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Fireworks interior. What substances are used in pyrotechnics? How fireworks work

A single salute is a tube, at the end of which there is a stand-stub. Device from the inside: a festival ball that creates a firework effect, a charge and a wick that goes out. When the wick is ignited, a buoyancy charge is triggered, causing the ball to fly out of the tube. While the ball is gaining maximum height, the moderator burns out in it, and the main charge of the ball itself is already initiated in the sky. Thus it is created beautiful effect salute.

Fireworks battery device

Salute batteries are pyrotechnic products that combine a certain amount of single fireworks. In one battery there can be various single fireworks - with different calibers and different visual effects. Therefore, batteries are best suited for organizing festive fireworks. The internal structure of the battery is similar to the device of a single salute, the only difference is the number of salutes. The main characteristics of the battery: caliber and number of volleys. Gauge is the diameter of the launch tube and is measured in inches. The larger it is, the more powerful the salute. The number of volleys is equal to the number of single salutes included in the battery.

Before launching a salute battery, be sure to carefully inspect its packaging. It must be intact, without stains, creases and traces of mechanical damage. Batteries in torn or dented packaging are not recommended. A damaged pyrotechnic product may either not work at all (at best), or it may work in an absolutely unpredictable way, which is fraught with serious consequences. It is safest to soak such a product for a day in water to neutralize combustible mixture and then dispose of.

The salute battery is launched as follows:

Open the top cover and fold it back at least 180 degrees.
Place the battery on a horizontal surface (it must be flat and non-slip). If the base of the battery is smaller than its height, it is necessary to insure against tipping over. To do this, overlay it with snow, earth or bricks.
Light the wick with a sparkler or lighter. Do this with your arm outstretched and without bending over the product.
Run quickly to a safe distance (at least 20m). Only now can you turn to face the salute battery.

Roman candle device

Roman candles (in pyrotechnic slang - Romans) at first glance seem to be quite simple products. In fact, the design of a Roman candle is quite complex. The Roman Candle is a multi-layer launch tube designed for multiple shots. For each salvo there are 3 mandatory element. Consider this construction from top to bottom:

Charge with pyrotechnic effect (asterisk).
The propellant charge needed to eject and fire the sprocket.
A retarder that transfers the fuse to the next charge.

Lit Roman candles are dangerous to hold in your hands. They should always be buried in the ground or snow at half the height, or attached with tape to a strong stick or reinforcement. The most important thing is to securely fasten Roman candles.

Pyrotechnic rocket device

Despite the fact that all rockets have the same device, they are considered the most interesting type of fireworks. Each rocket has a stabilizer - an item with carefully calibrated weight and dimensions. The rocket body itself or a wooden stick, on which the charge and engine are installed, can serve as a stabilizer. The engine is understood as a dense sleeve with a nozzle, in which there is a pyrotechnic composition in the form of a concave cone, which increases the combustion area. Also, each rocket has a moderator and a charge. The moderator burns out as the rocket climbs, and then a charge is initiated, which creates the visual effect of a salute.

Remember that missiles with broken stabilizers cannot be used! The flight path of such missiles can be completely unpredictable.

Clapperboard

Description
They are one of the simplest New Year's fireworks. The body is made of paper or plastic in the form of an oblong object (cylinder, cone, etc.). Pulling the cord ignites the friction-sensitive pyrotechnic composition, and the products of combustion eject its contents, usually paper confetti and serpentine, from the cracker.

Usage
The flapper should be firmly held with the cord down at an outstretched arm at an angle of 30-45 degrees, and with the other hand, sharply pull the cord.

The contents of the cracker fly out at high speed, so take care of your eyes, do not direct the cracker towards people or animals, fragile objects. Do not use the cracker near fire or hot objects, as they can set fire to the serpentine. Children may only use the clapperboard under adult supervision!

Petard

Description
Favorite pyrotechnics of pranksters, hooligans and airsoft players. The main effect is a loud pop when it explodes. Firecracker is a paper sleeve with a pyrotechnic composition. On one side, the sleeve is plugged with a paper or clay plug. On the other hand, a wick or a slowly burning incendiary mixture with a grating head is brought to the composition through a plug. In order to initiate a firecracker, wick firecrackers set fire to a wick sticking out, and grating firecrackers are ignited like a match - by rubbing against a special surface. There are firecrackers with combined effects - before the clap, the firecracker can rotate, jump, scatter sparks, fly up.

Usage:
Sharply strike the head of a grater firecracker on matchbox(or set it on fire from another heat source) and throw it 5-6 meters away from you. Put a wick firecracker on the ground or in the snow, set fire to the wick and quickly move away 5-6 meters.

Basic safety rules:
Do not carry firecrackers in your pockets and without packaging, do not disassemble firecrackers, and in no case do not hold a firecracker in your hand after ignition. It is strictly forbidden to throw firecrackers at people, animals, throw them into cans, buckets, bottles (a sufficiently powerful firecracker will break the container in which you put it, and fragments are formed flying from high speed. At the very least, you risk losing your sight.)

Bengal candle

Description
Often referred to simply as "sparkler", a sparkler is one of the most common and inexpensive fireworks. A candle is a metal rod or a wooden stick with a pyrotechnic composition applied to it. When burning, the candle scatters bright sparks. Some candles are equipped with a head that makes it easier to light the candle.

Usage
A Bengal candle is set on fire and held at arm's length by the open part at an angle of 30-45 degrees.

The largest candles are not recommended for use in small spaces. Colored sparklers should only be used on outdoors due to the presence of aggressive oxides in combustion products.

Roman candle

Description
Pretty serious fireworks. It is a long cardboard tube. A wick is placed at the top of the tube. Inside the tube is filled with alternating layers of slow-burning pyrotechnic composition, stars (pyrotechnic balls that are responsible for producing lighting effects at altitude) and gunpowder. The candle burns from top to bottom and successively shoots up burning stars. The most popular candles are loaded with fewer stars, but produce interesting light and sound effects.

Usage
The Roman candle is placed vertically, with the wick up and securely fastened. To do this, the candle should be firmly tied to a peg driven into the ground, or stuck into a metal pipe, soil or dense snow for at least 1/3 of the length of the candle. The wick is set on fire and retreat to a safe distance

Basic Precautions
Roman candles are not recommended to be held in the hand due to the possibility of destruction of the shell, which can lead to burns.

Firework

Description
A small paper (rarely metal) loaded cartridge case (barrel) that fires parachutes or burning stars to a height of 15-50 m. Salutes are often assembled into batteries up to several dozen trunks.

Usage
Fireworks are installed only on a hard and even surface, fixed, set fire to the wick and retreat to a safe distance.

Precautionary measures
Batteries of salutes with a small number of barrels should be secured to avoid capsizing when firing. For the same reason, it is not recommended to put such batteries on ice.

Fountain or volcano

Description
A cardboard case filled with a combustible substance. After igniting the wick in the upper part, it emits a stream of bright sparks to a height of up to several meters. The eruption of sparks may be accompanied by whistling, crackling, ejection of fireballs. Fountains burn from a few seconds to 2-3 minutes. Most fountains can only be used outdoors. Special low-smoke table and concert fountains are produced for the premises.

Usage
The fountain is fixed on the ground, set on fire and retreat to a safe distance.

Basic safety rules
Do not use indoors. Remove flammable objects, dry grass, etc. from the danger area. Do not pick up the fountain (if it does not have a special handle) and do not try to extinguish the burning fountain.

Sun

Description
Spectacular fireworks that rotate around a horizontal axis and scatter sparks, forming a bright circle of light. The device is similar to a fountain.

Usage
This type of fireworks is usually completed with a nail, which is threaded through a hole in the center of the sun and nailed to a vertical stand or tree at a height of at least one and a half meters. When installing, make sure that the stand rotates easily and that there are no protruding parts on the stand that could block the sun. For greater ease of rotation between the sun and the stand, you can insert a plastic washer, for example, a cork from a plastic bottle is suitable.

Rocket

Description
The rockets display the most eye-catching features of fireworks—an energetic start, a bright sparkling trail, a loud bang, and colorful lights. The rocket consists of an engine, a warhead and a stabilizer. At the end of the engine operation, the pyrotechnic composition ignites in the warhead and an explosion occurs. In small rockets, the engine and head are made in the form of a single paper sleeve. The stabilizer ensures that the rocket maintains a vertical direction in flight. Rockets take off to a height of up to 100 m. Most often, a wooden stick is a flight stabilizer. The stick is fixedly attached to the body of the rocket and flies with it.
Tail stabilized missiles are usually launched from launch pads attached to the missile. Such rockets are more expensive than rockets with a stick, but they have the appearance of a real rocket.

Usage
To launch a rocket with a stabilizer stick, it should be inserted as vertically as possible into a suitable bottle with a narrow neck or into a piece of paper or metal pipe for a length of at least 1/3 of the length of the stick. Do not stick a stick into the ground. rocket thrust may not be enough for takeoff.

Basic safety rules
The length and weight of the stick must match the type of rocket, so rockets with a broken, bent, or makeshift stabilizer cannot be launched. After the rocket explodes at altitude, the stabilizer falls back to the ground. For large rockets, the stabilizer is quite heavy, so the launch of such rockets should be carried out at a significant (100-150 m) distance from the audience. Rockets should be launched away from houses, trees, wires and power lines.

flying fireworks

Description
Flying fireworks spin on the ground and fly up to a height of up to 20 m, scattering sparks. Fireworks can glow brightly in various colors, pop, throw out a parachute. Usually it is a paper cylindrical body with wings. Some fireworks do not have wings and are lifted up by an additional jet engine.

Usage
To launch flying fireworks, you need a flat, smooth area measuring 50x50 cm, for example, a piece of cardboard.

Basic Security Measures
Do not launch fireworks near buildings, wires, in strong winds.

High-altitude fireworks ball with mortar launcher

Description
The most powerful and colorful fireworks are made using high-altitude fireworks. The ball is fired upwards from the launcher mortar to a height of 50 to 300 meters. At the top of the flight, the balloon breaks, creating a variety of effects.

Fireworks for launcher mortars have the shape of a ball, less often a cylinder. Ball bodies are made of laminated paper, cardboard or (for small calibers) plastic. An expelling powder charge is attached to the bottom of the ball. The charge is ignited with a fuse or an electric igniter and ejects the ball from the launch mortar.
Inside the ball is a bursting charge which is surrounded by pyrotechnic elements. At the top of the flight, the explosive charge ignites and breaks the shell of the ball with force, igniting and scattering pyrotechnic elements in all directions.

Balls vary in caliber, that is, size. The caliber of a firework is the diameter of the mortar from which it can be fired. Caliber is indicated in millimeters or inches (1 inch = 25.4 mm). The larger the caliber of the firework, the greater the height of its rise and the more colorful effect it produces. The safe use of this type of fireworks requires strict adherence to the instructions!

Usage / basic safety rules
Spectators must not enter the danger zone during fireworks. The diameter of the danger zone is always indicated on the packaging and is approximately equal to the caliber of the firework in millimeters. If the launch takes place with a large number of spectators, a cordon must be set up at the border of the danger zone.
The ball should be loaded into the launching mortar with outstretched arms and in no case should you look into the barrel or lean over the loaded mortar. Mortar should be directed away from the audience.

When recharging, the mortar should be thoroughly cleaned from the remnants of the previous charge.

Carefully lower the ball into the mortar and bring out the incendiary cord. The ball descends under its own weight. When loading a mortar, it is strictly forbidden to hold the charge by the wick or wires for electric ignition - this can lead to damage to the expelling charge or to premature operation of the electric igniter.
In the absence of a wick or if its length is less than 1 cm, you should refuse to launch the ball. (the time between ignition and mortar shot depends on the length of the wick)

The most frequent emergency situations
Operation of a bursting charge at low altitude. This can be caused by a design flaw or by using a mortar that does not match the size of the firework. If the spectators are at a safe distance, then no one will be hurt.

Bursting charge failure. In this case, an unexploded ball falls to the ground from a great height. Again, maintaining a safe distance should prevent injury.
After igniting the wick, it went out or the expelling charge did not work. In this case, you should not approach the mortar for 2 minutes, it is forbidden to look into the barrel. External examination you should make sure that there are no smoldering parts outside, after which, with outstretched arms, you can discharge the mortar by tilting the barrel down away from the audience and carefully shaking the ball onto a soft surface.

Where you can and where you can’t blow up fireworks, what fine you face, how to blow up so as not to go to the hospital, what to do if the fireworks didn’t explode, how to arrange a pyrotechnic show yourself, which you should never and never do - read the article:

When writing, materials from the site www.ru-fire.ru were used

A single salute is a tube, at the end of which there is a stand-stub. Inside are: a festival ball that creates the effect of fireworks, a charge and a wick that goes outside.

When the wick is ignited, a buoyancy charge is triggered, causing the ball to fly out of the tube. While the ball is gaining maximum height, the moderator burns out in it, and the main charge of the ball itself is already initiated in the sky. This creates a beautiful fireworks effect.

Fireworks Batteries

Salute batteries are pyrotechnic products that combine a certain number of single salutes. In one battery there can be various single salutes - with different calibers and different visual effects. Therefore, batteries are best suited for organizing festive fireworks. The internal structure of the battery is similar to that of a single salute, the only difference being the number of salutes. The main characteristics of the battery: caliber and number of volleys. Caliber is the diameter of the launch tube and is measured in inches. The larger it is, the more powerful the salute. The number of volleys is equal to the number of single salutes included in the battery.

The salute battery is launched as follows:

Open the top cover and fold it back at least 180 degrees.

Place the battery on a horizontal surface (it must be flat and non-slip). If the base of the battery is smaller than its height, it is necessary to insure against tipping over. To do this, overlay it with snow, earth or bricks.

Light the wick with a sparkler or lighter. Do this with your arm outstretched and without bending over the product.

Run quickly to a safe distance (at least 20m). Only now can you turn to face the salute battery.

Roman candles

Roman candles (in pyrotechnic slang - Romans) at first glance seem to be quite simple products. In fact, the design of a Roman candle is quite complex. The Roman candle is a multi-layered launch tube designed for multiple volleys. There are 3 mandatory elements for each salvo. Consider this construction from top to bottom:

Charge with pyrotechnic effect (asterisk).

The propellant charge needed to eject and fire the sprocket.

A retarder that transfers the fuse to the next charge.

pyrotechnic rockets

Despite the fact that all rockets have the same device, they are considered the most interesting type of fireworks. Each rocket has a stabilizer - an object with carefully calibrated weight and dimensions. The rocket body itself or a wooden stick, on which the charge and engine are installed, can serve as a stabilizer. The engine is understood as a dense sleeve with a nozzle, in which there is a pyrotechnic composition in the form of a concave cone, which increases the combustion area. Also, each rocket has a moderator and a charge. The moderator burns out as the rocket climbs, and then a charge is initiated, which creates the visual effect of a salute.

Remember that missiles with broken stabilizers cannot be used! The flight path of such missiles can be completely unpredictable.

03.11.2017

The history of pyrotechnic products began about two thousand years ago in China. Then local craftsmen mixed coal and sulfur, and then poured the substances into bamboo pipes. These devices were used to warn of danger - when set on fire, they produced huge clouds of smoke. Later, saltpeter was added to the mixture, and the bamboo reeds turned into full-fledged flying flares and fireworks.

What is inside?

Modern fireworks and firecrackers also work on the principle of burning explosives. In the store you can buy a lot of fireworks: Roman candles, fountains, firecrackers, rockets, butterflies.

At the same time, from a technical point of view, they do not differ much from the ancient Chinese rockets. Inside, crackers are a tube full of an explosive chemical mixture. As a flammable reagent, black or smokeless powder is most often used. If the sky remains crystal clear after the fireworks are launched and there is no smell of smoke, it means that the pyrotechnics use a smokeless component - nitrocellulose.

To make the fireworks the most colorful and brightest, sodium, aluminum or magnesium is added to the mixture. When oxidized, these substances release a large amount of heat, so from the ground the explosion looks like a beautiful white flash. A variety of chemical additives color picturesque explosions in an amazing palette of colors. To get green glimpses, pyrotechnicians add barium, for yellow - sodium salts. Everyone's favorite red sparks create strontium and lithium. Often in the composition of the explosive mixture, you can see components that enhance the color of the flame and give color saturation. These catalysts include calcium or chlorine.

Why is it so beautiful?

All these substances create only large multi-colored explosions. How do you get different lighting effects? Depending on what impression the flying fireworks should make, a different number of reacting components are laid into it.

So, for high-altitude rockets, the ratio of elements in the combustible substance should allow pyrotechnics to rise up for a long time. If you have a multi-stage rocket in front of you, then inside it is divided into sections, the explosion of each of which ignites the next. And if you are dealing with batteries of fireworks that shoot crackers, then the design consists of two types of charge - a composition for launching a rocket and a composition for exploding colorful fireworks.

After the first pops, the rockets shoot up into the sky and explode into millions of amazing flashes. The beautiful, multi-colored sparks that appear when fireworks are launched are nothing more than the process of burning metal. Sawdust of aluminum, zinc or titanium is added to the mixture. Solid particles ignite when heated and create small sparkling stars.

In order for pyrotechnics to decorate the holiday and amuse the guests, you need to carefully consider the choice of fireworks. The PiterSalut company offers only first-class models of flying fireworks and firecrackers that will make your holiday unforgettable.