What personality traits make communication difficult? The main features and properties of communication Lack of interpersonal contacts and its consequences

In communication, one should keep in such a way that friends are not enemies, but enemies are friends.
Pythagoras.

H To understand each other correctly, people should not only speak “the same language”, but also interact on the same level. The article describes the main levels of communication, their features are indicated. Having become acquainted with this information, a person will be able to analyze the communication process, which will help establish productive relationships.

Different levels of communication: how people understand each other

Communication is the foundation of any human interaction. There are different levels of communication. In the process of exchanging information, people should definitely take this fact into account. This will help you tune in with your partner “on the same wavelength” and establish constructive contact, correctly understand the interlocutor and perceive his words as objectively as possible.

Features of different levels of communication

Among all the variety of verbal interaction, psychologists distinguish six levels of communication. Each of them has its own characteristics, uses different psychological tricks and methods of influencing a partner, typical words and phrases.

Let's consider them in more detail:

• Primitive communication- characterized by low interest in the result of communication.

  The interlocutor does not worry about how correctly his words will be perceived and the essence of the statement is adequately understood. He is not interested in making contact. Character traits such communication:

  • Poor vocabulary.
  • Fast pace of speech.
  • An arrogant attitude towards the interlocutor.
  • The communication partner is not perceived as a person with his own opinion.
  • Low level of communication culture.

  An example of such communication is contact with a drunk, rude, or ill-mannered person. When interacting with such a person, you should not succumb to emotions and go to her level. There is a high probability that this will end in conflict. You should speak calmly, clearly, politely, but firmly enough, in some situations even harshly. Too friendly treatment in this situation is inappropriate.

Who is an authoritarian person? Do you think this is a headstrong despot who is guided only by his own opinion and never thinks about others? Don't confuse authoritarians with tyrants. The first personality is not distinguished by despotism, it is characterized by a businesslike approach to any undertaking and good planning of each of its actions.

Definition

The authoritarian personality theory, developed by E. Fromm, says that an authoritarian person is an adherent of a conservative view of the world and a hater existing system board. Leadership weighs on a person, and he considers it his duty to change the ruling elite. This does not mean that the person will run for president and change the way of the whole country. This means that a person will make small revolutions in his social circle. For example, a person will be able to head the factory where she worked long years as a manager. An authoritarian person experiences disappointment in life and thinks that such a state is familiar to everyone around. That is why she seeks power to fill the void with work. The person believes that the feeling of loneliness arises from the presence of a large amount of free time, which most people do not know how to manage.

stereotypes

• A person who strives for power is unfamiliar with any moral values. Such a person is low in itself, and if she wants to lead, then she seeks to elevate her ego and become a despot.
• Such people are credited with a limited mind. But if you look at historical examples, it becomes clear that people with an authoritarian temperament are not only smart, but also perspicacious. And it is not their own frivolity that destroys them, but unsatisfied ambitions.
• Such a person always demands too much from others. This is partly true. But it should be borne in mind that, first of all, a person requires good performance from himself. A person works tirelessly and it is quite logical that the same person will demand from others.
• Discipline. An authoritative person loves when everything goes according to his plan and no circumstances interfere with the achievement of goals. Discipline helps you achieve your goals faster, as people will focus on the result, and not scatter energy on unimportant actions.

What makes a person authoritarian?

The formation of any person occurs in childhood. It is quite logical that an authoritarian personality is the product of a wrong upbringing. What can cause a change in consciousness and the acquisition of false values ​​in a child?

Anxiety. A person who will be afraid of everything in the world will strive always and everywhere to take control of the situation. Most often, such feelings in a child are engendered by mothers who take care of their child too much. Mom does not allow the child to do anything without asking and always intimidates the baby. Anxiety is imprinted on the subconscious of the child and therefore he unconsciously seeks to take control of any situation.

Lack of independence. This character trait is also the result of overprotection. If parents do not force the child to work from childhood and make all decisions themselves, then the baby will grow up too arrogant and self-satisfied. A person will disguise his inability to make decisions as confidence. The person will begin to exploit others to achieve their own interests.

The habit of submission. If in childhood the father forced the baby to obey any of his demands, then growing up, the child can hold a grudge and pour it out at an older age on others. A person will make others dance to his tune.

Character traits

To make it easier to identify such a person among your acquaintances, you should understand who, what character traits a person has, what her preferences and value system are:

• Conservatism. A person does not like something new, and he will make his small revolutions on the basis of long-proven methods. Innovation scares a person, as new technologies seem unreliable and untested. Confidence in technique and in methods of action is very important for such a person.
• Servility. Another feature of authoritarianism is the desire of the leader to enslave the consciousness of his subordinates. For his "subjects" an authoritarian person wants to be almost a god, well, at least an idol.
• The cult of power. Man believes that everything in the world can be achieved through coercion. But this does not mean that he will use his fists to achieve his goals. The man will stop at nothing to make his desires come true.
• Cynicism. A person who is an authoritarian person will be contemptuous of everyone around him. And since contempt on the face is not the best mask, the person will disguise his true emotions under cynicism and sarcasm.

Family

An authoritarian person is a person who has received a wrong upbringing. Parents overlooked the child and therefore he began to develop various phobias and strange preferences that are contrary to normal social principles. What families contribute to the development of an authoritarian personality? A family with one parent, a family in which the father drinks and a family that is overprotective of the child. It is the extremes that form the unhealthy child. A person should grow up in an atmosphere of love and tenderness from childhood. If he receives less attention from his parents, he will grow up embittered and will hate everyone. If the mother shook too much over the child, she will be able to raise a selfish creature who will manipulate others without a twinge of conscience. Therefore, it is the responsibility of parents to properly develop their child. There is no need to blame your mistakes on bad teachers or the bad influence of the street. Good family will never bring up an antisocial type.

A difficult situation

What does authoritarian mean? This is a person who will put the desire for power as his main goal. The person will crave to dominate everywhere: in the family, at work, among friends. What influences a person's desire to lead others? The complex political or economic situation in which the consciousness of a child is formed leaves an imprint on the life of an adult. If a kid understood from childhood that leaders are not coping with their tasks, then he began to set himself up for the fact that his task is to normalize the situation in the country and achieve a better life for each. Despite all his desire to lead, a person always has good intentions. He does not want power for the sake of power. He wants to benefit the world and help all who suffer.

Education

The authoritarian type of person protests against some rules and standards. He does not mind learning, but he is only interested in those knowledge and skills that can be useful in the future. Most often, such individuals are chosen by technical, and not humanitarian professions. An authoritarian person tries to improve his vision of the world, but he is limited by the ability to see from only one point of view. He cannot enter into the position of other people. Therefore, the exact sciences are given to a person better. Such a person receives knowledge with pleasure and never refuses to take any courses. A person continues his education even after graduation. educational institution. After all, in order to be a good and competent specialist in any field, you need to constantly improve yourself.

Profession

Profession, like education, leaves its mark on a person. A person who works in law enforcement agencies is more inclined towards authoritarianism. But a person who is engaged in philosophical activity, art or other creative activity unlikely to develop plans to take over the world. Those who, thanks to their profession, have power over others, can use their powers for completely non-noble purposes. For example, an officer has much more chances and opportunities to show his authoritarian nature compared to an ordinary soldier. And a person who has served under a contract all his life in submission will grovel not only at work, but also in the family. The habit of obedience, like the habit of command, extends throughout a person's life.

Communication

• The person will talk to you as if you owe him something. He will deliberately belittle your dignity and morally put pressure on you in order to elevate his status. If you do not succumb to such manipulations, then the person will turn to active aggression.
• Such a person will always give orders. A person will not ask the opinion of the interlocutor. He himself will decide what the opponent needs and will be sure that he is right even when the interlocutor tries to say the opposite.
• A person will stick to his opinion, even if he realizes that it is fundamentally wrong. He is unlikely to be able to admit that he was wrong and accept his defeat.

Good or bad

Authoritarian behavior can only be condemned when the person has bad intentions. He will strive for his main goal, which will be to improve this world. The followers of a smart authoritarian person will be freedom-loving and adequate people. They will not blindly obey their idol. Their obedience will be justified. The leader will help his followers to become better, and also show the way to go in order not to step on the pitfalls.

But the situation changes when an authoritarian person with psychological problems comes to power. In this case, the dictator will do what he wants. Such a person will not give an account of his actions to someone. But the individual will demand blind and instant submission from his subordinates.

Reputation of a person

How authoritarian type Are individuals perceived by others? People are afraid of tyrants. Subservience and respect are more like fear. Such a situation suits an authoritarian personality quite well. She has no close friends, and therefore a person enjoys the respect that comes from his retinue. In wide circles, a person is always known. She has a reputation a good specialist and a good leader. Nothing bad can be said about a person. But sometimes it is simply impossible to work with him. The personality tries to remake all subordinates to his standards, which from the outside may seem wild.

Test

Are you interested in socionics? The Personality Type Test is for you. By answering the questions, you can understand how your worldview is similar or at odds with authoritarian people. You have to answer yes or no. Below is a selection of questions from the F-scale test:

• Should children be taught respect and obedience before everything else?
• Can a person without good manners normally exist in a decent society?
• A person will only succeed when he works hard?
• Are industrialists, managers and salesmen more important than artists and writers?
• Our universe is unknowable, and man will never be able to comprehend all its secrets.
• Man - a toy in the hands of a supernatural force?
• Will a liberal person become a conservative with age?
• Laws are not as important to the state as a smart leader who will show people the way to happiness?

Do you believe in socionics? A personality type test should show you how developed authoritarianism is in your soul. If you answered yes to most of the questions, then this means that you are a born dictator at heart.

1. Communication is an activity of an active procedural nature.

2. The essence of this activity is to establish the relationship of one person to another.

3. These relations should be of a subject-subject nature, in other words, equal subjects enter into them.

4. The condition for communication is the recognition of the other's uniqueness and originality, his right to be himself.

5. The creative and improvisational nature of communication, which reveals the deep qualities of the subject - his free activity, the ability to generate new meanings, to overcome behavioral stereotypes.

Thus, communication is an interaction based on the need of a person in a person.

What are components of communication? For communication to take place, you must:

The presence of subjects;

subject of conversation;

Mutual language.

The moral meaning of communication is closely related to its value orientations- morally significant factors that determine its main content characteristics. Ideal communication is inseparable from such higher moral values ​​as freedom, justice, equality, love. At the same time, equality in communication is, first of all, the equality of the human dignity of the subjects of communication, an orientation towards maintaining the honor and dignity of a person.

The art of communication consists in seeing and appreciating in another individual, unique personality traits, realizing that the value of a personality should not depend on its individual properties.

The value of interpersonal communication is determined by its multifunctionality and global significance in the life of a person and society. It is customary to single out the following "role" communication functions.

1. Communication as a condition for the formation and existence of a person. The ability to communicate with other people allowed a person to achieve high level civilization, break into space, sink to the bottom of the ocean, penetrate into the bowels of the earth.

2. Communication as a way of self-expression of the human "I". Communication enables a person to reveal his feelings, experiences, tell about joys and sorrows, about ups and downs. Without communication, it is impossible to form a person's personality, his upbringing, and the development of intellect.

3. Communication is key means of communication which manifests itself:

a) in the informative nature of communication, thanks to which the accumulated knowledge is transferred in the process of communication and thus social inheritance is carried out;

b) in generating new ideas, revealing the creative nature of communication;

c) exchange of ideas.

4. Communication is the main means of control - a means of manipulating the consciousness and actions of people in all spheres of the economy, politics, professional and personal life - both in a negative and positive way. Communication helps organize joint work, outline and discuss plans, and implement them.

5. Communication is a vital need and a condition for human happiness. This function is most significant for the self-awareness of the individual, because it reveals the intimate nature of communication, which acts as an internal, often unconscious need of each person, a hidden motive for his actions and deeds. Wherein At the forefront of importance are such features of communication as selectivity and focus on a specific object, the presence feedback, reciprocity of choice and mutual understanding. This need is most fully realized in such higher forms of human communication as friendship and love.

Types of communication. There are various approaches to the classification of types of communication. First of all, distinguish household and business communication, that is, communication associated with our everyday life, with everyday life, and communication at work, during performance official duties when solving production issues.

Depending on various features, both household and business communication can be divided into the following kinds.

1. Contact - distant (according to the position of the communicants in space and time).

2. Direct - indirect (communication through technical means: radio, telephone, mail, Internet).

3. Oral - written.

4. Dialogical - monologue.

5. Interpersonal - mass.

Most people's lives are dominated by everyday communication. It is the most common. Not only at home, in the family circle, but also at work, on the street, in transport, we often come into contact with others in order to ask something, learn something, consult, tell, as they say, take our souls, finally, just pass the time. But is such a conversation always successful? Are we always happy with it?

conditions for effective communication. One of the necessary conditions for the effectiveness of a conversation is a mutual desire to carry on a conversation. You don't have to force the conversation. If you feel that the interlocutor does not show interest, stop the conversation, wait until the partner has a need for communication.

The success of communication depends on how well the topic of conversation is chosen, whether it seems relevant and interesting to the interlocutor, to what extent the subject of discussion is known to each of the speakers.

Another necessary condition- ability to find mutual language. And for this you need to know well the manners, customs, characteristics of the people with whom you have to communicate.

Culture of communication. In ensuring the significance of communication, an important role is played by the culture of interpersonal communication - a system of norms, principles and rules of communication, as well as technologies for their implementation, developed by the human community in order to optimize and effectively communicate. The culture of communication presupposes knowledge, understanding and observance of those norms of interpersonal communication, which:

a) correspond to the humanistic approach to the interests, rights and freedoms of the individual;

b) accepted in this community as a "guide to action";

c) do not contradict the views and beliefs of the individual;

d) presuppose the readiness and ability of the individual to comply with these norms.

most closely the level of communication culture is associated with moral culture - moral attitudes, values, communicative ideals and stereotypes that determine the level of moral consciousness of the individual, the features of his moral relations with others, the distinctive features of behavior and communication.

Kinds business communication. Basic moments

The daily solution of various working problems and tasks for each of us is presented in the form of business communication. We are constantly conferring with someone, talking and negotiating. Types of business communication are presented in the following forms: business meetings (face to face or group); business conversations presented in the form of negotiations, meetings, round tables, discussions, debates and debates; public performance(messages, reports, greetings and self-presentations); press conferences and briefings; meetings; business receptions, breakfasts, lunches and dinners; job interviews; communication through mass media (via the Internet, by phone or by mail).

Characteristic features of communication

All of the above types of business communication have their own characteristics, but they also have common features. I would like to dwell in more detail on such a form of business interaction as communication between two people, called partners, or interlocutors. A peculiar technology of business communication is directly dependent on a specific life situation. They have significant differences, for example, conversations between a boss and a subordinate, a teacher with a student, or a meeting between a patient and a doctor. Moreover, each of these situations has its own manifestation. For example, when talking between a boss and a subordinate, it is often necessary to maintain a large distance (about one and a half meters) and avoid direct long looks.

Communication between colleagues can be completely different - an increase in the distance between them and the lack of visual contact indicate the presence of a quarrel between the interlocutors. Types of business communication are also reflected in other parameters that characterize the specifics of such situations. For example, pauses and intonations in speech or words that are often used. Therefore, the question of what exactly needs to be taken into account to increase the success and productivity of contacts often becomes relevant.

Formal and informal business communication

Consideration of this term will be incomplete if you do not analyze these types of business communication: official and informal. As an example of official communication, one can cite a report by a subordinate to a superior on the work done over a certain period or a speech at a meeting.

The features of this type of communication are strict business language and limited scope of job assignments. Unlike the first type, informal business communication contributes to the expansion of professional and general horizons. Communication skills in an informal setting are an important component of the professional culture of specialists. Any conversation can be built on the principle of ordering and structuring. In other words, specialists distinguish the following phases of business communication: planning a meeting; start of a business meeting; statement of the problem during the discussion and substantiation of its relevance; information exchange; summarizing the conversation.

Essence of communication is most fully expressed in the fact that it is the most important aspect of human activity, which consists in the subject-subject relationship -relation of one person to another on the basis of mutual recognition of "self" and self-worth.

The main features and properties of communication:

it appears as activity, which emphasizes its active procedural nature;

it is established that this activity is relation one person to another;

it is noted that these relationships should be subject-subject character, in other words, they include equal subjects, "I" and "You" are here target for each other and never - a means (at least, it should be);

communication establishes not only information, but also personal-existential, subjective connection between people while maintaining the individuality of the communicating parties: each recognizes for the other his uniqueness and originality, his right to be himself and expects the same from him;

expected manifestation creative and improvisational nature of communication, revealing the deep qualities of the subject - his free activity, the ability to generate new meanings, to overcome stereotypes of behavior.

communication symmetrically for it implies the functional equality of the persons participating in it as subjects of a single joint activity;

the most important hallmark communication favors it dialogue.

Thus, communication- This interaction based on needs man in man. This is not only (and not so much) luxury (A. de Saint-Exupery), but necessity, the primary condition for the existence of a person as a person and his inclusion in society and culture. Communication is done through dialogue, whose purpose is to establish understanding between people.

The value of interpersonal communication determined by his polyfunctionality And global significance in human life and society. Can be distinguished a number of "role" functions of communication.

Communication is a condition for the formation and existence of man. The phylogenesis of humanity and the ontogenesis of each person individually confirm that the formation of a person is impossible without communication, which is a “unique condition for human existence” (K. Jaspers).

Communication is a way of self-expression human "I": human essence is manifested only in communication, which enables a person to reveal all the facets of his personality, make them meaningful to others, and assert himself in his own value. "Deficiency" of communication gives rise to various complexes, doubts, makes life inferior.

Communication is the main means of communication what appears in informative the nature of communication, thanks to which the accumulated knowledge is transferred in the process of communication and thereby social inheritance. At the same time, the communicative nature of communication is also manifested in the generation of new ideas, which reveals its creative character, and the exchange of ideas, which causes praxeological the value of communication.

Communication is the main means of managing people. Currently, this function is used purposefully - as a means of manipulation consciousness and actions of people, both in a negative and positive way, which is clearly seen both in public spheres - in economics and politics, and in the sphere of personal relationships.

Communication is a vital need and a condition for human happiness. This function is most significant for the individual's sense of self, because it reveals intimate nature communication, which is an internal, often unconscious need of each person, a hidden motive for his actions and deeds. At the same time, such features of communication as selectivity And orientation to a specific object Availability feedback, reciprocity of choice and understanding. This need is most fully realized in such higher forms of human communication as friendship And Love.

The revealed role functions of communication allow us to consider it value in at least two aspects:

How utilitarian-pragmatic focused on achieving socially significant results;

How intrinsic value- communication for the sake of communication, the meaning of which is self-expression and spiritual conjugation of people who join the partner's spiritual values ​​and thereby multiply their own.

This gives grounds to highlight levels significance communication:

for myself - I am significant,

for another - You are the significance,

for a group or society as a whole - We are the significance.

The problem of communication culture.

The most important in solving the main tasks communication - establishing mutual understanding speaks culture of communication a system of norms, principles and rules, as well as technologies for their implementation, developed by the human community in order to optimize and effectively communicate. Communication culture suggests knowledge, understanding and compliance the basic norms of interpersonal communication, including the combined actions of many factors: moral, psychological, socio-cultural, "technological". But most closely the level of culture of communication is associated with moral attitudes, values, communicative ideals and stereotypes - with what constitutes the conceptmoral culture. Distinctive features moral culture of a particular society or individual are:

respect for partner restraint, politeness, careful handling of a word that can deeply hurt a person;

clarity of communication goals, willingness to understand, evaluate and accept the opinions of the interlocutor;

constant self-improvement, preparing yourself for communication;

observance of the principle of tolerance, generating mutual trust and helping to prevent and overcome conflict situations;

culture of dialogue manifested under the following conditions:

fundamental equality, autonomy of partners;

recognition by partners of the uniqueness, "otherness" of each other, the impossibility of predicting in advance the position of a dialogue partner;

difference and originality of points of view, readiness to hear from a partner something that is not included in our ideas or plans;

focus of each on understanding and correct interpretation of his point of view by a partner;

expectation of an answer and its anticipation in one's own statement, the complementarity of the participants' positions;

the ability to perceive the other as a person of equal level.

The higher the level of moral culture of the individual, the higher the culture of communication, and vice versa: a low level of moral culture, moral "protoculture" generates communication defects, painfully affecting the well-being of the individual and the atmosphere in society.

Moral protoculture can be traced on a number "defective" levels of communication .

Moral vacuum - a person either does not know the norms and principles of behavior necessary for communication (ethical and psychological "protoculture"), or gets into a situation where his knowledge loses its meaning and does not "work" in new conditions.

Lack of moral initiative - a person takes a wait-and-see attitude, expects care and attention from another, and only then responds to them. This state of alert waiting and moral bargaining according to the principle "you - to me, I - to you".

Moral camouflage - Desire to make a good impression disguise the absence of a genuine moral culture. Forms of manifestation of moral camouflage can be different, but, as a rule, they are always accompanied by moral demagogy, ranting about the decline of morals, and calls for observance of cultural norms.

Moral anachronism - a person is guided by obsolete norms of communication that do not meet the expectations of others and the requirements of modern morality.

Moral Regression - simplification and simplification of morals, loss of the achieved level in communication, accompanied by disrespect for traditions, disregard for experience and well-deserved authorities, unwillingness to evaluate one's own actions, to notice that they affect the interests of other people. Moral regression is also characterized by rationalism and pragmatism, rigidity, sometimes “anticipatory aggressiveness”.

moral deafness – lack of orientation to the other, inability and unwillingness to hear him. This is a kind of manifestation of “deafness to hail” (K. Jaspers), but not the original, selfish, but arising as a result of the loss (due to life circumstances) of the moral qualities previously inherent in the individual.

Moral primitivism – a shamelessly open deal with one's own conscience in the name of self-interest. Moral primitivism manifests itself in justification own shortcomings, arrogance, swagger past merits, upholding the rights to their own exclusivity and privileges.

Moral intolerance characteristic of authoritarian one-dimensional thinking, recognizing the only ("own") truth and correctness. Accompanied by suspicion, hostility towards dissent: political, ideological, cultural, religious. Intolerance is a manifestation anticultures in communication , moreover, it is the basis anti-communication , because it hinders communication, makes it impossible. It is extremely unproductive: hostility makes it difficult to hear the other, even when he offers something rational and useful.

Moral and psychological "barriers" of communication - another manifestation of the "protoculture" of the individual, acting as an obstacle to full communication. Psychological communication barriers, associated with a particular mental state of the individual, her attitudes and expectations, can be classified as follows.

Barrier of suffering, mountains I - It manifests itself in various forms: this is the desire to be alone (“leave me alone”), and selfishness (pity yourself), and envy of someone else's joy, and even aggressiveness. Perhaps the best way out of this situation is to really “leave the person alone.”

barrier of anger - arises from resentment, dissatisfaction, injustice, rudeness. In this situation, a person often “fixes” on the root cause of his anger, cannot and does not want to talk about anything else; communication is difficult: it is difficult to “get through” to a person.

Barrier of fear can be caused by various reasons: the child's fear of punishment, which deprives him of the gift of speech and does not give him the opportunity to explain himself and justify himself; the fear of a conscientious employee of failure to complete the assigned task; the conservative's fear of change, the lazy man's fear of work, and so on. Given that fear binds not only communication, but any productive activity, it is recommended that you try not to inspire fear in another in the process of communication - even with good intentions.

Barrier of shame and guilt - is formed with a negative self-assessment of one's actions in relation to another or with "wrong" criticism from the other. Shame - this "kind of anger turned inward" makes a person withdraw into himself, "self-reproach" or "self-justify". But in any case, communication is difficult.

In addition, "wrong" criticism - unfair in content, public and humiliating in form - is unproductive: a person's energy is directed not to finding the optimal solution, but to self-justification ("everyone does it", "I wanted the best", "others do worse" ), withdrawal into oneself (a person stops listening to words that are unpleasant for him, “turns off”) or anger and resentment towards the critic.

installation barrier - a negative perception of someone or something based on prior knowledge or prejudice. Negative setting becomes an obstacle to an unbiased benevolent attitude towards another. Therefore, it is impossible to immediately and unconditionally perceive compromising information about someone: perhaps you are deliberately forming a negative attitude towards this person. The culture of communication implies, in this regard, the presence counter installations- do not take on faith any statements about a person, demand their evidence.

6. barrier of contempt - as a rule, this is the result of upbringing or ideological attitudes associated with the values ​​​​and ideals prevailing in society. It often arises on the basis of prejudices that exist in society: professional, racial, national prejudices (“all sellers are thieves”, “persons of Caucasian nationality are bandits”).

7. Barrier of disgust, disgust - associated with the psychophysiological characteristics of people's behavior: unpleasant manners, repulsive habits, violation of the rules of personal hygiene, non-compliance with the "distance in communication". In order not to cause such a barrier in relation to oneself, a person must carefully monitor his manners, cleanliness, habits and, at the same time, be more tolerant towards others.

Mood Barrier - may include all the previous ones, be of varying severity (from just “getting up on the wrong foot” to deep depression), have various causes: interpersonal conflicts, quarrels, unwillingness to meet the other, resentment against each other, unfulfilled expectations, deceived hopes, denial of something that was counted on. Considering that the mood in communication with others plays special role- it is very contagious and has a "boomerang effect", i.e. returns to us - we must be extremely attentive to the manifestations of our own mood and learn to master it.

speech barrier – a double barrier: it is both a “speaking” barrier and a “listening” barrier. The first one is manifested in our linguistic lack of culture: insufficient vocabulary; slurred, monotonous speech; diction defects; repulsive (arrogant, ambitious) tone; lack of sense of humor; ignorance of speech etiquette The second barrier would be more correct to call the "barrier of non-hearing", because the obstacle to communication here is precisely the inability to listen and hear the other.

The inability to listen is manifested in the fact that, listening to the interlocutor, a person

hurries to refute him, not delving into the meaning of his speech and motives;

not able to restrain the desire to express his own opinion;

interrupts the interlocutor without waiting for the end of the argument;

is distracted by the insignificant, external, missing the essence of speech;

believes that his knowledge is sufficient to defend his position;

pre-configured to disagree with the opponent.

WITH sociocultural « barriers” and marginality in communication. Some of the most serious are sociocultural barriers among which a relatively new phenomenon occupies a special place - marginality in communication.

Marginality - this is the boundary position of the individual in relation to any social group, leaving a certain imprint on her psyche, behavior, lifestyle. The so-called “cultural hybrids” find themselves in a situation of marginality, balancing between the dominant group in society with its cultural and moral values, and the “maternal” group from which they emerged (the situation of unadapted migrants). Of course, such a situation leaves its mark on the culture of communication, giving rise to certain, sometimes tragic, barriers in communication.

Marginality in communication is based on hermeneutical misunderstanding – the inability to come to a common point of view and mutual understanding due to the fact that partners belong either to different cultures or to different types, levels and traditions of the same culture. And although they communicate in the same natural language, they sometimes cannot agree, which is explained by the differences in the categorical systems of their thinking, when the meaning invested in what was said by one person causes inadequate associations in another (due to differences in culture and value systems). Moreover, such a misunderstanding does not necessarily arise when the parties are hostile to each other or when one turns out to be “right”, the other “wrong”. It's just that the signals about the good intentions of one side, due to cultural differences, are not caught, not recognized by the other.

Marginality is most characteristic of transitional type of culture or For the transition of a person from one type of culture to another. Marginality can be spatial, temporal, cultural.Spatial marginality associated with a change of residence: emigration to another country, migration from a village to a city, etc. As a result of such forced or voluntary displacement, a person loses contact with his cultural roots(sometimes voluntarily renouncing it - say, from their village origin, traditions, national language), but he has not yet mastered the culture of his new position, has not “fitted” into it: after all, adaptation to a new way of life requires a lot of time, sometimes a change of several generations.

Temporal marginality is associated with changes of a different kind - when it is not a person who changes the environment, but the environment itself, or rather, the era; when habitual values ​​and ideals break down; when the old norms of communication cease to operate or lose their value, and the new ones have not yet been formed or, even if they exist, cannot - due to beliefs, delusions or simply laziness of people's thoughts - become a "guide to action". And again, a person “falls” into a state of marginality, in which he is “not guilty”, but which somehow makes him an “intermediate” person.

essence "cultural" marginality - in underestimation or rejection of one's own culture, the desire to become "above it". This type of marginality today is typical, in our opinion, for those Belarusians who show disdain for their language, culture, and national customs.

Marginality in communication manifests itself in a number of ways.

1. She is characterized narrowness of thought and from here - "clan", division into "us" and "them". And if a person develops complete mutual understanding with “his own” (relatives, fellow countrymen, like-minded people), then in relation to “strangers” (or those who have become “strangers” due to a divergence of views or life circumstances), he shows the same “ non-understanding", which has already been mentioned.

2. The marginal mentality is distinguished by a number of features:

one-dimensional thinking(thinking like "either-or"), inability to combine different points of view and find a common coordinate system;

monopoly on truth: only my point of view is correct, others have no right to exist;

inability and unwillingness to listen and hear partner: a person with this type of thinking is seized by psychological deafness, and any arguments are powerless here - he does not perceive them;

intolerance To dissent when anyone who disagrees with me is perceived as hostile and causes irritation and a desire to fight back.

3. The marginal approaches the other with a purely utilitarian positions (often without realizing it). The style of his relations with others (“strangers”) is a “vampire style”: he uses a person (in a variety of senses, not only in the primitive material, but sometimes in the spiritual), and then acts according to the “material” principle “ used - thrown away.

4. Marginality in communication is, as a rule, militant character. The marginal is distinguished by confidence in his own rightness and the right to reject another, pride in himself and his principles. Marginality crosses out any possibility of compromise and mutual understanding, putting forward "struggle" as the main value and program of action. This focus on confrontation can manifest itself in public life, professional activities or personal relationships, but in any case, it is not only unproductive, but also introduces great moral evil into the system of interpersonal relationships and communication.

Thus, if we take as a basis that the culture of communication involves treating the Other as an equal subject to me, for whom I am ready to recognize the right to self, "otherness" and to which I am ready to treat with tolerance and respect, then marginality is anticulture in communication.

The phenomenon of violence in communication – another manifestation anticulture of communication, and very close to marginality both in form and in essence. Violence in communication appears in the rejection of the partner's right to autonomy, independence, self; in turning to power techniques and methods of pressure; in the use of fear and coercion. Violence as a principle of communication has certain roots: social, psychological, moral.

Social roots of violence in communication should be sought in the features of the twentieth century. Revolutions, wars, dictatorial and totalitarian regimes and repressions against individuals and nations - all this gradually depreciated human life, made it a bargaining chip in the political games of "fighters for power", and people were taught to "communicate" through the front sight.

Psi the psychological basis of violence in communication convincingly revealed Freudianism, showing that violence gives feeling of power over the other, acting as a kind of way of self-realization (see E. Fromm's "Escape from Freedom" about this). Moreover, the level and scope of such "self-affirmation" can be very different - from Hitler's totalitarianism to family tyranny.

Moral causes of violence in communication First of all, the "protoculture" and "barriers" of communication, which were mentioned above, come forward. In addition, it condones violence and anonymity moral life associated with urbanization, which hides from the human court the lawlessness perpetrated by other citizens.

Concerning areas of violence then, unfortunately, it knows no boundaries, penetrating into a variety of areas of communication– in interpersonal and family, group and intergroup, business and political, professional and other relations.

Forms of violence can be different - psychological pressure, moral submission, physical coercion, sexual harassment. Aggressive, intolerant behavior in a quarrel, in conflict, insisting on one's own at any cost is also a form of violence.

The saddest thing is that often violence is perceived as norm, does not cause any protest and is not regarded as anticulture in communication, which can only be counteracted by a fundamentally different approach – principle of non-violence .

The culture of communication, the need and features of which were discussed above, does not exist, so to speak, in an abstraction, in a “pure form”. It is realized and manifested in various spheres of human activity, in specific situations life. A large place in the general range of situational problems is occupied by problems that are purely personal for each of us, intimate nature, problems that make up the content ethics of intimate relationships.