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Technological innovation. Classification of innovations in enterprises Definition and characteristics

Innovation

In the world economic literature, innovation is interpreted as the transformation of potential scientific and technological progress into real, embodied in new products and technologies.

There are hundreds of definitions in the literature (see Table 1.1 for examples). For example, on the basis of content or internal structure allocate technical, economic, organizational, managerial innovations, etc.

For example, B. twist defines innovation as a process in which an invention or idea acquires economic content. F. Nixon considers innovation to be a set of technical, industrial and commercial activities that bring new and improved products to the market industrial processes and equipment. B. Santo believes that innovation is such a social, technical, economic process that, through the practical use of ideas and inventions, leads to the creation of products and technologies that are best in their properties, and if it focuses on economic benefits, profit, the emergence of innovation on the market can generate additional income. I. Schumpeter treats innovation as a new scientific and organizational combination production factors motivated by an entrepreneurial spirit.

Table 1.1 Definitions of “innovation”

Definition
Innovation is such a social, technical, economic process that, through the practical use of ideas and inventions, leads to the creation of products and technologies that are better in their properties.	Santo B. Innovation as a means..., 1990, p. 24.
An innovation (innovation) is usually understood as an object introduced into production as a result of a research or discovery made, which is qualitatively different from the previous analogue.	Utkin E.A., Morozova N.I., Morozova G.I. Innovation management..., 1996, p. 10.
Innovation is the process of implementing a new idea in any area of human life, contributing to the satisfaction of an existing need in the market and bringing an economic effect.	Bezdudny F.F., Smirnova G.A., Nechaeva O.D. Essence of the concept..., 1998, p. 8.
Innovation - the use of the results of scientific research and development aimed at improving the process of production, economic, legal and social relations in the field of science, culture, education and other fields of activity.	Suvorova A.L. Innovation management, 1999, p. 15.
Innovation is the result of updating, transforming previous activities, leading to the replacement of some elements by others, or the addition of new ones to existing ones.	Kokurin D.I. Innovative activity, 2001, p. 10.
Innovation (innovation) is the result of practical or scientific and technical development of innovation.	Avsyannikov N.M. Innovation management, 2002, p. 12.
An innovation is an object introduced into production as a result of a scientific research or discovery made, which is qualitatively different from the previous analogue.	Medynsky V.G. Innovation management, 2002, p. 5.
Innovation is understood as final result scientific research or discovery, qualitatively different from the previous analogue and introduced into production. The concept of innovation applies to all innovations in organizational, production and other areas of activity, to any improvements that reduce costs.	Minnikhanov R.N., Alekseev V.V., Fayzrakhmanov D.I., Sagdiev M.A. Innovation management..., 2003, p. 13.
Innovation is the process of development, development, exploitation and exhaustion of the production, economic and social potential underlying innovation.	Morozov Yu.P., Gavrilov A.I., Gorodkov A.G. Innovation Management, 2003, p. 17.
Innovation as a result creative process in the form of created (or implemented) new use values, the use of which requires the individuals or organizations using them to change the habitual stereotypes of activities and skills. The concept of innovation extends to New Product or a service, a method of their production, an innovation in organizational, financial, research and other areas, any improvement that provides cost savings or creates conditions for such savings.	Zavlin P.N. Fundamentals of innovation management..., 2004, p. 6.
Innovation - a new or improved product (good, work, service), method (technology) of its production or application, innovation or improvement in the organization and (or) economics of production, and (or) product sales, providing economic benefits, creating conditions for such benefits or improving the consumer properties of products (goods, works, services).	Kulagin A.S. A little about the term..., 2004, p. 58.
Innovation is new or improved technologies, types of products or services being created, as well as decisions of an industrial, administrative, financial, legal, commercial or other nature, which, as a result of their implementation and subsequent practical application, have a positive effect on the economic entities involved.	Stepanenko D.M. Classification of innovations..., 2004, p. 77.
The word "innovation" is synonymous with innovation or novelty, and can be used along with them.	Avrashkov L.Ya. Innovation Management, 2005, p. 5.
Innovation is the end result of introducing an innovation in order to change the object of management and obtain an economic, social, environmental, scientific, technical or other type of effect.	Fatkhutdinov R.A. Innovation Management, 2005, p. 15.
Innovations in relation to the agro-industrial complex are new technologies, new equipment, new varieties of plants, new breeds of animals, new fertilizers and means of protecting plants and animals, new methods for the prevention and treatment of animals, new forms of organization, financing and crediting of production, new approaches to training, retraining and advanced training of personnel, etc.	Shaitan B.I. Innovations in the agro-industrial complex..., 2005, p. 207.
Innovation is the involvement in the economic circulation of the results of intellectual activity containing new, including scientific, knowledge in order to meet social needs and (or) make a profit.	Volynkina N.V. Legal entity..., 2006, p. 13.
In accordance with international standards (Frascati's Guide - new edition document adopted by the OECD in 1993 in the Italian city of Frascati) innovation is defined as the end result innovation activities embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced to the market, a new or improved technological process used in practical activities or in a new approach to social services.	Science statistics..., 1996, p. 30-31.
Innovation (innovation) is the end result of innovative activity, realized in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice.	The concept of innovative..., 1998.
Innovation is an innovation in the field of engineering, technology, labor organization and management, based on the use of the achievements of science and best practices, as well as the use of these innovations in a variety of areas and fields of activity.	Raizberg B.A. Lozovsky L.Sh. Starodubtseva E.B. Modern economic ..., 1999, p. 136.
Innovation: 1. Innovation, innovation. 2. A set of measures aimed at introducing new equipment, technologies, inventions, etc. into the economy; modernization.	Big sensible..., 2003, p. 393.
Innovation is an innovation in the production and non-production spheres, in the field of economic, social, legal relations, science, culture, education, healthcare, in the field public finance, in business finance, in budget process, in banking, in the financial market, in insurance, etc.	Financial and credit..., 2004, p. 367.
Innovation - getting big economic results through innovation; the essence of a progressive development strategy for the organization of the state as opposed to the bureaucratic type of development.	Rumyantseva E.E. New economic..., 2005, p. 162.

At present, technological innovations are subject to the concepts established in International Standards in Science, Technology and Innovation Statistics. International Standards in Science, Technology and Innovation Statistics - Recommendations international organizations in the field of science and innovation statistics, providing their systematic description in a market economy.

In accordance with these standards, innovation is the end result of innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced to the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice, or in a new approach to social services.

Thus:

innovation is a consequence of innovation activity;
the specific content of innovation is change;
the main function of innovation is the function of change.

The Austrian scientist I. Schumpeter identified five typical changes:

use of new equipment, new technological processes or new market support for production (purchase and sale);
introduction of products with new properties;
use of new raw materials;
changes in the organization of production and its logistics;
emergence of new markets.

I. Schumpeter formulated these provisions back in 1911. Later, in the 30s, he introduced the concept of "innovation", interpreting it as a change with the aim of introducing and using new types of consumer goods, new production and Vehicle, markets and forms of organization in industry.

In a number of sources, innovation is viewed as a process. This concept recognizes that innovation develops over time and has distinct stages.

According to modern concepts, three properties are equally important for innovation:: scientific and technical novelty, industrial applicability, commercial feasibility (ability to meet market demand and bring profit to the manufacturer). The absence of any of them negatively affects the innovation process.

Innovation process

The terms "innovation" and "innovation process" are not unambiguous, although they are close. The innovation process is associated with the creation, development and dissemination of innovations.

There are three logical forms innovation process:

simple intraorganizational (natural);
simple interorganizational (commodity);
extended.

Simple innovation process involves the creation and use of innovation within the same organization, innovation in this case does not take a direct commodity form.

At simple cross-organizational innovation process innovation acts as an object of sale. This form of the innovation process means separating the function of the creator and producer of innovation from the function of its consumer.

Finally, advanced innovation process manifests itself in the creation of more and more innovation manufacturers, the violation of the monopoly of the pioneer manufacturer, which contributes through mutual competition to the improvement of the consumer properties of the manufactured goods.

In the conditions of the commodity innovation process, there are at least two economic entities: the producer (creator) and the consumer (user) of innovation. If the innovation is a technological process, its producer and consumer can be combined in one economic entity.

As the innovation process turns into a commercial one, two phases are distinguished:

1. Creation and distribution

Creating an innovation- successive stages of scientific research, development work, organization of pilot production and marketing, organization of commercial production (the beneficial effect of innovation has not yet been realized, but only the prerequisites for such implementation are being created).

Diffusion of innovation- this is the redistribution of a socially beneficial effect between the producers of innovation, as well as between producers and consumers (this is an information process, the form and speed of which depends on the power of communication channels, the characteristics of the perception of information by business entities, their ability to use this information in practice, etc. )

2. Diffusion of innovation

Diffusion of innovation- the process by which an innovation is communicated through communication channels between members social system in time (in other words, diffusion is the spread of an innovation already once mastered and used in new conditions or places of application).

One of the important factors in the spread of any innovation is its interaction with the relevant socio-economic environment, an essential element of which are competing technologies.

Innovation management

Innovation management- a set of principles, methods and forms of management of innovative processes, innovative activities, organizational structures engaged in this activity and their personnel.

Innovative activity (R & D and implementation of their results in production) is one of the main areas of activity of any organization. The field of R&D is directly related to marketing, and this relationship is two-way. R&D departments should base their activities on marketing research needs and market conditions, and, therefore, they must work on behalf of the marketing services. On the other hand, tracking the trends of the scientific and technical process, forecasting and the actual development of new products require the setting of tasks from the R&D departments. marketing services to conduct an appropriate assessment of the market potential of new products.

The task of R&D is to create new products (or services) that will be the basis production activities organizations in the future. When conducting R&D, production culture, traditions, organization, infrastructure, technological level, human resources, etc. should be taken into account. But perhaps the most important circumstance is that R&D as an activity facing the future is closely related and mutually determines the strategic management of the company. A strategy becomes a reality only as a result of the development of a specific product or process. R&D expenditure is an investment in the future of an organization, but at the same time it is associated with high uncertainty and risk.

All of the above gives reason to conclude that in most cases, R&D management (forecasting, planning, project evaluation, organization and integrated management, monitoring the progress of R&D) is a strategically more important task than the actual execution of R&D (it is more important to determine the right direction of movement than to focus on concrete steps in this direction).

Thus, R&D and its management (innovation management) are closely related to the theory and practice of general management, marketing, production management, logistics, strategic management, financial management enterprises.

Experts identify the following innovation management functions:

constant adjustment of innovative goals and programs depending on the state of the market and changes external environment;
focus on achieving the planned end result of the organization's innovative activities;
use of modern information base for multivariate calculations when making management decisions;
function change strategic management and planning (from current to prospective);
the use of all the main factors of change and improvement of the innovative activity of the organization;
involvement in the management of all scientific, technical and production potential organizations;
implementation of management based on anticipation of changes and flexible decision making;
ensuring the innovation process in each segment of the organization;
deep economic analysis every management decision.

Innovation managers have to deal with a complex managerial tasks:

determination of the goals of strategic management of the development of the organization;
identifying priority tasks, determining the order and sequence of their solution;
change management in the organization;
preparation of a system of measures for the development and development of new types of products;
grade necessary resources and search for sources of their provision;
ensuring strict control over the fulfillment of tasks in the field of innovation;
ensuring the competitiveness of the organization in a highly competitive environment;
achieving maximum profit in specific business conditions;
early preparation of the necessary innovations;
improvement of the organizational structure of the organization in accordance with changing requirements;
security effective work each employee and team as a whole;
the ability to reasonably take risks and at the same time be able to minimize the impact of risky situations on financial position organizations.

The specificity of innovation as an object of management implies a special nature of the activity of an innovation manager. Except general requirements(creative character, analytical skills, etc.), he must be a true professional, know the production and technological field of innovation; state of the innovative product market, investment market; organization of innovative activities for the development and development of new types of products and the provision of new types of services; financial and economic analysis of innovation, production and investment activities; basics labor relations and motivation of personnel; legal regulation and types state support innovative activity. Particular attention should be paid to the preparation and adoption of management decisions, as well as control at each stage of its passage. Final goal innovation management is to improve the efficiency of resource use and ensure the rational functioning of the subjects of innovation.

The first authentically known technological processes were developed in ancient Sumer - on a clay tablet in cuneiform, the procedure for making beer was described in operations. Since then, the ways of describing technologies for the production of food, tools, household utensils, weapons and jewelry - everything that mankind has made, have become much more complicated and improved. A modern technological process can consist of tens, hundreds and even thousands of individual operations, it can be multivariate and branch depending on various conditions. The choice of this or that technology is not an easy choice of certain machines, tools and equipment. It is also necessary to ensure compliance specifications, planned and financial indicators.

Definition and characterization

GOST gives a scientifically rigorous, but too dry and scientifically formulated definition of the technological process. If we talk about the concept of a technological process in a more understandable language, then a technological process is a set of operations arranged in a certain order. It is aimed at the transformation of raw materials and blanks into final products. To do this, they perform certain actions, usually performed by mechanisms. The technological process does not exist on its own, but is the most important part of a more general one, which in the general case also includes the processes of contracting, procurement and logistics, sales, financial management, administration and quality control.

Technologists occupy a very important position in the enterprise. They are a kind of intermediary between designers who create the idea of a product and produce its drawings, and production, which will have to translate these ideas and drawings into metal, wood, plastic and other materials. When developing a technical process, technologists work in close contact not only with designers and production, but also with logistics, procurement, finance and quality control. It is the technical process that is the point at which the requirements of all these departments converge and there is a balance between them.

The description of the technological process should be contained in documents such as:

Route map - description high level, it lists the routes for moving a part or workpiece from one workplace to another or between workshops.
Operational map - a description of the middle level, more detailed, it lists all operational transitions, installation-removal operations, tools used.
Technological map - the document of the lowest level, contains the most detailed description of the processing of materials, blanks, units and assemblies, the parameters of these processes, working drawings and the equipment used.

A technological map, even for a seemingly simple product, can be a rather thick volume.

For comparison and measurement of technological processes series production the following characteristics apply:

The production program of the enterprise consists of production programs its workshops and sites. It contains:

List of manufactured articles with details of types, sizes, quantity.
Release schedules linked to each key date of a certain volume of manufactured products.
The number of spare parts for each position within the support process life cycle products.
Detailed design and technological documentation, 3D models, drawings, detailing and specifications.
Specifications for production and quality management methods, including programs and methods of testing and measurement.

The production program is a section overall business plan enterprises for each planning period.

Types of technical processes

The classification of technical processes is carried out according to several parameters.

According to the criterion of repetition frequency in the manufacture of products, technological processes are divided into:

a single technological process, created for the production of a unique design and technological parameters parts or products;
a typical technical process is created for a certain number of products of the same type, similar in their design and technological characteristics. A single technical process, in turn, may consist of a set of standard technical processes. The more standard technical processes are used at the enterprise, the lower the cost of pre-production and the higher economic efficiency enterprises;
a group technical process is prepared for parts that are structurally different, but technologically similar.

According to the criterion of novelty and innovation, there are such types of technological processes as:

Typical. The main technological processes use traditional, proven designs, technologies and operations for processing materials, tools and equipment.
Promising. Such processes use the most advanced technologies, materials, tools, typical for industry leaders.

According to the criterion of the degree of detail, the following types of technological processes are distinguished:

The route technical process is executed in the form of a route map containing top-level information: a list of operations, their sequence, a class or group of equipment used, technological equipment and a general time limit.
The step-by-step process contains a detailed sequence of processing up to the level of transitions, modes and their parameters. It is executed in the form of an operating card.

The step-by-step process was developed during the Second World War in the United States in the face of a shortage of skilled labor. Detailed and detailed descriptions each stage of the technological process made it possible to involve people who did not have production experience in the work and to fulfill large military orders on time. In peacetime and availability, well trained and experienced enough production staff the use of this type of technological process leads to unproductive costs. Sometimes a situation arises in which technologists diligently publish thick volumes of operational charts, service technical documentation replicates them in the prescribed number of copies, and the production does not open these Talmuds. In the workshop, workers and foremen have accumulated sufficient experience over many years of work and acquired high enough qualifications to independently perform a sequence of operations and select equipment operating modes. It makes sense for such enterprises to think about abandoning operating cards and replacing them with route cards.

There are other classifications of types of technological processes.

Stages of TP

In the course of design and technological preparation of production, such stages of writing a technological process are distinguished as:

Collection, processing and study of initial data.
Definition of the main technological solutions.
Preparation of a feasibility study (or feasibility study).
Process documentation.

Difficult to find the first time technological solutions, providing both planned dates, and required quality, and the planned cost of the product. Therefore, the technology development process is a multivariate and iterative process.

If the results of economic calculations are unsatisfactory, then the technologists repeat the main stages of the development of the technological process until they reach the parameters required by the plan.

The essence of the technological process

A process is a change in the state of an object under the influence of internal or external conditions in relation to the object.

External factors will be mechanical, chemical, temperature, radiation influences, internal - the ability of a material, part, product to resist these influences and retain its original shape and phase state.

During the development of the technical process, the technologist selects those external factors, under the influence of which the material of the workpiece or raw material will change its shape, dimensions or properties in such a way as to satisfy:

technical specifications for the final product;
planned indicators for the timing and volume of production of products;

For a long time, the basic principles for constructing technological processes have been developed.

The principle of consolidation of operations

In this case, a larger number of transitions is collected within one operation. From a practical point of view, such a campaign improves the accuracy of the relative position of the axes and machined surfaces. This effect is achieved by performing all the transitions combined in the operation in one stop to the machine or multi-axis machining center.

The approach also simplifies internal logistics and reduces intra-shop costs by reducing the number of installations and adjustments of equipment operation modes.

This is especially important for large and complex parts, the installation of which takes a lot of time.

The principle is applied when working on turret and multi-cutting lathes, multi-axis machining centers.

The principle of division of operations

The operation is divided into a number of simple transitions, the adjustment of the operating modes of the processing equipment is performed once, for the first part of the series, then the remaining parts are processed in the same modes.

This approach is effective for large batch sizes and a relatively simple spatial configuration of products.

The principle has a significant effect of reducing the relative labor intensity due to improved organization of workplaces, improving the skills of workers in monotonous movements for placing and removing workpieces, manipulating tools and equipment.

At the same time, the absolute number of installations grows, but the time for setting up equipment modes is reduced, due to which a positive result is achieved.

To get this positive effect, the technologist will have to take care of the use of specialized equipment and devices that allow you to quickly and, most importantly, accurately install and remove the workpiece. The batch size must also be significant.

Wood and metal processing

In practice, the same part, of the same size and weight, from the same material can be made by different, sometimes very different methods.

At the stage of design and technological preparation of production, designers and technologists jointly work out several options for describing the technological process, manufacturing and processing sequence of the product. These options are compared by key indicators, how well they satisfy:

specifications for the final product;
requirements production plan, terms and volumes of shipment;
financial and economic indicators included in the business plan of the enterprise.

At the next stage, these options are compared, and the optimal one is selected from them. The type of production has a great influence on the choice of option.

In the case of a one-off, or discrete production, the probability of repeating the production of the same part is small. In this case, the option is chosen with minimal costs for the development and creation of special equipment, tools and fixtures, with the maximum use of universal machines and customizable equipment. However, exceptional requirements for dimensional accuracy or operating conditions, such as radiation or highly corrosive environments, may force the use of both specially made tooling and unique tools.

With serial production, the production process is divided into the production of repeated batches of products. The technological process is optimized taking into account the existing equipment, machine tools and machining centers at the enterprise. At the same time, the equipment is supplied with specially designed equipment and devices that allow reducing unproductive time losses at least by a few seconds. On the scale of the entire party, these seconds will add up and give a sufficient economic effect. Machine tools and machining centers are subjected to specialization, assigned to the machine certain groups operations.

At mass production the sizes of the series are very high, and the manufactured parts do not undergo design changes for a sufficiently long period of time. Equipment specialization goes even further. In this case, it is technologically and economically justified to assign the same operation to each machine for the entire production period of the series, as well as the manufacture of special equipment and the use of a separate cutting tool and measuring and control instruments.

The equipment in this case is physically moved in the workshop, placing it in the order of operations in the technological process.

Means of execution of technological processes

The technological process first exists in the heads of technologists, then it is fixed on paper, and in modern enterprises - in a database of programs that provide the product life cycle management (PLM) process. The transition to automated means of storing, writing, replicating and checking the relevance of technological processes is not a matter of time, it is a matter of the survival of an enterprise in competition. At the same time, enterprises have to overcome the strong resistance of highly qualified technologists of the construction school, who are accustomed to long years write technical processes by hand, and then give them for reprinting.

Modern software tools allow you to automatically check the tools, materials and equipment mentioned in the technical process for applicability and relevance, reuse previously written technical processes in whole or in part. They increase the productivity of the technologist and significantly reduce the risk of human error when writing the technical process.

In order for the technological process to turn from ideas and calculations into reality, physical means of its implementation are necessary.

Technological equipment is designed for installation, fixing, orientation in space and supply to the processing zone of raw materials, blanks, parts, assemblies and assemblies.

Depending on the industry, this includes machine tools, machining centers, reactors, melting furnaces, forging presses, installations and entire complexes.

The equipment has a long service life and can change its functions depending on the use of a particular technological equipment.

Technological equipment includes tools, casting molds, dies, devices for installing and removing parts, to facilitate access for workers to the area of operations. Equipment complements the main equipment, expanding its functionality. It has a shorter shelf life and is sometimes specially made for a specific batch of products or even for one unique product. When developing technology, it is necessary to use universal tooling applicable for several standard sizes of the product. This is especially important in discrete industries, where the cost of tooling is not distributed over the entire series, but falls entirely on the cost of one product.

The tool is designed to provide a direct physical impact on the workpiece material in order to bring its shape, dimensions, physical, chemical and other parameters to those specified in the technical specifications.

When choosing a tool, a technologist must take into account not only the price of its purchase, but also the resource and versatility. It often happens that a more expensive tool allows you to produce several times more products without replacing it than a cheap analogue. In addition, a modern universal and high-speed tool will also reduce the machining time, which also directly leads to a reduction in cost. Every year, technologists acquire more and more economic knowledge and skills, and writing a technical process from a purely technological matter turns into a serious tool for increasing the competitiveness of an enterprise.

According to the definition given in the "Concept of innovation policy Russian Federation for 1998-2000 "innovation is the end result of innovative activity, realized in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice.

Innovation is the end result of an innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced to the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice, or a new approach to social services.

An innovation is considered implemented if it is implemented in the market or in the production process. Accordingly, two types of technological innovations are distinguished: product and process.

Product innovation covers the introduction of new or improved products. Process innovation is the development of new or significantly improved products, organization of production. The release of such products is not possible using existing equipment or applied production methods. It should be noted the differences between the American and Japanese systems of innovation: in the United States, 1/3 of all innovations are related to process, and 2/3 - to product; in Japan it's the opposite.

Innovation is closely related to scientific and technological progress(NTP), speaking as its result. Scientific and technical progress is an essential factor in the production of products, which, by improving the means of production and technologies, based on the discovery by science of new patterns, phenomena and properties of the surrounding world, increases labor productivity.

There are basic innovations that implement major inventions and become the basis for the formation of new generations and areas of technology; improving innovations, usually implementing small and medium-sized inventions and prevailing in the phases of dissemination and stable development of the scientific and technical cycle; pseudo-innovations (or rationalizing innovations) aimed at partially improving outdated generations of equipment and technologies and usually slowing down the technological process (they either do not give an effect for society or bring a negative effect).

The innovation process is the process of transforming scientific knowledge into innovation, which can be represented as a sequential chain of events during which innovation matures from an idea to a specific product, technology or service and spreads with practical use. Unlike scientific and technical progress, the innovation process does not end with the introduction, that is, the appearance on the market of a new product, service or bringing it to design capacity. new technology. This process is not interrupted even after implementation, because as it spreads (diffusion), the innovation improves, becomes more efficient, and acquires previously unknown consumer properties. This opens up new areas of application and markets for it, and, consequently, new consumers who perceive this product, technology or service as new for themselves. Thus, this process is aimed at creating the products, technologies or services required by the market and is carried out in close unity with the environment: its direction, pace, goals depend on the socio-economic environment in which it functions and develops.

The basis of the innovation process is the process of creating and mastering new equipment (technologies) (PSNT). Technique - totality material factors production (means and objects of labor), in which new knowledge and skills of a person are materialized. Technology - a set of techniques and methods for the manufacture and application of technology and the transformation of natural substances into products for industrial and domestic use.

Innovative activity - activity aimed at using and commercializing the results of scientific research and development to expand and update the range and improve the quality of products (goods, services), improve their manufacturing technology with subsequent implementation and effective implementation in domestic and foreign markets. Innovative activity associated with capital investments in innovation is called innovation and investment activity.

Innovative activity involves a whole range of scientific, technological, organizational, financial and commercial activities, which together lead to innovation.

The main types of innovative activities include:

a) preparation and organization of production, covering the acquisition of production equipment and tools, changes in them, as well as in the procedures, methods and standards of production and quality control necessary to create a new technological process;

b) pre-production developments, including modifications of the product and the technological process, retraining of personnel for the use of new technologies and equipment;

c) marketing of new products / involving activities related to the release of new products to the market, including preliminary market research, product adaptation to different markets, advertising campaign;

d) acquisition of non-embodied technology from outside in the form of patents, licenses, know-how disclosures, trademarks, designs, models and services of technological content;

e) the acquisition of embodied technology - machinery and equipment, in terms of their technological content associated with the introduction of product or process innovations;

f) production design, including the preparation of plans and drawings to determine production procedures, technical specifications.

At the heart of innovation is scientific and technical activity (S&T), which is closely related to the creation, development, dissemination and application of scientific and technical knowledge in all areas of science and technology. The concept of NTD was developed by UNESCO and is the basic category of international standards in science and technology statistics.

a) research and development;

b) scientific and technical education and training;

c) scientific and technical services.

In the implementation of scientific and technical documentation, the concept of "scale of scientific work" is important, which includes the following:

scientific (scientific and technical) direction - the largest scientific work, which has an independent character and is dedicated to solving an important problem in the development of this branch of science and technology. The solution to one or the other scientific direction possibly through the efforts of a number of scientific organizations;

scientific (scientific and technical) problem - part of the scientific (scientific and technical) direction, representing one of the possible ways of its implementation. A scientific problem can be solved in the form of a targeted scientific and technical program, which acts as a complex of work linked by resources, executors, and deadlines. Coordination of these works should be carried out by leading scientific organizations;

scientific topic - part of the problem, which is usually solved within scientific organization and is the main unit thematic plan in financing, planning and accounting of works. The purpose of the theme is an effective solution specific task patent research or economic works etc. The topic, depending on its complexity, can be divided into stages and sub-stages.

Innovation is a materialized result obtained from capital investment in new equipment or technology, in new forms of organization of labor production, service, management, etc.

The process of creating, mastering and disseminating innovations is called innovation activity or innovation process.

The result of innovative activity can also be called an innovative product.

State innovation policy - determination by the state authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of the goals of the innovation strategy and mechanisms for supporting priority innovation programs and projects.

Innovative potential (state, region, industry, organization)" - a set various kinds resources, including material, financial, intellectual, scientific, technical and other resources necessary for the implementation of innovative activities.

Establishing a specific range of aspects that characterize the essence of any concept is the starting point for formulating the goals, structure and scope of further research. Therefore, it is advisable to distinguish between the concepts of "innovation" and "innovation". Innovation is a formalized result of fundamental, applied research, development or experimental work in any field of activity to increase its effectiveness. Innovations can take the form of: discoveries; inventions; patents; trademarks; rationalization proposals; documentation for a new or improved product, technology, management or production; organizational, production or other structure; know-how; concepts; scientific approaches or principles; document (standard, recommendations, methodology, instructions, etc.); marketing research results, etc. Investing in the development of innovation is half the battle. The main thing is to introduce innovation, to turn innovation into a form of innovation, i.e. complete the investment activity and get a positive result, then continue the diffusion of innovation. To develop an innovation, it is necessary to conduct marketing research, R&D, organizational and technological preparation of production, production and formalize the results.

Innovations can be developed both for their own needs (for implementation in own production either for accumulation) or for sale.

In the modern economy, the role of innovation has increased significantly. Without the use of innovations, it is almost impossible to create competitive products that have a high degree of science intensity and novelty. Thus, in market economy innovation is effective remedy competitive struggle, as they lead to the creation of new needs, to a reduction in the cost of production, to an influx of investments, to an increase in the image (rating) of a manufacturer of new products, to the discovery and capture of new markets, including external ones.

All economic processes, like human life, proceed in time, i.e. have a beginning, forward movement and an end. People's needs and attitudes change as they move from one stage of life to the next. In the same way, any goods and services go through a series of stages, which together represent some kind of life cycle.

A cycle means a set of interrelated phenomena, processes, works that form a complete circle of development over a period of time.

The life cycle of an innovation is a specific period of time during which the innovation has an active life force and brings profit or other real benefit to the manufacturer and/or seller.

The concept of the innovation life cycle plays a fundamental role in planning the production of innovations and organizing the innovation process. This role is as follows:

The concept of the life cycle of innovation forces the economic entity to analyze economic activity both from the position of the present, and from the point of view of the prospects for its development.

The concept of the innovation life cycle justifies the need for systematic work on planning the release of innovations, as well as on the acquisition of innovations.

The concept of the innovation life cycle is the basis for analysis and planning of innovation. When analyzing an innovation, it is possible to establish at what stage of the life cycle this innovation is, what is its immediate prospect, when a sharp decline will begin and when it will end its existence.

Technological innovation represent the end result of innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product or service introduced on the market, a new or improved process or method of production (transfer) of services used in practice. An innovation is considered implemented if it is implemented in the market or in the production process.

In industry and services, there are two types of technological innovation: product and process.

In industry distinguish the following definitions.

1. Product innovation involves the development and implementation of technologically new or improved products. The introduction of a new product is defined as a radical product innovation if it concerns a product whose intended application, functionality, properties, construction or materials and components used significantly distinguish it from previous products. Such innovations can be based on fundamentally new technologies or on a combination of existing technologies in their new application. Technological improvement of a product (incremental product innovation) affects an already existing product, the quality or cost characteristics of which have been significantly improved through the use of more efficient components and materials, a partial change in one or a number of technical subsystems (for complex products).
2. Process Innovation - it is the adoption of technologically new or significantly improved production methods, including product transfer methods. Innovations of this kind can be based on the use of new production equipment, new methods of organizing the production process or a combination of them, as well as on the use of research and development results. Such innovations are usually aimed at improving the efficiency of production or transfer of products already existing in the enterprise, but may also be intended for the production and supply of technologically new or improved products that cannot be produced or supplied using conventional production methods.

In the service sector the following definitions apply to this group of innovations.

1. Product innovation include the development and implementation of fundamentally new services, the improvement of existing services by adding new functions or features, significant improvements in service delivery (for example, in terms of their efficiency or speed).
2. Process innovation cover the development and implementation of technologically new or significantly improved methods for the production and provision of services.

Process innovation is measured in a differentiated way, with new or significantly improved methods of producing goods and services, production methods for procurement, supply of goods and services, methods in ancillary activities, such as Maintenance and repairs, procurement operations, accounting and computer services.

Process innovations, as a rule, are aimed at reducing the costs of production or activities for the transfer of products, services per unit of output, improving the quality, efficiency of production or transfer of products already existing in the organization, but can also be intended for the production and transfer of technologically new or improved products, services that cannot be produced or supplied using conventional manufacturing methods (Table 1.1).

Table 1.1

Process innovation

Area of manifestation	Change Objects
New or significantly improved methods of producing goods and services	Changes in the production process; use of new production equipment and/or software in the main production; introduction of new technologies in the production of goods or services	Commissioning of new automated equipment; installation of a computer-aided design system for product development
New or significantly improved production methods for procurement, delivery of goods and services	Improving the logistics system at the enterprise; use of new production equipment and/or software for sourcing, distribution of supplies within the organization and delivery finished products; introduction of new technologies in the field of logistics; significant changes in the processes of selling products and services	Implementation of goods tracking systems based on barcodes or active radio identification (RFID); organization of transmodal or intermodal transportation for the supply of raw materials and materials; Creation of an Internet service for placing consumer orders for manufactured products
New or significantly improved methods of support activities (maintenance and repair, communications, etc.)	The use of new or significantly improved technologies, production equipment and (or) software in auxiliary activities not directly related to the production of goods, works, services, but aimed at ensuring the production process	Automation of processes for diagnosing the condition of machines and equipment during scheduled preventive maintenance; organization of a corporate university; improvement of corporate information systems

Product innovations include the development and introduction into production of technologically new and significantly technologically improved products. They may be based on fundamentally new technologies, on the use or combination of existing technologies, or on the results of research and development. However, they may be new to the enterprise, but not necessarily new to the market. In addition, it does not matter whether the innovative products were developed by the enterprise or by other organizations. Types of product innovations are presented in Table. 1.2.

Table 1.2

Types of product innovations

grocery

innovation

Characteristics of innovation

Technologically new product

A product mastered in production, whose technological characteristics(functional features, design, additional operations, as well as the composition of the materials and components used) or the intended use are fundamentally new or significantly different from similar products previously manufactured by the enterprise

Phone - cordless phone; computer (mainframe) - Personal Computer- laptop; incandescent lamp - energy efficient fluorescent lamp

Technologically advanced product

A previously released product for which quality characteristics are improved, the economic efficiency of production is increased through the use of more highly efficient components or materials, a partial change in one or more technical subsystems (for complex products)

Personal computer based on a new generation processor (Pentium I, Pentium II, Pentium III...); mechanical watches - quartz (electronic) watches;

oil paint (based on drying oil) - nitro enamels (based on cellulose nitrate)

Organizational and managerial changes have been observed in innovation statistics since 2001. Initially, the object of the study was organizational innovations implemented by the organization over the past three years. Starting from 2006, in order to calculate the indicator of the aggregate level of innovative activity introduced in international practice, in Russia, the methodology for measuring organizational innovation was brought to a unified system for calculating innovative activity - for the reporting year.

The studies conducted by the Association of Managers of Russia showed that only through organizational and managerial innovations in Russia it is possible to increase labor productivity by 80%.

The word "innovation" is translated into Russian as "novelty", "innovation", "innovation". In management, innovation is understood as an innovation that has been mastered in production and has found its consumer. More broadly defined: Innovation is the end result of the activity of innovating, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced to the market, a new or improved process used in organizational activities, a new approach to social problems.

Here, attention should be paid to the broad interpretation of the concept of innovation - it can be a new product, a new technological process, new structure and management system of the organization, a new culture, new information etc.

Under the innovation in the XIX century. understood, first of all, the introduction of elements of one culture into another. In the XX century. technical improvements were considered innovations. J. Schumpeter at the beginning of the century understood the role of innovation as a means to overcome economic downturns. He pointed out that the source of profits can be not only price manipulation and cost reduction, but also a change in products.

In his work "Theory economic development Schumpeter wrote: “Under the enterprise, we mean the implementation of new combinations, as well as what these combinations are embodied in: factories, etc. We call entrepreneurs economic entities, whose function is precisely the implementation of new combinations and which act as its active element.

The concept of "implementation of new combinations" according to Schumpeter covers the following five cases: 1. Production of a new, that is, a good not yet known to consumers or the creation of a new quality of a particular good.

2. The introduction of a new method (method) of production not known to this industry, which is not necessarily based on a new scientific discovery and which may even consist in a different way of commercial use of the product in question.

3. The development of a new sales market, that is, a market in which the given industry of this country has not yet been represented, regardless of whether this market existed before or not.

4. Obtaining a new source of raw materials or semi-finished products, equally regardless of whether this source existed before or simply was not taken into account, or was considered unavailable, or it had yet to be created.

5. Carrying out an appropriate reorganization, for example, securing a monopoly position (through the creation of a trust) or undermining the monopoly position of another enterprise.

If we consider innovation as the end result, then it must have somewhere its beginning, source, and this beginning is some kind of idea, idea, invention. There is a long path from this idea to its implementation, containing many stages and actions. This path is called the innovation process.

It is necessary to highlight the characteristic properties of innovation that distinguish it from a simple innovation:

Scientific and technical novelty;

Industrial applicability;

Commercial feasibility.

The commercial aspect defines innovation as an economic necessity realized through the needs of the market. From this point of view, there are two points:

"materialization" of innovation - from an idea to its implementation in a product, service, technology; "commercialization" of innovation - turning it into a source of income.

The innovative activity of firms is a much more effective means of competition than all traditional methods. With it, other methods can no longer play a significant role. In the second half of the XX century. A boom in innovations began in all spheres of society. In 1979, the US Congress passed the National Science and Technology Innovation Act, which stated that innovation is a central issue for US economic, environmental, and social prosperity. The innovative strategy was designed to reduce the trade deficit, win competition in the world market, and stabilize the dollar. In Germany, it was also confirmed at the state level that innovations are the main means of combating all social diseases. Thus, the fact that in 1940-50. was the strategy of individual firms, in the 1970-80s. becomes the strategy of entire nations, public policy developed countries.

At the same time, the science of innovation activity also developed. It meant a departure from understanding the market as a free game of supply and demand. Now it was supposed to seize the initiative from the market, manage the market, provoke the emergence of the needs of the mass buyer, offer him something that he had not yet had time to think about. This strategy created the "consumer society".

The classification of innovations makes it possible to systematize knowledge about the types of innovations, their manifestations and positions in the company's system. The methodology for a systematic description of innovations is based on international standards, recommendations for practical application which were adopted in Oslo in 1992 and were called the Oslo Guidelines.

There are several approaches to the classification of innovations.

1 Classification by objects of innovation, location, degree of novelty.

1. Depending on the type of object, innovations are divided into:

Subject innovations are new material resources, raw materials, semi-finished products, components, products. Innovation in the form of a new product is defining and is called product innovation. Such innovation aims to meet new needs or existing needs, but in a different way;

Process innovations are new services, production processes, methods of organizing production, organizational structures, management systems. In this class of innovations, innovation in the field of production processes also known as technological innovation. Such innovation is aimed at improving the quality of the product, increasing labor productivity and increasing production volumes.

2. According to the place in the enterprise system, innovations are divided into:

Innovations at the entrance of the enterprise - new material resources, raw materials, information;

Innovations within the enterprise system are new semi-finished products, technological processes, information Technology, organizational structure. Economic effect such innovation remains in the enterprise;

Innovations at the output of the enterprise are new products, services, technologies and information intended for sale (know-how). The economic effect of such an innovation is received by the consumer.

3. Depending on the degree of novelty, innovations are distinguished:

Radical (basic) - for example, a new product based on a pioneer invention;

Improving - for example, a new product based on an invention that improves on the pioneer invention;

Modification (private) - for example, a new product based on a rationalization proposal.

Invention - a new and significantly different "technical" solution practical task in any area of the economic, socio-cultural or defense sphere. A pioneer invention is an outstanding invention that has not been preceded by prototypes (analogues) in the world practice, they are based on discoveries.

Discovery is the establishment of previously unknown, objectively existing patterns, properties and phenomena of the material world, introducing fundamental changes in the level of knowledge.

A rational proposal is a “technical” solution that is relatively new, for example, new to a given industry, or to a given market, or to a given organization.