Use of scientific achievements. On measures to improve the efficiency of the work of scientific organizations and accelerate the use of the achievements of science and technology in the national economy. What scientific achievements to improve the work of the enterprise

Linnaeus laid the foundations of modern binomial (binary) nomenclature, introducing the so-called nomina trivialia into the practice of taxonomy, which later became

used as specific epithets in the binomial names of living organisms. The method of forming a scientific name introduced by Linnaeus for each of the species is still used (the previously used long names, consisting of a large number of words, gave a description of the species, but were not strictly formalized). The use of a two-word Latin name - the name of the genus, then the specific name - made it possible to separate the nomenclature from taxonomy. Carl Linnaeus is the author of the most successful artificial classification of plants and animals, which became the basis for the scientific classification of living organisms. He shared natural world into three "kingdoms": mineral, vegetable and animal, using four levels ("ranks"): classes, orders, genera and species. He described about one and a half thousand new plant species (the total number of plant species described by him is more than ten thousand) and a large number of animal species.
Since the 18th century, along with the development of botany, phenology began to develop actively - the science of seasonal natural phenomena, the timing of their onset and the reasons that determine these timings. In Sweden, it was Linnaeus who first began to conduct scientific phenological observations (since 1748, in the Uppsala Botanical Garden); later he organized a network of observers consisting of 18 stations, which lasted from 1750 to 1752. One of the first in the world scientific works in phenology was Linnaeus's 1756 Calendaria Florae; the development of nature in it is described for the most part on the example of the vegetable kingdom. Partly to Linnaeus, mankind owes the current Celsius scale. Initially, the scale of the thermometer, invented by Linnaeus' colleague at Uppsala University, Professor Anders Celsius (1701-1744), had zero at the boiling point of water and 100 degrees at the freezing point. Linnaeus, who used thermometers to measure conditions in greenhouses and greenhouses, found this inconvenient and in 1745, after the death of Celsius, “turned over” the scale.
PLAN YOUR STORY.

Please help with biology assignments

1) what is the circulation of matter?
2) What is called the cycle of water, carbon and nitrogen? What are their differences?
3) Why is the concept of a cycle associated with matter and decomposers? Argument your answer
4) What is the relationship between the biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen and trophic chains?
5) What is the significance of these biological cycles for nature and man?
6) Do you think that biogeochemical cycles are disturbed by pollution of aquatic ecosystems in your native area? What needs to be done to improve this situation. Give reasons for your suggestions
7) explain what is the role of plants, animals and humans in the implementation of the biogeochemical cycle of water, carbon and nitrogen.
HELP ME PLEASE!

At the end of the last century, several discoveries were made that gave hope for an increase in life expectancy. Movements such as transhumanism and immortalism have developed, to which many people have joined, including the author of this article.

Transhumanism is a philosophy that calls for the use of scientific advances to improve the human body and mind. Transhumanists believe that a person is not the final link in evolution and is subject to constant improvement, if you want, an upgrade. Immortalists set themselves an even more difficult, but theoretically achievable goal. The most important task for them is the acquisition of immortality or the maximum distance of physical death.

Over the past hundred years, humanity has made a huge leap forward - the largest in its history. At the service of people came such fruits of technology as a car, an airplane, television, a computer, the Internet, mobile phone, aspirin and penicillin. The socio-economic and political system has changed. Undoubtedly, the world has become much better, and living in it has become more comfortable and interesting.

Our ancestors would certainly give anything to see with their own eyes what seems so ordinary to us.

Now imagine computer games, controlled by a neural interface, self-upgrade capabilities, abilities and sensations that are still inaccessible to us, artificial intelligence, the nanotechnology revolution, intergalactic travel, new worlds and civilizations... We definitely want to live to see all this!

During the last few thousand years average duration human life slowly but surely increased, mainly due to improved living conditions and breakthroughs in health care. During the Roman Empire, the average life expectancy was twenty-five years. In the Middle Ages, she reached thirty-five years, and at the beginning of the 20th century - fifty-five years. Today at developed countries there are many people aged seventy and over, and over the past decade the number of those who have passed the centennial milestone has doubled. The US Census Bureau predicts that over the next fifty years, the number of centenarians (those over a hundred) will grow more than tenfold even without any major breakthroughs in science.

The longest life record belongs to the Frenchwoman Jeanne Calment (1875-1997), who died at the age of one hundred and twenty-two and a half years. She managed to meet with Vincent van Gogh, to see the construction of the Eiffel Tower. Two world wars took place in her lifetime ... Throughout her life, Zhanna did not deny herself anything and retained an excellent sense of humor. “I have only one wrinkle, and I sit on it”, “I am in love with wine” - these are her words. She quit smoking at 120 and attributed her longevity to wine and olive oil.

The story of Jeanne Calment is unique, but there is a possibility that we already have the first person among us who will live a century and a half. Perhaps he is reading these lines now. Perhaps this person is you!

Many specialists in the US and Japan are conducting research on families of centenarians and twin centenarians, trying to identify regions of chromosomes that may contain aging genes. A group of scientists from Boston University, studying centenarians in New England, is looking for genes that regulate the aging process. Thomas Perle, leader of the group, believes that about a dozen genes are responsible for aging, and their location will soon become known.

One of the most obvious and unpleasant problems that accompanies aging is tooth decay. But, for example, in snakes, sharks and other animals, teeth are constantly updated. Surely readers remember how in their youth their milk teeth fell out, and then new ones grew in the same place. Practical and pleasant: for the time being, you do not have to go to the dentist. And if the process is in our genetic code, then why not repeat it regularly? After all, this is also a kind of self-upgrade.

Centuries ago it was observed that certain creatures such as moths, worms and bats live much longer when starved than when fed normally. Leonard Guarente, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has developed yeast mutants that live several times longer than usual, and is conducting experiments on mice. Experiments on these rodents also confirm earlier observations.

Few people decide to cut their usual diet by a third or more without solid guarantees of increased life expectancy. Roy Walford, a professor at the University of California, followed a strict diet of 1,500 calories a day for twenty years. It was he who participated in the famous project "Biosphere-2" - for two years he lived in isolation from outside world ecocenter together with other scientists. He died at the age of seventy-nine from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis...

Some operating systems start to work slower over time, and then fail altogether as a result of clogging the registry. Similarly, the body gradually loses the ability to self-heal. Clogging the registry begins with the first installation of software, and the aging of the body at the molecular level begins with the fertilization of the egg. Various external and internal processes lead to DNA damage and mutations, as well as to the modification of proteins, fats and carbohydrates both in cells and in connective tissues. The accumulation of these damages leads to the physical death of the cell and degradation of body tissues. Already by the time of birth, a lot of damage accumulates in human cells.

One of the most popular explanations for aging is the free radical theory. As a result of the synthesis of ATP molecules (adenosine triphosphoric acid, the “energy currency” of cells), which occurs in mitochondria, free oxygen radicals are produced. Cell defense mechanisms do not always cope with them, and free radicals damage mitochondrial DNA, which eventually leads to cell degradation and death.

Over the past three decades, an entire supplement industry has developed around this theory. Millions of people consume antioxidants daily, substances that scavenge free radicals, in the hope of slowing down the aging process. But the key to solving the problem of free radicals lies in our genes. Some organisms do not need nutritional supplements to successfully fight free radicals. For example, the level of glucose in the blood of birds is higher than in the blood of mice, and during the flight, the body's metabolism is greatly accelerated, which leads to the formation of a large number of free radicals. But, despite a more active metabolism, birds of many species live much longer than mice. Budgerigars live up to twenty years - about six times longer than mice. As it turned out, in long-lived rodents, naked mole rats, the level of free radicals in tissues is much higher than in mice, and the classical repair mechanisms function much worse. Therefore, many researchers began to consider the problem from the point of view of the mechanisms of protection and restoration of mitochondrial DNA, and not from the point of view of the classical neutralization of free radicals. Apparently, in the case of birds, evolution has chosen the path of a more active metabolism and more efficient repair mechanisms, which led to an increase in life expectancy. It is possible that if we understand the mechanism of action of restoring proteins in long-lived organisms and create similar ones for humans, then we will be able to increase our life span several times ...

A few years ago, Cynthia Kenyon of the University of California brought out mutants. roundworm living more than twice as long as usual. She immediately discovered several genes involved in the insulin-IGF-1 signaling chain.

Changing the level of expression of individual genes in this chain leads to the activation of various natural defense mechanisms and to a striking increase in lifespan in worms, flies and mice.

Another popular theory of aging is the theory of shortening of telomeres (protein endings of chromosomes). With each division, the telomeres of somatic cells shorten, and after a certain amount division, called the Hayflick limit, the cell stops dividing. Carol Grider of Johns Hopkiss University of Medicine, along with other researchers, discovered a protein that restores telomeres, telomerase. Expression of telomerase in cells leads to cellular immortality. However, the use of telomerase to prolong human life is not yet possible, since endlessly dividing cells become cancerous. Scientists hope that advances in nanotechnology and genetic engineering will make it possible to control the number of cell divisions in the near future.

I note that the first scientist to explain the Hayflick limit in terms of telomere shortening is the Russian gerontologist A. M. Olovnikov, who proposed this hypothesis back in the 1970s. Let's hope that the award will find its hero.

Most readers have probably heard about stem cells, from which the cells of body tissues are formed. Stem cells are produced in the body throughout its life, taking the place of damaged or dead ones. It is hematopoietic stem cells that generate billions of blood cells every day, the lifespan of which is about a week.

The main problem of aging is the aging of the brain. After all, even having a replaceable liver, kidneys and other “components”, our body as a system will sooner or later become obsolete and die without the possibility of restoring the “central processor”. Contrary to the belief that the nervous system does not regenerate, stem cells that give rise to neurons and glial cells are produced in several parts of the brain at once throughout a person's life. However, at the age of about forty, the number of stem cells that come to replace worn out and damaged cells decreases, and the body degrades. Over the past ten years, several mechanisms have been discovered to regulate the rate of division and movement of stem cells in brain tissues. Probably, the use of these mechanisms will solve the problem of brain aging

One of the most promising species stem cells that may very soon be used for therapeutic purposes are mesenchymal. Unfortunately, despite the fact that the Soviet researcher A. Ya. Friedenshtein obtained a culture of mesenchymal cells back in the 70s of the last convict, scientists have really become interested in them only recently. Their peculiarity lies in the fact that they are not only produced by the body throughout life, but they themselves can recognize damage and turn into a variety of tissues. Osiris Therapeutics researchers, together with scientists from Johns Hopkins University, conducted a series of experiments using these cells. After an artificially induced heart attack, mesenchymal cells injected into pigs detected and repaired damage to the heart muscle.

All of the above theories are now being actively studied by many laboratories around the world, and both private and public funding for anti-aging research is increasing year by year. Immediately after the end of World War II and the return of American soldiers home, there was a surge in the birth rate in the United States, the so-called baby boom. Baby boomers earn an estimated $2 trillion a year, own more than $7 trillion in assets, and control nearly eighty percent of American finances, according to Age Wave.

These people between the ages of 55 and 70 want to live healthy, fulfilling lives and do not want to grow old. The American government is well aware that the aging of "baby boomers" is unprofitable from an economic point of view, and strongly supports research into the aging process. The US National Institutes of Health (NIH), which distributes a budget of $27 billion annually, formed a subsidiary in 1974, the National Institute on Aging (NIA), which annually spends more than a billion dollars on the study of aging.

The pace of scientific development, huge financial injections into the research of aging processes, as well as the fact that most people do not want to age - all this suggests that in the next fifty years, the use of genetic engineering of gene therapy will not only neutralize aging genes, but also make the human body more resistant to wear and tear. Mesenchymal stem cells are already being tested in animals, and work is underway to create special therapeutic cells that will recognize bacteria, viruses and cancer cells, and then promptly destroy them. It is also expected that advances in nanomedicine will make it possible to eliminate almost any damage at the molecular level, and it is possible that the idea of ​​self-upgrading will become a reality in our lifetime.

Alex Zhavoronkov

Much of what in the recent past seemed like fiction or real magic has become a reality today, thanks to innovative scientific discoveries. In this review, we have collected the global achievements of mankind, which have radically changed life.

Arthur Clarke is a famous science fiction writer who formulated the three laws of science and magic. The first was that when a respected but elderly scientist claims that something is possible, he is almost certainly right. According to the second, the only way to discover the limits of the possible is to dare to step into the impossible. And the third is that any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic. Indeed, any of modern technologies would have seemed real magic to our ancestors.

1. Online video streaming

In 2007, Netflix introduced online TV streaming on personal computers as one of their additional services. IN next year a similar service began to appear literally everywhere, as it became insanely popular.

2. Self-driving cars

Google launched the self-driving car project back in 2008. Currently, Google's self-driving cars have already driven more than 3 million kilometers and are being tested on the streets. major cities throughout the US.

3. Unmanned delivery service

Since the summer of 2016, the Amazon.com online store has been experimenting with the delivery of goods using unmanned drones. We currently offer a similar delivery within 2 hours in major US cities.

4 Tesla Roadster

Tesla Roadster was released in 2008 and at that time it was a unique achievement in the electric car industry, as it could travel up to 500 km on a single charge. Since then, Tesla has continued to improve its fully electric cars(unlike hybrids such as the Toyota Prius) and brought their price down to just $35,000.

5. Bionic eye

Second Sight is a California-based company that received approval in 2013 to market "Bionic Eye". The artificial eye uses cameras that transmit signals to an implant built into the retina. It does not fully restore vision, but blind people begin to see at least somehow.

6. Smartphone

Apple released the very first smartphone in 2007. Now it's hard to imagine life without these tiny computers that you can carry in your pocket and also know how to make calls.

7. Augmented reality devices

In 2014, Google debuted the Google Glass, the first fully portable augmented reality device. While various versions of VR (virtual reality) and augmented reality have been in development since around the 1980s, things like the Oculus Rift have made them more accessible to the mass market.

8. Reusable rockets

Usually, when a rocket goes into space, it's a one-way trip. Rockets have only been used once since the 1960s. But in November and December 2015, two private companies - blue origin and SpaceX have successfully landed rockets after launch so that they can be reused. It overcame one of the biggest obstacles to space travel - the cost.

9. Large Hadron Collider

The Large Hadron Collider is the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator, the world's largest machine, and the largest and most complex experimental facility ever built by humans. It allows physicists to experiment and study some of the most fundamental yet unproven theories in physics, the basic laws that govern the universe, and the structure of space and time.

10. Hoverboard

The hoverboard, unfortunately, doesn't quite look like the flying board from Back to the Future yet. Rather, it looks like a cross between a skateboard and a Segway.

11. Smart watch

Smartwatches can basically do most of the things that a smartphone can do, albeit with a small screen size. They, like fitness trackers, are an essential step on the road to wearable high-tech devices.

12. 3D Organs

3D printed artificial organs are now a reality. Researchers have already been able to transplant a 3D printed thyroid gland experimental mice, as well as to replace some organs in humans, such as the trachea. Cosmetic companies are currently working on creating 3D printed skin that could be used not only for makeup but also for burns.

13. Tablet

The iPad was released as recently as 2010, and now there are real tablet PCs. While they can be used for many things, the main ones are watching videos and playing games. Tablets are the link between smartphones and laptops.

14. E-book

The first Kindle was released by Amazon in November 2007. At that time, this "electronic book" cost $399 and its entire circulation was sold in less than six hours. Since then e-books occupied a stable niche in the electronic devices sales market.

15. Crowdfunding

Kickstarter was founded on April 28, 2009 and since then the crowdfunding platform has changed the way small projects and businesses receive seed money. Other similar sites like Indiegogo, Gofundme, and Pateron have also funded a host of useful startups.

However, discoveries happen not only in the field of technology. Of no less interest are and.

OAO "Ufimskoye motor-building Production Association"(part of the United Engine Corporation of the State Corporation Rostec) awarded the annual award named after M.A. Ferin "For the creation and implementation of the latest achievements in science and technology" to two creative teams.

For their achievements, each team received the title of Laureate of the Prize and cash reward in the amount of 200,000 rubles.

A team from the department of the chief mechanic under the leadership of the head of the design department A.V. Dolzhikova (pictured), was awarded the prize for her work contributing to the development of one of the most important components of the PD-14 engine - a promising engine for the MS-21 civil aircraft. The working group ensured the manufacture of the PD-14 separating body - a large-sized welded titanium assembly - using the technology of welding in the Atmosfera-24 chamber with a controlled atmosphere, the so-called "inhabited chamber".

The second brigade under the leadership of the general designer - director of OKB im. A. Lyulki - branch of UMPO (Moscow) E.Yu. Marchukova won the competition with the study "Optimization of the control laws of HPC guide vanes in order to improve economic indicators AL-41F-1S engines in bench conditions and in operation".

The award "For the creation and introduction into production of the latest achievements of science and technology" was first awarded in UMPO in 1980. It was established in honor of the legendary director of the Ufa engine building plant(future UMPO) Mikhail Alekseevich Ferin, who was not only an outstanding leader, but also an honored worker of science and technology of the RSFSR and BASSR, the author of many scientific papers. Since 2006, the award has been awarded annually.

OAO "Ufa Motor-Building Production Association"- the largest manufacturer of aircraft engines in Russia. The main activities are the development, production, maintenance and repair of turbojet aircraft engines and gas compressor units, the production and repair of helicopter components
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JSC United Engine Corporation(part of the Rostec State Corporation) is an integrated structure specializing in the development, serial production and after-sales service engines for military and civil aviation, space programs and navy, as well as the oil and gas industry and energy. One of the priority areas of UEC activity is the implementation of comprehensive programs for the development of industry enterprises with the introduction of new technologies that correspond to international standards. The holding's revenue in 2014 amounted to 199.9 billion rubles.

State Corporation Rostec - Russian corporation, established in 2007 to promote the development, production and export of high-tech industrial products for civil and military purposes. It consists of 663 organizations, of which 9 holding companies have been formed in the military-industrial complex and 6 in civilian industries, as well as 32 direct management organizations. Rostec's portfolio includes such famous brands such as AVTOVAZ, KAMAZ, Russian Helicopters, VSMPO-AVISMA, etc. Rostec organizations are located in 60 constituent entities of the Russian Federation and supply products to the markets of more than 70 countries. Rostec's revenue in 2014 amounted to 964.5 billion rubles. total amount tax deductions amounted to 147.8 billion rubles.

"Give an example of your achievements"- This is one of the questions that are asked in a competency interview. This type of interview is a reliable and widely used method in recruitment, which makes it possible to check professional competencies candidate for a successful job.

For those who do not have experience with this type of interview, the main thing is to understand the basic concept:

In a behavioral interview, you should provide concrete examples of the successful application of skills and abilities from past work experience.

This type of interview is based on the fact that on the basis of the past behavior of an employee in a given situation, one can predict his future behavior in a given situation. new job. And all the candidate needs to do is to provide compelling examples that clearly demonstrate the required competencies specified in the job description.

The most commonly explored competencies are:

• communication
• teamwork
• initiative
• leadership
• problem solving skills
• analytical thinking
• stress resistance
• time management
• negotiation skills
• planning
• result oriented
• process oriented

For example, if the requirements of the job profile indicate that the candidate must be able to analyze, then the interviewer will definitely ask you to give an example of when you used this skill in your work and what results you achieved.

Competency questions start with:

• Tell me about a time when you...
• Give me an example...
• What steps did you take...

Here are some examples of the most popular questions:

• Give an example of your accomplishments.
• Describe a time when you had to overcome a major hurdle in order to get things done.
• Tell me about a time when you had to juggle several important projects.

Most often, candidates do not pay due attention to the issues of competence. And in vain. After all, if you manage to pass and then fail the first behavioral question, you will still leave the interview empty-handed. Even if you have a huge long-term experience labor activity, but without prepared examples, you will not be able to make a favorable impression and confirm your competencies. It is quite difficult to answer such a question, because in your daily activities you cannot single out or remember immediately without preparation something really worthwhile, which should be told to a potential employer.

Unfortunately, most often, it is the candidates who are less competent, but with good training, bypass more experienced employees. And so that this does not happen to you, it's time to remember everything and create a good story from your past work experience.

I recommend having at least three examples of the competencies indicated in the vacancy in reserve in order to emphasize your skills in the interview. strengths. The easiest way to effectively answer any question in a behavioral interview is to prepare three clear examples of your major accomplishments. Remember the most interesting projects, difficult tasks, problem situations. If you have little experience, then you can use the examples during your studies or internship.

As always, we will use the STAR method as the basis for the story, which will help you focus on key details and make your story structured, concise and memorable.

1. R — results

Formulate the results of your actions: what happened, what was done, what you learned. And finally, it is very important that your good STAR story always has a happy ending, like in a fairy tale. The last part of your answer should describe the positive results of your actions. Specific results are always especially impressive, for example: a 32% increase in sales, a halving of the budget, etc. But you can also refer to a positive outcome through emotional appraisal, especially from a boss or clients. It will be the best way Convince the interviewer that the story you are telling is real. For example: m oh the client was very satisfied, my manager appreciated my contribution to final result and praised my work, etc.

Answer example:

When I presented the new improved reporting to my manager, he was so impressed that he couldn't believe I had done it all myself in such a short period of time! I also received high praise from senior management and was included in the Talent Bank program in our company.

6 tips: How to answer the question: Give an example of your achievements.

1) Take enough time to think of a vivid example from your past work or school experience. Pick an example that actually shows multiple competencies and personal attributes.

2) Listen carefully to the questions and if you do not understand, do not rush to answer, but ask to be explained to you. This is better than answering the question in a completely different direction and giving irrelevant examples.

3) Be prepared for clarifying questions because the interviewer will want to get more information from you and check if your answers are genuine. Here are examples of such questions:

• Tell me why did you do it this way
• Explain how you achieved this result
• Do you think it could have been done differently?

4) Be specific. Don't try to answer in general terms that don't say anything about you. For example: " I consider myself a very responsible and organized employee, as I always achieve high results and complete the tasks on time.” So you are not answering the question. You can count whatever you want, but you are required to bring real example from your past experience to prove your point.