Abstract of a lesson in additional education with a presentation “Separate collection, processing and recycling of household waste. "separate waste collection" Presentation on the topic of waste distribution

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THE PROBLEM OF HOUSEHOLD GARBAGE Performer: Beltyukova O.A. MBOU-SOSH No. 36, Yekaterinburg

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From the history of waste disposal 200 thousand years BC. e. The first garbage heaps found by archaeologists. 400 BC e. The first ever municipal landfill was founded in Athens. 200 A city waste collection service was established in Rome. 1315 After a long break, garbage collection resumed in Paris. 1388 The English Parliament forbade throwing rubbish into the streets. 1775 The first garbage cans appear in London. 1800 The City of New York ordered pigs to be driven onto the streets of the city to eat garbage. 1897 The first waste sorting and recycling center opens in New York. 1932 In the United States, garbage compactors are invented. 1942 In the USSR and the USA, mass collection of garbage for processing for military purposes begins. 1965 U.S. Congress passes the Recycling Act solid waste. 2000 EU countries set a goal to achieve recycling and reuse of 50% of waste.

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Reasons for the increase in waste. growth in single-use production; . increase in the amount of packaging; . raising the standard of living, allowing usable things to be replaced by new ones.

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MSW: paper, glass, food waste, plastics, fabrics, metal objects. In addition to all this, large-sized solid waste (garbage - old furniture, out of order Appliances, car tires and etc)

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Burial is the most anti-environmental option In a conventional landfill, toxic infiltration water flows out of it, and methane enters the atmosphere, which contributes to an increase in the greenhouse effect (today, methane "takes on" 20% of the climate warming effect)

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Burial - a landfill for the storage of solid waste is a "bath" with a bottom and sides made of clay and polyethylene film, in which compacted layers of solid waste are poured with layers of soil. The volume of garbage is growing so fast that in a few years any landfill is full and a new one needs to be built.

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MSW burning. 1 ton of garbage can produce 400 kWh. However, even with the most advanced combustion technology, these plants pollute the atmosphere.

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Sorting and recycling - the most environmentally friendly option for handling solid waste Recycling requires investments to make waste processing plants economically viable. It is profitable to process MSW, there is always a demand for secondary raw materials - paper, glass, plastic, aluminum, non-ferrous metals, etc.

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Recycling of solid waste in Russia is no more than 2% one of the reasons is insufficient ecological culture of the population

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Unauthorized landfill 1. Disfigures the landscape. 2. Creates a threat to human health: - breeding rodents are carriers of infectious diseases; - toxicological hazard from escaping methane, sulfur dioxide. 3. The released biogas creates an explosion and fire hazard. 4. Contamination of soil and groundwater with compounds of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel.

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When arranging a garbage site, the following is taken into account: rose, winds in the landfill area; distance from settlements, water protection and nature protection zones; soil permeability; the area of ​​the territory allocated for the landfill (the area should be sufficient to receive garbage for a long time); location convenient for transport access

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Special waste: 1. Industrial waste - must not be disposed of together with household waste, pesticides, mercury and its compounds - waste chemical industry; radioactive waste generated by nuclear power plants; arsenic and its compounds - waste from metallurgical industries and thermal power plants; lead compounds - waste from the oil refining and paint industries, etc.

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Special waste: 2. Household waste - which after their use becomes special waste, Batteries; unused medicines; residues of chemical plant protection products (toxic chemicals); residues of paints, varnishes and adhesives; cosmetic residues (eyeshadow, nail polish, nail polish remover); balances household chemicals(cleaning products, deodorants, stain removers, aerosols, furniture care products); mercury thermometers.

2 Basic concepts of the topic Landfill - the territory of temporary placement of production and consumption waste. Unauthorized landfills not designated for waste disposal areas. Sanctioned landfills allowed local authorities Territory authorities (existing sites) for the disposal of industrial and domestic waste, but not equipped in accordance with the requirements for landfills, sanitary norms and rules, and operated with deviations from the requirements of sanitary and epidemiological supervision. The landfill is a high-tech measure designed for storage, isolation and disposal of solid waste, and proper organization the whole range of preparatory work, excluding harmful effects on the environment.

3 The landfill in Kanash is not a landfill and, accordingly, does not meet sanitary and epidemiological and environmental requirements, does not have a protection system that prevents pollution environment(impervious screen, filtrate removal and treatment systems, landfill gas removal systems)

4 Prerequisites for the emergence of unauthorized landfills: In more than 70% settlements systematic collection and transportation of waste is not organized In all districts there is a shortage of containers and special equipment for waste collection rural settlements there is not enough money to maintain the landfill and special equipment

5 The basic principle of the construction of a solid waste landfill is to minimize the negative impact of production and consumption waste on the environment. The main technological and environmental task is to organize the high-quality collection and disposal of the leachate formed in the body of the waste laid out on the maps and prevent its spread into underground aquifers. To do this, with appropriate justification and taking into account the peculiarities of the hydrogeological conditions of the sites of certain objects, various modern geosynthetic materials are used in preparing the bases of maps for the storage of solid waste. The latter not only completely exclude the penetration of the filtrate into groundwater, but also have the necessary chemical resistance. On top of this insulating structure, a collecting drainage system is provided with a drain to the collector and for further disposal. Thus, the main environmental problem of the solid waste landfill is solved.

6 On this moment, on the territory of the Chuvash Republic, a modern waste disposal site is successfully operated in the Morgaushsky district, where its operation has a minimal negative impact on the environment. The main feature of the planned solid waste landfill in the Kanashsky district is the waste sorting complex. The storage of waste will not be random, but with the separation of waste into fractions, with the release of waste for recycling.

7 Waste sorting station with processing of secondary raw materials Located in the household zone Located in the household zone Capacity - 5 thousand tons/year of MSW. Productivity - 5 thousand tons / year of MSW. Separable secondary resources (20-25%): metal, cardboard and paper, textiles, PET bottles, glass, etc. Separable secondary resources (20-25%): metal, cardboard and paper, textiles, PET bottles, glass, etc. etc. The remaining waste (“tails”) are stored at the landfill with a volume compaction of 5-6 times. The remaining waste (“tailings”) are stored at the landfill with 5-6 times compaction.

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9 The landfill for municipal solid waste for the Kanashsky district is a modern complex of environmental structures designed for centralized disposal of solid waste and preventing the ingress of harmful substances into the environment, which meets all the requirements for waste disposal sites.

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Reduced environmental impact Operation of the landfill in accordance with modern requirements; Removal of surface water from the adjacent territory; Lowering the level of groundwater (draining the site for the landfill); Removal of the leachate formed in the body of the solid waste landfill; Organization of protection along the perimeter of the landfill; Organization of SPZ and monitoring systems 12

Protection of groundwater, surface runoff and soil from pollution 1. Removal of surface water from the adjacent territory Removal of surface water from the storage area will occur due to the natural slope of the site and the earthen rampart (cavalier) along the perimeter of the site. No additional activities are required. 13

Protection of groundwater, surface runoff and soil from pollution 2. Lowering the level of groundwater (draining the landfill site) crushed stone): intercepting drainage - with northwestern sides of the MSW landfill - interception of the “perch water” from the adjacent territory; drainage drainage - with northeastern sides - water diversion into the existing forest ravine. 14

Protection of groundwater, surface runoff and soil from pollution 3. Removal of leachate formed in the body of the landfill The leachate formed in the body of the landfill is the main factor negatively affecting groundwater, surface water and soil. The leachate is formed due to atmospheric precipitation falling directly on the landfill area: partly the precipitation evaporates, partly it seeps through the MSW. To prevent leachate from entering the environment, special preparation of the base of the solid waste landfill and a leachate pumping station are provided. 15

Preparation of the base of the solid waste landfill Impenetrable impervious screen - prevents the ingress of leachate formed in the body of the landfill into groundwater and soil; Drainage system - removes the resulting leachate from the body of the landfill; Filtrate pumping station - filtrate is pumped to the body of the solid waste landfill in order to reduce the load on the screen, evaporate the leachate from the surface of the landfill, prevent spontaneous combustion and fires in the summer time in the body of the landfill. 16 Longitudinal schematic section on preparation of the base

R-PLAST Waterproofing material from a mixture of rubbers and thermoplastic polymers Used to minimize the harmful effects of landfill leachate on the environment and in the reclamation of solid waste landfills Certified, there is a conclusion of the Academy public utilities them. K.D. Pamfilova on suitability as an impervious screen Successfully applied at landfills in Samara, Moscow, Leningrad regions, Republic of Bashkortostan, Belarus, Perm region 18

Household zone The household zone is necessary for the operation of the solid waste landfill, it is located at the entrance to the landfill and includes the following facilities: - a gate with a fence; - weighing platform with a canopy - to control the flow of solid waste; - weigher's room; - dry closet; - dezvanna - for disinfection of wheels of vehicles leaving the landfill; - garage for storage, repair of machines and mechanisms; - warehouses for fuels and lubricants, equipment and inventory; - two reinforced concrete underground tanks - used for fire fighting purposes. 22

Lesson on ecology in additional education with a presentation

Novikova Ekaterina Mikhailovna, head of the department for the main activities of the State Educational Establishment “Slutsk Ecological and Biological Center for Students”, Slutsk, Minsk region, Republic of Belarus.
Lesson duration: 1 academic hour (45 minutes)
Compound study group: children age: 13 - 14 years
Purpose of the lesson: contribute to the expansion of students' knowledge about the methods of processing and reuse of household waste.
Tasks:
educational– expand knowledge about household waste, the need for separate collection.
Educational- to promote the development of a communicative culture among students.
nurturing- foster respect for the environment.
Lesson specifics: educational and developmental activity.
Teaching methods used in the training session:
- verbal method (explanation, conversation);
- practical method (master class);
- gaming (games).
Pedagogical technology: productive (collective activity, ecological workshop)
Logistics training session: multimedia installation, presentation “The second life of household waste”, old CDs, oilcloth (you can use an old plastic bag, wrapping paper), glue, brushes, scissors, pencil, illustrations on the topic of the lesson.

Lesson structure:
1. Organizational stage (2min)
1.1. Greetings. The message of the topic, the purpose of the lesson.

1.2. The game "Today I threw away ..."
3. Operational-cognitive stage (27 min)
3.1. Conversation "Separate collection of household waste".
3.2. The game "Where to throw it away?"
3.3. Physical education minute "The bunny came out."
3.4. Mini-lecture "Recycling and recycling of household waste", presentation "Second life of household waste"
4. Control and correction stage (10 min)
4.1. Ecological workshop: "Cup holder from a CD".
5. Reflection. (3 min)
Summing up the lesson. Interactive game "Reflexive circle".

Lesson structure:
1. Organizational stage (2 min)
Teacher: Today in the lesson we will talk about waste, how to properly collect and recycle it, and also learn what can be made from household waste.
2. Approximate and motivational stage (3 min)
Teacher: And we'll start by looking at how much we throw in the bin throughout the day. To do this, let's play the game "Today I threw away ...".
Rules of the game:
A trash can is drawn on the board. In turn, each student names what he threw yesterday or today into the trash can, the teacher “fills in” the bucket (writes in everything that the students name).
Teacher: Well, now look at our trash can, you see it is completely filled with us, everything that we throw away is household waste. Today, 1.3 billion tons of waste per year ends up in garbage chutes and landfills.
3. Operational-cognitive stage (27 min)
3.1. Conversation "Separate collection of household waste".
Teacher: Solid household waste (MSW, household waste) - items or goods that have lost their consumer properties, the largest part of consumer waste. MSW is also divided into waste (biological waste) and household waste proper (non-biological waste of artificial or natural origin), and the latter is often referred to as simply garbage at the household level.
Each of us constantly throws out garbage, but are we doing it right?
We have all at least once heard of such a concept as “separate garbage collection”. Who among you will tell you what is separate garbage collection?
Student: Separation of garbage and selective collection of waste - actions for sorting and collecting garbage, depending on its origin.

Teacher: Separation of garbage is done in order to avoid mixing different types of garbage and environmental pollution. This process allows waste to be given a “second life”, in most cases due to its secondary use and recycling. Separating waste helps prevent waste from decomposing, rotting and burning in landfills. Consequently, the harmful impact on the environment is reduced.
And who knows what groups our garbage can be divided into?
Student: All our waste can be divided into several groups: paper, plastic, glass and mixed waste.
Teacher: Very well, let's see what can be thrown into containers.
Paper containers

Paper containers are plain or mesh containers with the corresponding inscription.
What can be thrown into this container?
Student: You can throw in them: magazines, newspapers, handouts, paper packaging, carton boxes, Flyers mailboxes, calendars, corrugated egg packaging.

Teacher: The next type of containers are plastic containers.

Nothing but the inscription may not differ from paper containers. And they may differ - it depends on when exactly the corresponding container was placed in your yard.
What can be thrown away?
Student: You can throw in them: PET bottles, canisters, plastic wrap and bags, plastic packaging from shampoos, shower gels and other cosmetics, bottles from household chemicals plastic bottles (not to be confused with cups) from drinking yoghurts, milk, kefir, etc., cling film, buckets, basins, handles without rods, rulers.
Teacher: Don't forget that plastic bottle it is desirable to throw away without corks (lids), empty, and, of course, it is best to trample on them first. No corks - because corks are made from a different type of plastic and are not recyclable. You need to stomp on the bottles in order to save space in the garbage truck: the less volume the garbage takes, the fewer times the car needs to roll from the factory to the city. For the same reason, the bottles must be empty - they will be compressed, and it is quite difficult to squeeze a bottle with frozen water inside.

Teacher: The next type of container is the glass container.

Bottles, cans (preferably clean and without labels) can be thrown into such containers. It is better to collect window glass separately, it is also recycled, but it is not advisable to mix it with other types of glass. If the banks are broken - do not be discouraged, the glass will still go to battle, i.e. sooner or later your jar will still be broken. But if the box has parted along the seam and the glass falls out to the ground - call the housing office, in this form the box is useless and needs to be replaced.

Teacher: But not all garbage can be sorted into these containers. Where do you think the rest of the garbage goes?
Student: All other waste is disposed of in mixed waste bins.
Teacher: The most common container is still a container for mixed waste, municipal waste (in general, for what is not recycled). It looks something like this:

You can definitely throw into this container: TetraPak bags (from milk, juices, etc.), adhesive tape, diapers, wallpaper, photo paper, disposable tableware, yogurt and sour cream cups, yogurt, milk and sour cream bags, food foil , money, napkins, cigarette packs, adhesive tape for cleaning clothes, mirrors, car windows, tableware, meat products trays, polystyrene packaging boxes for cakes, plastic window profile waste, candy wrappers, food waste, packaging for Eggs made of expanded or impact-resistant polystyrene. We understand that disposable tableware or yogurt cups look like trash that can be recycled. But they are made from other types of plastic and are not recycled in Belarus.
Teacher: We have listed many types of household waste, but not all. Here, for example, batteries, energy-saving light bulbs, where to throw them away?
Student: All this must be thrown into special containers.
Teacher: But after all, if we pass through the city, we are unlikely to meet such containers on the street. Where will we look for them?
Student: such containers are placed in shopping malls, in various institutions, in places of large congestion of people.

3.2. The game "Where to throw it away?"
Teacher: And now let's see how well you remember where to throw everything. To do this, let's play the game "Where to throw it away?" (Annex 1).
Rules of the game:
Students form 3 groups. Each group is given an envelope containing cards with images of various items and garbage containers. Students need to properly “throw away” the garbage (sort the pictures into containers). The game has 4 minutes.
Teacher: Let's see what you did, how you coped with the task.
(The teacher "takes apart" garbage containers, corrects mistakes)

3.3. Physical education "Walking around the city"
(Children perform movements in the text).
Teacher:
We walk along the street where we live (everyone walks)
We collect and store pieces of paper and glass. (Crouches and imitates garbage collection)
Once in a bucket, and two in a basket, we tilt our back together. (make bends)
If you work together, everything around will change! (Spread hands to sides).

3.4. Mini-lecture "Recycling and recycling of household waste", with a demonstration presentation "Second life of household waste"

Teacher: After we throw away the trash, it goes to recycling.
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Waste recycling is an activity that involves the management of waste for the purpose of their safe destruction or reuse in national economy received raw materials, energy, products and materials.
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A number of paper products are made from recycled materials, primarily cardboard, toilet paper, as well as certain types building materials.
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PET bottles are cleaned of foreign debris (lids, labels), after which they are washed from dirt and content residues, sorted by color, and crushed into pet flakes
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PET flakes are used as raw material for a range of products that would otherwise be made from polyester. Examples include polyester fibers (the main material for the production of clothing, pillows, carpets, etc.), polyester sheets, strapping (banding tape), or again PET bottles, etc.
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The collected jars and bottles are turned into cullet - this is how crushed packaging glass is called in production. The cullet is passed through a magnet to separate the remaining metal caps from the bottles. For the production of glass, quartz sand, soda and limestone are used, but 30-40% of the total mass can be replaced with cullet, which saves natural raw materials and energy for production.
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What is not recycled is sent for recycling, garbage is mainly disposed of in two ways:
burial
burning
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In addition to industrial processing, people independently “give” waste a second life in the form of decorations and useful devices.

4. Control and correction stage (10 min)
4.1. Ecological workshop: "Cup holder from a CD".
In recent years, people have almost stopped using CDs and quite a lot of them have accumulated, today we will give a second life to an old, at first glance, unnecessary disk, we will make a cup holder out of it.
Materials: We need an old CD, oilcloth (you can use an old plastic bag, wrapping paper), glue, scissors, a pencil.

We take a disc, put it on an oilcloth (plastic bag, wrapping paper), and circle it twice, then cut out the resulting circles.

We coat each side of the disk with glue and glue the resulting circles.

Our stand is ready.

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

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Presentation on theme: "Divide! Separate waste collection.» The work was done by a student of the 7th grade "G" of the MAOU of school No. 115 Savina Vidana, 13 years old Under the guidance of: Krylova Irina Yurievna

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I. Introduction. Hypothesis: Separately collected waste is NOT WASTE, it is a SECONDARY RAW MATERIAL from which we can get the goods we need without increasing the burden on the environment.

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Relevance: The great Niels Bohr predicted: humanity will not die from the atomic bomb, endless wars, it will bury itself under the mountains of its own waste. As a result of human activity, millions of tons of various wastes are generated annually, including household waste. The relevance of the work lies in the search for new effective, environmentally friendly methods of disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) based on the research.

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Goal of the project: To identify popular ways of waste disposal in the area, what they depend on, and to propose the most environmentally friendly ways of recycling waste.

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Project objectives: 1. To study what kind of garbage happens. 2. Conduct an experiment in your family on separate waste collection. 3. To study the experience of waste disposal abroad and in Russia. 3. Conduct an analysis of the study and propose environmentally sound ways to dispose of waste for residents of the area.

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Research methods: - Collection of information in literary and Internet sources. - Preparation of personal photos and photos from the Internet. - Questioning. - Analysis of survey and interview data. At the very beginning of the work, attention is focused on the fact that the main source of increasing household waste is Man, and the main methods of using household waste in the world are: incineration (it is considered as a means of reducing the total volume of waste, while simultaneously allowing the use of waste heat), recycling (i.e. processing for further use, disposal) and burial. However, each country deals with waste in its own way. The paper considers examples of successful experience in waste disposal in the countries of the World, regions of Russia and regions of our region.

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II. We study the essence of the problem What kind of garbage is there? Glass containers Damage to nature: Broken glass containers can cause injury to animals. Harm to humans: Broken glass containers can cause injury. Water accumulates in the jars, in which the larvae of blood-sucking insects develop. Recycling method: use for its intended purpose or melt down. Waste paper Damage to nature: the paper itself does not cause damage. Harm to humans: paint can release toxic substances when decomposed. Recycling method: recycling for wrapping paper. The least dangerous disposal method: composting.

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Food waste Damage to nature: practically does not cause. Harm to humans: rotting food waste is a breeding ground for germs. Ways of decomposition: are used in food by various microorganisms. The least dangerous disposal method: composting.

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Bricks Damage to nature: practically does not cause. Human hazard: May cause injury. Recycling method: processing into crumbs. Fabric products Fabrics are synthetic and natural. Everything written below refers to natural fabrics. Damage to nature: do not cause. Recycling method: composting. The least dangerous method of disposal: incineration. Wooden products Damage to nature: do not cause. Human hazard: May cause injury. Recycling method: processing into paper or wood-shaving material. The least dangerous method of disposal: incineration

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Tin cans Material: galvanized or tin plated iron. Damage to nature: Zinc, tin and iron compounds are poisonous to many organisms. The sharp edges of the cans injure animals. Harm to a person: injured when walking barefoot. Water accumulates in the jars, in which the larvae of blood-sucking insects develop. Recycling method: remelting together with the metal. Scrap metal Material: iron or cast iron. Damage to nature: iron compounds are poisonous to many organisms. Pieces of metal injure animals. Harm to a person: cause various injuries. Recycling method: remelting.

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Foil Material: aluminium. Damage to nature: practically does not cause. Recycling method: remelting. Cans from under beer and other drinks Material: aluminum and its alloys. Damage to nature: sharp edges of cans cause injury to animals. Harm to humans: water accumulates in jars, in which larvae of blood-sucking insects develop. Recycling method: remelting. Plastic products Damage to nature: interferes with gas exchange in soils and water bodies. Can be swallowed by animals, which will lead to the death of the latter. Harm to humans: Plastics can release toxic substances when they decompose. Recycling method: remelting.

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Packaging for food products Material: paper and different kinds plastics. Damage to nature: can be swallowed by animals. Reuse method: does not exist. The least dangerous method of disposal: burial. Products resulting from neutralization: carbon dioxide and water, hydrogen chloride, poisonous compounds. It is strictly forbidden to burn these materials, as this may form dioxides. Batteries Very poisonous waste! Material: zinc, carbon, manganese oxide. Damage to nature: poisonous to many organisms. Harm to humans: poisonous to humans. Many other types of waste are also very dangerous: used cartridges and household appliances, energy-saving lamps, and so on. Moreover, it is forbidden to put them in ordinary landfills. Although for Russia in all areas, prohibitions and laws are ineffective.

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2. How much garbage is there? The main "suppliers" of a huge amount of waste on our planet are: 1) Residential buildings and household enterprises. The pollutants are dominated by household waste, food waste, faeces, construction waste, heating system waste, worn-out household items; rubbish of public institutions. 2) Industrial enterprises. In solid and liquid industrial waste, certain substances are constantly present that can have a toxic effect on living organisms and their communities. 3) Thermal power engineering. In addition to the formation of a mass of slag during combustion hard coal The emission of soot, unburned particles, and sulfur oxides into the atmosphere is associated with thermal power engineering. 4) Agriculture. Fertilizers, pesticides used in agriculture and forestry to protect plants from pests, diseases and weeds. 5) Transport. During the operation of internal combustion engines, nitrogen oxides, lead, hydrocarbons and other substances are intensively released, deposited on the soil surface or absorbed by plants.

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The experiment I conducted was as follows: “I decided to find out how much garbage my family (4 people) throws out. To do this, I conducted a study: for two weeks, my family collected garbage separately in 4 bags (glass, paper, plastic and food waste). The experiment was carried out from September 22 to October 8. The result is shown in the form of a bar graph: Glass-4.2 kg. Paper, cardboard-1.5kg. Plastic-2.5 kg. Food waste-6 kg. Experiment

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I calculated how much rubbish one family would accumulate in a year: Glass - 83 kg. Paper, cardboard - 30kg. Plastic - 49 kg. Food waste - 119 kg. Having made the calculations, I came to the following conclusions: Processing 100 kg. waste paper will save 1 tree. If one family handed over waste paper every year, then we would save one tree in 3 years! Processing 1000kg. waste paper saves 20,000 liters. water, 1000 kW. electricity. If we handed over waste paper for processing, then we would save 600l per year. water and 30kw. electricity! The amount of waste per person per year, based on our experience, is 100 - 150 kg. A lot of garbage is thrown away, but we noticed that almost all household waste is recyclable, that is, they can be used as secondary raw materials. Therefore, waste can and should be sorted and handed over to various collection points. For example, food waste (for those who have a garden or who lives in their own home) can be collected in special feed containers, used for livestock or stray animals. Hand over scrap metal and glass containers to collection points. Collection points for the collection of plastic and aluminum bottles and cans began to open. I found out whether all waste has a second life and how it can be used. It turned out that part of the waste can be reused by ourselves. It depends on our desire, creativity, fantasy, fiction.

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3. How do they solve the problem of waste in other countries? Every resident of Switzerland is obliged to sort garbage - this is the law. Violators are heavily fined. The observance of the law is monitored by the garbage police, which is able to find and prosecute even a person who threw a cigarette butt out of a car window. Those who do not want to “get their hands dirty” must pay a tax so that a “specialist” takes care of their waste. Another direct duty of every law-abiding Swiss is to bring sorted waste to collection points, from where it is sent to processing plants. The waste sorting system in Switzerland has been taken to the extreme. In the country, more than 90% of used glass containers end up in recycling plants. On the streets of Geneva, metal containers for broken and non-standard bottles are placed, and the glass is sorted by color: white, green, brown, for this there are corresponding inscriptions on the containers. Nearly a third of printed matter is also returned to recycling centers. Batteries containing reagents hazardous to living organisms are never thrown into the trash, like old ones. electrical devices, home appliances, construction garbage. Switzerland

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USA In the USA, separate waste collection is also developed - it must be thrown into strictly defined containers. There is a system of penalties. More than 550 waste recycling plants operate in the United States - local residents are only invited to hand over recyclable waste. It is also possible to hand over household waste for a fee to commercial structures that sort, pack and sell waste to enterprises. Some US states use a deposit system: when buying goods in containers (such as bottles) that can be recycled, the buyer pays a certain amount as a deposit. When he returns the bottle, he gets the money back. In recent decades, the United States has begun to use new method Waste reduction – waste minimization: entrepreneurs produce more economical packaging, and consumers learn to reuse existing items. The program is called RRR - Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (Reduce consumption. Use again. Recycle).

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Germany Germany also has a separate waste collection system. Each type of solid waste has its own barrel. Only residual garbage, old newspapers, magazines and cardboard boxes are carried into the gray barrel. Cans, bottles, plastic and paper, as well as partially metal packaging, on which there is a "green dot" are thrown into the yellow barrel. The green barrel is for organic waste that is composted. Expired medicines are accepted by pharmacies. For old batteries, there are collection points in any supermarket. The removal of refrigerators must be agreed in advance. Garbage collected in the city, depending on the distance between the collection point and the landfill, is delivered either directly to the landfill, or to a sorting center, or to a waste transfer station. Here, waste is reloaded into large (with a carrying capacity of 24-40 tons) auto-containers. Thus, transport costs are reduced. At the sorting centers, the collected packaging materials are manually sorted. Various types of household waste are recycled by the glass industry; paper recycling society; a society for the disposal of used packaging made of artificial materials, polymer films, cans, bottles, polystyrene; metallurgical industry; aluminum packaging recycling company, etc.

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Japan In Japan, the problem of waste management is especially relevant because there is simply no place for waste disposal. Waste is actively used in the creation of bulk territories in the ocean. The solution to the problem of household waste, without exaggeration, depends on each person, and one of the main achievements of Japan is that the recycling of raw materials from waste now begins in households. Since the early 2000s, a real wave has gripped Japanese society: “mottainai-ne-ee-e” can often be heard from the lips of Japanese people of different generations. This is hard to translate, but the point is that nothing should be thrown away as long as there are any beneficial features that extravagance is inappropriate.

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Finland Finns manage to hide it underground. Finnish specialists have developed their own waste disposal technology: it is stored in special containers with a capacity of 3 to 5 cubic meters, hidden two-thirds into the ground. Only one such installation can utilize up to 7 cubic meters of waste. The inside of the tank is made of thick plastic, the top of the tank is closed with a lid. Empty such a system once a week, usually at night. The next achievement in waste disposal was the sir - elevators, which are special lifts that are equipped with crowded places. These lifts allow you to hide up to 100 cubic meters of waste underground. Strange as it may sound, garbage for the Finns is practically a strategic raw material. They got the hang of squeezing "juices" out of it. The water obtained after pressing the waste is purified to a drinking state. Methane, a gas released during the decomposition of waste (which the Finns capture and then burn), is used as a type of fuel for units operating at landfills. As a result, a double benefit - due to garbage, electricity is produced and methane, which is a great danger to the environment, is destroyed.

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4.Recommendations for every citizen of Russia To reduce the amount of waste it is necessary: ​​- Do not take extra paper and plastic bags in the store or reuse them. - Write and draw on both sides of the paper. - Try to buy bottled drinks that can be returned. - Don't buy more than you might need. To be able to throw away garbage: - At home, throw garbage into a trash bag. - The bucket must always be closed with a lid, because. waste can be toxic. - Close the discarded garbage tightly so that it does not spill along the road. - Dispose of garbage in specially designated places. - Throw away small garbage on the street only in the bins. Recycling waste: - The clothes we wear can be donated to those in need. - Do not throw away old toys, books: someone may need them. You can give it to orphanages, boarding schools, kindergartens, libraries. - If there garden plot, use food waste to make fertilizer. - Be sure to participate in the collection of waste paper. - Actively participate in separate waste collection, if it is organized in your locality.

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III.My project - conclusions. Unfortunately, among the municipal officials of Russia, everything remains the same for the time being: this is the focus, mainly on the disposal of waste in landfills, and the active pushing of the ideas of building waste incineration plants, and, most importantly, the lack of desire to work with the population. But even landfills equipped with the latest technology inevitably create a whole complex environmental issues. Moreover, in Russia there are no more than a dozen such "correct landfills" - there are only dumps that will pollute the environment for about 100 years after they are closed. Therefore, recycling of secondary raw materials is the most promising way to improve the ecological state of the environment. Summing up the results of my research, I developed the environmental project "Separate waste collection - mission possible." Conclusion: Separate waste collection and subsequent civilization in any civilized country of the world is of great national importance, justified both by high economic benefits and the preservation of ecological balance in the region. In addition, the high level of recycling and waste disposal makes it possible to use fossil resources much more efficiently and economically.

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Presentation on the topic: Separate waste collection.

Watch the video on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4cZcgIBPc_U

The great Niels Bohr predicted: humanity will not die from the atomic bomb, endless wars, it will bury itself under the mountains of its own waste.

As a result of human activity, millions of tons of various wastes are generated annually, including household waste.

Goals:

1. Study what kind of garbage happens.

2. Conduct an experiment in your family on separate waste collection.

3. To study the experience of waste disposal abroad and in Russia.

4. Conduct an analysis of the study and propose environmentally sound ways to dispose of waste for residents of the area.

What is garbage?

Glass containers

waste paper

• Damage to nature: Broken glass containers can cause injury to animals.
• Harm to humans: Broken glass containers can cause injury. Water accumulates in the jars, in which the larvae of blood-sucking insects develop.
• Recycling method: use for its intended purpose or melt down.

• Damage to nature: the paper itself does not cause damage.
• Harm to humans: paint can release toxic substances when decomposed.
• Recycling method: recycling for wrapping paper.

• Damage to nature: practically does not cause.
• Harm to humans: rotting food waste is a breeding ground for germs.
• Ways of decomposition: are used in food by various microorganisms.
• The least dangerous disposal method: composting.

bricks

• Human hazard: May cause injury.
• Recycling method: processing into crumbs.

Fabric products

• Fabrics are synthetic and natural. Everything written below refers to natural fabrics.
• Damage to nature: do not cause.
• Recycling method: composting.
• The least dangerous method of disposal: incineration.

Wooden crafts

Damage to nature: do not cause.

Human hazard: May cause injury.

Recycling method: processing into paper or wood-shaving material.

The least dangerous method of disposal: incineration

Cans

Scrap metal

• Material: galvanized or tin plated iron.
• Damage to nature: Zinc, tin and iron compounds are poisonous to many organisms. The sharp edges of the cans injure animals.
• Harm to a person: injured when walking barefoot. Water accumulates in the jars, in which the larvae of blood-sucking insects develop.
• Recycling method: remelting together with the metal.

• Material: iron or cast iron.
• Damage to nature: iron compounds are poisonous to many organisms. Pieces of metal injure animals.
• Harm to a person: cause various injuries.

Foil

• Material: aluminum.
• Damage to nature: practically does not cause.
• Recycling method: remelting.

Drink cans

• Material: aluminum and its alloys.
• Damage to nature: sharp edges of cans cause injury to animals.
• Harm to humans: water accumulates in jars, in which larvae of blood-sucking insects develop.
• Recycling method: remelting.

Plastic products

• Damage to nature: interferes with gas exchange in soils and water bodies. Can be swallowed by animals, which will lead to the death of the latter.
• Harm to humans: Plastics can release toxic substances when they decompose.
• Recycling method: remelting.

Food packaging

Batteries

• Material: paper and various types of plastics.
• Damage to nature: can be swallowed by animals.
• Reuse method: does not exist.
• The least dangerous method of disposal: burial.
• Products formed during neutralization: carbon dioxide and water, hydrogen chloride, toxic compounds.
• It is strictly forbidden to burn these materials, as this may form dioxides.

• Very poisonous garbage!
• Material: zinc, carbon, manganese oxide.
• Damage to nature: poisonous to many organisms.
• Harm to humans: poisonous to humans.

Many other types of waste are also very dangerous: used cartridges and household appliances, energy-saving lamps, and so on. Moreover, it is forbidden to put them in ordinary landfills. Although for Russia in all areas, prohibitions and laws are ineffective.

How much garbage is there?

The main "suppliers" of a huge amount of waste on our planet are:

• Residential buildings and household enterprises.
• Industrial enterprises.
• Thermal power engineering.
• Agriculture.
• Transport.

Experiment

The experiment is as follows:

“It is necessary to collect garbage separately in 4 bags (glass, paper, plastic and food waste) within two weeks. The experiment is carried out from September 22 to October 8. The result is presented in the form of a bar graph.

For example:

Glass-4.2 kg.

Paper, cardboard-1.5kg.

Plastic-2.5 kg.

Food waste-6 kg.

How do they solve the problem of waste in other countries?

• Every resident of Switzerland is obliged to sort garbage - this is the law. Violators are heavily fined. The observance of the law is monitored by the garbage police, which is able to find and prosecute even a person who threw a cigarette butt out of a car window.
• In the country, more than 90% of used glass containers end up in recycling plants.
• On the streets of Geneva, metal containers for broken and non-standard bottles are placed, and the glass is sorted by color: white, green, brown.
• Batteries containing reagents hazardous to living organisms are never thrown into the trash, like old electrical appliances, household appliances, and construction waste.

Switzerland

• In the United States, separate waste collection is developed - it must be thrown into strictly defined containers. There is a system of penalties.
• There are more than 550 waste recycling plants in the States
• Some US states use a deposit system: when buying goods in containers (such as bottles) that can be recycled, the buyer pays a certain amount as a deposit. When he returns the bottle, he gets the money back.
• Entrepreneurs are producing more economical packaging, and consumers are learning to reuse the items they have on hand.

• Germany has a separate waste collection system. Only residual garbage, old newspapers, magazines and cardboard boxes are carried into the gray barrel. Cans, bottles, plastic and paper, as well as partially metal packaging, on which there is a "green dot" are thrown into the yellow barrel. The green barrel is for organic waste that is composted.
• Expired medicines are accepted by pharmacies
• Garbage collected in the city, depending on the distance between the collection point and the landfill, is delivered either directly to the landfill, or to a sorting center, or to a waste transfer station.

• Waste is actively used in the creation of bulk territories in the ocean.

• Since the early 2000s, a real wave has gripped Japanese society: “mottainai-ne-ee-e” can often be heard from the lips of Japanese people of different generations. It's hard to translate, but the point is that nothing should be thrown away as long as any useful properties are retained, that wastefulness is inappropriate.

• The Finns manage to hide it underground: it is stored in special containers with a capacity of 3 to 5 cubic meters, hidden two-thirds into the ground.

• The next achievement in waste disposal was the sir - elevators, which are special lifts that are equipped with crowded places.

• Garbage for the Finns is practically a strategic raw material. They got the hang of squeezing "juices" out of it. The water obtained after pressing the waste is purified to a drinking state. Methane, a gas released during the decomposition of waste (which the Finns capture and then burn), is used as a type of fuel for units operating at landfills.

In Moscow...

Machines for aluminum cans

Learn to take out the trash:

• - At home, throw garbage into a trash bag.
• - The bucket must always be closed with a lid, because. waste can be toxic.
• - Close the discarded garbage tightly so that it does not spill along the road.
• - Dispose of garbage in specially designated places.
• - Throw away small garbage on the street only in the bins.

To reduce the amount of waste you need to:

• – Do not take extra paper and plastic bags from the store or reuse them.
• - Write and draw on both sides of the paper.
• - Try to buy bottled drinks that can be returned.
• - Don't buy more than you might need.

Reuse waste:

• - The clothes we wear can be donated to those in need.
• - Do not throw away old toys, books: someone may need them. You can give it to orphanages, boarding schools, kindergartens, libraries.
• - If you have a garden plot, use food waste to make fertilizer.
• - Be sure to participate in the collection of waste paper.
• - Actively participate in separate waste collection, if it is organized in your locality.