A set of interconnected social communities and groups. Social sphere

1) social policy 3) social inequality

2) social mobility 4) social structure

Which of the following is a significant feature for determining social

Noah structure of society?

1) cognitive interests of people

2) character traits of people

3) mental abilities of people

4) the level of education of people

The structure of society is represented by social groups and communities in many

Figure out their connections. What social group is distinguished by territorial (settlement)

Chesky) sign?

1) women 3) programmers

2) teenagers 4) Petersburgers

A. social structure society is a set of connections and relations between social

al groups.

B. Social structure reflects the internal structure of society.

Internal organization society, reflecting the connection of its main parties, called

Vayut

1) social status 3) social mobility

2) social structure 4) social inequality

A set of interrelated social groups, which make up the internal

The structure of society is called

1) social institution 3) social structure

2) social mobility 4) social inequality

Which of the named social groups is singled out on a professional basis?

1) Muscovites 3) conservatives

2) youth 4) military personnel

Society?

1) older people, youth 3) marginalized, middle strata

2) Russians, Ukrainians 4) Orthodox, Buddhists

Which of the following terms characterize the demographic structure of

Society?

1) women, men 3) Belarusians, Tatars

2) parents, children 4) Muslims, Christians

The structure of society is represented by social communities and groups in many

The variety of their connections. What social group is singled out according to professional

Sign?

1) passengers 3) citizens

2) men 4) engineers

What social group is allocated on a territorial basis?

1) priests 3) Muslims

2) Europeans 4) women

The structure of society is represented by a set of social communities and groups

In the variety of their connections. What social group is singled out according to political

Sign?

1) Voronezh residents 3) officers

2) democrats 4) women

What social community is distinguished by ethno-social characteristics?

1) Orthodox 3) Slovaks

2) teenagers 4) voters

What social group is distinguished by demographics?

1) Petersburgers 3) wage-earners

2) physics teachers 4) youth

Are the following statements about social groups correct?

A. Small groups include ethnic communities.

B. Social groups whose activities are determined by regulatory documents, on-

called formal.

1) only A is true 3) both judgments are true

2) only B is correct 4) both judgments are wrong

Are the following statements about the social structure of society correct?

A. The social structure of society includes layers, classes, ethnic groups.

B. The social structure of society is changing in connection with economic development society.

1) only A is true 3) both judgments are true

2) only B is correct 4) both judgments are wrong

The structure of society is represented by social groups and communities in many

The variety of their connections. What social group is distinguished by territorial (settlement)

Chesky) sign?

1) women 3) liberals

2) teenagers 4) Rostovites

T. was born in Paris, his grandmother left Russia before the Revolution of 1917. T.

Rosho knows the Russian language and Russian culture. He is proud to be Russian. It's about-

The phenomenon of signs of commonality

1) demographic 3) ethnic

2) territorial 4) class

What social group is distinguished by occupation?

1) passengers 3) engineers

2) men 4) townspeople

Small social groups include

1) citizens of the country 3) pensioners of the region

2) university students 4) class students

Members of this social community have rights, duties and privileges.

Legias fixed by customs and legal law. This group is

The social structure of society An integral set of interconnected and interacting social groups, strata and communities Microgroups family, work collective, a small number of participants who know each other, have a common goal Macrogroups of the nation, classes a large number of people who do not know each other, have a decisive influence process

SOCIETY CONSISTS OF DIFFERENT GROUPS LARGE SOCIAL GENERALITIES: classes, estates, castes, strata EVERY PERSON BELONG TO ANY OF THESE SOCIAL GROUPS OR OCCUPATES INTERMEDIATE POSITION.

Main types of social groups Castes are a closed social group. A person from birth to death was a member of one caste. Caste division is characteristic of India. Brahmins Kshatriya Vaishya Shudra

The main types of social groups Estates are large groups of people united by the same rights and duties, which are inherited. FEODAL PRIESTS PEASANTS

The main types of social groups Classes are large groups of people who differ in their attitude to the means of production. Classes began to take shape with the onset of the industrial age. BOURGEOSIS PROLETARIAT

Main types of social groups Strata - a social stratum or group united by some common social feature (property, professional or other) ENTREPRENEURS FARMERS EMPLOYEES

Stratification indicators n n INCOME - the amount of money received by a person or family over a certain period of time EDUCATION - the number of years of education POWER - the ability to impose one's will and decisions on other people PRESTIGE - respect for a person's social position, which has developed in public opinion

Causes of social inequality 2 theories: n People are different by nature (mind, talent, character) n The most capable perform the most important community service n Inequality is a natural feature of social development n A certain group seizes the means of production, gaining economic power and the ability to exploit workers n Inequality is a consequence of economic inequality

Social differentiation is the division of society into groups occupying different social positions Differentiation for social reasons Economic differentiation (rich, middle class, poor) Political differentiation (managers and managed, leaders and masses) Professional differentiation Differentiation for biological reasons Ethnic differentiation (peoples, tribes ) Demographic differentiation (sex, age, place of residence)

Layers in modern Russian society 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Elite (oligarchs, top bureaucracy, generals) - 3 -5% Middle layer (small and medium businessmen, trade, service workers) - 12 -15% Base layer ( intelligentsia, technical staff, peasants, workers) - 60 -70% The bottom layer (the elderly, the disabled, dependents, the unemployed, refugees) - 10 -15% The desocialized bottom (thieves, bandits, killers, homeless people, drug addicts, alcoholics, prostitutes) - 3 -5%

n marginals (people occupying an intermediate position between the main social strata) n lumpen (people who have sunk to the bottom public life)

SOCIAL STATUS - a person's position in society Prescribed status - a position received from birth. sex, nationality, age, social origin Achievable - a position achieved by one's own efforts. profession, education, position

Main characteristics of personality status n n n Territorial status (citizen, refugee, homeless person) Gender (female, male) Age (child, adult, elderly) Race (Negroid, Caucasian, Mongoloid,) Nationality Health (healthy, disabled) Profession Political views, Religious views Education Income

movement of individuals and groups from one layer to another Social mobility Types of mobility: 1. Voluntary (due to a change in place of work, position, place of residence ...) 2. Forced (under the influence structural changes in society - industrialization, computerization. . .) 3. Individual 4. Group 5. Vertical (increase or decrease in status) 6. Horizontal (does not lead to a change in social status)

Throughout life, a person changes belonging to social groups - this is a manifestation of social mobility. horizontal vertical

Factors of social mobility n n n system of social structure (traditional / industrial society) changes in the technology of social production (emergence of new professions) social upheavals (wars, revolutions) education social status of the family family school army church P. Sorokin Elevators (channels)

A manifestation of vertical social mobility is: 1) 2) 3) 4) moving from one district to another retirement promotion promotion birth of a child

Social role - behavior corresponding to the status A PERSON OF A CERTAIN STATUS SHOULD PERFORM THE RULES AND NORMS OF BEHAVIOR PRESCRIBED TO THIS STATUS IF THE EXPECTATIONS ARE NOT JUSTIFIED AND THE PERSON DEPARTS FROM THE BEHAVIOR PRESCRIBED TO HIM THE SOCIAL ROLE THEN IN RELATION TO HIM FOLLOW SANCTIONS. The requirements of different social roles may conflict

Social control A system of means and techniques that regulate the behavior of people in society and prevent its deviation

Norms prescribing how to behave in society established order of behavior n Customs and traditions n Legal regulations n Political norms n Moral norms n Religious norms what is inherited from predecessors are enshrined in laws, observance is ensured by the power of the state are reflected in laws, international treaties, political principles, moral norms are evaluative in nature, observance is ensured by the power of public opinion observance is supported by moral consciousness believers, faith in the punishment for sins

rewards or punishments that encourage people to comply social norms Sanctions public approval from official organizations: awards, titles, titles… n formal positive public approval from the public: friendly praise, compliment, applause… n informal positive punishments provided by official authorities: imprisonment, deprivation of civil rights, excommunication… n formal negative punishments that are not provided for by official authorities: remark, reproach, ridicule, nickname ... n informal negative If the norm does not have a sanction, then it ceases to regulate people's behavior

Are the following statements about social norms correct? A. Social norms include only those prescriptions that are enshrined in laws. B. Behavior that does not correspond to the norms accepted in society is called conformism. n only A is true n only B is true n both A and B are true n both statements are false

a form of interaction based on the clash of interests and needs of individuals and social groups Conflict n n n G. Spencer (1820 -1903): conflict is a manifestation of the process of natural selection and the struggle for survival; society must evolve. K. Marx (1818 -1883): the conflict is temporary, it can be resolved by a social revolution G. Simmel (1858 -1918): conflicts are inevitable and even useful (they help people to be more aware of their interests, promote intra-group cohesion, etc.) Conflictology: conflict is not an anomaly, but the norm of relations between people, one of the ways of their interaction (along with competition, cooperation, adaptation, etc.)

Subjects of the conflict n n Witnesses - those who observe the conflict from the outside. Instigators are those who push other participants to conflict. Accomplices - people who contribute to the development of the conflict, providing assistance to the conflicting parties. Mediators are those who, through their actions, try to prevent, stop, or resolve a conflict. PARTICIPANTS

event or circumstance, as a result of which contradictions pass into the stage of open confrontation incident (reason) escalation of the conflict, increase in the number of participants in the conflict escalation of the conflict agreement of the majority consensus

Types of conflicts n n n depending on the conflicting parties (intrapersonal, intergroup ...) according to the duration and nature of the course (long-term, short-term, one-time, protracted ...) according to the form (internal, external) according to the scale of distribution (local, regional, global) according to the means used ( non-violent, violent) in the areas in which they occur ↓

about the distribution of power, dominance, influence, authority n Political conflict based on the struggle for the rights and interests of ethnic and national groups economic conflict is associated with religious, linguistic and other contradictions in the spiritual sphere n Cultural conflict Forms of social conflicts: discussions, requests, adoption of declarations… rallies, demonstrations, pickets, strikes… war is an extreme form

Conditions and ways to resolve the conflict n n n Conditions: identification of existing contradictions, interests, goals, mutual interest in overcoming contradictions joint search ways to overcome the conflict n n Methods: direct dialogue of the parties, negotiations development and improvement of the social sphere of society (expansion of the system of education, healthcare, social security, housing construction, i.e., the creation of a developed social infrastructure)

Are the following statements about social conflicts correct? A. Conflict interaction exists in any type of society. B. Social conflicts always lead to negative consequences. n only A is true n only B is true n both A and B are true n both statements are false

The social structure of society.

social structure- a set of interconnected social communities and relations between them; a set of interrelated and interacting social groups and institutions

Social sphere of society- a set of social relations and conditions that affect the content and nature of people's activities, their behavior, covers the interests of people, social groups, the relationship between society and the individual.

social relations- relations between people or groups of people that arise in connection with the emerging common interests, motives of activity.

The structure of social relations:

• Subjects (parties between which social relations arise)
• objects (things about which relationships arise)
• needs
• interests
• values

Social communities- bringing people together joint activities during which they acquire similar characteristics and social qualities.

Signs of social community:

• similarity of living conditions
• community of needs
• existence of joint activities
• the formation of one's own culture
• social identification of members, that is, awareness of their belonging to a given community

Types of social communities:

• social aggregation– a number of people gathered in a certain physical space and not constantly interacting (people at a bus stop)
• social category- conditional allocation of people on any basis (brunettes and blondes)
• quasigroup- a spontaneous community in which there are no stable expectations, and interaction is usually one-sided (audience, fan group, crowd)

social group.

social group- a set of people who have a common social attribute and perform socially necessary functions in the structure of the social division of labor.

social group- one of the main components of the social structure of society. This is a set of people characterized by some common features (proximity of living conditions, common needs, etc.)

Brief description of the groups

• Large-small. Groups by the number of members in them.

Large groups are united by a socially significant feature: belonging to a religion, the same profession, etc. People in such groups may never come into contact with each other.

Small groups are characterized by closer interactions, a small number of members, they are in direct interaction (family, friends)

• Primary - secondary. They differ in the form of communication. IN primary- people get the first experience of social interaction, socialization, assimilation of norms and rules (family, class at school, sports section, etc.)

Secondary the main thing is the achievement of certain goals, the performance of functions (a political party, a large production team, etc.)

• Nominal - real.

Nominal group- artificially created for the purpose of studying social processes, for example, Internet users, the electorate supporting some candidate, People of these groups may never meet each other in their lives.

Real group- a specific formal or informal group that really exists, for example, friends, class, etc.).

• Formal - informal.

Formal groups are built on the basis of official documents (orders, for example). They are in hierarchical subordination (military unit, sports team, production team).

informal- arise on the basis of common interests, values, goals, personal sympathy (friends)

• The membership group is the reference group.

Reference group serves for the individual as a standard of behavior, a source of formation of values ​​and norms. Such groups can be fictional and real.

Membership groups- these are groups of the actual presence of people in them, they directly affect a person, they interact with members.

Persistent - short-term groups. Differ in the time of existence of the group (for example, a school cash register stable group, tourist group - short-term)

Antisocial group- a group whose members behave contrary to social norms.

Crime group- a group characterized by a special social danger

conformism- adapting to the requirements and behavior of other people.

Nonconformism- acting contrary to the opinions of others.

Each person occupies a certain position in society, which is determined by the following signs:

• income - the amount of cash receipts of an individual or family for a certain period of time (salary, allowance, pension, scholarship, alimony).
• wealth- accumulated income.
• education
• power
• prestige- the respect that this or that specialty enjoys in public opinion.

In relation to basic social values:

• socially oriented(industrial, educational, social and cultural, etc. associations),
• asocial- focused on meeting the needs of only members of this group (hippies, rockers, breakers, etc.)
• antisocial(criminal groups). The vital activity of the antisocial group is carried out according to strict canons, the rules of rank correspondence, the law of strength, mutual responsibility, the persecution of the weak, etc.

Along with socially developed primitive groups (yard associations, a company of drinking buddies, etc.).

Small social group.

Small social group is a fairly stable association of people connected by mutual contacts, common activities who are in direct communication, experiencing feelings and emotions in relation to each other.

Distinctive features of a small group:

• Personal contacts in space and time.
• The presence of a permanent goal of joint activity.
• The presence of an organizing principle in the group. This may be a specific person - a leader, a manager, or functions are distributed among group members.
• Separation of roles
• Emotional relationships between group members
• Formation of interpersonal relationships in a group

Development of a specific group culture - norms, rules, standards of life, behavior

Classification of small social groups

Formal and informal.

Formal groups are united by official goals, there is a document certifying belonging to this group ( classroom, Sport section)

informal groups do not have a formal structure. The interaction of members of an informal group is spontaneous, determined by their personal relationships, the commonality of the system of values.

Functions of small social groups.

• socialization of the individual, the formation of his character
• expressive function, determining the place of an individual in a group, his self-esteem, the realization of abilities, professional qualities
• instrumental - an individual in a group performs a specific activity
• psychological function - support a person in a difficult situation, joy for his success.

Strat.

Strata(Latin stratum - layer, layer) - a social layer of people who have similar characteristics in terms of income, power, education and prestige.

social stratification - the presence in society of social formations, whose representatives are distinguished by an unequal amount of power, material wealth, rights and obligations, prestige.

Historical types of stratification:

• Slavery. Patriarchal (relation to the owner as a father) and classical (slave-tool). Slavery is physical and legal dependence on the owner.
• Caste- a social group, membership in which a person owes his birth (exists in India). The transition from one caste to another during life is almost impossible.
• estate- a social group whose members differ in rights and obligations enshrined in law and inherited. The transition from one class to another is possible, but under certain conditions, merit to the Fatherland.
• Class- a large group of people, differing in their place in social production, in relation to the means of production, their role in public organization labor. The bourgeoisie are the owners of the means of production, they determine the course of social production. The proletariat (working class) sells its labor power by working in production.

The main types of stratification:

• economic(division into haves and have-nots, economic stratification);
• political(managing and managed);
• professional(groups by occupation, occupation, profession. Some are more prestigious than others).

Stratification models:

Western.

• upper upper class (corporate managers, luminaries of science)
• upper class (managers of an average firm, newspaper publishers)
• upper middle class (college teachers, White collars)
• middle middle class (bank employees, elementary school teachers, blue collar)
• lower middle class (hairdressers, salesmen)
• middle lower class (taxi drivers, porters, blue collar)
• lower lower class (servant, gray collar)

Eastern.

• upper layer
• apologetic layer (priests)
• serving
• dependent
• outcasts

mixed

• elite
• middle class
• working class
• lower class

Social inequality- conditions under which people do not have equal access to social benefits, have unequal chances and opportunities to satisfy needs.

pros

• stimulates competition
• enhances people's ability to advance

Minuses

• leads to social conflict
• breeds idle people

Do not confuse the concepts of "social stratification" and "social differentiation"

• "Social differentiation"- a broader concept, includes any differences, including inequality. For example, some are football fans and others are not.
• At the core "social stratification» lies the division into strata.

Polarization of society increasing the distance between the rich and the poor.

Marginal- a person who has lost his former social status, deprived of the opportunity to do his usual business and unable to adapt to the new stratum within which he exists.

Underclass- a layer of society formed by elements that have lost their human appearance, the social bottom of society (drunkards, drug addicts).

Lumpens("rags") - declassed sections of society, angry begging (tramps, beggars, homeless people).

social mobility.

social mobility- a change in the place occupied by a person or a group of people in the social structure.

Features of types of social mobility

Vertical - social movements leading to a decrease or increase in social status.

Rising This is a social uplift, an increase in status.

descending- social decline, lowering of status.

Horizontal- the movement of social communities and groups that does not lead to a change in social status.

• Territorial (geographic) - change of residence, tourism. If movement develops into migration, then it will be vertical mobility.
• Professional - change of profession.
• Regional.
• Family.
• Legal - change of citizenship
• Political, etc.

Migration This is a territorial movement of the population, accompanied by a change in place of residence.

Kinds migrations:

• The nature- labor and political reasons.
• By duration- temporary (seasonal) and permanent.
• By territory- domestic and international.

By status- legal (lawful) and illegal.

The erection of social barriers and partitions, the restriction of access to another group or the closure of the group in itself is called social clause.

Types of societies for social mobility:

• closed
• open
• intermediate type (feudal society with estates).

Channels of social mobility (“social lifts”):

• school
• education in general
• family
• professional organizations
• army
• political parties and organizations
• church.

Under marginality refers to an intermediate, “borderline” state of a social subject.

Marginal(from lat. marginalis - located on the edge) when moving from one social group to another, it retains the old system of values, connections, habits and cannot learn new ones (migrants, unemployed). Marginals seem to lose their social identity and therefore experience great psychological stress.

Socialization.

Social environment- set social factors influencing the formation and behavior of the individual.

• macro environment(the nature of the social division of labor, the social structure of society, the education system, etc.)
• microenvironment(family, school, etc.)

Socialization- the process of assimilation by a person of social experience, teaching social roles and patterns of behavior, acquiring qualities that allow an individual to live and work in society, the formation of a personality.

Socialization is a long process that includes a number of stages, each of which has its own characteristics.

Stages of socialization:

• Infancy. 0-1 year. Satisfaction of natural needs, elementary social roles (son)
• Childhood. 1-13 years old. During this period, 70% of the personality is formed. Mastering elementary social statuses and roles. Economic independency. The main activity is play.
• Adolescence, youth. 13-19 years old. Sexual maturity, the ability to take rash risks, an emphasized desire for independence and self-reliance, a penchant for creativity and a lack of recognition of authorities. Search for moral guidelines. Maximalism. The discrepancy between a high level of claims and a low social status, given by age. High level of mobility. Active search for a place in life. Freedom from stereotypes and prejudices. Creative propensity. Consolidation in informal groups. Conflicts with parents. Dependence on the opinions of peers. Economic independency. Lack of life experience, which leads to quality errors. Low level of tolerance. Mastering new social roles associated with a change in status (student, family man). outrageous- shocking behavior that is contrary to the norms accepted in society.
• Youth. 19-30. Independence, professional growth, creating a family, raising status.
• Maturity. 30-55. Role conflict is overcome. The rise of the human personality. Collective stage, which may include several cycles (mastering a profession, creating a family, etc.). Assimilation of social roles in a real situation. Equalization of rights and obligations. Active producer of wealth. Great responsibility.

Criteria of attitude to mature age:

• self-reliance on livelihood
• managing money independently
• independence in choosing a lifestyle
• living independent of parents
• ability to answer before the law
• vote

Old age. 55-death. consumer of social goods. Defenseless as a child. Too much free time. Body aging. Passive lifestyle. Feelings of social inferiority. Lack of a life plan.

Levels of socialization

Primary socialization covers the period from birth to the formation of a mature personality.

Secondary socialization – the process of development of a socially mature personality, associated mainly with the mastery of a profession.

Socialization agents- people and institutions responsible for teaching cultural norms and learning social roles.

Agent types:

• Primary socialization agents – immediate environment close personal relationships parents, relatives, friends, teachers, coaches).
• Agents of secondary socialization- formal environment (administration of school, university, enterprises, army, police, church, party leaders, state, media workers).

social status.

Status(lat ) — state, position.

social status- the social position of a person in society, which he occupies in accordance with age, gender, origin, profession, marital status, etc.

Types of social statuses.

1.According to the position of the individual in the group:

• social status- the position of a person in society, which he occupies as a representative of a large social group in relations with other groups;
• personal status- the position of an individual in a small group, depending on how its members evaluate him in accordance with his personal qualities.

1. According to the time frame, the impact on the life of the individual as a whole:

• main status determines the main thing in a person's life
• non-primary status affects the details of human behavior.

3. Acquired or not at the will of man:

• prescribed- the status in which a person is born or which is assigned to him over time, a social position that is prescribed in advance to the individual by society, regardless of the merits of the individual; (age, gender, race, nationality, royal family, relatives in law).
• achieved- the status that a person has received due to his efforts, desire or luck, is acquired as a result of free choice, personal efforts and is under the control of a person (profession, husband, millionaire, world champion).
• mixed has the features of prescribed and achieved status (disabled)

Status hierarchy:

• intergroup- between status groups;
• intragroup-between the statuses of individuals within the same group.

The place in the status hierarchy is called status rank.

status rank:

• high
• average
• short

Components of social status:

• status rights and obligations- this is what the holder of this or that status should and can do;
• status range- the established framework within which rights and obligations are exercised. Reducing the interstate distance is called familiarity;
• status symbols- external insignia of bearers of a particular status (military uniform, manners, style of clothing, etc.);
• status image or image- a set of ideas that have developed in public opinion about how an individual should look and behave in accordance with his status.
• status identification- determination of the degree of compliance with one's status.

status set- the totality of all statuses occupied by a given individual.

Prestige- assessment by society of the significance of certain positions held by individuals or various groups in society. Authority- the degree of recognition by society of the personal and business qualities of individuals. It reflects the degree of influence of an individual in a group or society.

social role.

social role- a model of behavior focused on a certain status, this is a system of expected behavior, which is determined by normative duties and the rights corresponding to these duties.

Types of social roles:

• psychosomatic- behavior depends on biological needs, human culture;
• psychodramatic- depends on the requirements of the social environment;
• social - The behavior of the individual depends on the expectations of the representatives of a certain social category.

Social roles- due to social status, profession or position.

Features of social roles:

• standardized
• based on rights and obligations teacher-student, employee-director).

role set- a set of roles performed by a person.

• main roles- family and household, professional, socio-political.
• situational- the role of the passenger, the buyer ....

Interpersonal Roles- characterized and determined by interpersonal relationships, regulated at an emotional level (leader, offended, loved, neglected, family favorite, etc.

Normative structure of the performance of a social role:

• descriptions of behavior (characteristic of this role);
• instructions (requirements for this behavior);
• assessing the performance of the assigned role;
• sanctions for violation of prescribed requirements.

Role conflict- clash of role requirements for a person, caused by many simultaneously performed roles. It arises as a result of the fact that a person does not fulfill the duties necessary for a particular role.

Types of role conflicts:

• Intra-role(parents should be affectionate and strict at the same time)
• Interrole(wife - good worker and housewife)
• Personal-role(the requirements of a social role are contrary to the interests of the individual, for example, a person in this job cannot prove himself)

"Mirror Self Theory" by C. Cooley

A person has as many social selves as there are individuals and groups whose opinion is important to him, the lights are like a mirror in which a person sees the attitude of others around him.

Social roles can be institutionalized and conventional. institutionalized: the institution of marriage, family (social roles of mother, daughter, wife) Conventional: accepted by agreement (a person may refuse to accept them)

Kinds social roles by position and importance in society:

Positive Roles:

• family member
• collective member
• specialist, etc.

Negative roles:

• tramp
• beggar
• drug addict
• alcoholic etc.

Man lives in society, he is a social being. During the course of historical development, society has developed norms of behavior that regulate human behavior.

Norm- a rule, a standard, a pattern of behavior that determines how a person should behave in a given situation. It is the norms that regulate social interactions, relations between members of the group, determine the duties and rights of individuals. Norms serve as models, standards for the behavior of individuals in society.

Thus, social norms a is a measure of acceptable behavior historically established in a particular society individual person, social group or organization.

Types of norms:

• formal (written), for example, laws, charters, orders.
• informal (unwritten, for example, greetings, rules of etiquette, birthday greetings, etc.)

By scale:

• in small groups
• in large groups

According to the form of manifestation:

• standards of behavior (men are strong)
• expectation of behavior (a man must protect a woman)

According to the severity of execution:

• custom - traditionally established order of behavior (hospitality)
• manners - an external form of behavior based on habits.

Norms can be everyday(do not slurp) and secular (to compliment the lady).

Etiquette- a system of rules of conduct adopted in special circles (in diplomatic circles)

Traditions- everything that is inherited from predecessors (meeting classmates)

habits- established patterns of behavior in a certain situation. There can be group (lying down) and individual (drinking coffee in the morning), harmful (drunkenness, smoking) and harmless.

manners- forms of behavior that exist in a given society and can be subjected to moral assessment (do not beat women)

Laws

Taboo- an absolute ban imposed on any action, the subject of incest, cannibalism)

Where there are norms, rules, there will always be people who violate them. Therefore, society has developed a whole system social control.

social control- a mechanism for maintaining public order.

Social sanctions- means of encouragement or punishment, stimulating people to comply with social norms. These are ways to encourage regulatory correct behavior and punishments for normative wrong, a system of both punishments and rewards for poorly or well learned social norms, as well as for their violation or implementation.

Types of social sanctions.

In terms of intensity:

• tough
• soft

By types:

• formally positive
• formally negative
• informally positive
• informally negative

By way of delivery:

• internal or self-control. Infantilism is impulsive behavior, the inability to control one's emotions and desires.
• external
• informal. Public opinion - a set of ideas, assessments, common sense judgments shared by the majority of the population or part of it, is used at an unofficial level, often in small groups of people.
• formal - applied by social institutions, organizations and institutions or officials representing them at the official level.

Formal control methods:

• insulation
• isolation - restriction of contacts
• rehabilitation (alcoholics anonymous)

deviant- any person who deviates from the norm.

Deviant behavior- deviant behavior.

Types of deviant behavior (Merton):

• innovation- accepting goals but not accepting means
• ritualism not accepting ends, but accepting means (bureaucrat)
• reprise- denial of goals and means (drug addicts, alcoholics)
• rebellion- complete denial of goals and means and replacing them with new ones (revolutionary)

Reasons for deviant behavior:

• insufficient knowledge of social norms,
• inability to perceive social norms due to gaps in education
• diseases (alcoholism, drug addiction), etc.

Anomie - the state of the individual, characterized by the collapse of the system of values, caused by contradictions between the proclaimed values ​​and the inability to achieve them by legal means.

Delinquent behavior- a set of illegal acts or crimes.

The areas of the city where most crimes occur are called criminogenic, and categories of the population inclined to commit deviant or delinquent acts - at-risk groups.

Types of social norms:

• legal regulations(rules of human behavior, which are enshrined in the relevant regulations);
• religious norms(norms of behavior that are enshrined in religious scriptures);
• moral standards(rules of behavior that are dictated by society to a person).

FAMILY.

Family- this is a complex social formation based on a system of relationships between spouses, between parents and children, it is a small group whose members are connected by marriage or family relations, common life and mutual moral responsibility.

Family Functions:

• reproductive - biological reproduction and preservation of offspring, procreation
• educational - spiritual reproduction of the population. The family forms the personality of the child, has a systematic educational impact on each member throughout life;
• social status - transfer of social status, position in society
• household – maintaining the physical condition of the family, caring for the elderly;
• economic - support by some family members of others: minors, the elderly, disabled
• emotional - love, support
• sexy
• socializing - the formation of a person as a person takes place in the family
• social control function - responsibility of family members for the behavior of its members in society, their activities; the orienting basis is formed by the values ​​and elements of culture recognized in the whole society or in social groups.
• recreational (leisure activities) - maintaining the family as an integral system; the content and forms of leisure activities depend on the level of culture, national traditions, individual inclinations and interests, the age of family members, its income

Types of families by number of members:

• nuclear(parents and children),
• extended(married couple, children, parents of one of the spouses, other relatives, etc.),
• incomplete family- consists of children and only one parent or a married couple without children,
• complete- have both of the parents.

Types of families depending on the criterion of family power:

• matriarchy- power in the family belongs to a woman;
• patriarchy- a man is at the head;
• egalitarian or democratic- a family in which the status equality of spouses is observed (is the most common at present)

By the nature of the relationship between members:

• traditional (patriarchal)) - the dominant position of the husband. Wife takes care of housework and child rearing
• partnership (democratic)- joint performance of household duties, no leadership by gender.

By number of children:

• infertile, childless families;
• one-child families;
• small families- the number of children is not enough to ensure natural growth, no more than 2 children;
• average children families - a sufficient number for growth and the emergence of dynamics, 3-4 children;
• large families- much more than is required to ensure natural growth, 5 or more children.

Depending on where you live.

• patrilocal- a family living in the same territory as the husband's parents;
• matrilocal- a family living in the same territory as the wife's parents;
• peololocal- a family living separately from the parents.

Types of foster families

• Adoption- accepting a child into a family as a blood relative. In this case, the child becomes a full member of the family with all the rights and responsibilities.
• guardianship- Admission of a child to a family for the purpose of upbringing and education, as well as to protect his interests. The child retains his surname, his natural parents do not receive exemption from the obligation to maintain it. Guardianship is established for children under 14 years old, and from 14 to 18 years old guardianship.
• patronage– raising a child in a professional substitute family on the basis of a tripartite agreement between guardianship authorities, a foster family and an institution for orphans.

foster family– raising a child at home with a guardian on the basis of an agreement that determines the period for transferring the child to the family.

Marriage- the union of a man and a woman, enshrined in the registry office in accordance with established laws for the purpose of creating a family, giving rise to mutual personal and property rights and obligations between spouses.

Features of types of marriage

• Monogamy- one husband and wife; polygamy- one spouse and several wives or vice versa.
• Actual (civilian)- issued in the registry office and based on love consent without paperwork.

kinship A group of people related by common ancestors, adoption or marriage.

Relatives

relatives in law

Degrees of relationship:

immediate

cousins

second cousins

Together they make family tree

family roles:

• marital
• parental
• children's
• intergenerational
• intragenerational (older brother)

gender roles- prescriptions and expectations of correct male and female behavior.

Styles of family relationships:

• permissive
• authoritarian
• democratic

Family values:

- material well-being

- relationships with other people

— self-realization

Trends in the development of the modern family:

• changing styles of family relations, equal distribution of rights and responsibilities in the family
• family unit of society
• state aid

• reduction of legal marriages
• falling birth rate
• an increase in the number of early marriages and their disintegration
• increase in the number of divorces
• growth of deviant behavior in the family, an increase in the number of social orphans
• growth of incomplete families
• increasing the role of women in solving family problems.

Demographic policy- purposeful activity government agencies and other social institutions to regulate the processes of reproduction of the population.

The main directions of demographic policy:

• financial stimulation of the birth rate (maternity capital)
• youth housing program (mortgage lending, subsidies)
• expansion of the network of institutions providing upbringing and education of youth
• promotion of healthy lifestyles
• socially oriented advertising in the media, aimed at consolidating in mass consciousness family values
• study of family problems at the state level.

Generation people who were born in the same time period.

Reasons for increasing intergenerational differences: 1) renewal of the human social environment; 2) increasing social mobility of all kinds; 3) social life becomes more complex and diverse.

The continuity of generations – necessary condition development of society, that is, the transfer of traditions, moral values, guidelines, cultural heritage from generation to generation

Human life takes place in a society in which various relationships are formed. These relationships are the result social interaction.

social interaction(social interaction)- this is the steady implementation of certain actions that are aimed at a partner for a response from his side, a process by which people act and experience an impact on each other.

social connection- a set of dependencies between people realized through social actions, relationships that unite people into social communities.

Types of social connections:

• social contacts– simple, elementary connections (buying a newspaper)
• social action– actions that are others-oriented and rational (desire gratification)

Social interactions- systematic, interdependent actions of subjects directed at each other, the process of exchanging social actions between two or more people.

Signs of social interaction:

• objectivity, i.e. always has a purpose or cause that is external to the interacting groups or people;
• outer expression, and therefore available for observation;
• character exchange, signs that decrypted by the opposite side;
• situationality, i.e. e. usually tied to a specific situation , to the conditions of the course (for example, meeting friends or taking an exam);
• it expresses subjective intentions of the participants.
• Feedback, that is the presence of a reaction. However, this reaction may not follow, but it is always expected, admitted as probable, possible.

Interaction can be seen as at the micro level, so on macro level.

Interaction on micro level is the interaction in Everyday life e.g. within a family, a small work group, a student group, a group of friends, etc.

Interaction on macro level unfolds within social structures, institutions, and even society as a whole.

CONFLICT.

Conflict- dispute, clash of competing parties on any issues, lack of agreement.

Structure of the conflict

• Subject of the conflict are its members.
• The subject of the conflict What caused the conflict.
• flow conditions.
• Strategy and tactics of the parties.
• Scale of the conflict— the number of people involved and the severity of the consequences.
• Consequences, results.

Types of conflicts:

by participants

• Intrapersonal - dissatisfaction with the person himself, his results
• interpersonal - between individuals
• intergroup or social - between the leader and subordinates, between the most diverse groups of people

on the subject of the dispute

• economic
• political
• professional
• ethnic
• cultural

by way of flow

• confrontation - passive opposition of groups with different interests
• rivalry - the struggle for recognition of personal achievements and abilities
• competition

according to the results

• constructive - lead to positive consequences
• deconstructive - hinders further effective, positive development

• realistic (subjective) - has a specific subject of conflict, dissatisfaction with something
• unrealistic (non-objective) - aims to express emotions, resentment, hostility.

Political conflict is a clash of opposing social forces with different interests.

Causes of political conflict:

• power struggle
• various financial situation, income level
• a consequence of ill-conceived policy in the country
• racial, national, religious discrimination

Types of political conflicts

by subjects

• interstate
• interethnic (ethnic)
• interclass
• racial
• between social groups and public organizations

by scale

• international
• regional
• local

Positive functions of political conflict

• defuse tension between antagonists
• communicative and informational and binding (the parties can get to know each other better)
• stimulating (conflict becomes the driving force of social change)
• reassessment and change of former norms and values
• achieving social balance

Negative Functions of Conflict

• the threat of a split in society
• negative changes in power structures
• adverse demographic consequences, etc.

Ways to resolve a political conflict

• diplomatic settlement of the conflict through negotiations
• change of political leaders and regimes
• reaching a temporary compromise
• war, revolution

Interethnic conflict is a special form of political conflict, the causes of which may be political, economic, social, religious, national-cultural and other problems.

Types of ethnic conflicts

by areas

• socio-economic
• cultural and linguistic

by goals

• realistic
• unrealistic

in terms of the use of military force

• peaceful
• with minimal use of military force
• military

vertically

• between the center and the republic (state, canton, etc.)
• between regional and local authorities

horizontally

• between indigenous and non-indigenous groups
• micro-conflicts on a personal level

Military conflict is a special form of political conflict, an armed clash of the parties as a means of resolving contradictions between the parties (states, coalitions of states, social groups)

Military conflicts are divided by intensity

• low intensity (military actions)
• medium intensity (local and regional wars)
• high intensity (world wars)

Methods for preventing military conflict

political and diplomatic

• meetings of heads of state and government
• negotiations at various levels
• use of international organizations
• announcement of an ultimatum

economic

• trade cooperation negotiations
• curtailment of cooperation programs
• introduction of trade and economic sanctions
• economic blockade

ideological

• warning of incitement of enmity and enmity
• cessation of propaganda of extremism, chauvinism and nationalism
• the behavior of propaganda to destroy the "image of the enemy"

military

• activation of all types of reconnaissance and warning
• conduct of military forces on alert
• joint actions of troops to prevent conflict

Strategies in conflict:

• rivalry (competition) - for me to win, you must lose
• cooperation - for me to win, you must win too
• compromise - for each of us to win something, each of us must lose something
• avoidance - no one wins, so I'm leaving
• adaptation - for you to win, I must lose

Conflict resolution is the transition of the conflict from the phase of insoluble contradiction to the phase of mutually beneficial cooperation.

Ways to resolve the conflict:

• use of force
• compromise
• mediation
• arbitration

Social conflict is the highest stage in the development of contradictions in the system of relations between people, social groups, and society as a whole.

Causes of social conflicts:

• social heterogeneity of society
• difference in income levels, power, prestige, education
• religious differences
• socio-psychological traits of a person

Stages of social conflict:

• pre-conflict - conflict situation, the parties are aware of the growing tension,
• direct conflict,
• conflict resolution.

Consequences of the conflict

Negative consequences of social conflict:

• creating stressful situations
• disorganization of social life
• destruction of the social system

Positive consequences of social conflict:

• informing about the presence of social tension
• stimulating social change
• removal of social tension.

Ways out of social conflict:

• non-intervention - the hope that everything will work out by itself.
• Restoration - the return of society to the pre-conflict state, taking into account the new situation
• Renewal - an active way out of the conflict by discarding the old, developing the new
• Violent suppression
• Arbitration (UN)

Nations and international relations

Genus - a group of blood relatives who trace their origin along the same line.

Tribe- association of several genera.

Nationality- a historically established community of people, united by a common territory, language, culture, follows the tribe and precedes the nation.

Nations appear in the period of development of capitalist relations.

Nation- a historically established community, characterized by developed economic ties, a common territory, language, culture, psychological make-up, self-consciousness.

Nation signs:

1. the unity of the territory
2. unity of language
3. common historical destiny
4. general culture,
5. common self-consciousness - knowledge of the history of their people, respect for the nat. traditions, a sense of national dignity,
6. sustainable statehood,
7. unity of economic ties,
8. developed social structure.

Nationality- belonging to a particular nation

National minority- a significant set of people of a certain nationality living in the territory of a certain state, being its citizens, but not belonging to the indigenous nationality.

Diaspora – residence of a significant part of the population outside the country.

Ethnos- a set of people who have a common culture, aware of this community as an expression of a common historical destinies. It is a generalizing concept for a tribe, nationality, nation.

International relations:

1. relations between different states
2. relations between different nationalities within the same country.

Forms of interethnic relations:

1. peaceful cooperation

• ethnic mixing (interracial marriages)
• ethnic takeover assimilation- complete dissolution of one people in another (VPN, development of North America),
  1. ethnic conflict.

The main directions in the development of interethnic relations:

1. integration– striving for interaction, expansion of ties, perception of the best (EU)
2. differentiation- the desire of the nation for self-development, sovereignty, opposition of various ethnic groups (protectionism, extremism, separatism, etc.). Separatism- the desire of the nation to secession, isolation.

International conflict - an extreme form of contradiction between rival national formations created to protect national interests.

Causes of interethnic conflicts:

1. socio-economic - inequality in the standard of living, access to benefits
2. cultural and linguistic - insufficient use of language and culture in public life
3. ethnodemographic - the difference in the level of natural population growth
4. environmental
5. extraterritorial - non-coincidence of borders with the boundaries of the settlement of peoples
6. historical - past relationships of peoples
7. confessional

Types of ethnic conflicts:

1. state-legal - dissatisfaction with the legal status of the nation (Chechnya-Russia),
2. ethnoterritorial (Nagorno-Karabakh,)
3. ethno-demographic - restrictions for newcomers in comparison with the indigenous nationality (the Confederation of the Peoples of the Caucasus and the Russian authorities),
4. socio-psychological - violation of human rights (the rights of Russians in the Baltic states).

Discrimination- belittling, belittling, infringement of rights

Nationalism- ideology and politics based on the idea of ​​national superiority and national exclusivity.

Chauvinism the extreme degree of nationalism.

Genocide - deliberate and systematic extermination of the population on racial, national or religious grounds.

Segregation is a form of racial discrimination.

Ways to resolve interethnic conflicts:

1. humanistic approach to solving nat. problems:

— voluntary search for consent and renunciation of violence,

- recognition of the priority of human rights over the rights of the state, society, peoples,

Respect for the sovereignty of peoples;

1. negotiations between conflicting parties;
2. information path - the exchange of information between the parties on possible measures to overcome conflict situations;
3. application of the legal mechanism.

THE YOUTH.

The youth- this is a generation of people passing through the stage of growing up, i.e. the formation of the individual, the assimilation of knowledge, social values ​​and norms necessary in order to take place as a full-fledged and full member of society.

youth it is customary to call the period in a person's life from 14 to 30 years - between childhood and adulthood

WITH the point of view of leading activities, then this period coincides with the end education (learning activities) and entry into working life

From point of viewpsychology youth is a period finding my self, the assertion of a person as an individual, unique personality; the process of finding one's own special path to achieve success and happiness.

From a position of law youth - the time of the onset civil age(in Russia - 18 years). An adult person receives a full legal capacity, i.e. the opportunity to enjoy all the rights of a citizen (suffrage rights, the right to enter into a legal marriage, etc.) At the same time, a young person assumes certain responsibilities, among which - compliance with laws, paying taxes, caring for disabled family members, protecting the Fatherland.

From a philosophical point of view youth can be seen as opportunity time, the time of aspiration to the future. From this position, youth is a period of instability, change, criticality, a constant search for novelty. The interests of the young lie on a different plane than the interests of the older generations: young people, as a rule, do not want to obey traditions and customs - they want to transform the world, to establish their innovative values.

Thus, the youth- this is a specific socio-demographic group, the nature of which is determined by a combination of age characteristics, characteristics social status and a special psychological warehouse.

Teenager's problems

• Economic.

Young people are not financially well off, does not have her own housing, is forced to rely on the financial assistance of her parents. Youth wages are much lower than the average wages, extremely small and student scholarship.

• Spiritual.

Increasing in society the process of losing moral compass erosion of traditional norms and values. Youth, as a transitional and unstable social group, is most vulnerable to the negative trends of our time. Thus, the values ​​of labor, freedom, democracy, interethnic tolerance are gradually decreasing, and they are being replaced by consumer attitude to the world, intolerance to strangers, herding. At the same time, there is an avalanche-like criminalization of young people, the number of young people with social deviations, such as alcoholism, drug addiction, and prostitution, is growing.

• The main problem remains the problem of fathers and children associated with the conflict of values ​​between young people and the older generation.

More generally generation is an objectively emerging socio-demographic and cultural-historical community of people united by age and common historical living conditions. To refer to people who have some kind of demographic event in one year (birth, marriage, divorce), they use the concept cohort. For example, people born in the same year make up age cohort.

Compliance with the norms and traditions of the older generation ensures the sustainability of society. But traditional norms can become outdated - then they will play a destabilizing role. The same applies to innovations: some of them can be useful for society, and some of them are detrimental to it. Therefore, it is important to distinguish which values ​​should be maintained and which ones should be discarded.

Youth, on the one hand, is unprotected group, which is rather a destabilizing force in society, and on the other hand, it is a generation on which depends the future of the country. Such a special status of youth gives rise to the need for an adequate youth policy that can solve or mitigate existing problems, as well as direct the creative potential of young people into a creative direction.

Features of the social status of youth

• transitivity
• high level of mobility
• mastering new social roles (worker, student, citizen, family man) associated with a change in status.
• active search for one's place in life
• favorable professional and career prospects.

The youth- this is the most active, mobile and dynamic part of the population, free from stereotypes and prejudices of previous years and possessing the following socio-psychological qualities: mental instability; internal inconsistency; low level of tolerance (from lat. tolerantia - patience); the desire to stand out, to be different from the rest; the existence of a specific youth subculture.

It is typical for young people to unite in informal groups, which are characterized by the following signs:

• emergence on the basis of spontaneous communication in the specific conditions of the social situation;
• self-organization and independence from official structures;
• obligatory for participants and different from the typical, accepted in society, models of behavior that are aimed at the realization of vital needs that are not satisfied in ordinary forms (they are aimed at self-affirmation, giving social status, gaining security and prestigious self-esteem);
• relative stability, a certain hierarchy among group members;
• expression of other value orientations or even worldview, stereotypes of behavior that are uncharacteristic of society as a whole;
• attributes that emphasize belonging to a given community.

Youth policy is a system of state priorities and measures aimed at creating conditions and opportunities for successful socialization and effective self-realization of young people.

The goal of the youth policy:

comprehensive youth capacity development which, in turn, should contribute to the achievement of long-term goals - the social, economic, cultural development of the country, ensuring its international competitiveness and strengthening national security.

Youth policy system is made up of three components:

• legal conditions for the implementation of youth policy (ie the relevant legal framework);
• forms of youth policy regulation;
• information and material and financial support of youth policy.

The main directions of youth policy are:

• involvement of young people in public life, informing them about potential development opportunities;
• development of creative activity of youth, support of talented youth;
• integration of young people who find themselves in a difficult life situation into a full life.

These directions are implemented in a number of specific programs: legal advice, popularization of universal values, promotion of a healthy lifestyle, organization international cooperation youth, support for volunteer initiatives, assistance in finding employment, strengthening a young family, increasing civic engagement, helping young people in difficult situations, etc.

If desired, every young person is able to find in the media all necessary information about current projects and choose those that can help in solving his specific problems

The goals of the state youth policy in the Russian Federation:

• ensuring the continuity of generations,
• conservation and development national culture educating young people to respect the historical and cultural heritage of the country,
• education of patriots of the country, citizens of a right-wing state, respecting the rights and obligations of the individual, tolerant, respectful of the traditions and culture of other peoples, able to find compromises in resolving issues,
• the formation of a culture of interpersonal relations, the rejection of forceful methods of resolving conflicts within the country,
• formation of positive motivation labor activity, high business activity striving for professional development,
• all-round development of young people, their creativity, skills of self-realization of the individual, the ability to defend one's rights, the desire to participate in the activities of public organizations,
• the development of various social roles by young people, the formation of responsibility for their well-being and the state of society, the development of a culture of their social behavior,
• empowerment young man in choosing your life path, achieving personal success,
• non-admission of discrimination of young citizens based on age,
• realization of the innovative potential of youth in the interests of social development and the development of the youth themselves.

Directions of youth policy in the Russian Federation:

• ensuring the rights of young people,
• ensuring guarantees for young people in the field of labor and employment,
• promotion of youth entrepreneurship,
• state support for a young family,
• guaranteed provision of social services,
• support for talented youth
• formation of conditions aimed at the physical and spiritual development youth
• support for the activities of youth and children's associations,
• promotion of international youth exchanges.

SOCIAL POLITICS

Social policy is a set of measures of state influence aimed at regulating social processes and relations between people.

In a broad sense is the activity of the state in the development of the social sphere.

In a narrow sense is the activity of the state aimed at ensuring favorable conditions people's lives, their way of life and work.

Key Documents

• ILO Convention ( International Organization Labor) 1962. № 117 "On the main goals and norms social policy» (Geneva). It notes that any policy should be aimed at achieving the well-being of the population, as well as encouraging its aspirations for social progress. Raising the living standards of people should become a priority for the economy.
• Constitution of the Russian Federation based on the main provisions of ILO Convention No. 117 . Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation said: " Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person.

Tasks of social policy

• achievement of human and social welfare
• ensuring equal and fair opportunities for personal development.

Functions of social policy.

• Stabilizing– ensuring social sustainability and social security of society
• stimulating economic and social activity
• guaranteeing– ensuring guarantees of social support from the state, creating the foundations for ensuring the lower threshold material basis vital activity
• Protective– ensuring social security of all members of society in a crisis and a state of social risk
• Compensatory– elimination of external constraining conditions that prevent people from being active participants in social relations

Principles of social policy:

• principle social equality members of this society
• principle of social solidarity- general, united support, based on the commonality of the main vital interests and goals of the population of a given country,
• principle of social justice- socio-economic symmetry and equivalence in the life of society and its social groups.

The structure of social policy.

— Employment policy. – The policy of regulation of incomes of the population. – Policy of social guarantees. - Policy social protection. – Policy for the protection of health and environmental safety

Criteria for assessing the standard of living— data on the monetary incomes of the population and their dynamics; — data on real incomes and consumption expenditures; — data on the differentiation of real incomes by social groups of the population; — data on the prevalence and depth of poverty.
The subjects of social policy are participants in the process of developing its foundations, concepts, directions and those who are directly involved in its implementation:

• state
• political parties
• socio-political associations and movements,
• individual public organizations
• various charities
• individuals (sponsors, donors, patrons).

The object of social policy is the entire population of the country, but with an emphasis on social protection of low-income people, the disabled, etc.

Ways of carrying out social policy.

• State and municipal regulation.
• Social partnership is the integration of the interests of various social groups.
• Lobbying is the representation of the interests of certain social groups in government bodies.

Means of social policy:

• state legal documents(laws, resolutions, orders, etc.) and administrative decisions on the regulation of the social sphere;
• social programs and events;
• institutions and enterprises of the social sphere;
• state social standards (GMSS);
• economic standards governing the social sphere (tax leverage and incentives, tariffs, etc.);
• financial and credit means of development of the social sphere. New sources of financing have appeared: the Stabilization Fund, state off-budget funds, charity and sponsorship.

Other forms of social policy:

• economic (crediting to the population, taxation individuals and etc.);
• ecological (restoration of the natural environment, measures to eliminate the consequences of the impact of man-made factors on public health),
• external, international politics(IMF loans, repayment of public debts);
• ideological policy (formation of a positive image of an entrepreneur in the media), etc.

Model of social policy is a set of means used by the state to solve social issues.

There are the following models of social policy:

1. paternalistic socialist. Comprehensive responsibility of the state for the socio-economic situation of citizens; state monopoly of the production of all goods, including social ones; centralized distribution of social benefits.

Advantages of the model : a sense of social security, social stability.

Flaws : this system is not able to ensure the level of well-being of all citizens; equalizing principle of distribution of social benefits; a high degree of dependence of a person on the state.

1. Swedish model (Swedish socialism). A high level of regulation of the social sphere, but at the same time it is market system(Sweden, Norway, Finland).

Advantages of the model: provides a high level of social protection of citizens; high standards of living.

Flaws: high tax pressure on business; excessive system of unification of the social sphere and restriction of freedom of choice of social benefits by people.

1. The welfare state model. Typical market model with high level regulation of the social sphere. The state assumes the function of ensuring the social stability of citizens, provides a wide range of social services that the market cannot provide.
2. Model of "socially oriented market economy". Active certain system"social shock absorbers", which provides a standard of living not below the poverty line. At the same time, the state does not take on the tasks that citizens themselves can solve.
3. 5. Market social model. Differs in the greatest social rigidity, denationalization of the social sphere, minimization of social transfers (benefits, pensions).

Directions of social policy

1. Improving the social climate in society, reducing poverty and reducing the differentiation of the population in terms of income

Ways:

• Ensuring high rates of economic growth, creating efficient jobs and increasing wages.
• Ensuring positive changes in education and healthcare systems, increasing their accessibility and quality of services.
• Raise minimum size payment of tons of ore and wages of employees of budgetary organizations.
• Raising the average old-age pension.
• Increasing the effectiveness of social support for certain groups of the population.
• Orientation of the tax system to the problem of income leveling.

1. Improving Efficiency state support families

Ways

• Improving the system of granting benefits in connection with the birth and upbringing of children.
• Carrying out additional measures for state support of families with children, including expanding the market educational services for children and the scale of construction of affordable housing for families with children.
• Providing additional support to single-parent families with children and large families with low incomes, families that take up children left without parental care.
• Creation of programs of social support and assistance to the family in the upbringing of young children through the development of children's preschool institutions, prevention of family troubles.
• Strengthening the system of prevention of homelessness and neglect.
• Increasing the efficiency and accessibility of the network of social services to provide social and psychological support to children from families in a socially dangerous situation.
• Completion by 2020 of the process of modernization and development of the system social service families and children in accordance with international standards social services for families and children in developed European countries.
• Improving the order and procedure for the adoption of children, the admission of children to foster families.
• Creation of a system for the rehabilitation of disabled children

1. Rehabilitation and social integration of disabled people

Ways

• Improving the systems of medical and social expertise and rehabilitation of the disabled.
• Ensuring accessibility of housing, social infrastructure facilities, and transport for the disabled (Accessible Environment program).
• Creation of infrastructure for rehabilitation centers.
• Formation of the industry for the production of modern technical means rehabilitation.
• Strengthening the material and technical base of institutions of medical and social expertise, rehabilitation institutions and prosthetic and orthopedic enterprises.

1. Social services for older citizens and the disabled

Ways

• Ensuring the availability of high quality social services for all elderly and disabled citizens in need.
• Development of all forms of providing social services to elderly citizens and the disabled (non-stationary, semi-stationary, stationary and urgent social).
• development of paid forms of social services, taking into account the growth in incomes of elderly citizens and the disabled, and the formation of a network of comfortable boarding houses for the elderly for permanent and temporary residence.

1. Development of the sector of non-state non-profit organizations in the field of social services

Ways

• Transformation of the majority of state and municipal institutions of the social protection system that provide services to the elderly and disabled into non-profit organizations and the creation of a mechanism to attract them on a competitive basis to fulfill the state order for the provision of social services.
• Reduction of administrative barriers in the field of activity of non-governmental non-profit organizations.
• Creation of a transparent and competitive system of state support for non-governmental non-profit organizations providing social services to the population.
• Facilitating the development of practice charitable activities citizens and organizations, as well as the spread of voluntary activities (volunteering).

1. Formation of an effective system of social support for people in difficult life situations, and a system for the prevention of offenses.

• Integration of people who find themselves in a difficult life situation into the life of society.
• Formation of a system of social rehabilitation of minors and citizens released from places of deprivation of liberty and sentenced to penalties not related to deprivation of liberty, development of juvenile justice mechanisms.
• ensuring the humanization of the penitentiary system (i.e. the system of execution of sentences), including the provision of effective educational and educational work in the system of execution of sentences.

The material was prepared by: Melnikova Vera Alexandrovna.

A person participates in public life not as an isolated individual, but as a member of social communities - a family, a friendly company, a labor collective, a nation, a class, etc. His activities are largely determined by the activities of those groups in which he is included, as well as the interaction within groups and between groups. Accordingly, in sociology, society acts not only as an abstraction, but also as a set of specific social groups that are in a certain dependence on each other.

The structure of the entire social system, the totality of interrelated and interacting social groups and social communities, as well as social institutions and relations between them, is the social structure of society.

In sociology, the problem of dividing society into groups (including nations, classes), their interaction is one of the cardinal and is characteristic of all levels of theory.

The concept of a social group

Group is one of the main elements of the social structure of society and is a collection of people united by any significant feature - a common activity, common economic, demographic, ethnographic, psychological characteristics. This concept is used in jurisprudence, economics, history, ethnography, demography, psychology. In sociology, the concept of "social group" is usually used.

Not every community of people is called a social group. If people are just in certain place(on a bus, in a stadium), then such a temporary community can be called "aggregation". A social community that unites people on only one or a few similar grounds is also not called a group; the term "category" is used here. For example, a sociologist might categorize students aged 14 to 18 as youth; elderly people to whom the state pays allowances, provides benefits for paying utility bills - to the category of pensioners, etc.

social group- this is an objectively existing stable community, a set of individuals interacting in a certain way on the basis of several signs, in particular, the shared expectations of each member of the group regarding others.

The concept of a group as an independent one, along with the concepts of personality (individual) and society, is already found in Aristotle. In modern times, T. Hobbes was the first to define a group as "a certain number of people united by a common interest or common cause."

Under social group it is necessary to understand any objectively existing stable set of people connected by a system of relationships regulated by formal or informal social institutions. Society in sociology is considered not as a monolithic entity, but as a set of many social groups that interact and are in a certain dependence on each other. Each person during his life belongs to many such groups, among which are the family, the friendly team, the student group, the nation, and so on. The creation of groups is facilitated by similar interests and goals of people, as well as the realization of the fact that when combining actions, you can achieve a significantly greater result than with individual action. Wherein social activity Each person is largely determined by the activities of those groups in which he is included, as well as the interaction within groups and between groups. It can be stated with full confidence that only in a group a person becomes a person and is able to find full self-expression.

The concept, formation and types of social groups

The most important elements of the social structure of society are social groups And . Being forms of social interaction, they are such associations of people whose joint, solidarity actions are aimed at meeting their needs.

There are many definitions of the concept of "social group". So, according to some Russian sociologists, a social group is a collection of people who have common social signs performing a socially necessary function in the structure of the social division of labor and activity. The American sociologist R. Merton defines a social group as a set of individuals interacting with each other in a certain way, aware of their belonging to this group and recognized as members of this group from the point of view of others. He distinguishes three main features in a social group: interaction, membership and unity.

Unlike mass communities, social groups are characterized by:

• sustainable interaction, contributing to the strength and stability of their existence;
• a relatively high degree of unity and cohesion;
• clearly expressed homogeneity of the composition, suggesting the presence of signs inherent in all members of the group;
• the possibility of entering into broader social communities as structural units.

Since each person in the course of his life is a member of a wide variety of social groups that differ in size, nature of interaction, degree of organization and many other features, it becomes necessary to classify them according to certain criteria.

There are the following types of social groups:

1. Depending on the nature of the interaction - primary and secondary (Appendix, scheme 9).

primary group, according to C. Cooley's definition, is a group in which the interaction between members is direct, interpersonal in nature and has a high level of emotionality (family, school class, peer group, etc.). Carrying out the socialization of the individual, the primary group acts as a link between the individual and society.

secondary group- this is a larger group in which interaction is subordinated to the achievement of a specific goal and is formal, impersonal. In these groups, the focus is not on the personal, unique qualities of the members of the group, but on their ability to perform certain functions. Organizations (industrial, political, religious, etc.) can serve as examples of such groups.

2. Depending on the method of organization and regulation of interaction - formal and informal.

formal group- This is a group with a legal status, interaction in which is regulated by a system of formalized norms, rules, laws. These groups have a consciously set target, statutory hierarchical structure and act in accordance with the administratively established procedure (organizations, enterprises, etc.).

informal group arises spontaneously, on the basis of common views, interests and interpersonal interactions. It is deprived of official regulation and legal status. These groups are usually led by informal leaders. Examples are friendly companies, informal associations among young people, rock music lovers, etc.

3. Depending on the belonging of individuals to them - ingroups and outgroups.

Ingroup- this is a group to which the individual feels a direct belonging and identifies it as "mine", "our" (for example, "my family", "my class", "my company", etc.).

Outgroup- this is a group to which this individual does not belong and therefore evaluates it as "alien", not his own (other families, another religious group, another ethnic group, etc.). Each ingroup individual has his own outgroup rating scale: from indifferent to aggressive-hostile. Therefore, sociologists propose to measure the degree of acceptance or closeness in relation to other groups according to the so-called Bogardus' "social distance scale".

Reference group- this is a real or imaginary social group, the system of values, norms and assessments of which serves as a standard for the individual. The term was first proposed by the American social psychologist Hyman. The reference group in the system of relations "personality - society" performs two important functions: normative, being for the individual a source of norms of behavior, social attitudes and value orientations; comparative, acting as a standard for the individual, allows him to determine his place in the social structure of society, evaluate himself and others.

4. Depending on the quantitative composition and form of the implementation of connections - small and large.

- this is a directly contacting small group of people united to carry out joint activities.

A small group can take many forms, but the initial ones are the “dyad” and “triad”, they are called the simplest molecules small group. Dyad consists of two people and is considered an extremely fragile association, in triad actively interact three persons, it is more stable.

The characteristic features of a small group are:

• small and stable composition (as a rule, from 2 to 30 people);
• spatial proximity of group members;
• sustainability and longevity:
• a high degree of coincidence of group values, norms and patterns of behavior;
• intensity of interpersonal relationships;
• a developed sense of belonging to a group;
• informal control and information saturation in the group.

large group- This is a large group in its composition, which is created for a specific purpose and the interaction in which is mainly indirect in nature (labor collectives, enterprises, etc.). This also includes numerous groups of people who have common interests and occupy the same position in the social structure of society. For example, social-class, professional, political and other organizations.

A collective (lat. collectivus) is a social group in which all vital connections between people are mediated through socially important goals.

Characteristic features of the team:

• combination of interests of the individual and society;
• commonality of goals and principles that act for members of the team as value orientations and activity standards. The team performs the following functions:
• subject- the solution of the problem for which it is created;
• socio-educational- a combination of the interests of the individual and society.

5. Depending on the socially significant signs - real and nominal.

Real groups are groups identified according to socially significant criteria:

• floor- men and women;
• age- children, youth, adults, the elderly;
• income- rich, poor, prosperous;
• nationality- Russians, French, Americans;
• Family status- married, single, divorced;
• profession (occupation)— doctors, economists, managers;
• location- city dwellers, rural dwellers.

Nominal (conditional) groups, sometimes called social categories, - is allocated for the purpose of carrying out sociological research or population statistics (for example, to find out the number of passengers-beneficiaries, single mothers, students receiving nominal scholarships, etc.).

Along with social groups in sociology, the concept of "quasi-group" is singled out.

A quasi-group is an informal, spontaneous, unstable social community that does not have a definite structure and system of values, in which the interaction of people is, as a rule, of a third-party and short-term nature.

The main types of quasigroups are:

Audience is a social community united by interaction with a communicator and receiving information from him. The heterogeneity of this social education due to the difference personal qualities, as well as the cultural values ​​and norms of the people included in it, determines the different degree of perception and evaluation of the information received.

- a temporary, relatively unorganized, unstructured accumulation of people united in a closed physical space by a common interest, but at the same time devoid of a clearly perceived goal and interconnected by the similarity of their emotional state. Allocate the general characteristics of the crowd:

• suggestibility- people in the crowd are usually more suggestible than outside it;
• anonymity- an individual, being in the crowd, as if merges with it, becomes unrecognizable, believing that it is difficult to "calculate" him;
• spontaneity (infectiousness)- people in the crowd are subject to rapid transmission and change of emotional state;
• unconsciousness- the individual feels invulnerable in the crowd, out of social control, so his actions are "impregnated" with collective unconscious instincts and become unpredictable.

Depending on the way the crowd is formed and the behavior of people in it, the following varieties are distinguished:

• random crowd- an indefinite set of individuals formed spontaneously without any purpose (to watch a celebrity suddenly appear or a traffic accident);
• conventional crowd— a relatively structured gathering of people influenced by planned predetermined norms (spectators in a theatre, fans in a stadium, etc.);
• expressive crowd- a social quasi-group formed for the personal pleasure of its members, which in itself is already a goal and result (discotheques, rock festivals, etc.);
• acting (active) crowd- a group that performs some actions, which can act as: gatherings- an emotionally excited crowd gravitating towards violent actions, and revolting crowd- a group characterized by particular aggressiveness and destructive actions.

In the history of the development of sociological science, various theories have developed that explain the mechanisms of crowd formation (G. Lebon, R. Turner, and others). But for all the dissimilarity of points of view, one thing is clear: to control the command of the crowd, it is important: 1) to identify the sources of the emergence of norms; 2) identify their carriers by structuring the crowd; 3) purposefully influence their creators, offering the crowd meaningful goals and algorithms for further actions.

Among quasi-groups, social circles are closest to social groups.

Social circles are social communities that are created for the purpose of exchanging information between their members.

The Polish sociologist J. Szczepanski identifies the following types of social circles: contact- communities that constantly meet on the basis of certain conditions (interest in sports competitions, sports, etc.); professional- gathering for the exchange of information solely on a professional basis; status- formed about the exchange of information between people with the same social status (aristocratic circles, women's or men's circles, etc.); friendly- based on the joint conduct of any events (companies, groups of friends).

In conclusion, we note that quasi-groups are some transitional formations, which, with the acquisition of such features as organization, stability and structure, turn into a social group.

social structure- a set of interconnected and interacting social groups, as well as social institutions and relations between them. That is, it is an analysis of all significant differences between people in the process of their life.

-) Estate-class structure

--) The class structure of society

Class- a large social group that differs from other groups in relation to the means of production (ownership of the means of production or not), in terms of place in the system of social production (exploiters or exploited) and in terms of access to social wealth (distribution of benefits in society).

--) social stratification

social stratification- (lat. stratum - layer, layer) - differentiation of a given set of people into strata (layers) due to the uneven distribution of management functions, power and influence, rights and privileges, prestige and respect. Based on the social differentiation of society, a system of incentives to work is created in order to change one's social and property status.

Social strata - selection of groups by:

---) roles in the social organization of labor (organizers and production managers or ordinary performers);

---) methods and shares of obtaining social wealth (labor and non-labor);

---) the amount of income received;

---) the level and means of generating income;

---) physical and mental labor;

---) performance of management or subordination functions;

---) the amount of income received (the lion's share or miserable crumbs);

---) place of residence;

---) pastime;

---) amateur interests;

---) inclinations to certain free activities.

Marginal layers– groups of people who do not fit into the social structure of a given society (■ people from the countryside who do not fit into the rules of behavior and values ​​of urban residents, the disabled, the unemployed, vagrants, parasites, beggars, criminals). Estates- social groups that have rights and obligations enshrined in customs or laws and inherited. castes(Latin castus - pure) - closed groups of people performing specific, inherited, social functions.

-) Vocational and educational structure

These are people with higher and secondary education, students and schoolchildren, doctors and economists.

-) Ethnic structure of society

Genus- a group of blood relatives, leading their origin along the same line (maternal or paternal), having a common place of settlement, common language, common customs and beliefs. Tribe- the union of clans that came out of the same genus, but subsequently separated from each other.

Nationality- the unification of people by territorial, neighborly ties.

Nation- a form of community of people, characterized by signs: --) community of territory,

--) common language,

--) common economic life,

--) common features of the mental warehouse, fixed in the mentality of this people,

--) national identity.

-) Settlement structure

Settlement structure– spatial form of organization of society (■ townspeople and villagers). A city is a historically specific socio-spatial form of existence of a society that arose as a result of the social division of labor (separation of craft from Agriculture), a place of concentration of the population, occupied mainly by non-agricultural labor

-) Demographic structure

Family- a small social group based on marital union and family ties (husband and wife, parents and children, other relatives), on the joint management of a common household, united by a common life and mutual moral responsibility for raising children.

Family Functions:

--) reproductive- human reproduction.

--) Economic and consumer- housekeeping, a single budget, the implementation of "family power".

--) Educational- socialization of the child - his preparation for a future independent life.