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Basic concepts. “Innovation (innovation) is the end result of innovative activity, which has been implemented in the form of a new or improved product.

In the “Strategy for Industrial and Innovative Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2003-2015”, innovation is defined as the end result innovation activities, realized in the form of a new or improved product, sold on the market, new or improved technological process used in practical activities. It can be concluded that the main content of innovation is change, and innovation is a function of change. According to the definition of J. Schumpeter, changes are:

¨ the use of new equipment or technological processes, as well as market support for the sale of products;

¨ introduction to the market of products with new properties;

¨ use of new raw materials;

¨ changes in the organization of production and logistics;

¨ new markets.

According to Ch. Freeman's classification, technological innovations can be classified into product innovations and process innovations.

Product innovation is the introduction of new or improved products.

Innovative products are newly introduced or improved products, as well as products whose production is based on new or significantly improved methods.

Process innovation is the development of new or significantly improved products or the organization of production. Moreover, the existing equipment or production methods are unsuitable for the production of such products. In the US, 1/3 of all innovations are process-related, and 2/3 are product-related; in Japan it is the opposite. Process innovations include the development, introduction into production and commercialization of new consumer values.

The well-known West German economist G. Menz divides innovations into basic, improving and pseudo-innovations.

The basic ones include innovations, the implementation of which leads to the emergence of new industries or new markets. Further, as they improve, basic innovations turn into improving ones. When the innovative potential is exhausted, then the innovations that appear on the basis of this technology belong to the class of pseudo-innovations (rationalizing innovations).

Companies achieve competitive advantage through innovation. They learn new methods of achieving competitiveness or find better ways competition using the old ways. Innovation manifests itself in a new product design, in a new manufacturing process, in a new approach to marketing, or in a new methodology for improving the skills of employees. For the most part, innovations turn out to be quite simple and small, based more on the accumulation of minor improvements and advances than on a single, major technological breakthrough. At the same time, it is necessary to invest in skills development and knowledge acquisition, in physical assets and reputation enhancement. trademark. Some innovations create competitive advantages, generating fundamentally new favorable opportunities in the market, or, they allow you to fill in market segments that other competitors have not paid attention to.

If competitors are slow to respond, then innovation can create a sustainable competitive advantage. For example, in the automotive industry and consumer electronics, Japanese companies gained competitive advantage by focusing on smaller, less energy-efficient models that were neglected by their foreign competitors as less profitable, less important, and less attractive.

Once a company has achieved competitive advantage through innovation, it can only maintain it through continuous improvement. We must remember that any achievement can be repeated or copied. For example, Korean companies have overtaken their Japanese competitors in the mass production of standard color televisions and VCRs, and Brazilian companies producing special types of leather shoes have developed processes and designs comparable to competitive Italian firms.

If a company stops improving products and innovating, it will immediately and surely be overtaken by competitors. Sometimes initial advantages such as customer connectivity, economies of scale in existing technologies, or reliability of distribution channels are enough to allow a company to hold its own for years or even decades. However, sooner or later, more dynamic competitors will find ways to circumvent these advantages through their innovations, or create better or cheaper ways to do the same business.

At present, the most widespread in the analysis of innovations are four classifications using the following system-forming characteristics:

The degree of innovation novelty (fundamentally new, modernized, improved);

View final product innovations (technics, technology, organization);

Degree of influence on the economy;

The breadth of innovation in social production.

Innovative activity is an activity aimed at using the results of scientific research and development and their commercialization, that is, the effective implementation in the domestic and foreign markets. Innovation activity consists of a whole complex of scientific, technological, financial and commercial activities that form an innovation.

Innovative activity is carried out in the innovation management system according to the “science - technology - economics - education” scheme. It includes work both on the development of science-intensive and resource-saving technologies, and on efficient use licenses, patents and know-how. Diffusion of new products, technologies, methods of organizing production and management is a prerequisite for innovation.

There is still a high dependence of social and economic development Kazakhstan from the export-oriented raw material sector of the economy, as well as from the import of science-intensive and high-tech products. Many countries of the world and, first of all, the USA, Japan, Germany, Sweden are intensively moving to the use of national innovation systems that allow the implementation of scientific knowledge and technologies in the interests of the tasks facing these countries (innovation activity provides about 60% of the growth in their gross domestic product). Against the backdrop of accelerating technological progress of the leading countries of the world, Kazakhstan is facing a growing threat of being on the periphery of world development with the status of a predominantly raw material donor.

Kazakhstan has all the prerequisites, a unique scientific, technical and educational potential, possesses world-class scientific knowledge, but the effectiveness of their practical use in the conditions of market mechanisms is insufficient, since the formation of a national innovation system is still at an early stage, including a holistic regulatory legal framework for innovation activity has not been created. As a result, allocated budget resources spent inefficiently. Scientific knowledge and technologies aimed at solving urgent problems of ensuring the life of the population, mastering the world market by domestic producers, rational use of energy and natural resources Kazakhstan. Many types of products (services) are not competitive not only in the world market, but also in many segments of the domestic market, which are dominated by foreign countries(machines and equipment, electronics, automotive equipment, pharmaceuticals, a number of other goods).

The current situation in the field of innovation hinders the formation of Kazakhstan as a dynamically and steadily developing state, does not provide the necessary pace for solving the problem of doubling the gross domestic product in the coming decade.

In the "Program of socio-economic development of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2003 - 2015." was supposed to move to innovative development industries. Priority development is given to industries with high added value, the role of science in economic development will increase. The reform of the science sector should be aimed at strengthening the innovation orientation of applied research and development, as well as increasing their contribution to economic growth while maintaining state support fundamental science. The business climate will be improved and the necessary economic incentives will be created to promote the spread of innovation.

Literature:

1. Schumpeter I. A. Theory of economic development. Moscow: Progress, 1982.

2. Shelyubskaya N. "Indirect methods of state stimulation of innovations: t experience of Western Europe". - International journal "Problems of theory and practice of management". - No. 3, 2001.

3. Kryukov V.A. Institutional Structure of the Oil and Gas Sector: Problems and Directions of Transformation..., 1999.

4. Shagiev P.P. Integrated Oil and Gas Companies / Under. Ed. A.G. Aganbegyan...

Innovation (English "innovation" - innovation, innovation, innovation) is understood as the use of innovations in the form of new technologies, types of products and services, new forms of organization of production and labor, service and management. The concepts of "innovation", "innovation", "innovation" are often identified, although there are differences between them.

Innovation means new order, new method, invention, new phenomenon. The phrase "innovation" literally means the process of using innovation. From the moment it is accepted for distribution, an innovation acquires a new quality and becomes an innovation (innovation). The period of time between the appearance of an innovation and its implementation into an innovation (innovation) is called the innovation lag.

The concept of "innovation" as economic category introduced into scientific circulation by the Austrian economist I. Schumpeter. He first considered the issues of new combinations production factors and identified five changes in development, i.e. innovation issues:

use of new equipment, technological processes or new market support for production;
introduction of products with new properties;
use of new raw materials;
changes in the organization of production and its logistics;
emergence of new markets.

In accordance with international standards, innovation is defined as the end result of innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice, or in a new approach to social services ".

The motto of innovation - "new and different" - characterizes the diversity of this concept. So, innovation in the service sector is an innovation in the service itself, in its production, provision and consumption, and the behavior of employees. Innovations are not always based on inventions and discoveries. There are innovations that are based on ideas. Examples here are the emergence of zippers, ballpoint pens, aerosol cans, ring-openers on cans of soft drinks, and much more.

Innovation does not have to be technical or something material in general. Few technical innovations can rival the impact of the idea of hire-purchase. Using this idea literally transforms the economy. Innovation is a new value for the consumer, it must meet the needs and desires of consumers.

Thus, the indispensable properties of innovation are their novelty, industrial applicability (economic feasibility) and it must necessarily meet the needs of consumers.

Systematic innovation consists in a purposeful organized search for changes and in a systematic analysis of the opportunities that these changes can give for the successful operation of the enterprise.

All the variety of innovations can be classified according to a number of criteria.

1. According to the degree of novelty:

radical (basic) innovations that implement discoveries, major inventions and become the basis for the formation of new generations and directions for the development of technology and technology;
improving innovations realizing average inventions;
modification innovations aimed at partial improvement of obsolete generations of equipment and technology, organization of production.

2. According to the object of application:

product innovations focused on the production and use of new products (services) or new materials, semi-finished products, components;
technological innovations aimed at the creation and application of new technology;
process innovations focused on the creation and functioning of new organizational structures, both within the firm and at the interfirm level;
complex innovations, which are a combination of various innovations.

3. By the scope of application:

industry;
intersectoral;
regional;
within the enterprise (firm).

4. For reasons of occurrence:

reactive (adaptive) innovations that ensure the survival of the firm, as a reaction to innovations carried out by competitors;
strategic innovations are innovations, the implementation of which is proactive in order to obtain competitive advantages in the future.

5. By efficiency:

economic;
social;
ecological;
integral.

Innovation has always been great importance in the development of production. In the modern economy, the role of innovation is growing significantly. They are increasingly becoming fundamental factors of economic growth.

The experience of developed countries shows that fundamental transformations in the field of productive forces in the era of scientific and technological revolution, the rapid succession of its waves, and, consequently, new combinations of production factors, the widespread introduction of innovations have become the norm of modern economic life. And if innovative approach plays an increasing role in developed countries, modern Russia, in the context of the transition to a market economy and the need to get out of a deep crisis, this role is especially great.

The growing role of innovation is due, firstly, to the very nature market relations and secondly, the need for profound qualitative transformations in the Russian economy in order to overcome the crisis and enter the trajectory of sustainable growth.

Let's briefly review these provisions.

In conditions market economy and no one is forcing anyone to improve production, improve the quality of products, except for the threat of bankruptcy. The driving force behind competition is the incentive to innovate. It is on the basis of innovations that it is possible to use modern technology and organization of production, improve product quality, ensure the success and efficiency of the enterprise. Solving these problems requires an innovative, entrepreneurial approach, the essence of which is the search for and implementation of innovations.

In this regard, it is important to note that one of the classics of economic theory, A. Marshall, spoke of entrepreneurship as a fundamental property, the main feature of a market economy. Speaking about the main property of a market economy, A. Marshall draws attention not to competition, but to another property of a market economy - "freedom of production and entrepreneurship."

In fact, competition only creates a situation of the need to search for the competitive advantages of the company and the competitiveness of the product. Competition encourages improvement of the entire process from production to consumption. And the competitive advantages themselves are provided on the basis of the implementation of certain innovations, i.e. through entrepreneurship, since it is this that is the real engine of progress.

As for overcoming the crisis and entering the trajectory of growth, this task can be solved only on the basis of deep qualitative transformations in all sectors. National economy, the implementation of a deep structural restructuring of the economy, a decisive renewal of the forms and methods of work.

There is a huge overconsumption of natural resources in the country, which creates imaginary deficits in energy, agriculture and forestry, etc. Thus, according to calculations, energy costs per unit of final product in Russia are 3 times higher than in Japan and Germany, compared to the United States exceed 2 times. In terms of the cost of forest resources per 1 ton of paper, Russia surpasses the developed countries 4-6 times. These data convincingly show the gigantic "gluttony" and costly nature of the country's economy. Under these conditions, if we increase production based on resource-intensive technologies, then the Russian economy will again fall into a vicious circle: the growth of production in the manufacturing industries requires a redistribution in their favor of investments that are needed to increase the production of raw materials and energy carriers.

It is quite obvious that in solving these difficult, but very important tasks for our economy, the decisive role belongs to an entrepreneurial approach based on the search for and implementation of innovations, because all these tasks require not a routine, but an innovative, creative approach.

Of particular importance for production are innovations with powerful transformative functions. These innovations will radically change the production apparatus, which has a high degree of moral and physical wear and tear on Russian enterprises, its organization, and, consequently, the efficiency of production. Such innovations include, first of all, new equipment and technologies. By changing production, transferring it to a new scientific and technological level, it is possible to create the main prerequisites for transferring production to a qualitatively new state. A new production apparatus requires, as a rule, new organization, management, marketing, new motivation, i.e. a new type of innovation management. It assumes that new products will also be produced.

B. Gribov, V. Gryzinov

Technological innovation represent the end result of innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product or service introduced on the market, a new or improved process or method of production (transfer) of services used in practice. An innovation is considered implemented if it is implemented in the market or in the production process.

In industry and services, there are two types of technological innovation: product and process.

In industry distinguish the following definitions.

1. Product innovation involves the development and implementation of technologically new or improved products. The introduction of a new product is defined as a radical product innovation if it concerns a product whose intended application, functionality, properties, construction or materials and components used significantly distinguish it from previous products. Such innovations can be based on fundamentally new technologies or on a combination of existing technologies in their new application. Technological improvement of a product (incremental product innovation) affects an already existing product, the quality or cost characteristics of which have been significantly improved through the use of more efficient components and materials, a partial change in one or a number of technical subsystems (for complex products).
2. Process Innovation - it is the adoption of technologically new or significantly improved production methods, including product transfer methods. Innovations of this kind can be based on the use of new production equipment, new methods of organizing the production process or a combination of them, as well as on the use of research and development results. Such innovations are usually aimed at improving the efficiency of production or transfer of products already existing in the enterprise, but may also be intended for the production and supply of technologically new or improved products that cannot be produced or supplied using conventional production methods.

In the service sector the following definitions apply to this group of innovations.

1. Product innovation include the development and implementation of fundamentally new services, the improvement of existing services by adding new functions or features, significant improvements in service delivery (for example, in terms of their efficiency or speed).
2. Process innovation cover the development and implementation of technologically new or significantly improved methods for the production and provision of services.

Process innovation is measured in a differentiated way, highlighting new or significantly improved methods for producing goods and services, production methods for procurement, delivery of goods and services, methods in ancillary activities, such as Maintenance and repairs, procurement operations, accounting and computer services.

Process innovations, as a rule, are aimed at reducing the costs of production or activities for the transfer of products, services per unit of output, improving the quality, efficiency of production or transfer of products already existing in the organization, but can also be intended for the production and transfer of technologically new or improved products, services that cannot be produced or supplied using conventional manufacturing methods (Table 1.1).

Table 1.1

Process innovation

Area of manifestation	Change Objects
New or significantly improved methods of producing goods and services	Changes in the production process; use of new production equipment and/or software in the main production; introduction of new technologies in the production of goods or services	Commissioning of new automated equipment; installation of a computer-aided design system for product development
New or significantly improved production methods for procurement, delivery of goods and services	Improving the logistics system at the enterprise; use of new production equipment and/or software for sourcing, distribution of supplies within the organization and delivery finished products; introduction of new technologies in the field of logistics; significant changes in the processes of selling products and services	Implementation of goods tracking systems based on barcodes or active radio identification (RFID); organization of transmodal or intermodal transportation for the supply of raw materials and materials; Creation of an Internet service for placing consumer orders for manufactured products
New or significantly improved methods of support activities (maintenance and repair, communications, etc.)	The use of new or significantly improved technologies, production equipment and (or) software in auxiliary activities not directly related to the production of goods, works, services, but aimed at ensuring the production process	Automation of processes for diagnosing the condition of machines and equipment during scheduled preventive maintenance; organization of a corporate university; improvement of corporate information systems

Product innovations include the development and introduction into production of technologically new and significantly technologically improved products. They may be based on fundamentally new technologies, on the use or combination of existing technologies, or on the results of research and development. However, they may be new to the enterprise, but not necessarily new to the market. In addition, it does not matter whether the innovative products were developed by the enterprise or by other organizations. Types of product innovations are presented in Table. 1.2.

Table 1.2

Types of product innovations

grocery

innovation

Characteristics of innovation

Technologically New Product

A product being mastered in production, whose technological characteristics (functional features, design, additional operations, as well as the composition of materials and components used) or intended use are fundamentally new or significantly different from similar products previously produced by the enterprise

Phone - cordless phone; computer (mainframe) - Personal Computer- laptop; incandescent lamp - energy efficient fluorescent lamp

Technologically advanced product

An earlier product, for which quality characteristics are improved, is increased economic efficiency production by using more efficient components or materials, partially changing one or more technical subsystems (for complex products)

Personal computer based on a new generation processor (Pentium I, Pentium II, Pentium III...); mechanical watches - quartz (electronic) watches;

oil paint (based on drying oil) - nitro enamels (based on cellulose nitrate)

Organizational and managerial changes have been observed in innovation statistics since 2001. Initially, the object of the study was organizational innovations implemented by the organization over the past three years. Since 2006, in order to calculate the indicator of the cumulative level of innovative activity, introduced into international practice, in Russia the methodology for measuring organizational innovations has been reduced to unified system calculation of innovative activity - for the reporting year.

The studies conducted by the Association of Managers of Russia showed that only through organizational and managerial innovations in Russia it is possible to increase labor productivity by 80%.

The first reliably known technological processes were developed in ancient Sumer - on a clay tablet in cuneiform, the procedure for making beer was described in operations. Since then, the ways of describing technologies for the production of food, tools, household utensils, weapons and jewelry - everything that mankind has made, have become much more complicated and improved. A modern technological process can consist of tens, hundreds and even thousands of individual operations, it can be multivariate and branch depending on various conditions. The choice of this or that technology is not an easy choice of certain machines, tools and equipment. It is also necessary to ensure compliance specifications, planned and financial indicators.

Definition and characterization

GOST gives a scientifically rigorous, but too dry and scientifically formulated definition of the technological process. If we talk about the concept of a technological process in a more understandable language, then a technological process is a set of operations arranged in a certain order. It is aimed at the transformation of raw materials and blanks into final products. To do this, they perform certain actions, usually performed by mechanisms. The technological process does not exist on its own, but is the most important part of a more general one, which in the general case also includes the processes of contracting, procurement and logistics, sales, financial management, administration and quality control.

Technologists occupy a very important position in the enterprise. They are a kind of intermediary between designers who create the idea of a product and produce its drawings, and production, which will have to translate these ideas and drawings into metal, wood, plastic and other materials. When developing a technical process, technologists work in close contact not only with designers and production, but also with logistics, procurement, finance and quality control. It is the technical process that is the point at which the requirements of all these departments converge and there is a balance between them.

The description of the technological process should be contained in documents such as:

Route map - description high level, it lists the routes for moving a part or workpiece from one workplace to another or between workshops.
Operational map - a description of the middle level, more detailed, it lists all operational transitions, installation-removal operations, tools used.
Technological map - the document of the lowest level, contains the most detailed description of the processing of materials, blanks, units and assemblies, the parameters of these processes, working drawings and the equipment used.

A technological map, even for a seemingly simple product, can be a rather thick volume.

For comparison and measurement of technological processes serial production the following characteristics apply:

The production program of the enterprise consists of production programs its workshops and sites. It contains:

List of manufactured articles with details of types, sizes, quantity.
Release schedules linked to each key date of a certain volume of manufactured products.
The number of spare parts for each item as part of the product life cycle support process.
Detailed design and technological documentation, 3D models, drawings, detailing and specifications.
Specifications for production and quality management methods, including programs and methods of testing and measurement.

The production program is a section overall business plan enterprises for each planning period.

Types of technical processes

The classification of technical processes is carried out according to several parameters.

According to the criterion of repetition frequency in the manufacture of products, technological processes are divided into:

a single technological process, created for the production of a unique design and technological parameters parts or products;
a typical technical process is created for a certain number of products of the same type, similar in their design and technological characteristics. A single technical process, in turn, may consist of a set of standard technical processes. The more standard technical processes are used at the enterprise, the lower the cost of pre-production and the higher the economic efficiency of the enterprise;
a group technical process is prepared for parts that are structurally different, but technologically similar.

According to the criterion of novelty and innovation, there are such types of technological processes as:

Typical. The main technological processes use traditional, proven designs, technologies and operations for processing materials, tools and equipment.
Promising. Such processes use the most advanced technologies, materials, tools, typical for industry leaders.

According to the criterion of the degree of detail, the following types of technological processes are distinguished:

The route technical process is executed in the form of a route map containing top-level information: a list of operations, their sequence, a class or group of equipment used, technological equipment and a general time limit.
The step-by-step process contains a detailed sequence of processing up to the level of transitions, modes and their parameters. It is executed in the form of an operating card.

The step-by-step process was developed during the Second World War in the United States in the face of a shortage of skilled labor. Detailed and detailed descriptions each stage of the technological process made it possible to involve people who did not have production experience in the work and to fulfill large military orders on time. In peacetime and availability, well trained and experienced enough production staff the use of this type of technological process leads to unproductive costs. Sometimes a situation arises in which technologists diligently publish thick volumes of operational charts, service technical documentation replicates them in the prescribed number of copies, and the production does not open these Talmuds. In the workshop, workers and foremen have accumulated sufficient experience over many years of work and acquired high enough qualifications to independently perform a sequence of operations and select equipment operating modes. It makes sense for such enterprises to think about abandoning operating cards and replacing them with route cards.

There are other classifications of types of technological processes.

Stages of TP

In the course of design and technological preparation of production, such stages of writing a technological process are distinguished as:

Collection, processing and study of initial data.
Definition of the main technological solutions.
Preparation of a feasibility study (or feasibility study).
Process documentation.

Difficult to find the first time technological solutions, providing both planned dates, and required quality, and the planned cost of the product. Therefore, the technology development process is a multivariate and iterative process.

If the results of economic calculations are unsatisfactory, then the technologists repeat the main stages of the development of the technological process until they reach the parameters required by the plan.

The essence of the technological process

A process is a change in the state of an object under the influence of internal or external conditions in relation to the object.

External factors will be mechanical, chemical, temperature, radiation influences, internal - the ability of a material, part, product to resist these influences and retain its original shape and phase state.

During the development of the technical process, the technologist selects those external factors, under the influence of which the material of the workpiece or raw material will change its shape, dimensions or properties in such a way as to satisfy:

technical specifications for the final product;
planned indicators for the timing and volume of production of products;

For a long time, the basic principles for constructing technological processes have been developed.

The principle of consolidation of operations

In this case, a larger number of transitions is collected within one operation. From a practical point of view, such a campaign improves the accuracy of the relative position of the axes and machined surfaces. This effect is achieved by performing all the transitions combined in the operation in one stop to the machine or multi-axis machining center.

The approach also simplifies internal logistics and reduces intra-shop costs by reducing the number of installations and adjustments of equipment operation modes.

This is especially important for large and complex parts, the installation of which takes a lot of time.

The principle is applied when working on turret and multi-cutting lathes, multi-axis machining centers.

The principle of division of operations

The operation is divided into a number of simple transitions, the adjustment of the operating modes of the processing equipment is performed once, for the first part of the series, then the remaining parts are processed in the same modes.

This approach is effective for large batch sizes and a relatively simple spatial configuration of products.

The principle has a significant effect of reducing the relative labor intensity due to improved organization of workplaces, improving the skills of workers in monotonous movements for placing and removing workpieces, manipulating tools and equipment.

At the same time, the absolute number of installations grows, but the time for setting up equipment modes is reduced, due to which a positive result is achieved.

To get this positive effect, the technologist will have to take care of the use of specialized equipment and devices that allow you to quickly and, most importantly, accurately install and remove the workpiece. The batch size must also be significant.

Wood and metal processing

In practice, the same part, of the same size and weight, from the same material can be made by different, sometimes very different methods.

At the stage of design and technological preparation of production, designers and technologists jointly work out several options for describing the technological process, manufacturing and processing sequence of the product. These options are compared by key indicators, how well they satisfy:

specifications for the final product;
requirements production plan, terms and volumes of shipment;
financial and economic indicators included in the business plan of the enterprise.

At the next stage, these options are compared, and the optimal one is selected from them. The type of production has a great influence on the choice of option.

In the case of a one-off, or discrete production, the probability of repeating the production of the same part is small. In this case, the option is chosen with minimal costs for the development and creation of special equipment, tools and fixtures, with the maximum use of universal machines and customizable equipment. However, exceptional requirements for dimensional accuracy or operating conditions, such as radiation or highly corrosive environments, may force the use of both specially made tooling and unique tools.

With serial production, the production process is divided into the production of repeated batches of products. The technological process is optimized taking into account the existing equipment, machine tools and machining centers at the enterprise. At the same time, the equipment is supplied with specially designed equipment and devices that allow reducing unproductive time losses at least by a few seconds. On the scale of the entire party, these seconds will add up and give a sufficient economic effect. Machine tools and machining centers are subjected to specialization, assigned to the machine certain groups operations.

In mass production, the batch sizes are very high, and the manufactured parts do not undergo design changes for a sufficiently long period of time. Equipment specialization goes even further. In this case, it is technologically and economically justified to assign the same operation to each machine for the entire production period of the series, as well as the manufacture of special equipment and the use of a separate cutting tool and measuring and control instruments.

The equipment in this case is physically moved in the workshop, placing it in the order of operations in the technological process.

Means of execution of technological processes

The technological process exists first in the heads of technologists, then it is fixed on paper, and at modern enterprises - in a database of programs that provide the management process life cycle products (PLM). The transition to automated means of storing, writing, replicating and checking the relevance of technological processes is not a matter of time, it is a matter of the survival of an enterprise in competition. At the same time, enterprises have to overcome the strong resistance of highly qualified technologists of the construction school, who are accustomed to long years write technical processes by hand, and then give them for reprinting.

Modern software tools allow you to automatically check the tools, materials and equipment mentioned in the technical process for applicability and relevance, reuse previously written technical processes in whole or in part. They increase the productivity of the technologist and significantly reduce the risk of human error when writing the technical process.

In order for the technological process to turn from ideas and calculations into reality, physical means of its implementation are necessary.

Technological equipment is designed for installation, fixing, orientation in space and supply to the processing zone of raw materials, blanks, parts, assemblies and assemblies.

Depending on the industry, this includes machine tools, machining centers, reactors, melting furnaces, forging presses, installations and entire complexes.

The equipment has a long service life and can change its functions depending on the use of a particular technological equipment.

Technological equipment includes tools, casting molds, dies, devices for installing and removing parts, to facilitate access for workers to the area of operations. Equipment complements the main equipment, expanding its functionality. It has a shorter shelf life and is sometimes specially made for a specific batch of products or even for one unique product. When developing technology, it is necessary to use universal tooling applicable for several standard sizes of the product. This is especially important in discrete industries, where the cost of tooling is not distributed over the entire series, but falls entirely on the cost of one product.

The tool is designed to provide a direct physical impact on the workpiece material in order to bring its shape, dimensions, physical, chemical and other parameters to those specified in the technical conditions.

When choosing a tool, a technologist must take into account not only the price of its purchase, but also the resource and versatility. It often happens that a more expensive tool allows you to produce several times more products without replacing it than a cheap analogue. In addition, a modern universal and high-speed tool will also reduce the machining time, which also directly leads to a reduction in cost. Every year, technologists acquire more and more economic knowledge and skills, and writing a technical process from a purely technological matter turns into a serious tool for increasing the competitiveness of an enterprise.

The word "innovation" is translated into Russian as "novelty", "innovation", "innovation". In management, innovation is understood as an innovation that has been mastered in production and has found its consumer. More broadly defined: Innovation is the end result of the activity of innovating, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced to the market, a new or improved process used in organizational activities, a new approach to social problems.

Here, attention should be paid to the broad interpretation of the concept of innovation - it can be a new product, a new technological process, new structure and management system of the organization, a new culture, new information etc.

Under the innovation in the XIX century. understood, first of all, the introduction of elements of one culture into another. In the XX century. technical improvements were considered innovations. J. Schumpeter at the beginning of the century understood the role of innovation as a means to overcome economic downturns. He pointed out that the source of profits can be not only price manipulation and cost reduction, but also a change in products.

In his work The Theory of Economic Development, Schumpeter wrote: “Under the enterprise, we mean the implementation of new combinations, as well as what these combinations are embodied in: factories, etc. We call entrepreneurs economic entities, whose function is precisely the implementation of new combinations and which act as its active element.

The concept of "implementation of new combinations" according to Schumpeter covers the following five cases: 1. Production of a new, that is, a good not yet known to consumers or the creation of a new quality of a particular good.

2. The introduction of a new method (method) of production not known to this industry, which is not necessarily based on a new scientific discovery and which may even consist in a different way of commercial use of the product in question.

3. The development of a new sales market, that is, a market in which the given industry of this country has not yet been represented, regardless of whether this market existed before or not.

4. Obtaining a new source of raw materials or semi-finished products, equally regardless of whether this source existed before or simply was not taken into account, or was considered unavailable, or it had yet to be created.

5. Carrying out an appropriate reorganization, for example, securing a monopoly position (through the creation of a trust) or undermining the monopoly position of another enterprise.

If we consider innovation as the end result, then it must have somewhere its beginning, source, and this beginning is some kind of idea, idea, invention. There is a long path from this idea to its implementation, containing many stages and actions. This path is called the innovation process.

It is necessary to highlight the characteristic properties of innovation that distinguish it from a simple innovation:

Scientific and technical novelty;

Industrial applicability;

Commercial feasibility.

The commercial aspect defines innovation as an economic necessity realized through the needs of the market. From this point of view, there are two points:

"materialization" of innovation - from an idea to its implementation in a product, service, technology; "commercialization" of innovation - turning it into a source of income.

The innovative activity of firms is much more effective remedy in competition than all traditional ways. With it, other methods can no longer play a significant role. In the second half of the XX century. A boom in innovations began in all spheres of society. In 1979, the US Congress passed the National Science and Technology Innovation Act, which stated that innovation is a central issue for US economic, environmental, and social prosperity. The innovative strategy was designed to reduce the trade deficit, win competition in the world market, and stabilize the dollar. In Germany, it was also confirmed at the state level that innovations are the main means of combating all social diseases. Thus, the fact that in 1940-50. was the strategy of individual firms, in the 1970-80s. becomes the strategy of entire nations, public policy developed countries.

At the same time, the science of innovation activity also developed. It meant a departure from understanding the market as a free game of supply and demand. Now it was supposed to seize the initiative from the market, manage the market, provoke the emergence of the needs of the mass buyer, offer him something that he had not yet had time to think about. This strategy created the "consumer society".

The classification of innovations makes it possible to systematize knowledge about the types of innovations, their manifestations and positions in the company's system. The methodology for the systematic description of innovations is based on international standards, recommendations for practical application which were adopted in Oslo in 1992 and were called the Oslo Guidelines.

There are several approaches to the classification of innovations.

1 Classification by objects of innovation, location, degree of novelty.

1. Depending on the type of object, innovations are divided into:

Subject innovations are new material resources, raw materials, semi-finished products, components, products. Innovation in the form of a new product is defining and is called product innovation. Such innovation aims to meet new needs or existing needs, but in a different way;

Process innovations are new services, production processes, methods of organizing production, organizational structures, management systems. In this class of innovations, innovation in the field of production processes, it is also called technological innovation. Such innovation is aimed at improving the quality of the product, increasing labor productivity and increasing production volumes.

2. According to the place in the enterprise system, innovations are divided into:

Innovations at the entrance of the enterprise - new material resources, raw materials, information;

Innovations within the enterprise system are new semi-finished products, technological processes, information Technology, organizational structure. Economic effect such innovation remains in the enterprise;

Innovations at the output of the enterprise are new products, services, technologies and information intended for sale (know-how). The economic effect of such an innovation is received by the consumer.

3. Depending on the degree of novelty, innovations are distinguished:

Radical (basic) - for example, a new product based on a pioneer invention;

Improving - for example, a new product based on an invention that improves on the pioneer invention;

Modification (private) - for example, a new product based on a rationalization proposal.

Invention - a new and significantly different "technical" solution practical task in any area of the economic, socio-cultural or defense sphere. A pioneer invention is an outstanding invention that has not been preceded by prototypes (analogues) in the world practice, they are based on discoveries.

Discovery is the establishment of previously unknown, objectively existing patterns, properties and phenomena of the material world, introducing fundamental changes in the level of knowledge.

A rational proposal is a “technical” solution that is relatively new, for example, new to a given industry, or to a given market, or to a given organization.