How to open a farm from scratch. How to open your own farm

Farming is a popular type of business in rural areas. Nowadays, there are farms in many settlements. But the demand in the country for their products has not yet been satisfied. So a farm from scratch is still a promising business idea that can make good money. But on one condition - that the farming business will be well planned and well organized. How to do this, this article will tell you.

Chickens, bees, milk...? Choose the type of farm

To become a successful farmer, you must first master the intricacies of farming and marketing farm products. And, of course, to raise a decent start-up capital. If you already have all this, it's time to write a business plan called "How to open your own farm from scratch."

And it is worth starting work from the definition of the type of activity. There are several directions in which modern farms operate. This:

1. Livestock.
2. Poultry farming.
3. Beekeeping.
4. Milk products.
5. Growing vegetables, herbs and fruits.

There are many examples of very profitable businesses in every industry. That is, you can earn decently in any of these areas. Often the choice of the type of farm is based on the personal preferences of the entrepreneur. Something turns out to be closer and clearer, more to your liking, but you immediately want to give up some types of farming.

Once you've decided what you'll be producing, consider how big it will be. Focus on 2 factors:

1. Opportunities for your start-up capital.
2. Sales opportunities.

After all, the larger the volume of finished products, the more problems may arise with its implementation. Especially at first. Immediately map out potential outlets and distribution channels available in your area.

Popular destinations

Cows are the most popular destination

Many peasant families today keep several heads of cattle. For them, this is an affordable option for additional earnings on the sale of dairy products and meat. For some families, this is the only source of income in rural areas.

Demand for these types of livestock products is consistently high. Perhaps you should also pay attention to this direction.

According to statistics, most often, farm owners choose meat or dairy for their business. There are more requirements for the production of milk from the state. And the costs for the dairy business will need to be larger than for the meat business.

The choice of breeds of cows has many nuances. You need to carefully prepare for their purchase by studying as much information as possible. Learn more about popular breeds in your field by carefully weighing the pros and cons of each. Keep in mind that there are meat breeds and there are dairy breeds. If funds are limited, you can buy heifers and hold them for 1-2 years. If there are 10 or more cows, a bull will be needed to fertilize them. For a smaller number, artificial insemination is suitable.

Legalizing your business: state registration

Officially, the farm starts from scratch with the state registration of the enterprise.

Each farm owner is required to legalize his business by opening an individual entrepreneur or LLC. Most often, the first option is chosen as simpler and more profitable in terms of taxation.

If you plan to supply products to retail chains, first get the go-ahead from Rospotrebnadzor and firefighters. You will also need a land lease agreement.

Since food is produced on farms, the owners must have documents confirming its worthy quality. When it comes to the production of meat, it is necessary to obtain a veterinary examination.

Farm place

Choosing a location for a farm requires a careful and unhurried approach. It is worth looking for it in advance. Many offers today can be considered without leaving home, via the Internet. Specialized agencies are ready to provide assistance in this matter.

But there is no need to rush to conclude an agreement. It is important to get more information about the land itself. There are moments that sellers or landlords are silent about. But the locals are willing to share what they know. So if possible, visit the places you like in person and ask the local population.

When choosing a site, one should pay attention to such parameters as soil characteristics, pasture capacity, vegetation, availability and cost of storage facilities.

You can buy land with everything you need to run a farm. There are plots that are sold with sheds, fences, etc.

room

The size of the room in each case is different. It depends on the scale of the young enterprise and the direction of its activities. There are several general requirements:

1. Warmth and cleanliness of the room

In winter, you need to especially monitor the temperature. It is important that the room was at least 17 degrees Celsius and maintained normal humidity. And no drafts. This is not only inhumane to animals, but also leads to loss of profit. Also, the room needs access to fresh air.

1. Proper layout

On farms of different types, it is different. For example, if you are raising poultry, you will need to install cages. In the case of cattle, you will need stalls and feeders. Devices for cleaning manure when growing different living creatures will be different.

1. Water

Raising animals requires a lot of water every day. The premises must be provided with it in abundance.

Equipment

This item of expenditure is usually the most costly. It will require solid investments - at least 2 million rubles. Having bought everything you need, you won’t open a farm right away. You will have to wait, allocating time for installation. Sometimes this process takes several months.

For a cattle farm, you need to purchase fences, drinkers, feeders, stall materials and manure removal mechanisms. Immediately consider the need to prepare food for the winter. Of course, it is easier to buy it, but it will cost more. For harvesting on your own, you will need equipment (tractor, mower, trailers, devices for loading and unloading, etc.).

For the dairy business, it is necessary to purchase milking equipment and choose a more spacious room. After all, you will have to keep calves somewhere, perform milking, put milk, place cows that are not milked.

You should not buy everything at once, the best and most expensive. It would be wiser to buy only what is needed at first, and not what you want. Over time, you will gain experience and better understand what your farm is missing. Often farms are equipped in stages over 5-10 years. In order to save money, farm equipment can be bought at auctions.

Sales options

Before you open a farm from scratch, consider possible marketing options.

The farm can sell its products in two directions:

1. local markets.
2. Trading networks.

Constantly think about the question: how to reduce the cost of production with the same product quality? Inexpensive food products significantly increase the chances of a firm foothold in the market.

Staff: how to provide work for the whole family and neighbors

Farming is most often a family business.

Often, not only its owner and organizer, but also his whole family is involved in the farm. Food production in our country is traditionally a family business, which employs several generations, as well as close and distant relatives of the family.

If you have a family, discuss this issue with them in advance. Of course, a family farm is more profitable than hired labor. Each employee has a personal interest in the success of the business and will work “in good faith”. Yes, and savings on wages for staff. At first, after opening, it will be very helpful.

If the farming business becomes the business of the whole family, there are more chances to receive preferential terms from the state. Now there are government programs specifically for creating family farms. For example, to open such a farm, you can get a loan on favorable terms.

Expenses, investments, profit

Those who are only interested in how to open a farm so far should know one compelling advantage of this business. It is promising in that it constantly receives support from the state. Much is being done to increase the number of domestic food producers. They receive good incentives for development in the form of benefits, subsidies, free land, and financial resources to start. Learn more about these programs. You may also be able to get help from the state.

In general, the initial costs will be something like this:

Table. Capital investments

On average, a farm receives an income of 200 thousand to 2 million rubles per year. The payback period of the economy is from 1.5 to 3 years.

Now food prices are on the rise. What is good for farmers. And those who pay due attention to this issue have no problems with sales. Moreover, there are no restrictions on access to the sales market for the national manufacturer. Domestic food products are in demand and have a constant demand. So the farming business is a great chance to earn money and contribute to the domestic economy.

Anyone who once lived in nature and ate homemade products dreams of returning "to the earth" again. And even those who did not live, but only heard about it, also dream. And sometimes such a thought comes unexpectedly for the person himself. It would seem that there is a business, prosperity, but one day you realize that this is not that this is not enough. And only one's own house, one's own land, one's household make life full, interesting and rich. And the work of a farmer is not what it used to be. A variety of devices and new technologies make work a pleasure. Today, a household that once fed and took time and energy brings even more joy. Where to start, what you need for your mini-farm - we understand the topic of this week.

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Investments in agriculture are increasing every year. The niche of agricultural production is practically free, so those who want to farm are actively buying up land and empty farms. The cost of land is low, and the return, albeit not instantaneous, will be necessary.

Every year the development of farms becomes more and more relevant. Many entrepreneurs, trying to fill an empty niche, invest in agricultural production. In villages and villages, they are actively buying up land and empty abandoned farms in order to organize their own business. The cost of land, depending on the position and condition, can be from 70,000 rubles per hectare.

Farming can be conducted in different directions: animal husbandry, crop production, beekeeping, etc. If a farmer decides to choose a livestock sector, then, depending on the type of animals he will breed, it will be possible to sell not only meat, but also wool and skins.

The farmer can supply such products to dairies, or sell them independently through retail outlets. In the latter case, the products will need to be packaged, for which it will be necessary to purchase special equipment.

Pig breeding is a traditionally profitable area of ​​animal husbandry, so creating a pig farm is a good idea for your own business. The share of pork consumption is about 30% of the volume of meat products, yielding in popularity only to poultry meat, which is a cheaper product, its share is 37%.

Pigs have a high growth energy, and better than other domestic animals, use the nutrients contained in the feed. Pigs grow 10-12 times faster than cattle. With good feed quality, six-month-old animals reach a weight of 100 kg and can be used for meat.

In addition, pigs are quite prolific. Pork production is the next industry behind poultry farming in terms of payback due to a longer growing cycle.

Pork production is conditionally divided into three sectors:

• industrial-type complexes - fattening herds with a population of 12,000 heads or more;
• average production in large farms and agricultural enterprises - a herd from 100 to 12,000 heads;
• personal subsidiary and small farms - a herd of less than 100 heads.

To organize an efficiently operating farm that brings a decent profit, you need to start with.

Production plan. Sales of products

The farm's products are pigs in live weight. The sale of pigs for meat is usually not difficult, especially in light of recent government programs to support domestic producers. The sale of young animals for breeding can be organized through the market to small private farms.

room

Since there are many empty farms in the countryside, it is not worth building a new pigsty - this will require a lot of money. The best option would be to rent or buy an already finished premises. The next step is the repair and disinfection of the premises, as well as equipping it with various communications.

Among the necessary will be a heating system, the most economical option - devices for direct combustion of fuel (liquid fuel or gas). The ventilation system must also be provided as a necessary element to create a normal microclimate inside the farm. A manure removal system can be supplied if funds permit.

It also serves to improve the microclimate, reduces labor costs. In addition, good animal conditions are the basis for successful fattening. The pig farm must be warm, peace and quiet must be ensured, daily ventilation is also necessary.

Farm equipment

You will need to purchase special equipment for feeding pigs. There are two types of feeding - dry and liquid. About 80% of pig farms use dry feeding. This type of equipment is less expensive and easier to maintain than liquid feeding equipment.

A room equipped for dry feeding will have a higher sanitary and hygienic condition. Feed enters the premises from the bunker through feed lines with a spiral, depending on the configuration of the building, a chain-washer conveyor can be used. Animals are fed through a feed distribution system with dispensers for group feeding, or through conventional feeders for individual feeding.

It will be necessary to purchase drinking bowls and machine tools for keeping animals, various zootechnical products. For a pig farm, it is advisable to buy feed loaders - special machines for transporting and loading bulk feed.

Farm staff

The more machines and mechanisms you will use on your farm, the less staff you will need. We will need workers, a veterinarian, a livestock specialist, an accountant and a manager. The functions of a veterinarian and livestock specialist can be combined by one person with the appropriate education.

Purchase of pigs

According to the recommendations of experts, for a start it is desirable to purchase 300-350 heads. To avoid inbreeding and weakened offspring, it is better to purchase female and male individuals from different suppliers. Of the indicated number of heads, there should be about 150 sows, 10 boars, the rest of the animals - for fattening and sale.

Purchasing feed

A herd of 300-350 heads per year needs up to 35 tons of grain and up to 300 kilograms of special feed additives. It should be borne in mind that the weight gain of animals, and, most importantly, their health, will depend on the quality of the feed. An improper diet will lead to a decrease in weight gain, the fattening period will have to be increased, which will lead to additional feed consumption and, consequently, to an increase in the cost of production.

Special feeding formulas have been developed and widely used, for example for young piglets or for pregnant sows. The choice of a feed supplier should be taken quite carefully. You can buy feed at factories, or from pig breeders with extensive experience.

Financial part of the business plan

The cost of equipment will be approximately 2 million rubles, its specific value will be determined by the level of farm mechanization chosen by you. It will also depend on how many staff you need. To care for a herd of 300-350 heads, at least 7 people will be required. The salary of a veterinarian will be 20-25 thousand rubles, pigs - from 10 thousand rubles.

The cost of feed is approximately: bran - 60 rubles. for 20 kg, feed for young animals - 130 rubles. for 15 kg, for meat fattening of pigs - 205 rubles. for 30 kg, mixtures for bacon fattening - 230 rubles. for 35 kg, etc. Feed must be purchased for at least two months, the cost of feed is approximately 70% of the total cost of the project.

If the premises are rented, the costs will amount to 4-5 million rubles. In order to return the invested funds and make a profit, it will be necessary to sell meat products from two or three generations of pigs. Profitability on average is expected to be 25%, payback - from 3 to 4 years.

If you decide to go into agriculture, namely the breeding of meat cattle, read my article, perhaps it will help you not to make the mistakes that I made at the beginning of my journey. I did not draw up any business plans, projects, did not draw diagrams, everything was built on its own in a free place as money appeared. To be honest, the work is very hard.

But, if you correctly build the process of fattening bulls, their maintenance, harvesting feed, you can manage the entire economy alone, and if you have a spouse, or able-bodied children, then even better. And do not listen to those who say that fattening bulls is not a profitable business, lazy people and couch experts say so. Of course, you won’t get super profits from such a livestock, but it’s quite possible to provide yourself with butter and sausage, fresh fruits in winter, and a good car.

There are three pillars on which a successful mini-farm should be built: start-up capital and a well-thought-out business plan, efficient and rational use of available land and maximum mechanization of all processes. When you come from afar, everything seems simple, but the closer you get, things that seemed simple before become overgrown with a bunch of nuances that need to be taken into account.

So, first things first. You need to start, as always, with drawing up a business plan based on your financial capabilities. This will help you understand whether you can manage the desired production volumes on your own, whether you will have to take out a loan or whether it is worth waiting another year and saving up some money. I still recommend starting small, at least in order to get the initial data for drawing up a business plan. In particular, to calculate how much feed is spent on one bull, what weight gain it gives, feed prices, and of course the final benefit from one head. To buy 50 bulls at once and feed for them, you need to be a millionaire. And you also need to build a cowshed, a hayloft, a grain warehouse, a summer paddock and other buildings, and this is not small money. The business plan and calculation of the profitability of a cattle farm is a separate article, read more here.

Now with regard to the direct selection of the site and the construction of buildings on it. It is best to organize a farm in the outskirts, not far from some kind of village, so that the neighbors sleep better and, in which case, there would be room to expand. However, there will also be difficulties with such a site, firstly, communications (gas, electricity, internet, water), and secondly, they can force them to issue a peasant farm, and these are taxes and excessive attention. You can organize a cattle farm on your own plot, 25 acres is enough for this. In many Russian villages, today you can buy a house with all communications, a large plot, developed rural infrastructure at a small distance from the city for quite sane money. Plots sometimes come across 50-90 acres, plus a residential building with gas heating, this option would be an ideal place for a home mini cattle farm.

After buying the land, you need to plan the site on paper, where which building will stand. You can also first draw a plan, and select a site according to it. On one bourgeois resource I found just such a diagram of a cattle farm:

In general, of course, everything is beautiful, a good, convenient, ergonomic plan, but you need to adapt it to the realities of farming in Russia. Here you can find abandoned Soviet farms, with silo pits and cowshed buildings still intact, but requiring complete interior decoration. And the scale of those farms is also not for our livestock. Therefore, I propose to build a farm from scratch.

So, what can we fix in this regard:

• We will remove the silo pits, they are useless for a small farm. Harvesting and preparing silage is a high-tech process, it requires appropriate equipment and experience, and a lot of time will be lost there.
• As for the hayloft, it needs to be built high, and more likely it will be the largest building in terms of area on our farm. The hayloft should have a good roof, and the walls should be sheathed with at least corrugated board or slate. We have a widespread practice of storing hay in the open, as a result of which water and snow get on it. The top layer of hay rots and becomes unusable, which is not good. Also, pulling out hay in winter from under a layer of snow does not give much pleasure. Therefore, it would be foolish to argue about the need for a sennik on a cattle farm.
• A granary and a feed preparation shop with a crusher and a feed mixer solve several tasks at once: forage storage and feed preparation. You need to build to such a height that the body of the dump truck under the roof can rise, because you won’t want any farm to carry grain in bags and buckets in the quantities that we have to master.
• It is not necessary to build a calf at the beginning, because it is just an additional barn. Of course, if you plan to get your own livestock in the future, then yes. In any case, you need to build a calf house according to the principle of the main barn.
• The main cowshed - what to build it from, what sizes, how to equip it inside is also the topic of a full-fledged separate article, read in detail here. In general, today many construction companies offer ready-made solutions in the form of trusses from frame and tent hangars, but all of them do not inspire confidence, and besides, they are quite expensive. I advise you to build according to your project, so that it is warm and comfortable.

Well, the last part is the maximum mechanization of work on the farm. This will help set up the work so that one person can handle everything. The most important issue on any livestock farm is manure removal. There are several ways to solve this problem: slatted floors and a self-propelled manure removal system, a manure removal system using conveyor belts, and the most straightforward - take more, throw further, rest while flying. In Soviet times, it was the conveyor belt with scrapers that was most often used in cowsheds, which automatically raked cow manure into a pit on the edge of the barn, from which another conveyor belt loaded the manure either into a tractor cart or into a barrel.

Another point, the availability of equipment on the farm, our livestock will not need much. Be sure to have a tractor on the farm, MTZ-80 or T-40 is enough. The tractor must be equipped with a front loader with a replaceable bucket and forks. You also need a cart that will be used to transport manure. In addition, you can purchase a mower and a baler for a tractor in order to harvest at least part of the hay yourself. It is also worth thinking about the presence of freight transport on the farm, ZIL or GAZ-53 is quite enough for a small farm.

Perhaps this is all that I would advise you to focus on when building a meat cattle farm. Since tethered, non-range keeping is planned, pasture rental and their improvement are not included here. However, having your own hayfields can significantly increase the profitability of fattening bulls.

One of the most promising areas small business is currently agribusiness. Now in this area there is a huge number of new technologies, tools and methods. So all you need is a good business idea.

Breeding rabbits

Properly organized mini farm will allow you to achieve good profits through rabbit breeding. Compared to other farm animals, rabbits have a huge number of important advantages. First of all, it is important to note that these cute animals are distinguished by excellent fertility. Supermarkets and restaurants are ready to buy rabbit meat. You will definitely not have problems with the sale of products. Rabbits never accumulate poisons in their bodies. That is why their meat is so highly valued.

This production is one hundred percent profitable. If everything is organized correctly, then you can turn rabbit breeding into a very profitable business. The area of ​​one cage for rabbits must be at least 1.5 square meters. m. On one hundred square meters of land, you can place up to 15 such cells. The floor is made in the form of a lattice. The walls on the north side will need to be insulated. Sunlight and warmth should come from the south side.

For one mini-farm you will need 300 kg of hay and 500 kg of combined feed per year. The chosen breed of rabbits is very important for the start-up capital. For divorce, several males and twice as many females are acquired. For starters, you can limit yourself to 16 females.

Growing greenery

Today in Russia, the hydroponic method of growing greens is very widespread. With it, you can grow onions, lettuce, parsley, dill, etc. all year round. The approximate dimensions of the mini-farm are: height - 2.3 m, length - 4 m, width - 1.5 m. At the same time, the hydroponic plantation is placed on five tray shelves. Permanent cultivation of greenery will be realized in them.

On each shelf, air temperature adjustment and lighting should be provided. Shelves are divided into beds with cells. You only need to provide plants with food and sow new seeds. Such mini farms are ideal for restaurants and other catering establishments. The only drawback of such a business is that you will have to seriously fork out for start-up capital.

quail farm

Growing quails is very popular in modern conditions. Unlike, both quail eggs and meat are in demand. Quail mini farm can consist of 500 individuals. Only two people can serve such a farm. You will be able to receive the first profit in five months.

The ideal food for quails are wheat, barley, fishmeal, sunflower cake and corn. At the first stage, you will need to purchase cell batteries and an incubator. Remember that quails are very sensitive to temperature changes. They love fresh air, but drafts for quails are dangerous. On an area of ​​20 sq. m. can easily accommodate 700 individuals. In just a year, this number can grow tenfold at once. The profitability of quail breeding is really very high. However, you should always remember that you will have to forget about vacations, weekends and holidays.

Goose mini-farm

First of all, think about official registration. You can open a farm or register as an individual entrepreneur. All details are best checked with local accountants or lawyers. Registration will be useful for obtaining benefits, as well as for wholesale trade. If you expect to cope with a small number of geese, then the ideal option would, of course, be registering an individual entrepreneur.

To keep geese, you will need open-air cages and insulated indoor areas. Try to find some abandoned farm and buy it. Such territories, originally adapted for breeding geese, exist in many villages. You can buy goslings at bird farms, at the zoo market or via the Internet. One of the most popular schemes for making money on raising geese is as follows:

– Birds are grown for sale within 4 months;

- The last 3-4 weeks they should be fed in accordance with a special methodology (maize should be included in the diet). Thus, geese in a short time will be able to gain maximum weight;

- Some of the geese are slaughtered after intensive fattening and then sold. For the production of offspring, the most viable specimens are left.

In most cases, a mini goose farm pays for itself in the first year. One carcass can be sold for 500-700 rubles. At the same time, the number of geese is constantly increasing, since new goslings appear from the eggs. When investing for each goose 1000 r. per year (this includes the payment of staff, food, etc.), it will be able to bring you a profit of 5-10 thousand rubles.

Fish breeding