An assessment by a society or a social group of the social significance of certain positions occupied by people is called. Social roles and statuses Society's assessment of the social significance of the position

in psychology) (social understanding), a method by which people evaluate their own behavior and the behavior of others. devoted to the work of the Austrian on origin. Fritz Heider (1896-1988) The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations (1958). He believed that people often attach meaning to not always explainable facts of their lives, linking them to non-obvious causal factors, for example, moods (in such cases great importance has a sense of self). Hyder also paid great attention to biases in assessing the behavior of other people. For example, we clearly fall into prejudice when we believe that another person fully shares our opinion. We also exaggerate the role of such factors as ability, character, intentions, and underestimate the role of many others. ext. factors such as societies, pressures, and the difficulty of accomplishing the task facing the individual. There is disagreement among psychologists about the reasons for such prejudices. According to ongoing research, people have developed def. representations (scenarios) regarding the consequences of behavior. They do not need a special causal analysis, because Scenarios provide ready-made predictions and explanations. Psychologists draw on Haider's ideas to understand how the evaluation people give to success and failure affects motivation and predisposition to depression (interpersonal perception, social identity theory).

PHILOSOPHY Ed. V.P. Kokhanovsky

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Minsk STC "API" 1998

PHILOSOPHY Ed. B.S. Tribuleva

Minsk BSPA 1994.

BASICS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC KNOWLEDGE

Minsk BSPA 1994.

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Minsk IP "Ekoperspektiva" 1997.

E.V. ZOLOTUKHINA-ABOLINA "COUNTRY PHILOSOPHY"

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PHILOSOPHY Ed. Yu.A. Harina

Minsk "Higher School" 1993.

MOGILEV SCHOOL OF POLICE

MIA OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS

CYCLE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DISCIPLINES

COURSE "FOUNDATIONS OF PHILOSOPHICAL KNOWLEDGE"

LECTURE ON THE TOPIC N 10

" INDIVIDUAL. FREEDOM. VALUES. "

TIME: 2 HOURS

PREPARED: HEAD

CYCLE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DISCIPLINES

POLICE LIEUTENANT COLONEL

GODUN A.N.

THE LECTURE IS DISCUSSED AND APPROVED AT THE SESSION OF THE CYCLE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DISCIPLINES ON OCTOBER 24, 1999. PROTOCOL N 3

MOGILEV, 1999.

LECTURE PLAN

INTRODUCTION

INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY.

THE ROLE OF THE PERSON IN THE PROGRESS OF SOCIETY.

INCREASE IN INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM AS

CRITERION OF PUBLIC PROGRESS.

INTRODUCTION

Considering the previous topic of the course "Man as a Philosophical Problem", we found out that, unlike other biological species living on planet Earth, man is a unique being.

At the same time, it combines both biological and social principles. That is, he can become a person, a person only by living in a society, among his own kind.

Purpose of the lecture: find out what place a person occupies in society, how relations are built in the system a person - society, what influence a person can have on social progress.

I. INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY.

When we talk about a person - "he is a person", we mean that he is a mentally normal person, able to independently think and act sensibly. But each of us can become a person only in society, in the process of life, activity and communication with other people.

In society, each person occupies a certain position, which depends on the functions performed by him - the president, a member of the government, an officer, a doctor, a teacher, an engineer, a worker. In other words, each of us has our own social status.

Social status is an assessment by society of a person's position in it.

The formation of social status is influenced by both objective and subjective reasons.

Objective reasons - do not depend on the person himself. This is his social origin, nationality, gender.

Subjective reasons are the personal qualities of a person, his qualifications, education.

It is thanks to these subjective factors that a person has the opportunity to significantly change his social status. Today, subjective factors play a major role in determining social status.

I'll give you an example. Let's take two young people - your peers. But one of them was born in Mexico, in a simple peasant family, and the other - in the family of a British lord.

Do you think they will have the same starting positions?

Of course not. Moreover, not only in those countries where they were born.

So, admission to any prestigious university in the world - Harvard, Cambridge, Oxford, Sarbon for a descendant of a British lord would not be a big problem - there would be money available for tuition fees. And for a Mexican, even legal entry into any developed country world can be a serious problem.

Recently, however, among the well-known names of scientists, businessmen, Chinese, Korean, Latin American are increasingly common. That is, representatives of various social groups were able to overcome the inequality of starting social positions and, thanks to work, perseverance, and intellectual activity, significantly change their social status.

I will give examples. In 1949, two young Americans, whose entire capital was $50, decided to start their own business. The amount that they had was scanty, but they had a great desire, passion and a favorite thing to which they wanted to devote their whole lives. Having rented an old garage and repaired it, they create a radio equipment repair workshop here. They worked 12 hours a day and gradually accumulated the necessary amount to expand the business. They were among the first who began to create a prototype of such a familiar today personal computer. The young men's names were Hulerd and Packard. Currently, it is one of the most prosperous companies in the production of computer peripherals.

time he is CEO largest computer

corporations Microsoft producing the latest software

And his name is Bill Gates.

The opportunity to change the social status is greater, the higher the level of civilized society.

Was it possible for a commoner to become a nobleman in pre-Petrine times in Russia?

Now, in the civilized countries of the world, every person has rights that make it possible to freely move up the social ladder, from a farmer to a president.

For example, the President of the Republic of Belarus is Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko. Born into a simple peasant family, and thanks to his abilities, diligence and other qualities, he became the first President of the Republic of Belarus.

Or ex-president United States of America - Ronald Reagan. He was also born into a farmer's family and later became the head of state. Moreover, he showed outstanding abilities in government and was re-elected for a second term - a very rare phenomenon for the United States of America.

At the same time, it should be remembered that a person can realize himself as a person within the framework of any social status. It is no coincidence that the well-known Russian proverb says: "It is not the place that makes the man, but the man the place!" Therefore, the best realization of the abilities of the individual is possible with its harmony with the activity that it performs.

It often happens that an excellent practical worker becomes a bad administrator, after an appropriate appointment. Therefore, in your future service, think and weigh before agreeing to tempting offer. And if you are not interested in the activity that you will be doing, it is better to stay on previous work. Otherwise, disappointment awaits both you and those people with whom you will work.

The concept of social status is closely related to the concept prestige. Prestige- this is an assessment by the people themselves of the significance of their position in society.

In a civilized society, social status and prestige usually coincide.

For example, the social status of a doctor, a scientist, a policeman, a teacher, and a skilled worker is very high. At the same time, these professions are very prestigious in developed countries.

The lower the level of civilized society, the more social status and prestige do not match.

So, in the early 90s in the former republics of the Union it was very prestigious to be a "shuttle", a director commercial bank, a private entrepreneur. At the same time, many were simply embarrassed to admit that they work as engineers, teachers, doctors - these professions were so unprestigious at that time. But without them, that society cannot exist!

Do you think this situation still exists in our Republic?

Individual and society are in active relationship with each other. Society forms a person, develops and educates him.

And the more society gives to a person, the more it can expect from him.

At the same time, a person is also responsible to society.

When establishing mutual relations between a person and society, the most complete realization of the abilities of the individual is possible, and how

consequence - the whole society.

An example is the Swedish society.

For a long time, the state encouraged the production of material values ​​here, stimulated market relations under the control of the state, regulated the even distribution of income among the population. By the way, Sweden ranks first in the world in terms of even distribution of income among the country's population. The country has one of the highest living standards in the world.

The state covers the rent if it unnecessarily burdens the budget of a Swedish family.

Each child under 16 years old is charged up to 5000 kroons if there is one parent in the family.

The state largely bears the cost of medical care for each citizen.

Excellent conditions for work and rest are created.

But every inhabitant of Sweden has comprehended the truth: well-being does not arise from nothing, it cannot be personal, isolated from society.

Swedes give more than 50% of their income to the state in the form of taxes. They are distinguished by a very high level of citizenship. Sweden is one of the most law-abiding countries.

As we can see, very harmonious relations between society and the individual are really developing here.

The realization of a person's abilities is also connected with ensuring the guarantees of the rights of the individual.

And it depends on the political regime that is taking shape in society. The mode can be of three types: democratic, authoritarian and totalitarian.

Democratic regime- this is the most progressive political order, as it creates conditions for the true freedom of the individual, his creativity and self-expression in all spheres of activity.

(we show slide N 1)

In a democratic regime, the individual has the opportunity to influence the process of making and implementing the most important political decisions.

(we show slide N 2)

Totalitarian regime - represents the violent political domination of a group of "chosen" headed by a leader.

(we show slide N 3)

In conditions totalitarian regime the personality is completely suppressed and is in complete submission to the ruling group.

CONCLUSION:

Thus, each of us can realize himself as a person only by living in society, occupying a certain social status.

The social status of a person is determined by both objective and subjective reasons. The individual and society are closely interconnected. With the establishment of harmonious relations between them, the most complete realization of the individual, and as a result, of the whole society, is possible.

social status

social status (from lat. status- position, state) of the individual - this is the position of a person in society, which he occupies in accordance with his age, gender, origin, profession, marital status.

social status - is a certain position in social structure group or society, linked to other positions through a system of rights and obligations.

Sociologists distinguish several varieties of social statuses:

1) The statuses determined by the position of the individual in the group are personal and social.

personal status the position of a person that he occupies in the so-called small, or primary, group is called, depending on how his individual qualities are evaluated in it.

On the other hand, in the process of interaction with other individuals, each person performs certain social functions that determine him. social status.

2) Statuses determined by the time frame, the impact on the life of the individual as a whole - the main and non-main (episodic).

Main status determines the main thing in a person’s life (most often this is the status associated with the main place of work and family, for example, a good family man and an irreplaceable worker).

Episodic (non-main) social statuses affect the details of human behavior (for example, a pedestrian, a passenger, a passer-by, a patient, a participant in a demonstration or strike, a reader, a listener, a viewer, etc.).

3) Statuses acquired or not acquired as a result of free choice.

Prescribed (assigned) status - a social position that is prescribed in advance to an individual by society, regardless of the merits of the individual (for example, nationality, place of birth, social origin, etc.).

mixed status has the features of prescribed and achieved statuses (a person who has become disabled, the title of academician, Olympic champion, etc.).

Reachable ( acquired) acquired as a result of free choice, personal efforts and is under the control of a person (education, profession, material wealth, business connections, etc.).

In any society, there is a certain hierarchy of statuses, which is the basis of its stratification. Certain statuses are prestigious, others are vice versa. This hierarchy is formed under the influence of two factors:

a) the real usefulness of those social functions that a person performs;

b) the system of values ​​characteristic of a given society.

If the prestige of any statuses is unreasonably high or, on the contrary, underestimated, it is usually said that there is a loss of status balance. A society in which there is a similar tendency to lose this balance is unable to ensure its normal functioning.

Prestige - it is a public assessment social significance of one status or another, enshrined in culture and public opinion.

Each individual can have a large number of statuses. The social status of the individual primarily affects its behavior. Knowing the social status of a person, one can easily determine most of the qualities that he possesses, as well as predict the actions that he will carry out. Such expected behavior of a person, associated with the status that he has, is commonly called a social role.

social role It is a status oriented behavior pattern.

social role - it is a pattern of behavior recognized as appropriate for people of a given status in a given society.

Roles are determined by people's expectations (for example, the notion that parents should take care of their children, that an employee should conscientiously carry out the work entrusted to him, has taken root in the public mind). But each person, depending on the specific circumstances, accumulated life experience and other factors in its own way performs a social role.

Claiming to given status, a person must fulfill all the role requirements assigned to this social position. Each person has not one, but a whole set of social roles that he plays in society. The totality of all the roles of a person in society is called role system or role set.

Role set (role system)

role set - a set of roles (role complex) associated with one status.

Each role in the role set requires a specific manner of behavior and communication with people and is thus a collection of relationships unlike any other. The role set includes basic (typical) And situational social roles.

Examples of basic social roles:

1) a worker;

2) owner;

3) consumer;

4) a citizen;

5) family member (husband, wife, son, daughter).

Social roles can be institutionalized And conventional.

Institutionalized roles: institution of marriage, family (social roles of mother, daughter, wife).

Conventional Roles accepted by agreement (a person may refuse to accept them).

Social roles are associated with social status, profession or type of activity (teacher, pupil, student, seller).

A man and a woman are also social roles, biologically predetermined and involving specific ways of behavior, fixed by social norms or customs.

Interpersonal roles are associated with interpersonal relationships that are regulated on an emotional level (leader, offended, family idol, loved one, etc.).

Role behavior

From the social role as a model of behavior, one should distinguish the real role behavior, which means not socially expected, but the actual behavior of the performer of a particular role. And here much depends on personal qualities individual, on the degree of assimilation by him social norms, from his beliefs, attitudes, value orientations.

Factors determining the process of implementing social roles:

1) biopsychological capabilities of a person, which may contribute to or hinder the performance of a particular social role;

2) the nature of the role adopted in the group and the features of social control, designed to monitor the implementation of role-playing behavior;

3) personal pattern, defining a set of behavioral characteristics necessary for the successful performance of the role;

4) group structure, its cohesion and degree of identification of the individual with the group.

In the process of implementing social roles, certain difficulties may arise related to the need for a person to perform in different situations many roles → in some cases, the discrepancy between social roles, the emergence of contradictions and conflict relations between them.

Role conflict and its types

Role conflict - a situation in which a person is faced with the need to satisfy the requirements of two or more incompatible roles.

Types of role conflicts:

Type name	His essence
Intra-role	A conflict in which the requirements of the same role contradict each other (for example, the role of parents involves not only kind, affectionate treatment of children, but also demanding, strictness towards them).
Interrole	A conflict that arises in situations where the requirements of one role conflict with the requirements of another (for example, the requirements of a woman's main job may come into conflict with her household duties).
Personal-role	A conflict situation when the requirements of a social role are contrary to the interests and life aspirations of the individual (for example, professional activity does not allow a person to reveal and show his abilities).

QUESTIONS:

1. Establish a correspondence between status types and their examples: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second column.

			TYPES OF STATUS
	heir to the throne		prescribed
	world champion		achieved
	department head in a company

2. When applying for a job, citizen A. filled out a questionnaire in which she indicated that she was a specialist with higher education, comes from a family of employees, is married and has two children. Name one prescribed and two achieved statuses of citizen A., which she noted in the questionnaire. On the example of one of the named achieved statuses, indicate the status rights and obligations.

1. The prescribed status is a woman.

2. Achieved statuses - a specialist with a higher education, a married lady and a mother of two children.

3. As the mother of her children, she is obliged to bear moral and legal responsibility for them, to ensure a decent standard of living. Just like the mother of her children, she has the right to choose educational institution for them, with whom to communicate, etc.

1) socialization of the individual

2) differentiation of society

3) social status

4) prestige

Of the listed factors that affect the social status of a person, name the one that is objective, that is, does not depend on his desire

1) social background

2) education

3) skill level

4) profession

8. Are the following statements correct?

A. Social adaptation is the process of adapting a person to a changing social environment with the help of various social means.

B. For the successful socialization of the individual, adaptation does not matter.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

Acquired is the status

1) daughter 3) Russian

2) melancholic 4) businessman

10. Representatives of what social group could say: "We are not completely strangers everywhere, we are not completely ours everywhere."

1) political elite 3) outcasts

2) industrial workers 4) farmers

11. What is the status of prescribed?

1) driver

2) student

3) man

4) deputy

social roles.

1. Are the following statements correct?

A. Social role determines the model of behavior in a given situation.

B. All social roles are formally assigned to a person.

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

The totality of the functions learned and performed by a person and the patterns of behavior corresponding to them constitute the content of his

1) rights in society

2) social role

3) obligations to society

4) competencies

3. Are the following judgments about a person's social roles correct?

A. The social roles of a person are determined by his social status.

B. There are no differences between the concepts of "social role" and "social status".

1) only A is true

2) only B is true

3) both statements are correct

4) both judgments are wrong

Princess Olga set the amount of tribute for the Drevlyans and Novgorodians. In this historical fact, her

1) social background

2) social adaptation

3) social mobility

4) social role

Inequality and social stratification.

An example of social stratification along political lines is

the following characteristic of the state of N.:

1) there are rich and poor people

2) incomes of the population are differentiated

3) layers of managing and managed

4) social groups are distinguished by the nature of their activities

1. In country N, the opportunity to receive a good education is determined by the level of a person's income. That's an example

1) social stability

2) social inequality

3) social mobility

4) socialization

1. Which society is characterized by stratification?

1) only industrial 3) only feudal

2) only medieval 4) anyone

1. The guarantee of the stability of society is the growth in the number of

1) Outcasts 3) hired workers

2) middle class 4) bourgeoisie

Restriction in obtaining education on a national basis is

1) genocide 3) nationalization

2) discrimination 4) socialization

The criterion for the stratification of society can be

1) commitment political ideology

2) membership in a political party

3) income level

4) development of personal abilities

7. Social inequality is

1) separation by age and gender

2) social conditions under which people have different opportunities to enjoy social benefits

3) all the changes taking place in society

4) different level development of mental abilities

8. social stratification- This

1) system of criteria social stratification

2) type of political activity

3) the opportunity to participate in government

4) the opportunity to get a new status

Economic problems are not the only difficulties faced by the state. Another area is social problems.

Between themselves, these factors are closely interconnected, and to one degree or another are found in any country. Below IQReview prepared an analysis, highlighting and describing the current social problems in Russia and their impact on the lives of citizens.

What are social problems?

According to Wikipedia, social problems are situations, events and conditions that directly or indirectly negatively affect a citizen from the point of view of society. At first, this term ("social problem") referred only to the unequal distribution of wealth. It began to be used at the beginning of the 19th (19th) century, in Western Europe.

The list of problems has changed and continues to change over time with:

changing circumstances (economic, social, political);

And changing living standards citizens;

change in the minds of citizens.

Types and classification

U s All problems can be divided into:

Socio-economic. This includes all factors related to finances and material conditions.

Social and household. They include factors related to providing citizens with affordable housing, living conditions, material difficulties of young and large families.

Socio-psychological. Includes factors relating to the family and internal relationships between relatives. This also includes family conflicts, domestic violence, infidelity, divorce.

Socio-political problems. This includes the arms race, regional and state conflicts, the growth of violence in individual countries and the world as a whole. This also applies to conflicts on religious or ethnic grounds.

E If another wording is given, the classification of problems will look like this:

between social groups.

Between classes.

between separate individuals.

between social systems.

TO global issues include the following factors:

Demographic. In global terms, it is associated with the overall growth of the world's population. In a number of states, it concerns a decrease in the number of inhabitants.

Food. It concerns the need to provide residents with food.

Energy. It concerns the need to provide the population of the planet with energy.

Ecological. Regarding pollution environment and waste disposal.

List of major problems in Russia and the world

Actual social problems all over the world are the same. The difference lies in the fact that in some countries some problems are more acute, while others are less so. In some states, some social problems are practically absent: percentage their manifestations are very small.

Now let's have a list. Current social problems today are as follows:

Alcoholism, drug addiction (both among adults and among minors).

Banditry, crime - both children's and "adult", terrorism, prostitution, extremism.

Homelessness, violations of children's rights, abortions, abandonment of children.

Fascism, conflicts arising on religious, national, ethnic grounds.

Inequality between classes of residents (when one part of the citizens is poor, and the other is rich).

Unemployment, poverty, insufficient wages.

Disability (a high number of disabled relative to total strength population), attitude towards citizens with disabilities.

Demographic crisis: high mortality, low birth rate, high number of citizens who emigrated, a large percentage of pensioners and elderly citizens.

Environmental pollution, the possibility of a man-made disaster.

Health status: increased incidence, epidemics, high chance of infection.

Social inequality, infringement of certain categories of citizens.

Corruption (does not depend on the level economic development- can manifest itself both in a poor and in a rich state).

Inflation.

Suicide (large number of cases relative to population).

Restriction of the rights of citizens, suppression of freedom of speech, movement.

Low level of education, lack of specialists.

Population of Russia

The full list of these problems is most clearly manifested in third world countries. In addition to their acute manifestation, in such states there is also a complete (or ineffective) system for solving them. That is, no one tries to influence the situation. As a result, the harmful situation can progress and last for years and even decades.

In more developed countries, these problems also exist, but they are felt much weaker.

In Russia, the key negative factors are poverty and low salaries, even for narrow-profile specialists and in-demand professions.

Less serious social problems are:

High level of corruption, "nepotism", promotion of "their own". It can be traced in all structures.

Unemployment, lack of jobs in the regions.

Alcoholism.

Violence in family.

The remaining social problems in the Russian Federation are mostly the result of these factors, and to some extent depend on them.

Brief statistics

The social problems of Russia in numbers have the following indicators (for 2016):

Alcoholism. Among about 5 million are alcoholics (of which 6% are minors).

Addiction. There are about 3 million citizens who constantly use drugs. Among them, 60% are aged 16-30 years, 20% are minors, 20% are citizens over 30 years old.

Crime. 2.16 million crimes were registered (10% lower than in 2015). Among them, 44% were cases of theft of other people's property. Every second crime was committed by persons who had previously violated the law, and every third was committed while intoxicated.

Corruption. RF belongs to the countries with high level corruption. The most corrupt sectors of the social sphere (medicine, housing and communal services), law enforcement agencies and some state organizations(land distribution, government orders and public procurement, certification).

Unemployment. Unemployed - 4.1 million (compared to 2015, there is a decline in unemployment by 0.4%).

Inflation: 5.4% (in 2015 it exceeded 12%).

abortion. In 2015, at the request of women, 447,000 abortions were performed. According to statistics, the number of abortions in the Russian Federation has been steadily declining over the past two decades. For comparison: in 1995, 2.76 million abortions were performed in the Russian Federation.

Suicide. For 100 thousand citizens - 15.4 (for 2016). This is the lowest figure since 1960. In the "nineties" the Russian Federation ranked second in the world in terms of the number of suicides, in 2013 - the fourteenth, in 2016 - the thirtieth. About 22% of suicides, according to statistics, are committed by citizens aged 40-49 years, and men are 6 times more likely than women.

Ethnic conflicts. Due to the multi-ethnic composition of the population of the Russian Federation, conflicts on national and religious grounds often arise. They mainly take place in major cities(where large diasporas of other nationalities live) and in cities located close to the southern borders.

Violence in family. Statistics on this type of crime is complicated due to the fact that about 60-70% of cases are not brought to law enforcement agencies, and about 97% of cases do not reach the court. According to rough estimates, about a quarter of all families are at risk (family violence is present to some extent).

homelessness. The exact number of homeless children in the country has not been established, according to approximate estimates, it is several thousand. There are about 72,000 children of various ages in orphanages. More than 500,000 children are complete orphans, but are brought up in other families.

Prostitution. In 2014, according to rough estimates, the number of employees in this industry was about 3 million.

Health status. Out of 188 countries, the Russian Federation was in 119th place in terms of the health of citizens. There are about 1.5 million HIV-infected citizens. About 300 thousand citizens die from cancer every year. Statistics on tuberculosis - 9 cases per 100 thousand of the population. In general, the assessment of the situation is below average.

Social inequality. According to official statistics around the world, the rating of the Russian Federation in the list of countries is high, but far from the "leaders" (in which inequality is most pronounced).

Demographic situation. Since 2010, the population has been growing steadily. As of the beginning of 2017, it is 146,804,372 citizens. From 1996 to 2009 inclusive, there was a demographic crisis: the population was steadily declining (from 148.291 million in 1996 to 141.9 million in 2009). The situation is more complicated with the age of the nation: the number of pensioners (at the end of 2016) is almost 43 million (that is, almost a third of the total number).

Disability. In 2015, there were almost 13 million people with disabilities in the Russian Federation. Among them are 605,000 disabled children (under the age of 18).

Poverty. According to Rosstat, 21.4 million Russians (14.6% of the total population) can be considered poor. In fact, this indicator is much higher, because (by which the amount of poverty is calculated) is much lower than the real amount needed for a living. According to various estimates, from 40 to 70 million citizens (that is, slightly less than half) are below the poverty line.

Poverty rate in Russia

The relationship between individual factors

Almost all problems are closely interrelated and usually do not develop independently, but in a complex manner.

Larger and more serious factors "pull" several related problems:

The growth of unemployment leads to poverty, an increase in crime, prostitution, social inequality, and a demographic crisis.

An increase in the number of alcoholics, drug addicts leads to an increase in crime, prostitution, domestic violence, early mortality, suicide, and an increase in morbidity statistics.

The growth of crime entails increased corruption and prostitution.

T social andeconomic problems. In the event of a long the decline of the state economy will be aggravated by the following negative factors, along the chain:

Decrease in the standard of living, incomes of the population.

Rising unemployment.

The growth of crime.

Exacerbation of the problem of alcoholism and drug addiction - as citizens in difficult situations often resort to alcohol and drugs to distract themselves.

Increasing incidence of domestic violence.

Decline in the birth rate, aslow-income families do not have enough money to provide for the child.

The deterioration of the health status of the population is due to cheap food, lack of funds for treatment and medicine, and difficult working conditions.

Reasons for the appearance

Actual social problems are a consequence arising from various causes. Each problem individually appears due to certain conditions. Often one problem is a consequence of another, since they are all closely related.

If we consider groups of problems, then the causes of their occurrence include:

Demographic, family problems. They arise due to the low level of prosperity of the population, unemployment, low level of medical care, lack of social programs (or their low quality) aimed at supporting families with children.

Crime. It is growing due to high unemployment, alcoholism and drug addiction, poor work of law enforcement agencies.

Fascism and conflicts arising on religious, national or ethnic grounds. It manifests itself due to the presence of two or more different social groups in a certain area. Also, the reason may be historical background, because of which some groups are aggressive towards others.

Corruption. It arises due to weak control by the state, the lack of public control over the activities of power structures by the population (or the lack of response from law enforcement agencies).

Poor health status of the population, high percentage of disability. It arises due to insufficient funding for medicine, low living standards, poor environmental conditions, outdated production technologies, alcoholism and drug addiction.

Social inequality. Occurs due to big difference between the living conditions of different groups of the population (in terms of income, opportunities, benefits).

Violence Statistics

You can select and common factors that lead to the development and progression of problems:

Weak control of the state apparatus, slow (or ineffective) response to emerging problems (or lack of it at all).

Not enough effective work law enforcement and other regulatory agencies.

Insufficiently effective work of educational institutions.

The poor state of the economy as a whole.

High population density.

Too fast change(technical progress, rapidly changing fashion trends), which leads to the development of a consumer behavior model, when the population seeks to have all the fashionable goods, spending money on it. Also in this case, people easily succumb to advertising and other information received from external sources.

Ways to fight and prevention

Statistics show that the solution social problems forever and everywhere is impossible. It is possible to partially reduce their manifestation, up to a minimum.

Moreover, measures taken to solve some social problems can lead to other negative phenomena. For example, in the 1930s Soviet Union actively engaged in the fight against unemployment. Its level fell: new jobs began to be created for citizens in construction, industry and the agricultural sector. However, this resulted in inefficient employment and heavy manual labor.

Before starting a fight with a problem, it is necessary to conduct a detailed analysis of it. It should include:

Scale: what area (city, region, and so on) the factor covers.

"Target audience": what segments of the population and age categories feel its influence.

How dangerous is the situation.

What problems and factors accompany its appearance.

What is the key problem of the complex (for example, alcoholism is one of the main causes of poor health, increased crime, domestic violence).

After the “diagnosis”, the authorities should develop a set of measures aimed at combating negative factors. Solving social problems may include:

Education of the "target audience". The public must be aware of the current situation and its development, as well as the consequences that it entails. For example, if we are talking about the fight against drug addiction, it is necessary to regularly bring to the attention of the population information about the consequences of the use of narcotic substances, as well as about crimes committed while intoxicated.

Development of measures aimed at solving key and related problems.

Strengthening control over the situation, regular monitoring of dynamics. It is necessary to track in which direction the statistics are changing, and at what pace the changes are taking place.

If possible, increase liability. For example, if we are talking about drug addiction, then the terms of imprisonment for the distribution and production of substances should be increased.

Modern measures to combat each problem separately are always an individual task. The same negative factor in each country will manifest itself differently.

Representatives of all levels of government, regulatory bodies and state structures, from deputies of the State Duma and up to, should take part in the struggle (prevention). The media should not be left out. Their task is to bring the current situation, its changes and possible consequences to the population.

Social problems in Russia (video)