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"Pressure at the bottom of the seas and oceans" Teacher of the State Educational Institution "Sanatorium Boarding School" in Kalininsk Vasylyk Marina Viktorovna Presentation on physics on the topic:

As the depth increases, the pressure increases. It reaches great values ​​at the bottom of the seas and oceans. At a depth of 10 km, the water pressure is 100 million Pa.

But some animals live at such depths; their body is adapted to high water pressure. Electric ray Moray eel Squid Cuttlefish Octopus

Pearl divers can dive to a depth of 20 - 30 meters holding their breath for 1 - 2 minutes.

To increase the time spent under water, a person uses reed tubes; leather bags with air supply, "diving bell".

In 1943 Scuba gear was invented by the Frenchman J. Cousteau and E. Gagnan.

Scuba diving allows you to stay under water at a depth of about 40 meters for about an hour.

A soft diving suit is used at a diving depth of several tens of meters.

At great depths, a hard suit "Pantsirny" is used. It can dive up to 300 meters.

It is lowered from an underwater vessel using a cable. Bathysphere is used to dive to a depth of 165m - 1km.

Bathyscaphe is an autonomous self-propelled vehicle. With the help of a bathyscaphe, the Swiss J. Piccard and D. Walsh reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean. (Depth 11022 m.)

Happy sailing!

Introduction Even as a child, we all wanted to look under the water, but not just open our eyes in the water in the bathroom, but for real, somewhere deep, for example, at the bottom of the sea or ocean. After all, everyone knows that the seabed has its own plains, mountains and even volcanoes. And in order to get there, you need scuba gear, or diving suits, and even better bathyscaphes.

Research sea ​​depths This building housed the Institute of Marine Biology from 1972 to 1988. Underwater research is an information process, as it is associated with the accumulation of information about the underwater environment, about the interaction various objects under water, about the influence of the environment on its inhabitants and humans.

The first devices for working under water, created in the centuries, were metal helmets and suits, into which air was pumped through a hose. The air pressure inside such a suit prevented the penetration of water.

Atmospheric diving suit This is a durable, waterproof suit that is used for working at great depths. The diver inhales air supplied at normal atmospheric pressure. A powerful metal suit can withstand water pressure at a depth of 300 meters. Such equipment allows you to obtain data that is very difficult to collect in other ways.

The first scuba gear for a small dive Scuba gear is a device that allows a person to swim underwater without any connection to the surface. This scuba gear allowed you to dive to meters, and the time is minutes. It was invented in 1957 and tested in the summer of 1958. Scuba provides the opportunity to observe behavior for a long time marine life without disturbing them.

New generation scuba diving scuba divers use special suits to move and work underwater. The equipment necessarily includes cylinders with a compressed mixture of oxygen and other gases, which replaces air. This mixture enters the lungs through a hose with a breathing tube.

underwater vehicle first generation. It was built in 1964, its weight is 16.5 tons. The maximum diving depth is 4500 meters. In 1968, due to an accident during the descent, the Alvin sank at a depth of 1540 meters, 110 miles south of Woods Hole (Massachusetts).

The deepest dive On January 23, 1960, the bathyscaphe "Trieste" plunged meters into the deepest part of the Pacific Ocean - the Mariana Trench. No one has dived deeper before. The bathyscaphes are equipped with complex measuring instruments, they allow observing and taking samples from the bottom necessary for the work of biologists and the survey of deep-sea oases and coral reefs.

Afterword The most famous in our time is the team of Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Those who dived in the years played a part in the fact that now the underwater world is open and no longer holds secrets, at least not such that one can encounter during an ordinary dive.

Books worth reading!!! These books are not known to everyone: M.V. Propp "In the depths of five oceans"; Lucien Laubier "Oases at the bottom of the ocean" (gidrometeoizdat); V. Levin, V. Korobkov "Under water - BIOLOGISTS" These books contain a lot of interesting information that you may need in preparing a presentation or in the lessons: Physics, Biology and Geography. Rozhkov Artyom 7 "A"

Sea inhabitants

Prepared by Grigoryeva S.A.

Shark

This is the biggest fish. She is a very ancient animal. Sharks of life in those days when the earth was inhabited by dinosaurs. It has many large and sharp teeth. They have very good hearing and sense of smell, they swim with the help of fins at high speed.

Many sharks are predators, they feed on fish and can even attack humans, so they are very dangerous.

blue shark Thought to be a man-eating shark, there is plenty of evidence that it attacks shipwrecked people and bathers.

Shark - a thunderstorm for all fish -

Dangerous predator in the ocean

Shark teeth - no number

They stand in seven rows in the mouth.

Shark fin - like an alarm -

It is strictly forbidden to swim there,

Otherwise, the shark will eat you!

Blue whale

A huge animal lives in the seas and oceans - a whale. The whale feeds on plankton by filtering water through a special lattice of plates in its mouth - a whalebone.

Blue whale

Whales look like fish, but they are not fish, but animals. They are warm to the touch, like us or other animals. Keeping it warm helps them thick layer fat under the skin.

Sleeping on the waves Very nice blue whale. He's huge The bravest in the ocean. He drinks water, eats plankton, That is why he is strong.

Dolphin

And a dolphin and a fish! Dolphins are sometimes even called "people of the sea" because they are very intelligent. They, like us, have a warm body (we and they are warm-blooded, because we have warm blood. Dolphins rise to the surface, inhale air through a special hole on their heads and dive again, holding their breath.

Dolphins swim in the sea Spins glisten among the waves. They were just here Played and sailed away.

killer whales

And killer whale is also not a fish! They are black and white. It has a reputation as a fierce and very dangerous predator; in fact, the killer whale, like other carnivores, attacks the animals that it feeds on, but there is no evidence that it attacked people.

Two killer whales cut the wave, Like their hands are two fins. Without each other and life did not know Without each other, they do not need life.

Octopus

The octopus has eight tentacles; it lives on the sea floor and can change color to suit its habitat.

Octopus, octopus you have so many legs If you played football Not one would score a goal!

Sea turtle

She has a shell, instead of legs she has flippers and the turtle is an excellent swimmer. The sea turtle cannot hide its head in its shell.

Hey sea turtle Give me a ride On the waves of crazy lambs Then land on the sand.

Jellyfish

Jellyfish are over 90% water; some jellyfish can cause a painful burn.

Medusa is terribly similar to jelly: Transparent, trembling on a running wave, But we will not eat that jelly with you, We have enough mom's porridge.

stingray

It has a strongly flattened body, which gives the impression that it "flies" through the water. Basically, the stingray lives at the bottom, at moderate depths, where it is remarkably camouflaged. Some species of stingray have a long spike on their back that releases a strong poison. In the mouth, located on the belly, there are a lot of sharp teeth.

Now let's check what we remember.

PUZZLES

Here is the vastness of the ocean Furrows a mountain with a fountain, It beats with its tail, the water boils - Floats important.

(Whale)

The front ones are flippers, and the back ones are paws! There is an oval shell. Like a hat! Other housing than the sea, not knowing It will give life to offspring, crawling out onto the sand.

(Sea turtle)

Crystal saucer! Don't see the saucer? Or maybe the umbrella lies on the waves? It has tentacles - knitting needles. And touch those spokes Not everyone decides. Getting burned is fear!

(Jellyfish)

He looks cute Even if it's poisonous! A mollusk has eight legs. That bottom ...

(Octopus)

Whale? Or maybe a dolphin Black and white giant? Lives in the oceans Living creatures eat prey.

(Orca)

Like a torpedo with fins. With very scary fangs! He smells the victim with a sharp scent, Day and night everything roams.

(Shark)

Exploration of the sea depths. Man began to explore the underwater world in ancient times. Experienced, well-trained divers (pearl collectors), holding their breath for 1-2 minutes, dived without any devices to a depth (and sometimes more) meters.

To increase the time spent under water, people first used reed breathing tubes, leather bags with an air supply, as well as a “diving bell” (in the upper part of which, when immersed in water, an “air cushion” was formed, from which a person received air.

At a depth of more than 1.5 m, you can only breathe air that is compressed to a pressure equal to the pressure of water at a given depth. At a depth of more than 1.5 m, you can only breathe air that is compressed to a pressure equal to the pressure of water at this depth.

In 1943, the French J. Cousteau and E. Gagnan invented scuba gear - a special apparatus with compressed air designed for human breathing under water. Thanks to this invention, swimming under water has become a fascinating and widespread sport.

Scuba diving allows you to be under water from a few minutes (at a depth of about 40 m) to an hour or more (at shallow depths). Descents with scuba diving to depths of more than 40 m are not recommended. inhalation of air compressed to high pressure can lead to nitrogen narcosis. A person's coordination of movements is disturbed, consciousness is confused.

The bathyscaphe is not connected by a cable to the ship and is an autonomous (self-propelled) apparatus. The first bathyscaphe was built and tested by the Swiss scientist O. Piccard in 1948. In January 1960, the son of the scientist J. Piccard, together with D. Walsh, reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean on the bathyscaphe. Its maximum depth (measured in 1957 by the Soviet research vessel Vityaz) is m.

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Presentation on the topic: Deep sea exploration

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Diving bell A diving bell is currently a means of transporting divers in diving equipment to depth to the work site and back, with their subsequent transfer to a decompression chamber, but this was not always the case. The first historically reliable mention of the use of a diving bell dates back to 1531, when Guglielmo di Lorena on a lake near the city of Rome at a depth of 22 meters tried to find treasures from sunken galleys. In the middle of the 17th century, Swedish divers led by Albrekt von Treileben, using a diving bell, managed to raise over 50 cannons from the sunken ship Vasa to the surface. There is also a description of the successful use of a diving bell in the 19th century to lift gold bars and coins from the sunken British frigate Thethys.

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Diving bell Historically, it was a primitive tool for lowering a person under water and was made in the form of a box or an overturned barrel. The bell with the diver inside was lowered under water and the air inside had pressure, equal to pressure environment-water. The internal airspace of the bell allowed the diver to breathe for some time and take active actions - to go out or swim out to inspect and repair the underwater part of the ships or to search for sunken treasures. Having completed the work, the diver returned to the bell and the device was raised to the surface of the sea (reservoir) using a crane or winch. In the 19th century, a number of inventors (mechanic Gausen, Siebe) improved the design of the diving bell, creating designs that are rightfully considered primitive diving suits.

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Diving suit A diving suit is a special equipment designed to isolate a diver from external environment. Parts of the equipment form a special shell impervious to gases and water. Suits are divided into rigid (normobaric, or atmospheric) and soft suits. Soft diving suit Made of rubber, the helmet is made of metal. Does not isolate the diver from the pressure of the external environment (water). by the most simple example A soft diving suit can be used as a three-bolt diving equipment.

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Diving suit Rigid diving suit designed for underwater observation and diving operations by an operator under conditions of normal internal pressure Equipment designed for deep-sea (up to 600 meters) work, during which the pilot of the suit continues to be at normal atmospheric pressure, which, accordingly, relieves concern about decompression, eliminates nitrogen, oxygen and other poisoning. At present, the Russian Navy is supplied with four sets of HS-1200 rigid diving suits (of the Canadian company Oceanworks) with a working depth of 365 meters. A diving suit that allows you to dive to a depth of 365 meters

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Scuba diving Aqua ng (from Latin aqua, water + English lung, lung = Aqua-lung, “Water lung”) or scuba (English SCUBA, Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, autonomous breathing apparatus under water) - light diving equipment that allows you to dive to depths of up to three hundred meters and easily move under water. During the Second World War, devices with closed circuit breathing. Working in the difficult conditions of German-occupied France, in 1943, Captain Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Emile Gagnan invented the first safe and effective breathing apparatus under water, called aqualung, which Cousteau later successfully used to dive to a depth of 60 meters without any harmful consequences.

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Scuba diving Components of scuba diving Cylinder - one or two metal cylinders with a volume of 7-18 liters (sometimes there are 20 and 22 liter cylinders). Regulator - there may be several on one scuba gear (depending on the tasks solved during the dive). It usually consists of two parts: a gearbox and a lung machine. Buoyancy compensator - not required, but commonly used today. Records: December 22, 2003 - 313 meters, set by the Englishman Mark Eliot. 2005 - 318 meters, set by South African Nuno Gomez. July 5, 2005 - 330 meters, Pascal Bernabe, French.

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