Presentation on the topic of environmental problems of the environment. Presentation on the topic of environmental problems of the world
We live in the world information society, the world of high achievements and high technology. Over the past decades, the lives of billions of people on Earth have changed dramatically. First of all, this is due to the intensive development of scientific and technical knowledge, the development of industry and cities, the emergence of more and more new technologies.
The ever-increasing influence of civilization on the environment is rapidly approaching a global environmental catastrophe. It should be emphasized that, according to many scientists, this catastrophe can occur much earlier than a crisis due to the lack of any fossil resource.
The main amount of ozone is formed in the upper atmosphere of the stratosphere, at altitudes from 10 to 45 km. The ozone layer protects all life on Earth from the harsh ultraviolet radiation of the Sun. By absorbing this radiation, ozone significantly affects the temperature distribution in the upper atmosphere, which in turn affects the climate.
The depletion of the planet's ozone layer leads to the destruction of the established biogenesis of the ocean due to the death of plankton in equatorial zone, inhibition of plant growth, a sharp increase in eye and cancer diseases, as well as diseases associated with a weakening of the immune system of humans and animals, an increase in the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere, corrosion of metals, etc.
The problem of water pollution (seas, rivers, lakes, etc.) is one of the most urgent. Man, through his activity, irrevocably changes the natural regime of water bodies with waste and discharges. There is a lot of water on Earth, fresh water - only 3%, the remaining 97% - the water of the seas and oceans. Three quarters of fresh water is not available to living organisms, as it is the water of glaciers. Glacial water is a reservoir of fresh water.
Almost all the mass of water is concentrated in the oceans. Evaporating water from the surface of the oceans provides moisture to all terrestrial ecosystems. The land returns water to the ocean. Before the development of human civilization, the water cycle on the planet was in equilibrium. The ocean from the rivers received such an amount of water that it expended during its evaporation. With a constant climate, the rivers did not become shallow, the water level in the lakes did not decrease. With the development of human civilization, this cycle was broken. Ocean pollution has reduced the amount of water that evaporates from the oceans. Shallow rivers in the southern regions. All this has led to a deterioration in the water supply of the biosphere. Droughts and various environmental disasters are becoming frequent.
A previously inexhaustible resource - fresh water - is now becoming exhaustible. In many parts of the world there is not enough water for drinking, irrigation, industrial production. This problem is very serious, as water pollution will affect future generations. Therefore, this problem needs to be solved as soon as possible, the problem of industrial discharges needs to be radically reconsidered.
Second half of the 20th century marked rapid development industry and the growth of power supply, which could not but affect the climate on the entire planet. Modern scientific research has established that the impact of anthropogenic activity on the global climate is associated with several factors, in particular with an increase in: the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide, as well as some other gases that enter the atmosphere in the course of economic activity and enhance the greenhouse effect in it; masses of atmospheric aerosols; thermal energy generated in the process of economic activity entering the atmosphere.
Second half of the 20th century was marked by the rapid development of industry and, accordingly, the growth of the power supply, which could not but affect the climate on the entire planet. Modern scientific research has established that the impact of anthropogenic activity on the global climate is associated with several factors, in particular with an increase in: the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide, as well as some other gases entering the atmosphere in the course of economic activity and enhancing the greenhouse effect in it; masses of atmospheric aerosols; thermal energy generated in the process of economic activity entering the atmosphere.
The main contribution (65%) to warming is made by carbon dioxide formed as a result of burning coal, oil products and other fuels. Stopping this process in the coming decades seems technically unfeasible. In addition, in the developing world, energy consumption is growing rapidly. An increase in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has a noticeable effect on the Earth's climate, changing it towards warming. The general trend towards an increase in air temperature, which was observed in the 20th century, is intensifying, which has already led to an increase in the average air temperature by 0.6 °C.
The following consequences of global warming are predicted: rise in the level of the World Ocean due to the melting of glaciers and polar ice(over the past 100 years, it has already risen by 1025 cm), which in turn will lead to flooding of territories, displacement of swamp boundaries, increased salinity of water at river mouths, and also to the potential loss of human habitation; change in precipitation (it will increase in the northern part of Europe and decrease in the south); change in the hydrological regime, quantity and quality of water resources.
Of course, we didn't cover everything. ecological problems modernity (actually there are many more). All these global problems lead to the formation of the global ecological crisis we have already mentioned. The modern ecological crisis is dangerous because if timely and effective measures are not taken, it can result in a global ecological catastrophe, which will lead to the death of life on the planet.
It is necessary to solve these problems as soon as possible, and this should become the task of all mankind, the entire world community. An attempt at unification on an international scale was made at the beginning of the 20th century, when in November 1913 the first international meeting on nature conservation was held in Switzerland. The conference was attended by representatives of 18 most major countries peace.
Today, cooperation between states is reaching a new level: joint developments and programs, the conclusion of international conventions on nature protection. The activities of many well-known public organizations involved in the protection environment: Greenpeace, and Green Cross and Green Crescent, which are developing a program to address the issue of holes in the Earth's ozone layer. Nevertheless, it can be seen that international cooperation in the field of ecology is far from perfect.
What measures are being taken to solve these problems? First of all, hopes for solving problems are associated with the development of energy-saving technologies and bringing environmentally friendly energy sources to the level of industrial capacities. The development of electric vehicles, the expansion of public electric transport will gradually clean the air of cities. Solar panels and wind farms should reduce, and in the future even reduce to zero, fuel combustion in thermal power plants, which now produce the lion's share of the world's electricity.
Any attempts reuse waste or its non-waste processing is now very valuable. Especially considering that a significant part of the garbage, these are things that are quite suitable, thrown away simply because they were replaced with new ones. Everything that can be made from recycled materials must be made from recycled materials – this is now the main slogan. Of course, household waste is only a small part of the problem. Much more waste gives the industry. The recycling of plastic and rubber remains an unresolved issue. Here, great hopes are pinned on biotechnologies, which, I would like to believe, will either recycle these debris or somehow integrate them into the environment.
An important fact must be noted. Whatever programs are carried out by states, whatever is propagated to us from TV screens and on city streets, the salvation of our planet depends on each of us. Let everyone's contribution be small, but together we can make this world a better place, save our planet!
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Ecology is a global problem of our time
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Ecology is the science of the interactions of living organisms and their communities with each other and with the environment. The term was first proposed by the German biologist Ernst Haeckel in 1866 in his book General Morphology of Organisms.
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environmental pollution
Environmental pollution
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Atmosphere
atmospheric air
one of the most important components of the environment
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atmospheric pollutants
1. thermal power plants and heating plants that burn fossil fuels. 2. vehicles. 3. black and non-ferrous metallurgy. 4. mechanical engineering. 5. mining and processing of mineral raw materials.
The main sources of air pollution are:
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Main air pollutants
carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) as well as oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, lead, mercury, aluminum and other metals
A particular problem is the increase in emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere.
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If in the middle of the XX century. worldwide, CO2 emissions were about 6 billion tons, then at the end of the century it exceeded 25 billion tons.
You know that emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere threaten humanity with the so-called greenhouse effect and global warming. And the growing emission of chlorofluorocarbons (freons) has already led to the formation of huge "ozone holes" and the partial destruction of the "ozone barrier"
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accident on Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986 indicates that cases of radioactive contamination of the atmosphere also cannot be completely ruled out.
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acid rain
Sulfur dioxide is the main source of so-called acid rain, which is especially widespread in Europe and in North America. Acid precipitation reduces crop yields, destroys forests and other vegetation, destroys life in river reservoirs, destroys buildings, and adversely affects human health.
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Reduced oxygen supply
Year by year, the process of reducing oxygen reserves due to its consumption in transport and industry is increasing. For example, modern a car for 1 thousand km of run it burns the annual norm of oxygen of one person. For an hour of flight, a modern airliner requires an hourly oxygen rate of approximately 180,000 people.
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Hydrosphere
Water, like air, is a vital source for all known organisms.
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Russia is one of the countries most provided with water. However, the state of its reservoirs cannot be called satisfactory. Anthropogenic activity leads to pollution of both surface and underground water sources.
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The main sources of pollution of the hydrosphere are
discharged wastewater burial of radioactive waste in containers and tanks, which after a certain period of time lose their tightness accidents and disasters occurring on land and in water spaces, and others.
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Sources drinking water annually and increasingly are exposed to pollution by xenobiotics of various nature, therefore, the supply of drinking water to the population from surface sources is an increasing danger. About 50% of Russians are forced to use drinking water that does not meet sanitary and hygienic requirements for a number of indicators. The water quality of 75% of water bodies in Russia does not meet regulatory requirements.
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Burial problem
An acute problem is the disposal of radioactive waste in the waters of the oceans. Determined that sea water is capable of corroding containers, and over time, their contents will inevitably begin to spread in the water.
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From the soil, these substances as a result of various migration processes can enter the human body.
Emissions industrial enterprises and objects of agricultural production, dispersing over considerable distances and getting into the soil, create new combinations of chemical elements.
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The soil
The soil is the Habitat of numerous lower animals and.
Microorganisms, its pollution undermines the lower levels of the trophic chain
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Major Soil Contaminants
Exhaust gases from motor vehicles Emissions from industrial enterprises, thermal power plants come from the atmosphere together with coarse and medium-dispersed dust particles in case of leakage of oil or products of its processing
The main danger of soil pollution is associated with global atmospheric pollution.
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Soil pollution causes a sharp reduction in the planet's forests, which play a large role in maintaining the balance in nature. As a result - shallowing of rivers and lakes, destructive floods, mudflows, soil erosion, as well as climate change.
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Ways to solve environmental problems
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First way
A set of environmental measures involves the creation of various types of treatment facilities, the use of low-sulphur fuel, the destruction and processing of waste, the construction of chimneys 200-300 m or more high, land reclamation, etc. However, even the most modern facilities do not provide complete purification.
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Second way
development and application of a fundamentally new environmental ("clean") production technology, in the transition to low-waste and waste-free production processes. Thus, the transition from direct-flow (river-enterprise-river) water supply to circulating, and even more so to "dry" technology, can first ensure a partial, and then a complete cessation of discharge Wastewater into rivers and reservoirs.
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third way
deeply thought out, most rational placement of the so-called "dirty" industries that have a negative impact on the environment. Among the "dirty" industries, first of all, are the chemical and petrochemical, metallurgical, pulp and paper industries, thermal power engineering, and the production of building materials. When locating such enterprises, geographical expertise is especially necessary.
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Fourth way
reuse of raw materials. IN developed countries reserves of secondary raw materials are equal to explored geological ones. The centers for the procurement of recyclable materials are the old industrial regions of Foreign Europe, the USA, Japan, and the European part of Russia.
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Environmental protection, or applied ecology, is a set of measures designed to limit the negative impact of human activity on nature. Measures can be: Limitation of emissions into the atmosphere and hydrosphere in order to improve the overall environmental situation. Creation of reserves, national parks in order to preserve natural complexes. Restriction of fishing, hunting in order to preserve certain species. Limitation of unauthorized waste disposal. The use of ecological logistics methods for the total cleaning of the territory of the region from unauthorized garbage.
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Each of us citizens of the 21st century must always remember the conclusion reached at the Rio 92 Conference: "Planet Earth is in danger like never before."
MOU secondary school №73 Ulyanovsk
Borsch by Elena Alexandrovna
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Back in the 40s. Academician Vernadsky wrote that economic activity people began to have no less strong impact on the geographical environment than the geological processes occurring in nature itself.
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The essence of the environmental problem
Deterioration of the state of the environment and the growth of the environmental threat as a result of anthropogenic activities.
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Causes
Irrational use of natural resources in the context of a sharp increase in the "metabolism" between society and nature.
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Ecological problems
- Changes in the global ecological environment
- Thinning of the ozone layer and increased influx of ultraviolet radiation
- Violation of the natural circulation of substances and energy flows.
- Pollution of the hydrosphere with oil products, heavy metals, etc.
- Uncontrolled growth of the world population.
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The destruction of the ozone layer leads to uncontrolled climate change of the Earth as a result of the influx of ultraviolet radiation.
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Deforestation and degradation of forests, primarily tropical rainforests.
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Atmospheric pollution with CO2, CH4, etc., the threat of the greenhouse effect.
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Soil erosion, salinization, waterlogging, desertification.
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Radiation contamination of vast areas with tragic consequences.
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The removal of huge masses of matter from the bowels and the shortage of raw materials and fuel.
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Toxication of fields with pesticides, herbicides, nitrates, etc.
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Slide text: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE MODERN WORLD
Slide text: CONTENTS Ecology. Environmental problems: - climate warming. - ozone holes - water resources- death and deforestation - desertification
Slide text: Ecology is a word made up of two Greek words: "oikos" - home, homeland and "logos" - meaning. It is believed that ecology is predominantly a biological science, but it is not only nature, but also the habitat, thanks to which a person lives in nature. Ecology considers the problems of the relationship between man and the environment.
Slide text: Everything is interconnected with everything - says the first environmental law. This means that one cannot take a step without hitting, and sometimes without violating, something from the environment. Each step of a person on an ordinary lawn is dozens of destroyed microorganisms, frightened off insects, changing migration routes, and perhaps even reducing their natural productivity. Before the appearance of man and his active relationship to nature, the living world was dominated by mutual harmonious dependence and connectedness, we can say that there was ecological harmony.
Slide text: Environmental problems, which are expressed in the violation of the balance of conditions and influences in the human ecological environment, have arisen as a result of the exploitative attitude of man to nature, the rapid growth of technology, the scope of industrialization and population growth. The development of natural resources is so great that the question arose about their use in the future. Pollution of the natural environment is expressed in increasing smog, dead lakes, water that cannot be drunk, deadly radiation and extinction of biological species. Human impact on terrestrial ecosystems, which in their totality, interconnection and interdependence form the ecosystem of the Earth as a planet, causes changes in integrated system human environment. And the negative consequence of this impact is expressed as a threat to environmental conditions for the integral existence of people, a threat to health through air, water and food, which are contaminated with substances produced by man.
Slide text: Disturbance of the natural environment depends both on the number and concentration of the population, and on the volume of production and consumption. IN modern society all these factors acted in such a way that the human environment turned out to be highly polluted. Humans over the past century have allowed too much of the production and distribution of waste, by-products and chemicals. Pollution greatly harms life on our planet, humanity itself. We pollute the air and water, we live in such noise and dust that no living creature will endure.
Slide text: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS LOCAL REGIONAL GLOBAL These problems require for their solution different means of solution and different scientific developments.
Slide text: An example of a local environmental problem is a plant that dumps its industrial waste into the river without treatment, which is harmful to human health. This is a violation of the law. The nature conservation authorities or even the public should fine such a plant through the courts and, under threat of closure, force it to build a treatment plant. It does not require special science.
Slide text: An example of regional environmental problems is Kuzbass, a basin almost closed in the mountains, filled with gases from coke ovens and fumes from a metallurgical giant, which no one thought about capturing during construction. Or the high radioactivity of soils in areas adjacent to Chernobyl. To solve such problems, scientific research is already needed. In the first case, the development of rational methods for the absorption of smoke and gas aerosols, in the second, the elucidation of the effect on the health of the population of prolonged exposure to low doses of radiation and the development of methods for soil decontamination.
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Slide text: As before, in the infinite Universe, the small planet Earth rotates non-stop in orbit around the Sun, with each new turn, as it were, proving the inviolability of its existence. The face of the planet is constantly reflected by satellites that send cosmic information to the Earth. But this face is irreversibly changing. Anthropogenic impact on nature has reached such proportions that global problems have arisen.
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Slide text:
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Slide text: The sharp warming of the climate that began in the second half of the 20th century is a reliable fact. We feel it in milder than before winters. The average temperature of the surface layer of air compared to 1956-1957, when the First International Geophysical Year was held, increased by 0.7 'What is the reason for this phenomenon? Some scientists believe that this is the result of burning a huge mass of organic fuel and releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which is a greenhouse gas, that is, it makes it difficult to transfer heat from the Earth's surface. The forecast for the future (2030 - 2050) assumes a possible increase in temperature by 1.5 - 4.5C. These are the conclusions of the International Conference of Climatologists in Austria
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Slide text:
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Slide text: OZONE HOLES scientifically environmental problem of the ozone layer. As you know, life on Earth appeared only after the protective ozone layer of the planet was formed, covering it from cruel ultraviolet radiation. For many centuries, nothing foreshadowed trouble. The problem of the ozone layer arose in 1982, when a probe launched from a British station in Antarctica detected a sharp decrease in ozone at an altitude of 25 to 30 kilometers. Since then, an ozone "hole" of varying shapes and sizes has been recorded over Antarctica all the time. According to the latest data, it is equal to 23 million square kilometers, that is, an area equal to the whole of North America.
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Slide text: "It is quite possible that by the year 2100 the protective ozone blanket will disappear, ultraviolet rays will dry up the Earth, animals and plants will die. Man will seek salvation under giant domes of artificial glass, and feed on the food of astronauts. " According to experts, the changed situation will affect flora and fauna Chakalov German
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Slide text: Man has been polluting water since time immemorial. For many millennia, everyone has become accustomed to water pollution, but still there is something blasphemous and unnatural in the fact that a person dumps all impurities and dirt into those sources from where he takes water for drinking. Paradoxical as it may seem, but harmful emissions into the atmosphere eventually end up in water, and the territories of city dumps solid waste and waste after each rain and after snowmelt contribute to the pollution of surface and groundwater. WATER
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Slide text: Clean water is also becoming scarce, and water scarcity can affect faster than the consequences of the "greenhouse effect": 1.2 billion people live without clean drinking water, 2.3 billion without treatment facilities to use polluted water. Water can also become the subject of internecine conflicts, as the 200 largest rivers in the world flow through the territory of two or more countries. The water of the Niger, for example, is used by 10 countries, the Nile - by 9, and the Amazon - by 7 countries.
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Slide text: Deforestation and deforestation A particularly great environmental threat is the depletion of forests - the "lungs of the planet" and the main source of the planet's biological diversity. Approximately 200 thousand square kilometers are cut down or burned there every year, which means that 100 thousand (!) Species of plants and animals disappear.
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Slide text: Desertification Under the influence of living organisms, water and air, the most important ecosystem, thin and fragile, is gradually formed on the surface layers of the lithosphere - the soil, which is called the "skin of the Earth". It is the keeper of fertility and life. A handful of good soil contains millions of microorganisms that support fertility. It takes a century to form a layer of soil 1 centimeter thick
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Slide text: According to geologists, before people began to engage in agricultural activities, graze livestock and plow land, rivers annually carried about 9 billion tons of soil into the oceans. Now this amount is estimated at about 25 billion tons. Soil erosion - a purely local phenomenon - has now become universal. In the US, for example, about 44% of cultivated land is subject to erosion. Unique rich chernozems with 14–16% humus content (an organic matter that determines soil fertility) disappeared in Russia, which were called the citadel of Russian agriculture. In Russia, the areas of the most fertile lands with a humus content of 10–13% have decreased by almost 5 times. A particularly difficult situation arises when not only the soil layer is demolished, but also the parent rock on which it develops. Then the threshold of irreversible destruction sets in, an anthropogenic (that is, man-made) desert arises.
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Slide text: According to UN experts, the current loss of productive land will lead to the fact that by the end of the century the world may lose almost 1/3 of its arable land. Such a loss, at a time of unprecedented population growth and increased food demand, could be truly disastrous.
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Slide text: Environmental pollution, depletion of natural resources and disruption of ecological ties in steel ecosystems global issues. And if humanity continues to follow the current path of development, then its death, according to the leading ecologists of the world, is inevitable in two or three generations.
Ecological problems of the World Prepared by students of the 10th grade of MBOU "Secondary School No. 21", Vladimir Nikolaeva Kristina and Kuzmenko Daria Teacher: Fedorova M.V.
What are environmental issues? Environmental problems are a number of factors that mean the degradation of the natural environment. Most often they are caused by human activity: with the development of industry and technology, problems began to arise related to the violation of balanced conditions in the ecological environment, which are very difficult to compensate. One of the most destructive factors of human activity is pollution. It manifests itself in an increased level of smog, the appearance of dead lakes, process water, saturated with harmful elements and unsuitable for consumption, and is also associated with the extinction of some animal species.
The main environmental problems Initially, environmental problems are divided according to the conditions of scale: they can be regional, local and global. An example of a local environmental problem is a factory that does not treat industrial effluent before it is discharged into the river. This leads to the death of fish and harms humans. As an example regional problem you can take Chernobyl, or rather, the soils that are adjacent to it: they are radioactive and pose a threat to any biological organisms located in this territory.
Chitarum is a river in Indonesia. It is the dirtiest river in the world. It is in fact the main source of water for Agriculture and water supply for people.
What is sustainable development? Sustainable development refers to development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Concepts sustainable development 1) Mankind is indeed able to make development sustainable and long-term, so that it meets the needs of people living today, without depriving future generations of the opportunity to satisfy their needs. 2) The existing restrictions in the field of exploitation of natural resources are relative. They are related to the state of the art and social organization, as well as the ability of the biosphere to cope with the consequences of human activity. 3) It is necessary to satisfy the elementary needs of all people and to give everyone the opportunity to realize their hopes for a better life. Without this, sustainable and long-term development is simply impossible. One of the main causes of environmental and other disasters is poverty, which has become commonplace in the world.
4) It is necessary to reconcile the way of life of those who have large means (monetary and material) with the ecological possibilities of the planet, in particular with regard to energy consumption. 5) The size and rate of population growth must be consistent with the changing productive potential of the Earth's global ecosystem.
What is environmental sustainability? Environmental sustainability is the ability of an ecological system to maintain its properties and regime parameters under the conditions of existing internal and external disturbances. Often, environmental sustainability is seen as synonymous with sustainability. The stability of ecosystems cannot be preserved and ensured if the law of internal dynamic balance is violated. Not only the quality of the natural environment will be under threat, but also the existence of the entire complex of natural components in the foreseeable future. . The essence of this law is that a natural system has internal energy, matter, information and dynamic quality, interconnected so much that any change in one of these indicators causes in others or in the same, but in a different place or at another time, accompanying functional-quantitative changes that preserve the sum of material-energy, informational and dynamic indicators of the entire natural system. This provides the system with such properties as maintaining balance, closing the cycle in the system and its “self-healing”, “self-purification”.
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