Presentations on the anatomy of the human endocrine system. Human endocrine system presentation for a lesson in biology (grade 8) on the topic

Exocrine glands (exocrine)

They have special ducts for removing the secret

on the surface of the body or in hollow organs

• Vasopressin (ADH)
• Oxytocin;

• Intermedin

(melanocyto-

stimulating)

• Growth Hormone (GH);
• Regulatory :

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic),

TSH (thyriotropic)

FSH (follicle stimulating)

LH (luteinizing)

LTG (lactagenic).

Increased

Reduced

In young age

causes gigantism,

in adults - growth,

enlargement of body parts

Acromegaly

retards growth

• dwarfism;

body proportions and

mental development -

normal

Ensuring growth

organism in young

age

Regulate

activity

adrenal cortex,

Thyroid gland,

gonads,

genitals,

lactation

ACTH

Weakening activity

listed glands

Strengthening activities

listed glands

Increased

Reduced

REAR

The cut is smooth

vascular musculature

Water reabsorption

Decrease

excretion of fluid

Increase

excretion of fluid

Inter-

medin

Distribution

pigment in the skin

Increased pigmentation

Pigmentation reduction

– necessary for the normal development of the body

and metabolism.

Increased

Reduced

In young years -

increase in heat transfer,

exhaustion.

In adults - basedova

disease- proliferation of the gland (goiter), bulging eyes, increased heart rate,

irritability. Increased appetite, weight loss.

In young years -

cretinism(dementia,

mental retardation),

dwarfism, delay

sexual development.

In adults - myxidema

(mucous edema)

puffiness, lethargy,

Fatigue, drowsiness.

Stimulates

growth and development, enhances metabolism,

excitation of the nervous

systems, heat generation

Occurs when there is a lack of iodine

required by the thyroid gland

for the formation of hormones

Toxic

Associated with an excess of thyroid hormones - hyperthyroidism, as in particular with Graves' disease

depends on the degree of enlargement of the thyroid gland.

There may be thickening of the necks on the sides of the windpipe.

With toxic goiter, increased

fatigue, irritability, sweating,

palpitations, trembling of hands and whole body

• corticosteroids:

• adrenalin
• norepinephrine

mineralocorticoids,

glucocorticoids.

• androgens and estrogens

Increased

Reduced

Addison's disease:

muscle weakness,

shortness of breath, loss of appetite, bronze skin tone

Decreased metabolism, body resistance to adverse factors

Participate in the provision of immunity, adaptation.

Regulate all types of metabolism

steroids

affect the formation

secondary sexual characteristics

Late sexual

maturation

Early puberty. Rapid cessation of growth

Androgens

estrogens

Increases strength and frequency

heart contractions.

Raises blood pressure. Enhances metabolism, especially carbohydrates

The heartbeat quickens.

Blood pressure rises sharply.

Hyperexcitability

Andrenaline,

norad-renaline

It is located in the abdominal cavity, behind the stomach. Cells that produce

hormones are called islet cells.

glucogan

Lowers concentration

blood sugar - increases the synthesis of glycogen from glucose in the liver and muscles

Increases the concentration of sugar in the blood, promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

Practically not observed, since other hormones perform a similar function (adrenaline, glucocorticoids)

Shock, accompanied by convulsions and loss of consciousness with a drop in blood sugar levels.

Enhanced Function

Diabetes is an increase in blood sugar. Metabolic disease.

reduced function

- an illness associated with

the process by which insulin is produced in the body

Types of diabetes

insulin dependent

diabetes

Occurs in cases

when in the pancreas

no production of insulin

Insulin independent

diabetes

In the pancreas

some amount of insulin is formed, or this amount

turns out to be insufficient

or insulin is not used

body due to reduced

sensitivity to this hormone

Symptoms - increased blood sugar, the appearance of sugar in the urine,

weight loss, excessive thirst, feeling of hunger, copious urination.

Impotence and changes in the menstrual cycle are not uncommon.

Paired oval organs

Located in the cavity of the small

pelvis on the sides of the uterus

1 - uterus; 2 - fallopian tube; 3 - ovary

16 - ovarian cortex

17 - ovarian medulla

18 - primary follicles

19 - follicles

Microscopic structure of the ovary

Internal -

cerebral

Outer - cortical

(follicular)

Temporary

progesterone

esterogens

does not produce

Decreased excitability,

especially the tone of the uterus during pregnancy, ensures the bearing of the fetus

Formation of secondary female sexual characteristics:

• Enlargement of the genitals
• mammary glands,
• Hair on the pubis and in the armpits
• Development of the female type of skeleton and muscles
• The emergence of sexual desire

Enhanced Function

early puberty

Delayed puberty at an early age

lack of secondary sexual characteristics

reduced function

Paired oval organs

Located in the scrotum - a skin-muscle sac

have a lobed structure

1- epididymis

2 - head of the epididymis

3 - body of the epididymis

4 - tail of the appendage

5 - segments of the appendage

6 - duct of the appendage

10-11 - testicle weight gain

26 - testicular septa

27 - egg lobules

29 - convoluted seed

tubule

32 - efferent tubules

Testicle (diagram)

Testis and epididymis

Increased

Reduced

Formation of secondary

male sex characteristics:

• enlargement of the genitals
• pubic hair,

armpits,

• masculine development

early puberty

small stature

Enhanced hair growth

early baldness

Increased aggressiveness

Sexual delay

maturation. In the early

age - reverse

genital development

and lack of secondary

sexual characteristics

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

endocrine system make up the so-called glands internal secretion that release physiologically active substances into the body - hormones- And without excretory ducts. Hormones are able to stimulate or weaken the functions of cells, tissues and organs, due to which the endocrine glands, together with the nervous system and under its control, perform humoral regulatory function, providing holistic work the whole organism. The endocrine glands are divided into endocrine and mixed. The purely endocrine glands are neurosecretory nuclei of the hypothalamic region of the brain, pituitary gland, pineal gland (pineal gland), thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands (adrenal). Mixed glands, in addition to producing hormones, perform a number of other functions. These include testes, ovaries, placenta, pancreas and thymus. In addition, cells that produce hormones that are contained in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system, respiratory tract and other organs have recently been studied - the so-called. A PUD system. These cells have a local effect, regulating the functioning of the organs in which they are located.

In addition, mixed glands include chromaffin organs (paraganglia), which are accumulations of cellular elements genetically associated with the nodes of the autonomic nervous system. They are located in various parts of the body, forming permanent and non-permanent accumulations of chromaffin tissue . To permanent relate intersleepy paraganglion, located at the point of division of the common carotid artery into internal and external, supracardiac paraganglia lying in the region of the aortic arch and at the exit of the left coronary artery, lumbar paraganglia located on the anterolateral surfaces of the abdominal aorta. Fickle are paraganglia located along individual blood vessels, in the retroperitoneal tissue and in the region of the apex of the coccyx .

The position of the endocrine glands in the human body: 1 - the pituitary and pineal glands;

2 - parathyroid glands; 3 - thyroid gland; 4 - adrenal glands;

5 - pancreatic islets;

6 - ovary; 7 - testicle

structures hypothalamus limit the lower part of the diencephalon cavity, which is a gap between the medial surfaces of the thalamus and is called the third ventricle. The neurosecretory nuclei of the hypothalamus are represented by the infundibular nucleus of the gray tubercle, the ventromedial nucleus,

the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the paired supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, the nuclei of the preoptic zone of the hypothalamus, and the periventricular gray matter.

Hypophy h is an unpaired organ of a rounded shape and lies in the pituitary fossa of the Turkish saddle. Its weight is 0.5 g. In the pituitary gland, the anterior lobe, or adenohypophysis, the intermediate part and the posterior lobe, or neurohypophysis, are isolated. The pituitary gland is connected to the gray tubercle, located on the lower wall of the third ventricle of the brain, with the help of a funnel.

Pineal gland (pineal gland) is an unpaired gland located in the longitudinal groove between the upper tubercles of the plate of the roof of the midbrain under the thickening of the corpus callosum. Its weight is 0.25 g. With the help of leashes, the pineal body is connected to the visual tubercles. The organ is divided into lobules, delimited from each other by partitions formed by

connective tissue. Each lobule contains a large number of blood vessels that feed it.

Thyroid is an unpaired horseshoe-shaped organ located in the anterior neck, in front and to the side of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx. Her weight is

30-50 g. In front, the thyroid gland is covered by the sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscles, the neurovascular bundle of the neck is adjacent to it on the side, and the cartilages of the larynx, pharynx, upper tracheal rings and esophagus are located behind. Two lobes are distinguished in the thyroid gland (right and left), which are connected to each other by an isthmus. From the outside, the organ is covered with a capsule, from which processes extend, dividing the parenchyma of the gland into lobules. Each lobule is made up of follicles.

1 - thyroid-hyoid muscle; 2 - thyroid cartilage; 3 - left lobe of the thyroid gland; 4 - right lobe of the thyroid gland; 5 - isthmus of the thyroid gland; 6 - trachea

Parathyroid glands (posterior view)

The mass of the parathyroid glands is only 0.05-0.09 g. Outside, the glands are covered with capsules. The parenchyma of the glands is formed by epithelial cells, which are separated by layers formed by the connective tissue of the processes directed from the capsule.

adrenal glands (adrenals) are located above the kidneys at the level of the XI-XII thoracic vertebrae and the back is adjacent to the diaphragm. The weight of the adrenal glands is 10-20 g. The parenchyma of the adrenal glands is formed by the outer cortex and the inner medulla. The adrenal glands are divided into exocrine (exocrine) and endocrine (intrasecretory) parts. The latter is formed by pancreatic islets.

Pancreatic islets are located throughout the thickness of the adrenal gland, their maximum number accumulates in the caudal region.

1 - adrenal gland; 2 - inferior vena cava; 3 - aorta; 4 - kidney; 5 - ureter

Islets reach a size of 0.1-0.8 mm and have a round or oval shape. They are formed by epithelial cells, and on the outside they are covered with connective tissue, which contains a dense network of blood capillaries.

Endocrine glands are divided into dependent on the anterior pituitary gland(thyroid gland, adrenal gland - cortex, gonads) and independent(parathyroid, epiphysis, pancreatic islets, adrenal medulla, paraganglia). The relationship between the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and the glands dependent on it are built according to the type of direct and feedback connections. Tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary gland activate the activity of these glands. At the same time, glandular hormones, in turn, act on the pituitary gland, inhibiting the formation and release of the corresponding tropic hormone.

The hypothalamus, the highest center of neuro-endocrine regulation, forms a single functional complex with the pituitary gland - hypothalamic-pituitary system, in which the first plays a regulatory, and the second - an effector role. The hypothalamic-pituitary system includes two subsystems: hypothalamus-neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary gland), hypothalamus-adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary).

Subsystem hypothalamus-neurohypophysis. The neurohypophysis does not synthesize hormones. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin synthesized by the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus are transported along the axons of neurosecretory cells following in the hypothalamic-pituitary tract and released into the blood flowing in the capillaries of the neurohypophysis.

Subsystem hypothalamus-adenohypophysis. Neurons of the small cell nuclei of the pituitary zone of the hypothalamus secrete releasing hormones, or liberals, and inhibitory hormones (statins), which are transported along axons, the ends of which form contacts with the portal veins of the pituitary gland. From these vessels, hormones are carried to the target cells of the adenohypophysis, which synthesize and secrete tropic hormones that are sent to the corresponding target cells of the peripheral endocrine pituitary glands.

Releasing factors contribute to the release of thyroid-stimulating, luteotropic and corticotropic hormones, prolactin, follicle-stimulating, somatotropic and melanocyte-stimulating hormones. Statins inhibit the release of the last two hormones and prolactin. The pituitary tropic hormones regulate the activity of the pituitary-dependent glands.

The secretion of hormones from these glands is regulated by the principle feedback: when the concentration of a certain hormone in the blood decreases, the corresponding cells of the anterior pituitary gland secrete a tropic hormone, which stimulates the production of the hormone by this particular gland. Conversely, an increase in the level of the hormone in the blood is a signal for the pituitary cells, which respond by slowing down the secretion and release of the tropic hormone, which leads to the suppression of hormone secretion by the gland.

Endocrine glands and their hormones

Functions of the endocrine glands

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Topic: "Glands of internal secretion" Objectives: 1. Educational. The student must know: The position and structure of the endocrine glands; Name of hormones chemical composition; Pathology of the endocrine glands; The student must present: Functional relationship between the various endocrine glands; mutual connection between nervous and humoral regulation of functions; 2.Educational. To educate students about the body as a whole; Cultivate initiative and desire for creative knowledge; 3.Developing. Develop professionalism, logical and clinical thinking, intelligence; diligence, creative approach to work.

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Exocrine glands (exocrine) They have special ducts for removing secretions to the surface of the body or into hollow organs.

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Endocrine glands (endocrine) do not have ducts, they secrete a secret into the blood. The secreted substances are the hormone gohormones. Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Adrenal glands

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Glands of mixed secretion Work simultaneously as exocrine and endocrine glands. Pancreas Sex glands: Testes (♂) Ovaries (♀)

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SIMULATOR 1. Pituitary gland 2. Adrenal glands 3. Thyroid gland 4. Pancreas 5. Sex glands

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Secretion Insufficient - hypofunction of the gland Excessive - hyperfunction of the gland

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Endocrine system human The endocrine system is made up of the so-called endocrine glands, which secrete physiologically active substances into the body - hormones - and do not have excretory ducts. Hormones are able to stimulate or weaken the functions of cells, tissues and organs, due to which the endocrine glands, together with the nervous system and under its control, perform a humoral regulatory function, ensuring the holistic work of the whole organism.

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Main endocrine glands: These are the hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, endocrine parts of the pancreas and gonads. Total weight of these organs does not exceed 100 g, and the amount of biologically active substances they secrete is measured in ten-thousandths of a milligram! The ability to have a powerful effect on the body in negligible concentrations is the main feature of hormones. For example, a gram of insulin is enough to lower the blood sugar levels of 125,000 rabbits.

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Main groups of hormones Lipophilic hormones (steroid hormones, e, testosterone, calcitriol, iodothyronines, thyroxine) Hydrophilic hormones (histamine, serotonin, melatonin, adrenaline, thyroliberin, thyrotropin, insulin, glucagon)

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Lipophilic hormones Mechanism of action of lipophilic hormones Secreted into the blood immediately after synthesis Penetrate through the membrane Bind to intracellular receptors Regulate transcription of individual genes Transported with carrier proteins

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Hydrophilic hormones Have a peptide nature or are derivatives of amino acids Capable of accumulating in gland cells Do not penetrate into the cell Bind to a receptor located on the membrane Transported in the blood stream without carriers Mechanism of action of hydrophilic hormones

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The purely endocrine glands include: 1- Pineal gland 2-Pituitary gland 11-Hypothalamus 3-Parathyroid glands 4-Thyroid gland Adrenal glands: 7-Adrenal medulla 8-Adrenal cortex

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Mixed glands include: 5-Thymus 9-Pancreas 10-Testicles Ovaries and placenta

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The pineal body The pineal gland, pineal gland, or pineal body (corpus pineale, epiphysis cerebri) is a small organ that performs an endocrine function, considered integral part photoendocrine system; attached by leashes to both visual mounds of the diencephalon. An unpaired formation of a grayish-red color, located in the center of the brain between the hemispheres at the site of interthalamic fusion. Outside, the pineal gland is covered with a connective tissue capsule, from which trabeculae extend into the gland, dividing it into lobules. It produces the hormones melatonin, serotonin and adrenoglomerulotropin.

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Until now, the functional significance of the pineal gland for humans has not been sufficiently studied. The secretory cells of the pineal gland secrete into the blood the hormone melatonin, synthesized from serotonin, which is involved in the synchronization of circadian rhythms (“sleep-wake” biorhythms) and known general functions epiphysis include: inhibition of the release of growth hormones; inhibition of sexual development and sexual behavior; inhibition of tumor development. influence on sexual development and sexual behavior. In children, the epiphysis is larger than in adults; upon reaching puberty, melatonin production decreases. Functions of the epiphysis

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Cellular composition of the pineal gland The pineal gland mainly consists of pinealocytes - polygonal parenchymal cells of the pineal gland, but four other types of cells have also been found: interstitial endocrinocytes, perivascular phagocytes, pineal body neurons, peptidergic neuron-like cells.

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Human thyroid gland The thyroid gland (glandula thyroidea) is the largest of the endocrine glands, its mass in an adult reaches 30-50 g. The right and left lobes and the isthmus connecting them are distinguished in the gland. From the isthmus, in some people, a process called the pyramidal lobe extends to the top. The gland is located in the anterior part of the neck and is covered by fascia. The lobes of the gland are adjacent to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx and to the cartilages of the trachea; the isthmus is located in front of 2-4 tracheal rings.

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Peripheral endocrine glands Consists of: Two lateral lobes Transverse isthmus Pyromidal lobe Adjacent to the thyroid cartilage The thyroid gland is abundantly supplied with blood vessels, it is approached by the superior and inferior thyroid arteries

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Thyroid Gland With a lack of iodine in the body, endemic goiter develops - an overgrowth of thyroid tissue.

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Thyroid gland Regulates metabolism and body development. The hormone is thyroxine. With hypofunction - myxedema With hyperfunction - Graves' disease

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Peripheral endocrine glands The thyroid gland secretes 3 hormones: Thyroxine: Enhances the oxidation of fats, carbohydrates and proteins in cells, thus accelerating the body's metabolism. Increases the excitability of the central nervous system. Triiodothyronine: The action is in many ways similar to thyroxine. Thyrocalcitonin: Regulates calcium metabolism in the body, reducing its content in the blood and increasing its content in bone tissue. A decrease in the level of calcium in the blood reduces the excitability of the central nervous system. Thyroid Gland The normal function of the thyroid gland depends on such basic biological processes as the growth, development and differentiation of tissues.

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Peripheral endocrine glands Four small glands located in the neck near the thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Also richly supplied with blood Parathyroid glands secrete: Parathyroid or parathyroid hormone This is a polypeptide consisting of 84 amino acid residues. The action of the hormone is aimed at increasing the concentration of calcium and reducing the concentration of phosphorus in the blood, due to the effect on the excretion of calcium (inhibits) and phosphorus (accelerates) by the kidneys. Parathyroid hormone, together with thyrocalcitonin, provides a constant concentration of calcium ions in the blood.

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Peripheral endocrine glands are lympho-epithelial organ located in the chest cavity above the heart. consists of two main lobes, which are divided into small lobules, the basis of which is formed by the interweaving of epithelial cells. Thymus (thymus gland) Thymus secretes a hormone: Thymosin, it: affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, as well as calcium (action is close to the parathyroid hormone of the parathyroid glands.) Regulates the growth of the skeleton, participates in the management of immune responses (increases the number of lymphocytes in the blood, enhances immune responses) .

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Peripheral endocrine glands Digestive and endocrine glands Pancreas Structure: 1) Head 5) Tail 6) Body Endocrine functions glands are expressed in the secretion of two hormones: Insulin: Increases the permeability of plasma membranes for glucose Activates key enzymes of glycolysis Stimulates the formation of glycogen => lowers the concentration of glucose in the blood Glucagon: Enhances glycogen catabolism in the liver Activates gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and ketogenesis in the liver => Increases the concentration of glucose in blood

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Pancreas Regulates the synthesis and breakdown of sugar in the body. The main hormone is insulin. With hypofunction - diabetes mellitus. With hyperfunction - dizziness, weakness, loss of consciousness.

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Peripheral endocrine glands Small, flattened, paired, yellowish glands. Consist of: outer (cortical) and inner (brain) layers. The right and left adrenal glands differ in shape: the right is triangular, and the left is crescent-shaped. Adrenal cortex includes: glomerular fascicular and reticular zones.

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Adrenal glands Mobilize the body in extreme situations and increase its performance and endurance. The main hormones are adrenaline and norepinephrine. The amount of hormones released depends on the physiological and psychological state of the body.

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Sex glands Determine the formation of the body according to the female or male type, regulate the development of secondary sexual characteristics. Ovaries Hormone - estrogen Testes Hormone - testosterone

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Peripheral endocrine glands Testicles Carry out the processes of spermatogenesis Produce male sex hormones - androgens The production of androgens occurs in granulocytes (Leiding cells) located between the seminiferous tubules. The main representative is Male Testosterone: Determines the development of male primary and secondary signs, namely: Increased development of the genital organs Change in hairline Change in voice tone Increased protein synthesis (build-up of muscle mass) gonads

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Peripheral endocrine glands Ovaries Are the site of egg localization Produce female sex hormones - estrogens Estrogen production is characterized by a certain cyclicity associated with a change in the production of pituitary hormones during the menstrual cycle. The most active are: Female β-estradiol: Determines the development of female primary and secondary signs: Increased development of the genital organs Accelerated development of the mammary glands Inhibition of bone growth in length Increased fat formation Progesterone: Preparation of the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized egg Increased activity of the mammary glands gonads

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GENERAL GLANDS Belonging to the male or female sex is programmed by the sex glands - the ovaries in women and the testicles in men. But, in the male body, a small amount of female hormones is always produced, and in the female - male. If their ratio is violated, the man begins to take on effeminate forms - doctors call this feminization. And vice versa, a lady can acquire a mustache and a beard, dense vegetation on her body; such a deviation is called masculinization or virilism.

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Controlling endocrine glands It is the highest center of regulation of the body's vegetative functions. Takes part in the correlation of various somatic functions: regulation of the gastrointestinal tract, sleep and wakefulness, water-salt, fat and carbohydrate metabolism, maintenance of body temperature and homeostasis, regulates the activity of almost the entire endocrine system of the body Hypothalamus

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Controlling endocrine glands Hypothalamic nuclei: 1 - anterior commissure 2 - end plate 3 - preoptic region 4 - ventromedial nucleus 5 - supraoptic nucleus 6 - optic chiasm 7 - optic nerve 8 - hypothalamic sulcus 9 - paraventricular nucleus 10 - dorsomedial nucleus 11 - posterior nucleus 12 - mastoid body 13 - lateral nuclei of the gray tubercle 14 - nuclei of the funnel 15 - funnel 16 - neurohypophysis 17 - intermediate lobe 18 - anterior lobe Hypothalamus

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Controlling endocrine glands The hypothalamus is characterized by: Abundant blood supply A special circulatory system with the pituitary gland Extensive connections with various parts of the central nervous system: With the thalamus With sympathetic nodes With the pituitary gland With the frontal lobes With the visual tuberosity With the extrapyramidal system and the reticular formation of the brain stem Hypothalamus

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The pituitary gland controls the work of all endocrine glands, regulates the growth and development of the body. The main hormone is growth hormone. With hypofunction - dwarfism. With hyperfunction - gigantism.

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Pituitary gland With hyperfunction of the pituitary gland in an adult, there is an overgrowth of tissues of individual organs (liver, heart, fingers, nose, ears, lower jaw). Acromegaly occurs.

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Controlling endocrine glands An oval-shaped gland located in an isolated bone bed (Turkish saddle). In humans, the anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis) lobes are distinguished. The pituitary gland Adenopituitary gland produces 6 hormones, 4 tropic ones: adrenocorticotropic hormone, or corticotropin thyroid-stimulating hormone, or thyrotropin follicle-stimulating gonadotropin luteinizing gonadotropin and 2 effector hormones: somatotropin prolactin In the neurohypophysis, oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) are deposited

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Controlling endocrine glands Hormones of the adenohypophysis: 1) Adenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin) stimulates the formation of glucocorticoids in the fascicular zone of the adrenal cortex. accelerates steroidogenesis and enhances plastic processes (biosynthesis of protein, nucleic acids). stimulates the processes of lipolysis, enhances pigmentation. The production of corticotropin is regulated by corticoliberin of the hypothalamus. 2) Thyrotropic hormone (thyrotropin) Stimulates the formation of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in the thyroid gland Activates the "iodine pump" Promotes the release of active thyroxine and triiodothyronine into the blood Thyrotropin production is regulated by thyroliberin of the hypothalamus. Pituitary

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Controlling endocrine glands Hormones of the adenohypophysis: Gonadotropic hormones, or gonadotropins 3) Follicle-stimulating gonadotropin (FSH) 4) Luteinizing gonadotropin (LGU): FSH acts on the ovarian follicles, accelerating their maturation and preparation for ovulation Under the influence of LH, the follicle wall breaks (ovulation) and forms corpus luteum LH stimulates the production of progesterone in the corpus luteum LH acts on the testicles, accelerating the production of testosterone FSH acts on the cells of the seminiferous tubules, enhancing the processes of spermatogenesis in them. Pituitary

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hormones Hormones - (from the Greek hormáo - set in motion, induce), biologically active substances produced by the endocrine glands, or endocrine glands, and secreted by them directly into the blood. The term "hormones" was introduced by the English. physiologists W. Bayliss and E. Starling in 1902. Hormones are carried by the blood and affect the activity of organs, changing physiological and biochemical reactions by activating or inhibiting enzymatic processes. More than 30 hormones are known to be secreted by the endocrine glands of mammals and humans.

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The mechanism of action of hormones Hormones act selectively on organs, this is due to the fact that the cells of certain organs contain special education- receptors. Organs or cells that are affected by a particular hormone are called target organs or target cells. The extracellular fluid contains a wide variety of compounds, but very few of them are recognized by receptors. In addition, receptors must select certain molecules from a variety of others present at a higher concentration. The figure shows that each cell can carry either one type of receptor or several.

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Transport of Hormones Once in the bloodstream, hormones must be transported to the appropriate target organs. The transport of high-molecular (protein) hormones has been little studied due to the lack of accurate data on the molecular weight and chemical structure of many of them. Hormones with a relatively small molecular weight quickly bind to plasma proteins, so that the content of hormones in the blood in a bound form is higher than in a free one; the two forms are in dynamic equilibrium. It is free hormones that exhibit biological activity, and in a number of cases it has been clearly shown that they are extracted from the blood by target organs. The significance of the protein binding of hormones in the blood is not entirely clear. It is assumed that such binding facilitates the transport of the hormone or protects the hormone from loss of activity.

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Hormones regulate the activity of all cells in the body. They affect the sharpness of thinking and physical mobility, physique and growth, determine hair growth, voice tone, sexual desire and behavior. Thanks to the endocrine system, a person can adapt to strong temperature fluctuations, excess or lack of food, physical and emotional stress. The study of the physiological action of the endocrine glands made it possible to reveal the secrets of sexual function and the miracle of childbearing, and also to answer the question why some people are tall and others short, some are full, others are thin, some are slow, others are agile, some are strong, others are weak.

This presentation is used when studying new material in the 8th grade biology course, as well as for repeating the material in preparation for the Unified State Examination and the OGE. In addition, this material is convenient for independent study of the topic, if the student, for example, missed classes.

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and whether the endocrine glands of the human endocrine system

Endocrine glands, or endocrine organs, are called glands that do not have excretory ducts. They produce special substances - hormones that enter directly into the blood. Hormones - organic substances of various chemical nature, have high biological activity (therefore, they are produced in extremely small doses), specificity of action, distant effect, that is, they affect organs and tissues located far from the place where hormones are formed. Entering the blood, they are carried throughout the body and carry out humoral regulation of the functions of organs and tissues, changing their activity, stimulating or inhibiting their work.

The endocrine glands play a major role in the regulation of long-term processes: metabolism, growth, mental, physical and sexual development, adaptation of the body to changing external and internal environment, ensuring the constancy of the most important physiological indicators (homeostasis), as well as in the body's reactions to stress. Violations can be associated either with increased (compared to the norm) activity of the gland - hyperfunction, in which an increased amount of the hormone is formed and released into the blood, or with reduced activity of the gland - hypofunction, accompanied by the opposite result.

Pituitary gland weight 0.5 g The pituitary gland is the main regulatory organ of the endocrine system Regulation of thyroid function Regulation of the function of the adrenal cortex Regulation of the function of the gonads Regulation of blood pressure Regulation of the activity of the mammary glands Regulation of growth

Somatotropin or growth hormone With insufficient secretion of somatotropin in a child, growth is inhibited and a disease of pituitary dwarfism develops (an adult's height does not exceed 130 cm). With an excess of the hormone, on the contrary, gigantism develops. Increased secretion of somatotropin in an adult causes acromegaly disease, in which certain parts of the body grow - tongue, nose, hands. Nepalese Chandra Dangi is the smallest man in the world, his height is only 54.6 cm Sultan Kösen - the most A tall man in the world of living, reaching a height of 246.5 cm. According to the Guinness Book of Records According to the Guinness Book of Records

The pineal gland weight 0.2 g The pineal gland regulates the body's biological rhythms (daily, seasonal, etc.). Pineal gland (or pineal gland) Melatonin - Regulation of biological rhythms, influence on other endocrine glands and the brain Serotonin - Regulation of mood and performance

Thymus (thymus gland) The size of the gland changes with age. In a newborn, its mass is approximately 12 g and continues to grow after birth until puberty, reaching 35-40 g, after which (14-15 years) the regeneration process begins, due to which the weight in 25-year-olds decreases to 25 g, by the age of 60 - less than 15 g, by 70 - about 6 g. The thymus gland is the central organ of the immune system. Lymphocytes (T-lymphocytes) acquire properties in the thymus that provide protective reactions against cells that, due to various damages, become alien to the body.

Thyroid gland Organs, systems and processes Thermoregulation Metabolism Nervous system Cardiovascular system Gastrointestinal tract Reproductive system Hyperfunction Increased body temperature Increased nutrient intake (weight loss, wasting) Stimulation (irritability, sweating, trembling limbs) Increased blood pressure, palpitations Stimulation of peristalsis (diarrhea), increased appetite Menstrual irregularities in women Hypofunction Decrease in body temperature Decrease in nutrient intake (weight gain, diabetes mellitus) Depression (lethargy, drowsiness, decreased intelligence, depression) Low blood pressure, slow heart rate Slow peristalsis (constipation), loss of appetite Reduced reproductive function (possibly infertility) Weight 12-25 g The main hormone - thyroxine Iodine is necessary for the production of hormones!

Diseases of the thyroid gland Hyperthyroidism (Basedow's disease) A syndrome caused by an increase in the hormonal activity of the thyroid gland and characterized by excessive production of thyroid hormones - T3 (thyroxine) and T4 (triiodothyronine). Oversaturation of the blood with thyroid hormones causes an acceleration of all metabolic processes in the body (the so-called "metabolic fire"). Hypothyroidism (cretinism in children, myxedema in adults) A syndrome caused by a deficiency of thyroid hormones.

Pancreas body tail head Insulin lowers blood sugar levels. Glucagon raises blood sugar levels. hormones The islet of Langerhans (microphoto) is responsible for internal secretion: a - alpha cells (glucagon) b - beta cells (insulin) a b

Diabetes mellitus Insulin is usually sufficient Susceptibility of cells to insulin is impaired (sugar cannot penetrate from the blood into cells) The disease begins in adulthood The course of the disease is slowly progressive Treatment: diet, synthetic hypoglycemic drugs, in the late stages - type I insulin (" adult, non-insulin dependent type II (insulin dependent) Insulin is not produced in sufficient quantities The disease often begins in childhood The course of the disease is rapid, severe Treatment: insulin preparations, diet Symptoms: Blood glucose level is above 5.5 mmol / l on an empty stomach Increased urine output and thirst (the body gets rid of excess glucose in the blood) The smell of acetone from the mouth Weight loss, decreased performance Frequent bacterial infections Poorly healing wounds and injuries Complications from the cardiovascular system, kidneys, eyes

H adrenal glands Weight about 4 g The medulla secretes norepinephrine and adrenaline into the blood (now obtained synthetically), which maintains the tone of the sympathetic system and has vasoconstrictive properties. The adrenal cortex secretes hormones (steroids) that affect water-salt, protein and carbohydrate metabolism, and special hormones that are close to male (androgens) and female (estrogens) sex hormones.

Adrenal glands and stress Hans Selye defined stress as a set of non-specific protective reactions of the body caused by the action of extremely strong or long-acting stimuli (stressors). In the very general view Stress is the body's reaction to the action of a factor. external environment. Hans Selye (1907-1982) - the founder of the doctrine of stress

Sex glands Androgens - male sex hormones Spermatogenesis Estrogen and progesterone - female sex hormones Ovulatory cycle Stimulate the development (puberty) and functioning of the reproductive system

The hypothalamic-pituitary system Metabolism in the body, the systems that carry it out (endocrine, excretory, respiration, blood circulation), as well as ensure growth and reproduction, are regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary system, which combines the pituitary and hypothalamus, the joint physiology of which is due to the presence of neurosecretory cells , releasing hormones, and special nerve fibers. The hypothalamic-pituitary structure in joint work is able to combine vital functions into complex complexes that provide behavior aimed at human survival.

summary of presentations

endocrine system

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endocrine system. Creepers of a different kind - creepers of the outer secretion (exocrine). Tse sweats, slimes, slugs, milk, skinny. The activity of the lashes is regulated by the nervous system. The biological role of the endocrine system is closely related to the nervous system. Organs of the endocrine system. Hormones in the human body. Scheme of dihormones. Clitini - the number of hormones. hormone receptors. Ionotropic hormone receptors. Metabotropic receptors. Metabotropic receptors, as well as ionotropic receptors, extend to cellular receptors. retinoic acid receptors. Neuroendocrine system. Nerve impulses may exert a strain on the secretion of hormones and the body's body. - Endocrine system.pptx

Endocrine system

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The human endocrine system. Major groups of hormones. lipophilic hormones. Mechanism of action of lipophilic hormones. hydrophilic hormones. Mechanism of action of hydrophilic hormones. Purely endocrine glands include: Mixed glands include: 5-Thymus gland 9-Pancreas 10-Testicles Ovaries and placenta. Peripheral endocrine glands. Thyroid. Increases the excitability of the central nervous system. Triiodothyronine: The action is in many ways similar to thyroxine. A decrease in the level of calcium in the blood reduces the excitability of the central nervous system. Four small glands located in the neck near the thyroid gland. - Endocrine system.ppt

human endocrine system

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Endocrine regulation of the functions of the human body. Structure and functions of the endocrine system. glands. Enzymes. Glands of external secretion. Endocrine glands. Glands of mixed secretion. properties of hormones. Functions of hormones. Hormones. The relationship between the nervous and endocrine systems. The hypothalamic-pituitary system. Extraction of a secret. Pituitary. Tissue growth. epiphysis Thyroid. endemic goiter. Epithelial body. Adrenals. thymus. Pancreas. Sex glands. endocrine regulation. Homework. - Human endocrine system.ppsx

Endocrine glands

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Lesson topic. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. Endocrine glands. Lesson goals. Lesson plan. The concept of the endocrine system. Glands of external secretion. Glands of internal and mixed secretion. SIMULATOR 1. Pituitary gland 2. Adrenal glands 3. Thyroid gland 4. Pancreas 5. Sex glands. Pituitary. regulation of the functions of the pituitary gland. Thyroid. Pancreas. Adrenals. Sex hormones. Hormones secreted by the glands of our body. Insulin Adrenaline Thyroxine Norepinephrine Vasopressin Estradiol Testosterone Endorphin. Test. Creative task. - Endocrine glands.ppt

human endocrine glands

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Endocrine glands. Content. Endocrine system. History of the development of endocrinology. Velyaminov. Hormones. The mechanism of action of hormones. More than 200 types of differentiated cells. Regulation of the functions of the endocrine glands. The hypothalamic-pituitary system. Hypothalamo-pituitary cachexia. pituitary obesity. adaptation syndrome. The structure and function of the endocrine glands. human endocrine glands. Pituitary. Pituitary dwarfism. pituitary gigantism. Giants and dwarfs. Acromegaly. Acromegalic skeleton. Lungs' cancer. Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland. Hormones of the intermediate and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland. - Human endocrine glands.ppt

endocrine glands and hormones

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Endocrine gland system

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The human endocrine system. glands in our body. System of endocrine glands. Endocrine glands. Thyroid and parathyroid glands. Thyroid. Function. Graves' disease. Parathyroid glands. Adrenals. Cortex and medulla. Gigantism and dwarfism. Pituitary. System of endocrine glands. System of endocrine glands. System of endocrine glands. - The system of endocrine glands.pptx

Hormones

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Presentation. What are hormones? More than 30 hormones are known to be secreted by the endocrine glands of mammals and humans. Basic properties of hormones. The mechanism of action of hormones. Types of implementation of hormonal action. membrane type. Usually this type of action is combined with membrane-cell action. The cytosolic mechanism (or nuclear) is characteristic of lipophilic proteins - steroids. Mixed type - inherent in iodothyronines (thyroid hormones). The physiological action of hormones is aimed at: Transport of hormones. Hormones, once in the bloodstream, must flow to the appropriate target organs. The significance of the protein binding of hormones in the blood is not entirely clear. - Hormones.ppt

brain hormones

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brain hormones. Acquaintance with the central organs of the endocrine system. Hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Hypothalamus. Neurohormones of the hypothalamus. Pituitary. The structure and function of the pituitary gland. Hormones of the neurohypophysis. The action of pituitary hormones on the body. Hormones of the adenohypophysis. Acromegaly. Gigantism and dwarfism. epiphysis Pineal hormones. Functions of the epiphysis. Secretory activity of melatonin. Influence of environmental factors on the production of melatonin. action of melatonin. Interesting Facts about melatonin. Solar disease. Monument to the pineal gland in the Vatican. The harmony of the activity of the epiphysis, pituitary gland and hypothalamus. Used sites. - Brain Hormones.ppt

The role of hormones

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Hormones. organic compounds. Violation in the physiology of hormones. Chemical classification of hormones. biosynthesis of hormones. The role of hormones. The mechanism of action of hormones. Molecular mechanisms. biological effects. Transport of hormones. cAMP education. The mechanism of action of hormones. Mechanism of action of steroid hormones. - The role of hormones.ppt

Humoral regulation

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The role of hormones in metabolic processes. Objectives: 2. What is the human endocrine apparatus represented by? 1. What is humoral regulation? 3. Endocrine glands. 4. What ensures the coordinated work of all parts of our body? 5. What properties are endowed with hormones? 6. Why is the concept of neurohumoral regulation quite often used? "A growth hormone". "Hormone of action". Addison's disease ("bronze disease"). - Humoral regulation.ppt

Thyroid

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The role of the thyroid gland in human life. Endocrine system. Organs that do not have excretory ducts. Hormones. Endocrine glands. Thyroid. Thyroid hormones. Diseases of the thyroid gland. Simple goiter. Diffuse toxic goiter. Hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism. Practical work. Number of cases each year from 2001 to 2008. Analysis and conclusion. What is the thyroid gland. Thyroid examination. Many do not know their diagnosis. do you use iodized salt in cooking. Iodomarin. Conclusion. - Thyroid gland.ppt

glands

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Glands of external, internal and mixed secretion. Dictionary. Glands with excretory ducts. body glands. Secrets. Glands of external secretion. Special channels. Scheme of the work of the glands. Enzymes. Exocrine and endocrine glands. glands. Endocrine glands. Hormones. properties of hormones. Functions of hormones. Adaptation. Homeostasis. activity of the endocrine glands. Water-salt balance of blood. - Glands.ppt

Endocrine glands

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Endocrine glands. Content. Glands without excretory ducts. How hormones work. What are the endocrine glands. The structure of the glands. Pituitary. epiphysis Thyroid. Diseases with hyperfunction of the thyroid gland. Diseases associated with hypothyroidism. endemic goiter. Parathyroid glands. Goiter or thymus gland. Pancreas. Adrenal glands. Hormone of the adrenal medulla. -