Birth and history photography presentation. What is photography? Optics

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History of photography

Photography (French photographie from other Greek φως / φωτος - light and γρ αφω - I write; light painting - the technique of drawing with light) - obtaining and saving a static image on a photosensitive material (photographic film or photographic matrix) using a camera.

In a broader sense, photography is the art of taking photographs, where the main creative process is to find and select the composition, lighting and moment (or moments) of the photograph. This choice is determined by the skill and skill of the photographer, as well as his personal preferences and taste, which is typical for any kind of art.

Images using visible light reflected from objects were obtained back in ancient times and used for picturesque and technical work. The method, later called orthoscopic photography, does not require serious optical devices. In those days, only small holes and, sometimes, cracks were used. Images were projected onto surfaces opposite from these holes.

Further, the method was improved with the help of optical instruments placed in place of the hole. This was the basis for the creation of a camera that limits the resulting image from flare to non-image-bearing light. The camera was called an obscura, the image was projected onto its back matte wall and redrawn along the outline by the artist. After the invention of methods of chemical fixation of the image, the camera obscura became a constructive prototype of the photographic apparatus. The name "photography" was chosen as the most euphonious of several options at the Académie française in 1839.

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History of photography (continued)

Therefore, the first photograph in history is considered to be a “view from the window” photograph, obtained by Niepce in 1826 using a camera obscura on a tin plate coated with thin layer asphalt. The exposure lasted eight hours in bright sunlight. The advantage of Niépce's method was that the image was obtained in relief (after etching the asphalt), and it could easily be reproduced in any number of copies.

In 1839, the Frenchman Louis-Jacques Mande Daguerre published a method for obtaining an image on a silver-coated copper plate. After a thirty-minute exposure, Daguerre transferred the plate to a dark room and for some time held it over heated mercury vapor. As an image fixer, Daguerre used table salt. The picture turned out to be of a fairly high quality - well-developed details in both highlights and shadows, however, it was impossible to copy the picture. Daguerre called his method of obtaining a photographic image daguerreotype. The original Daguerre camera, made by Alphonse Giroud, measures 12" x 14.5" x 20". The inscription on the tag "The device is not guaranteed if it does not bear the signature of Mr. Daguerre and the seal of Mr. Giroud.

Almost at the same time, the Englishman William Henry Fox Talbot invented a method of obtaining a negative photographic image, which he called calotype. As the image carrier, Talbot used paper impregnated with silver chloride. This technology combined high quality and the ability to copy pictures (positives were printed on similar paper).

Photographer's kit, weighing between 70 and 120 pounds, needed for wet collodion photography.

Business card camera patented by Adolphe-Eugène Dizderi in 1854. Eight exposures were made on a 6.5 by 8.5 inch plate. The print was then cut and pasted onto cards sized business card- 4 by 2.5 inches.

Horse in motion. 1878 Photos from wet plates. The first successful photographs of a moving horse along the Palo Alto track, San Francisco, June 19, 1878. The exposure of each negative was less than 1/2000 of a second. 12 chambers similar to the chamber below were used.

Eastman in 1888 developed an excellent amateur camera for that time and gave rise to a word that has since become synonymous with the word "camera" - "kodak". The Kodak camera was a small box (hence the name "detective camera"), a little over 6 inches long, 3.5 inches wide, and less than 4 inches high. Anyone could work with it, who, as it was written in the instructions, is able to: 1. Direct the camera. 2. Press the button. 3. Turn the key. 4. Pull the cord.

Color photography appeared in the middle of the 19th century. The first stable color photograph was taken in 1861 by James Maxwell using the three-color photography method (color separation method). To obtain a color image, three cameras with color filters (red, green and blue) installed on them were used. The resulting images made it possible to recreate a color image during projection (and later, in printing).

On December 13, 1902, Prokudin-Gorsky first announced the creation of color transparencies using the method of three-color photography.

Stenope (from French Sténopé) - a photographic apparatus without a lens, the role of which is played by a small hole. Stenope is used to capture landscape shots with a soft image, somewhat like a dream image.

What is photography?

Photo(French photographie from other Greek φως / φωτος - light and γραφω - I write; light painting - painting technique with light) - obtaining and saving a static image on a photosensitive material (photographic film or photographic matrix) using a camera.

The main stages in the development of photographic equipment

Since time immemorial, it has been noticed that a ray of the sun, penetrating through a small hole into a dark room, leaves a light pattern of objects on the plane. outside world. Objects are depicted in exact proportions and colors, but in reduced sizes compared to nature and upside down.

Niépce Pictures

Nicephore Niepce(full name Joseph Nicéphore) French inventor, one of the creators of photography. For the first time (1820s), he found a way to fix the image obtained in a camera obscura, using asphalt varnish as a light-sensitive substance (heliography). From 1829 he collaborated with Louis Daguerre.

Monument to Nicephore Niépce in Châlons-on-Seine

First persistent image

Niepce received the first permanent image in a camera obscura in 1822. However, only the heliography of 1826 has survived, when Niepce began to use an alloy of tin and lead instead of copper and zinc plates. The exposition lasted eight hours.

Camera Obscura Niepce

Daguerre Pictures

Louis Jacques Daguerre, French artist and inventor, one of the creators of photography. Developed (using the experiments of Niepce) the first practical method of photography - daguerreotype (1839), the idea of ​​​​which was to obtain an image on the polished surface of a silver plate impregnated with iodide vapor. He placed this plate in a camera obscura and exposed it, and developed it with mercury vapor.

He achieved the result in 1837, after 11 years of experience. He fixed the image obtained and developed in mercury vapor by washing the plate with a strong salt solution and hot water. In this case, the exposure time of the plate in the camera obscura ranged from 15 to 30 minutes (while Niépce heliography required an exposure of up to 8 hours).

St. Isaac's Cathedral in 1839

Photographs by William Henry Fox Talbot

In fact at the same time the Englishman William Henry Fox Talbot invented another method of obtaining a photographic image, which he called "calotype", from the Greek word "kalos" - beauty. The image was obtained in a camera obscura on paper impregnated with a light-sensitive solution. The paper plate was developed, then fixed. There was a negative. A positive image was printed from a paper negative on photosensitive paper. The main advantage of calotype was the possibility of obtaining several copies of one image.

And it was calotype that laid the foundation for photography as we know it today.

In 1887, Goodwin patented a process for making a transparent flexible film from cellulose nitrate. In 1889 American company Eastman Kodak launched the production of transparent flexible film. Since then, photography has become accessible to amateurs.

In 1904, the first plates for color photography appeared, released by the Lumiere company. The image was made on glass and could be viewed against the light. In 1907, the Lumiere brothers set up the production of records and called them autochrome.

August 20, 1861 English photographer Setton patented the first single-lens reflex camera. It was a large box with a light-protective lid on top, which served as a shaft for observation.

In 1914 in Germany, Barnack created a small format camera that revolutionized photography. Since 1924, the Leitiz Company began to produce this camera under the name LEICA. Soon, interchangeable lenses with different focal lengths were developed for this camera.

Color photography appeared in the middle 19th century .

The first stable color photograph was taken in 1861 by James Maxwell using the three-color photography method (color separation method). Three cameras with color filters (red, green and blue) installed on them were used to obtain a color picture. The resulting images made it possible to recreate a color image during projection (and later, in printing).

December 13th 1902 Prokudin-Gorsky first announced the creation of colored transparencies By tricolor photography method

In England, the famous physicist William Henry Fox Talbot was quite surprised by the news of Daguerre's invention, since he considered photography to be exclusively his discovery. The fact is that almost in the same year, independently of each other, Daguerre and Talbot invented the same thing.

The difference between Talbot's technology was the selection of materials. He also used silver, but he covered it not with metal plates, but with ordinary paper. Then he impregnated it with wax, and so he got a negative. Then I put it on top of another sheet of paper, also coated with silver chloride, and left it in the light, thus obtaining a positive image. Although the quality of the photograph obtained by the Talbot method was significantly worse than that of his French counterpart, his method nevertheless became more promising. After all, this method made it possible to make many prints from one negative. In addition, paper was cheaper and easier to work with than fragile daguerreotypes.

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In 1825, Louis Daguerre placed a photosensitive plate in a camera obscura and illuminated it for quite some time. Image was fixed with mercury vapor. Since the development method was not safe for health, the British astronomer and scientist John Herschel suggested washing the plate in a solution of sodium hyposulfite. Daguerre called his photographs daguerreotypes.

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1878-88 American G. Goodwin patents celluloid reel film. KODAK sells the first film camera. The beginning of the era of mass photography. 1891 KODAK launches daylight charging film. 1900 A prototype of a modern "soap box" appears on the US market - a KODAK camera worth one dollar. 1903 The Lumiere brothers from France develop the Autochrome process, the first commercially available color photographic material. 1924-25 The LEIKA-1 camera became the first mass-produced technically perfect camera using a standard 35 mm interchangeable film on spools. 1925 Flash lamp invented. 1928 The first mass-produced two-lens reflex camera ROLLEYFLEX. From that moment on, photographers have the opportunity to produce accurate frames even when shooting quickly. 1935-36 Invented pulse illuminators. KODAK produces mass-produced color film "Kodachrome" (for film and photo equipment). It is the first color film to be processed by the end user. 1937 The first mass-produced single-lens reflex camera EXAKTA. 1938 The first mass-produced camera automatic control diaphragm KODAK SUPER 620. 1942. Kodacolor film enables color prints for the first time. A new step in the era of mass photography. 1948 A revolutionary invention - a polaroid camera that allows you to get ready-made black-and-white pictures in 60 seconds. 1954 The first 35 mm SLR with a fully automatic mirror lift mechanism - the forefather of modern SLR cameras. This ASAHIFLEX II model was produced by the Japanese company PENTAX - thus, the leadership in the design of photographic equipment is confidently captured by Japanese manufacturers.

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1. The appearance of a prism-type viewfinder (pentaprism). 2. The birth of electronically controlled shutters. 3. Partial automatic exposure (shutter or aperture priority). 4. Devices for automatic (including high-speed) film transportation. 5. Full automatic exposure. 6. The appearance of outbreaks. 7. Microprocessor multifunctional control of all camera devices using information displays. 8. The flash is built into the camera body. 9. The appearance of autofocus. 10. Dramatic exponential improvement and modernization of all the above camera devices.

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The cost of film photography. The cost of a film camera (soap dish): about 1000 rubles. The cost of a film for 36 frames is about 100 rubles. The cost of printing one photo 10 * 15: 6 rubles. The cost of digital photography. The cost of a digital camera: 4000-10000 rubles. The cost of a memory card for 100-600 frames: about 200-1000 rubles. The cost of printing one photo 10 * 15: 3.5 rubles.

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In addition to consumers, we interviewed sellers of the departments of the "Photo goods" stores. In stores along with a large selection digital cameras, there is also a small selection of film. Film for film cameras continues to be bought and photographs printed from it. According to sellers, 2/3 photographs are printed from digital media, and 1/3 of amateur photographers are printed from film. So: the results of the survey showed that the number of users of digital cameras is several times greater than that of film users.

Photography is the acquisition and storage of a static image on photosensitive material using a camera. Also, a photograph or a photograph, or simply a snapshot, is the final image obtained as a result of the photographic process and viewed directly by a person. In a broader sense, photography is the art of taking photographs, where the main creative process is to find and choose the composition, lighting and moment (or moments) of the photograph. This choice is determined by the skill and skill of the photographer, as well as his personal preferences and taste, which is typical for any kind of art.

In 1725, A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin () an amateur chemist, later a politician and Johann Heinrich Schulze (), physicist, professor at the University of Gaul in Germany, discovered that solutions of iron salts change color under the influence of light. In 1725, while trying to prepare a luminous substance, he accidentally mixed chalk with nitric acid, which contained some dissolved silver.

Black and white photography historically the first kind of photography. After the advent of color and then digital photography, black and white photographs have retained their popularity. Often, color photographs are converted to black and white for artistic effect.

Color photography appeared in the middle of the 19th century. The first stable color photograph was taken in 1861 by James Maxwell using the three-color photography method (color separation method). To obtain a color image, three cameras with color filters (red, green and blue) installed on them were used. The resulting images made it possible to recreate a color image during projection (and later, in printing).

digital photography relatively young but popular technology that originated in 1981 when Sony launched Sony camera Mavica with a CCD that records images to disk. This device was not digital in the modern sense (an analog signal was recorded on the disk), but it made it possible to abandon photographic film. First full digital camera DCS 100 was released in 1990 by Kodak.

Collage - technical technique in fine arts, which consists in the creation of paintings or graphic works by gluing objects and materials that differ from the base in color and texture onto a base. A collage is also called a work entirely made in this technique. Collage is used mainly to obtain the effect of surprise from the combination of dissimilar materials, as well as for the emotional richness and sharpness of the work. The collage can be completed by any other means with ink, watercolor, etc.