity:

• ordinary - consists in the exchange of experience and the images that people carry in themselves and share with the outside world;
• Scientific - characterized by the study and use of various laws and patterns. the main objective scientific cognitive activity - to create an ideal system of the material world;
• Artistic cognitive activity consists in the attempt of creators and artists to assess the surrounding reality and find shades of beauty and ugliness in it;
• Religious. Its subject is the man himself. His actions are judged from the point of view of pleasing God. This also includes moral norms and moral aspects of actions. Given that the whole life of a person consists of actions, spiritual activity plays an important role in their formation.

Types of human spiritual activity

The spiritual life of a person and society corresponds to such activities as religious, scientific and creative. Knowing the essence of scientific and religious activity, it is worth considering in more detail the types of human creative activity. This includes artistic or musical direction, literature and architecture, directing and acting. Every person has the makings of creativity, but in order to reveal them, you need to work long and hard.

Types of human labor activity

In the process of labor, a person's worldview and his life principles develop. Labor activity requires planning and discipline from the individual. Types of labor activity are both mental and physical. There is a stereotype in society that physical work much harder than the mental one. Although outwardly the work of the intellect does not manifest itself, in fact these types of labor activity are almost equal. Once again, this fact proves the diversity of professions that exist today.

Types of professional activity of a person

In a broad sense, the concept of a profession means a diverse form of activity performed for the benefit of society. Simply put, the essence of professional activity is that people work for people and for the benefit of the whole society. There are 5 types of professional activity.

• 1. Man-nature. The essence of this activity is in interaction with living beings: plants, animals and microorganisms.
• 2. Man-man. This type includes professions in one way or another related to interaction with people. The activity here is to educate, guide people, and provide them with information, trade and consumer services.
• 3. Man-technique. A type of activity characterized by the interaction of a person and technical structures and mechanisms. This includes everything related to automatic and mechanical systems, materials and types of energy.
• 4. Man - sign systems. The activity of this type consists in interaction with numbers, signs, natural and artificial languages.
• 5. Man is an artistic image. All of this type are creative professions associated with music, literature, acting, and visual arts.

Kinds economic activity of people

Human economic activity has recently been fiercely contested by environmentalists, since it is based on natural reserves which will soon run out. The types of human economic activity include the extraction of minerals, such as oil, metals, stones, and everything that can benefit a person and cause damage not only to nature, but to the entire planet.

Types of human information activity

Information is an integral part of human interaction with the outside world. The types of information activities include the receipt, use, dissemination and storage of information. Information activity often becomes a threat to life, because there are always people who do not want third parties to know and disclose any facts. Also, this type of activity can be provocative in nature, and also be a means of manipulating the consciousness of society.

Types of human mental activity

Mental activity affects the state of the individual and the productivity of his life. by the most simple view mental activity is a reflex. These are habits and skills established through constant repetition. They are almost imperceptible, in comparison with the most complex type of mental activity - creativity. It is distinguished by constant diversity and originality, originality and uniqueness. Therefore, creative people are so often emotionally unstable, and professions related to creativity are considered the most difficult. That is why creative people are called talents that can transform this world and instill cultural skills in society.

Culture includes all types of transformative human activity. There are only two kinds of this activity - creation and destruction. The latter, unfortunately, is more common. Many years of man's transforming activity in nature have led to troubles and catastrophes.

Only creation can come to the rescue here, which means at least the restoration of natural resources.

Action distinguishes us from animals. Some of its types are beneficial to the development and formation of the personality, others are destructive. Knowing what qualities are inherent in us, we can avoid the deplorable consequences of our own activities. This will not only benefit the world around us, but will also allow us to do what we love with a clear conscience and consider ourselves people with a capital letter.

Exist various classifications activities:

1. According to the method of implementation:

- Practical activities(transformation of objects of nature and society). It includes material and production activities (transformation of nature) and social transformation (transformation of society);

- spiritual activity, associated with a change in people's consciousness. It includes:

Cognitive activity (reflection of reality in artistic and scientific form, in myths and religious teachings);

Value-oriented activity (the attitude of people to the phenomena of the surrounding world, the formation of their worldview);

Prognostic activity (planning and anticipation of possible changes in reality).

2. By the nature of human activity:

Creative activity - production of material and spiritual values;

Destructive activity - a negative impact on nature (environmental pollution) and society (wars, invasions, etc.).

3. By creative role in social development:

Reproductive activity - aimed at obtaining a certain result of labor;

Productive activity - the production of new ideas, ways to achieve the goal.

4. Depending on the compliance with general cultural values ​​and social norms:

legal and illegal;

Moral and immoral.

5. Depending on the novelty of the goals, results, means:

Monotonous, template, monotonous;

Innovative, inventive, creative.

6. Depending on public spheres in which the activity takes place

Economic (industrial, consumer, etc.);

Political (state, military, international, etc.);

social;

Spiritual (scientific, educational, leisure, etc.)

7. According to the way a person is formed as a person:

- a game;

Communication.

Work- expedient social activity of a person aimed at transforming the environment and achieving a socially useful result. A distinctive feature of labor activity is the originality of its motives. Labor is always aimed at achieving programmed results, pre-expected results. Labor, as an expedient activity, began with the manufacture of tools. The presence of tools and special training is a specific feature of human labor activity. Only people are able to act on the environment with the help of specially created means of labor. Skill, skills, knowledge are necessary for success. In any labor activity, its participants solve some specific task, plan their actions, anticipate the result.

A game- the primary type of human activity, an imaginary representation of reality in artificially simulated situations. The main motive is not in the result, but in the process itself. Games often have the character of entertainment, pursuing the goal of obtaining recreation. Some forms gaming activity acquire the character of rituals, training sessions, sports hobbies. The most significant feature of gaming activity is its duality:

On the one hand, the player performs a real action;

On the other hand, actions are conditional. The game in its developed form includes the roles that the players take on. The role is compliance with the accepted (conditional) norms of behavior in a game situation.

Being engaged in any activity, a person learns something, and, therefore, we change ourselves. Target teachings- the acquisition of knowledge and mastery of the methods of action necessary for successful interaction with the world.

In the process of joint work, people communicate with each other, exchange practical experience and methods of activity, i.e. are situated in communication.

In modern domestic science, there are different points of view on how activity and communication are related:

1) these concepts are identified;

2) activity and communication are opposed to each other;

3) communication is considered along with activity as an independent, but equal phenomenon.

IN teaching aids the first point of view is more often presented.

Communication is a process of interrelation and interaction between people and social groups during which there is an exchange of information, experience, results of activities. In the world of communication, the subject interacts not with the object, but with the subject.

Depending on the diversity of subjects, the following types of communication are distinguished:

Communication between real subjects (two people);

Communication of a real subject with an illusory partner (communication with an animal),

Communication of a real subject with an imaginary partner (internal dialogue);

Communication of imaginary partners (artistic characters).

All activities are interconnected and in everyday life it is difficult to separate them from each other. So, in the process of labor, a person can communicate with a partner, arranging a game in the form of a competition, learning new skills, and in this process gain fundamentally new knowledge about the world, learning its laws. A number of scientists single out as a type of activity along with work, play, communication and knowledge(Teaching in this case is interpreted as a particular type of knowledge).