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The ultimate goal of any activity is. Problematic issues of the block "Man"

Compound tasks with fragments of original texts (option C)

Text #1

It seems to me that those who are horrified by the development of technology do not notice the difference between a means and an end. / ... / a machine is not an end. The plane is not a target, it is just a tool. The same tool as the plow.

/…/ Reveling in our successes, we served progress - laid railroads, built factories, seethed oil wells. And somehow they forgot that all this was created in order to serve people./…/

Even a machine, becoming more perfect, does its job more modestly and inconspicuously. It seems as if all the labors of the man-creator of machines, all his calculations, all his sleepless nights over drawings, only manifest themselves in outward simplicity; as if needed

there was the experience of many generations, so that the column, the keel of the ship or the fuselage of the aircraft became slimmer and more chased, until they finally gained their original purity and smoothness of the lines /… /. It seems as if the work of engineers, draftsmen, designers comes down to this, to grind and smooth, to lighten and simplify the attachment mechanism, to balance the wing, to make it invisible - no longer a wing attached to the fuselage, but some kind of perfection of forms, naturally developed from a kidney , mysteriously merged and harmonious unity, which is akin to a beautiful poem. As you can see, perfection is achieved not when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to take away. A machine at the limit of its development is almost no longer a machine.

So, according to the invention, brought to perfection, it is not visible how it was created. With the simplest tools, little by little, the visible signs of the mechanism were erased, and in our hands we found an object, as if created by nature itself, like pebbles turned by the sea; the same is true of the car - using it, you gradually forget about it.

(A. de Saint-Exupery)

1. Find in the text any three examples of human transformational activity.

2. Indicate and illustrate with the help of this text any two distinctive features human activities.

3. Is it possible to call the process of people's labor to create machines, recorded in a document, creative? Justify your answer with the text. Define creative activity.

4. What is the ultimate goal of the transformational activity of a person in the opinion of the author and in your opinion? Justify both answers.

Text No. 2

Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" (extracts)

Article 14. General requirements for the content of education

ensuring self-determination of the individual, creating conditions for its self-realization;

development of society;

strengthening and improvement of the rule of law;

adequate to the world level of the general and professional culture of the society;

formation of a student's picture of the world adequate to the modern level of knowledge and the level of the educational program (degree of education);

integration of personality into national and world culture;

the formation of a person and a citizen integrated into the society of his day and aimed at improving this society;

reproduction and development of the personnel potential of the society.

3. Vocational education at any level should ensure the acquisition of a profession and relevant qualifications.

State educational authorities ensure the development of exemplary educational programs based on state educational standards.

6. Educational institutions, in accordance with their goals and objectives, may implement additional educational programs and provide additional educational services (on a contractual basis) outside the educational programs that determine its status.

1. What guidelines does the Law of the Russian Federation put before the content of education?

2. What are the rights of participants educational process(students, educational institutions) are named in this fragment?

3. What are the three possible education options listed in the text of the law? Name them and illustrate with examples.

4. How do you understand the idea that education contributes to the improvement and strengthening of the rule of law? Give three examples to support your answer.

Text #3

The spiritual sphere appears before us as the most exalted /…/ Here spiritual needs are born, starting with the most elementary and ending with the most refined /…/; here the production of ideas unfolds /…/; here, to a large extent, their consumption also takes place /.../

For the sake of satisfying spiritual needs, spiritual production is carried out, the single, general goal of spiritual production is the reproduction public consciousness and its integrity.

Among the functions of spiritual production, we single out, first of all, spiritual activity aimed at improving all other spheres of society (economic, political, social).

However, the process of spiritual production cannot be considered complete as soon as new ideas, applied and fundamental, are received. Here everything is the same as in material production: the product must reach the consumer, that is, go through the stages of distribution and exchange, which in spiritual production take on a specific form. In this regard, we can talk about the function of producing knowledge about these ideas in the dissemination (transmission) of this knowledge. This function is carried out by general education and higher schools, cultural and educational institutions, and the media.

There is another important function of spiritual production - production public opinion. It is not difficult to guess that this function is inseparable from the function of production and distribution of knowledge, as if woven into it, while singling it out as a relatively independent one, we emphasize the important circumstance that the ideological moment is more clearly expressed in it.

1. Name the three elements of the spiritual sphere of public life, highlighted by the author.

2. Based on the content of the text, name the goal and any two functions of spiritual production.

3. Give one example each of spiritual activities aimed at improving the economic, social and political spheres public life.

Text #4

What is crime? In the most general form, as formulated by criminological science, crime is not the sum of crimes, but a massive, historically changing, relatively independent social and legal phenomenon that obeys certain patterns, has its own reasons ... To understand the nature of crime, it is important to keep in mind that it reflects the characteristics , contradictions and deformations of social life. It is legitimate to say that crime is an extreme expression of the contradictions of social development, entailing such negative consequences for society and its members that none of the other phenomena of the social process entails. Crime causes damage to economic, ideological, socio-cultural and other relations in society, law and order in it, life, health, interests of the individual, "removes" its members from the normal life and creative activity of society. Crime is a social phenomenon, because it is rooted in the depths of social relations, but it is also a legal phenomenon, because only those acts that are provided for by criminal law are considered criminal ...

All human experience says that the overestimation of criminal penalties, the overabundance of criminal laws has never led to positive results in the fight against crime. Rather the opposite. Cruelty breeds reciprocal cruelty. Criminal legislation and criminal repression must be economical, reasonable and humane.

(V.I. Karpets)

2. Write out from the text a phrase containing a list of aspects of public life and the lives of citizens who are harmed by crime. Give any example that illustrates the negative impact of crime on public life or the lives of citizens.

3. Based on the text and knowledge of social science, give three arguments confirming the relationship between the level of crime and the state of society, living conditions.

4. Based on the knowledge of social science, confirm or refute the author's statement about the connection between the humanization of criminal law and the reduction of crime. Give three arguments in defense of your position.

Text #5

What do we mean by politics? This concept has an extremely broad meaning and covers all types of self-management activities. They talk about the monetary policy of the banks, about the policy of the trade union during the strike; one can speak of the school politics of an urban or rural community, the politics of corporate governance, and finally, even the politics of a smart wife who seeks to rule her husband. Of course, now we do not take such a broad concept as the basis of our reasoning. We intend in this case to speak only of the leadership or influence on the leadership of the political union, that is, in our day, the state.

So "politics" seems to mean the desire to participate in power or to influence the distribution of power, whether between states, whether within a state between the groups of people that it contains ...

The state, as well as the political unions that historically preceded it, is a relation of domination of people over people, based on legitimate (that is, considered legitimate) violence as a means ...

Any domination, as an enterprise that requires constant management, needs, on the one hand, the installation of human behavior in subordination to the masters, and on the other hand, through this subordination, the disposal of those things that, if necessary, are involved in the use of physical violence: a personal headquarters controls and material controls…

1. Write out from the text the definitions of the concept of "politics" in the broad sense and in the sense in which the author characterizes it.

2. Based on the text and knowledge of social science, indicate any three areas of modern public policy and illustrate each of them with an example.

3. What are the subjects of politics in the "extremely broad sense" are named in the text? List any four.

4. Find in the text two characteristics of the state as an institution of political power and two conditions for the exercise of power by the state. Specify them.

Text #6

In a social system, processes are constantly taking place that can lead both to the emergence of new elements and to the disappearance of previously existing elements and relationships. It's about social change.

There are two main forms of social change: evolution and revolution. The equilibrium model of social change is evolution. Even the sociologist G. Spencer defined evolution as a gradual process of the emergence of more and more complex social forms.

Revolution is a non-equilibrium model of social change. A social revolution is such a way of transition to a new quality, in which the social system finds itself in unstable state: it is destabilized, the balance of social forces is disturbed.

Social progress should be understood as one of the forms of development of society, based on such irreversible changes in it, as a result of which the transition to a more high level material well-being and spiritual development personality.

Progress as a concept can be applied both to the system as a whole and to its individual elements. Attitudes toward the results of social progress in science are far from unambiguous. Some scientists believe that hopes for unlimited progress have not been justified, that social change more complex and contradictory, their types and rates are different. Perhaps stagnant, backward development of society, movement in a circle. However, the concept of "progress" is still used to characterize social change.

To determine the level of progressiveness of a society, two criteria have traditionally been used: the level of labor productivity and the degree of freedom of the individual in society. The more progressive the society, the higher these criteria.

In modern social science, both of these criteria are questioned due to the changing nature of labor (labor is becoming more intellectual, and therefore more difficult to quantify) and the complication social behavior a person (the phenomenon of "escape from freedom", discovered by E. Fromm). In scientific discussions about the "price of progress", the third criterion - level morality in society. Apparently, this criterion will, having developed and taken shape, become an integral criterion that reflects the most important trends in changes in social relations.

(A.B. Bezborodov, V.P. Filatov and others)

2. Explain why the attitude of scientists to the concept of "progress" is ambiguous. Give any two explanations based on the text.

3. Illustrate with examples any three properties of social progress mentioned in the text. Give one example for each property.

4. Based on the content of the text and knowledge of the course, give three confirmations that the level of morality is an integral criterion for progress.

Text #7

The first question that I will dwell on is the question of the significance of the category of activity for understanding the psyche, human consciousness.

In psychology, there are two approaches to this big problem. One of them postulates a direct dependence of the phenomena of consciousness on certain influences on a person. The main task on which the efforts of researchers were directed was to establish the quantitative dependence of sensations as elements of consciousness on stimuli. affecting the sense organs. Thus, the starting point for these studies was the following circuit diagram: "stimulus - subjective experience."

In behaviorism, i.e. applied to behavioral research, this approach was expressed in the famous "stimulus-response" scheme.

The limitation of the approach in question lies in the fact that for it there are, on the one hand, things, objects, and, on the other hand, a passive subject subject to influences. In other words, this approach is abstracted from the connection of the subject with the objective world, from its activity.

There are many attempts to overcome the theoretical difficulties of the considered approach. Thus, it is emphasized, for example, that the effects of external influences depend on their refraction by the subject. If a change in the internal states of the subject is implied, then this essentially does not introduce anything new. On softened ground, traces will be buried, on compacted ground, no, a hungry animal will react to food, of course, differently than a full one; and in a person who has learned to read, the letter he receives will, of course, cause a different behavior than in an illiterate person. Another thing is if the features of active processes on the part of the subject are understood.

/…/ these processes, realizing the real life of a person in the surrounding world, his social existence in all the richness and diversity of its forms, i.e. his activity...

Now only one thing is important for us: that activity /…/ before psychology appears as a process in which a mental reflection of the world is generated in a person’s head, /…/ and, on the other hand, as a process that, in turn, is itself controlled by mental reflection.

(A.N.Leontiev)

1. What two approaches to understanding the psyche, human consciousness does the author write about? Based on the text, give one sentence reflecting the essence of each of them.

3. What approach to understanding the psyche, human consciousness does the author share? Based on the text, formulate any three fundamental provisions of this approach.

Text 5.

It seems to me that those who are horrified by the development of technology do not notice the difference between a means and an end.<...>car is not the target. The plane is not a target, it is just a tool. The same tool as the plow.

<...>Reveling in our successes, we served progress - we laid railroads, built factories, drilled oil wells. And somehow they forgot that all this was created in order to serve people.<...>

Even a machine, becoming more perfect, does its job more modestly and inconspicuously. It seems as if all the labors of a man - the creator of machines, all his calculations, all sleepless nights over drawings only manifest themselves in external simplicity; as if the experience of many generations was needed in order for the column, the keel of the ship or the fuselage of the aircraft to become slimmer and more chased, until they finally gained the original purity and smoothness of the lines<...>. It seems as if the work of engineers, draftsmen, designers comes down to this, to grind and smooth, to lighten and simplify the attachment mechanism, to balance the wing, to make it invisible - no longer a wing attached to the fuselage, but some kind of perfection of forms, naturally developed from the kidney , mysteriously fused and harmonious unity, which is akin to a beautiful poem. As you can see, perfection is achieved not when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to take away. A machine at the limit of its development is almost no longer a machine.

So, according to the invention, brought to perfection, it is not visible how it was created. In the simplest tools of labor, the visible signs of the mechanism were gradually erased, and in our hands we found an object, as if created by nature itself, like pebbles turned by the sea; the car is also remarkable in the same way - using it, you gradually forget about it.

(A. de Saint-Exupery)

Find in the text and write down any three examples of human transformational activity.
Point out and illustrate with the help of this text any two distinctive features of human activity.
Can the process of people's labor in creating machines captured in the document be called creative? Justify your answer with the text. Define creative activity.
What is the ultimate goal of human transformative activity in the opinion of the author and in your opinion? Justify both answers.

Answers to the text 5.

	Content of the correct answer	score
1		2
	Creation: tools, machines, mechanisms, railways, factories, oil wells. 3 examples are written.	2
	2 examples are written.	1
	1 example is written out, or the answer is wrong.	0
2	Maximum score for a complete answer	2
	Such features of activity as expediency, practical usefulness, the presence of a result, the conscious nature of the activity, the productive nature of the activity, the transformative nature of the activity, public character activities. Two features are indicated and illustrated with the help of text fragments.	2
	One or two features are indicated, one of which is illustrated with the help of the text.	1
	Quoted but not illustrated with text fragments, or citations are given without explanation, or the answer is incorrect.	0
3	Maximum score for a complete answer	3
	affirmative answer. Argument: the author describes the appearance of the results of a new, more perfect quality as a result of human labor. Creative activity is a type of activity, as a result of which something new, which did not exist before, appears. An affirmative answer is given, an argument is given, a definition of creative activity is given.	3
	One of the response elements is missing, but the other two are present.	2
	Two response elements are missing, but one is present.	1
	Wrong answer.	0
4	Maximum score for a complete answer	3
	The author's opinion: all the transformative activity of a person is aimed at serving people, since "all this was created to serve people" or "using it (a machine), you gradually forget about it." Own opinion: activities are aimed at meeting the needs, in particular cognitive activity satisfies the need for knowledge.	3
	One of the elements of the answer is missing: the opinion of the author or, in fact, there is no substantiation of one of the opinions.	2
	There are no justifications for opinions, or only one of the opinions is reflected and justified.	1
	Wrong answer.	0

Text 6.

The concept of "individual" expresses the indivisibility, integrity and characteristics of a particular subject that arise already at the early stages of the development of life ... A clear distinction between the concepts of "individual" and "personality" is necessary prerequisite psychological analysis of personality.

Our language well expresses the discrepancy between these concepts: we use the word "personality" only in relation to a person, and, moreover, only starting from a certain stage of his development. We don't say "animal personality" or "newborn personality." No one, however, finds it difficult to talk about the animal and the newborn as individuals, about their individual characteristics.

The concept of personality, like the concept of the individual, expresses the integrity of the subject of life; a personality does not consist of pieces... But a personality is a holistic formation of a special kind. Personality is not an integrity conditioned genotypically: one is not born a personality, one becomes a personality.

A.N.Leontiev. Activity, consciousness, personality. - M., 1977

_____________________________________________________________________________

How does a psychologist interpret the concept of "individual"? Give an example of the use of this term.
Is there a difference between the concept of "individual" and "personality"? What is it?
In what cases the concept of personality cannot be used? Give three examples.
What is the essence of personality, its main characteristic, that is, what is the product of personality? What other actually human qualities are arbitrary from the characteristic you indicated?

Answers to the text 6.

The individual is determined by the indivisibility, integrity and peculiarity of a particular subject. The concept of "individual" can be applied already to the early stages of the development of life. The concept of "individual" can be used, according to the author, in relation to an animal and a newborn.
The difference exists. It lies in the fact that

the concept of "personality" is used only in relation to a person,
a person is not born, but becomes,
personality is a special kind of integrity that arises at a certain stage in the development of the human individual,
personality is a product of social relations, and the individual is not necessarily.

The concept of personality is not applicable:

in relation to the animal
in relation to the newborn
a person at an early stage of development,
genotypic integrity.

Personality is a product of social relations, in addition to personality public relations give rise to: society itself and all social ties and interactions; create not only a personality, but also the person himself as a social being; their result and manifestation are labor, speech, thinking and consciousness.

Text 7.

1. Social action (including non-intervention or patient acceptance) may be oriented toward the past, present, or expected future behavior of others. It can be revenge for past wrongs, protection from danger in the present, or measures to protect against imminent danger in the future. "Others" may be individuals, familiar or indefinite set of complete strangers. (Thus, for example, "money" serves as a medium of exchange that the actor accepts because he orients his actions to the expectation that numerous unfamiliar and undefined "others" will be ready to accept them in turn later in the process of exchange.)

2. Not all types of human relationships are of a social nature: only that action is social, which, in its meaning, is oriented towards the behavior of others. A collision between two cyclists, for example, is nothing more than an accident, similar to a natural phenomenon. However, an attempt by one of them to avoid this collision - the scolding, scuffle or peaceful settlement of the conflict that followed the collision - is already a social act.

3. Social action is not identical to either a) the uniform behavior of many people, or b) that which is influenced by the behavior of others. a) If many people on the street open umbrellas when it rains, then this (as a rule) does not mean that a person’s action is oriented towards the behavior of others; it's just the same type of action to protect against rain. b) It is known that a person's behavior is strongly influenced simply by the fact that he is among a crowded "mass" of people ... Such behavior is defined as behavior due to mass character.

Such behavior, conditioned (or partly conditioned) only by the fact of being in a crowd or by such, expressed in a simple reaction to a given circumstance and not correlated with it in its meaning, does not enter into the concept of social action in the meaning we have established. however, it is difficult to distinguish here with certainty.

M. Weber. Selected works

_____________________________________________________________________________

What actions, according to M. Weber, can be considered social? Does the concept of social action come down to social activity?
Why does a person's personality manifest itself in behavior? What is the relationship between the concepts of “act” and “social action”?
Give at least three examples of social action.
Give three examples of actions that cannot be called social.

Answers to the text 7.

	Content of the correct answer	score
1	Maximum score for a complete answer	2
	It is indicated that the author also refers to social action as inaction in a certain situation (non-intervention or patient acceptance). Social activity is any human action, and social actions are focused on the behavior of others.	2
	It is indicated that social actions are those focused on the behavior of others.	1
		0
2	Maximum score for a complete answer	2
	It is indicated that it is in behavior that moral and other qualities of a person are manifested. An act may not be oriented to the behavior of others, but social action is a must.	2
	It is indicated that the named concepts are synonyms.	1
	The answer is incorrect or missing.	0
3	Maximum score for a complete answer	3
	Three or more true examples are given, among which may be: 1) presentation with a report at the conference, 2) fulfillment of the orders of the authorities, 3) a trip with the family out of town.	3
	Two examples are given.	2
	One example is given.	1
	The answer is incorrect or missing.	0
4	Maximum score for a complete answer	3
	Three or more true examples are given, among which may be indicated: 1) cooking for yourself, 2) swimming in the lake, 3) herbal treatment during illness.	3
	Two examples are given.	2
	One example is given.	1
	The answer is incorrect or missing.	0

Text 8.

"The meaning of life" cannot, so to speak, be found in ready-made given once and for all, already approved in being, but one can only strive for its implementation. For the meaning of life is not given - it is given. Everything “ready-made”, everything that exists outside and independently of our will and of our life in general, is either dead or alien to us and suitable only as aid for our life. But the meaning of life must, after all, be the meaning of our very life, it must be in it, belong to it, it must itself be alive. Life, on the other hand, is efficiency, creativity, spontaneous flowering and maturation from within, from one's own depths. If we could find a ready-made "meaning of life" outside of us, it would still not satisfy us, would not be the meaning of our life, the justification of our own being. The meaning of our life should be in us, we ourselves should show it with our life. Therefore, the search for it is not an idle exercise of curiosity, not a passive looking around oneself, but is a strong-willed, intense self-deepening, a genuine, full of labor and deprivation, immersion in the depths of being, impossible without self-education. “Finding” the meaning of life means making it so that it exists, straining your inner strength to discover it - moreover, to realize it ... the search for the meaning of life is always a struggle for meaning against nonsense, and not in idle reflection, but only in the feat of struggle Against the darkness of meaninglessness, we can reach the meaning, affirm it in ourselves, make it the meaning of our life, and thereby truly see it or believe in it. Faith, being “conviction of invisible things,” is impossible without action; it is itself an intense inner action, which necessarily finds its manifestation in the effective transformation of our life, and therefore "faith without deed is dead."

S.L. Frank. The meaning of life, 1925

_____________________________________________________________________________

Why, according to the philosopher, is the meaning of life not given, but given? Give three theses.
What is the search for the meaning of life? Give three theses.
In what cases the meaning of life cannot be found? Give four examples. Why cannot a person be satisfied with the given and ready-made meaning of life from the outside?
What is the meaning of life? Formulate four theses that define it, including independent ones not presented in the text.

Answers to the text 8.

	Content of the correct answer	score
1	Maximum score for a complete answer	2
	The meaning is not given, but given, because: 1) it is impossible to find it ready-made, 2) it must be created, “achieved”, 3) everything ready is unsuitable for the meaning of life, it is always personal, individual. At least three theses are given.	2
	Two theses are presented.	1
		0
2	Maximum score for a complete answer	2
	The search for the meaning of life is characterized by: 1) volitional intense self-deepening, 2) the labor of self-education, 3) there is always a struggle for meaning against nonsense, 4) there is gaining faith (in one's own strength). At least three theses are given.	2
	Two theses are presented.	1
	The answer is incorrect, only one thesis is given or missing.	0
3	Maximum score for a complete answer	3
	The meaning of life cannot be found: 1) outside the personality and its life tasks, 2) as something ready, regardless of our will, 3) the meaning of life cannot be acquired passively or on the basis of curiosity alone, 4) without fighting nonsense. We would not be satisfied with the given and ready-made meaning of our life from outside, because it would not serve as a justification for our own existence, it would be dead and lifeless.	3
	Three cases are indicated.	2
	Two cases are indicated.	1
	The answer is incorrect, only one case is indicated or missing.	0
4	Maximum score for a complete answer	3
	The meaning of life is: 1) in the fight against the meaninglessness of existence, 2) in self-knowledge and knowledge of the surrounding being, people, 3) in self-realization, 4) in the deployment of all the essential forces and potentialities of a person, 5) in love, compassion, mutual assistance, kindness, the common good.	3
	Three theses are formulated, at least one is independent.	2
	Two theses are formulated, one of them is independent.	1
	The answer is incorrect, only one thesis is formulated or absent.	0

just a tool. The same tool as the plow. ... Reveling in our successes, we served progress - we laid railroads, built factories, drilled oil wells. And somehow they forgot that all this was created in order to serve people.

Even a machine, becoming more perfect, does its job more modestly and inconspicuously. It seems that all the labors of a man - the creator of machines, all his calculations, all sleepless nights over drawings only manifest themselves in external simplicity; as if the experience of many generations was needed to make the column, the keel of the ship or the fuselage of the aircraft become slimmer and more precise, until they finally gained their original purity and smoothness of lines ... It seems that the work of engineers, draftsmen, designers comes down to this, to polish and to smooth, to lighten and simplify the attachment mechanism, to balance the wing, to make it invisible - no longer a wing attached to the fuselage, but a certain perfection of forms, naturally developed from a kidney, a mysteriously fused and harmonious unity, which is akin to a beautiful poem. As you can see, perfection is achieved not when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to take away. A machine at the limit of its development is no longer a machine. So, according to the invention, brought to perfection, it is not visible how it was created. In the simplest tools of labor, the visible signs of the mechanism were gradually erased, and in our hands we found an object, as if created by nature itself, like pebbles turned by the sea; the car is also remarkable in the same way - using it, you gradually forget about it.

(A. de Saint-Exupery. Planet of people)

1) Find in the text any three examples of the transformational activity of people.

2) Indicate and illustrate with the help of this text any two
distinctive features of human activity.

3) Is it possible to consider the process of people's labor in creating machines captured in the document as creative? Justify your answer with the text. Define creative activity.

4) What is the ultimate goal of human transformation
century, according to the author and in your opinion? Justify both answers.

1. Engineers, designers crucian carp or attachment mechanism. They ripped off the wing. They created the original cleanliness and smoothness of the lines of the aircraft's body. 2. Maybe the laying of railway roads and the construction of factories is a financially educational activity. And the engineer's work on the drawings is creative (after all, he first thinks and imagines everything in his thoughts) 3. It's possible. After all, designers and engineers used fantasy and imagination in their activities. And also created something new, non-standard. Definition is an activity that generates something new that did not exist before. As well as combine the hands of already known knowledge for the sake of a new result. 4. .... according to the author, an invention (object, ...) is an invention brought to perfection, as if created by nature itself.

Answer

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It seems to me that those who are horrified by the development of technology do not notice the difference between a means and an end. (…) the car is not the target. The plane is not a target, it is only

just a tool. The same tool as the plow.

(…) Reveling in our successes, we served progress – we built railways, built factories, drilled oil wells. And somehow they forgot that all this was created in order to serve people. (…)

Even a machine, becoming more perfect, does its job more modestly and inconspicuously. It seems as if all the labors of a man - the creator of machines, all his calculations, all his sleepless nights over the drawings only manifest themselves in external simplicity; as if the experience of many generations was needed in order for the column, the keel of the ship or the fuselage of the aircraft to become slimmer and more chased, until they finally gained their original purity and smoothness of lines (...). It seems as if the work of engineers, draftsmen, designers comes down to this, to grind and smooth, to lighten and simplify the attachment mechanism, to balance the wing, to make it invisible - no longer a wing attached to the fuselage, but some kind of perfection of forms, naturally developed from the kidney , mysteriously fused and harmonious unity, which is akin to a beautiful poem. As you can see, perfection is achieved not when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to take away. A machine at the limit of its development is almost no longer a machine.

So, according to an invention brought to perfection, it is not clear how it was created. In the simplest tools of labor, the visible signs of the mechanism were gradually erased, and in our hands we found an object, as if created by nature itself, like pebbles turned by the sea; the car is also remarkable in the same way - using it, you gradually forget about it.

(A. de Saint-Exupery. "Planet of people")

C1. Find in the text any three examples of human transformational activity.

C2. Point out and illustrate with the help of this text any two distinctive features of human activity.

C3. Can the process of people's labor in creating machines captured in the document be called creative? Justify your answer with the text. Define creative activity.

C4. What is the ultimate goal of human transformative activity in the opinion of the author and in your opinion? Justify both answers.

Guys, I need your opinion (only positive) about Marina Kazhevnikova)) it's no longer a secret for anyone that she became a deputy, so I want to please help, I need help, conflicts of various kinds permeate not only the entire history of mankind and the history of individual

peoples, but also the life of each individual person. If we talk about the most general definition of conflict, then it could be given as follows: conflict is a clash of interests of various groups, communities of people, individuals. At the same time, the clash of interests itself should be recognized by both sides of the conflict: people, actors, participants in social movements in the very development of the conflict begin to understand its content, join the goals that the conflicting parties put forward, and perceive them. as their own. Of course, the conflict can be caused by essential causes that affect the very foundations of the existence of the respective conflicting groups, but it cannot be an illusory, imaginary conflict when people believe that their interests are incompatible and mutually exclusive.
It should be noted the infinite variety of conflict situations and the impossibility of reducing them definitively to any common beginning and a common denominator. Nevertheless, historical experience and social practice make it possible to determine a certain number of those problems about which conflict situations escalating into conflicts. Let us name four main conflicts at the source, which are quite common in all human communities. These are wealth, power, prestige and dignity, that is, those values and interests that matter in any society and give meaning to the actions of specific individuals participating in conflicts.
The source of the aggravation of conflicts between large groups is the accumulation of dissatisfaction with the existing state of affairs, the increase in claims, drastic change consciousness and social well-being. As a rule, at first the process of accumulation of dissatisfaction goes slowly and latently, until some event occurs that plays the role of a kind of trigger that brings out this feeling of dissatisfaction. Dissatisfaction, acquiring an open form, stimulates the emergence of a social movement, during which leaders are nominated, programs and slogans are worked out, and an ideology of protecting interests is formed. At this stage, the conflict becomes open and irreversible.<...>
So, conflict is the most important side of the interaction of people in society, a kind of cell of social life.
(Adapted from the book: Social Studies: a guide for applicants to universities / V. V. Barabanov,

3. Is it possible to consider the process of people's labor in creating machines captured in the document as creative? Justify your answer with the text. Define creative activity.

4. What is the ultimate goal of human transformative activity, according to the author and in your opinion? Justify both answers.

C6. The conflict between beliefs and immediate interests lies in wait for a person at every step: the conviction that it is necessary to tell the truth, and the unwillingness to offend a person; the conviction that one must come to the aid of a person who has been attacked, and the fear that by helping, one may suffer oneself ...

Continue this list. What are the types of conflicts in this case? Are these conflicts to be avoided? How do you see the manifestation of the conscious and the unconscious in this example?

C7. Otto von Bismarck wrote: "Freedom is a luxury that not everyone can afford".
Do you agree with the author? Why?
How are freedom and necessity related? Support your answer with examples.

Answers:

C1. The correct answer may contain the following characteristics:
upright posture; developed hand; complex brain; the ability to see in three dimensions; plasticity of needs.
Other characteristics may be given.

C2. The correct answer may contain the following statements, for example:
man is a social, social, and not just biological being;
the concepts of individual - individuality - personality are different aspects of the consideration of the problem of "human", they differ;
a person becomes a personality in the process of socialization (upbringing, training, communication with his own kind);
outside of society - communication with their own kind, the development of thinking, speech is impossible.
Other substantiated judgments may also be given.
.
NW. The correct answer may contain the following statements:
man is a social and conscious being;
unlike the animal, it has goal-setting; a person's ability to be creative is not hereditary; a person is able to consciously control his instincts.
Other wordings of the answer are allowed.

C4. The response must contain the following items:
logical chain: interest - goal - activity - life; interests underlie the goal, the goal determines the activity and meaning of life;
the goal is what actions are taken for, the ideal of the desired result, it is based on motives determined by interests;
motives are motivations for activities related to the satisfaction of needs - biological, social, ideal;
special role interests play in motivation - conscious needs that are essential for people, it is they that give the value meaning of human activity.
Other formulations of positions are allowed that do not distort the meaning of the answer.

C5. The content of the correct answers to the tasks to the text.

1) Can be specified: the creation of machines, tools, mechanisms, railways, factories, oil wells.

2) The answer can indicate and illustrate, based on the text, such features of human activity as: expediency, practical usefulness, the presence of a result; conscious, productive, transformative, social nature of activity.

3) The correct answer must be affirmative; argument: the author describes the emergence of a new, more perfect quality of the results of human labor;
creative activity should be defined as an activity, as a result of which something new, which did not exist before, appears.

4) According to the author, “all this was created in order to serve people”; the ultimate goal of any transformational activity is service to people. For example: labor activity aimed at meeting the fundamental needs of people.

Other examples may be given.

C6. The correct answer is as follows:
there may be a conflict between desires and possibilities; between conscience and desire; duty and mood, etc.;
we are talking about internal conflicts;
in this case, we are talking about a conflict between unconscious feelings, intuition, the source of which is conscience, and reason (consciousness), sometimes evaluating our good deeds as inappropriate, unprofitable, and sometimes stupid.

Other formulations are allowed without distorting the meaning.

C7. With an affirmative answer to the first question, it should be indicated that freedom is the ability to choose a method of action to achieve some goal, which depends on a person, his education, upbringing, attitudes, motives, interests.

In the second answer, definitions of freedom and necessity in human activity should be given. Necessity is the dependence of the individual on objective circumstances. The freedom of a person implies his responsibility to society for his actions and deeds. For example, being late for class entails censure, violation of the rules traffic fraught with consequences. As freedom develops, the measure of responsibility increases. Today there is a shift in the center of gravity of responsibility from the collective to the individual. When answering the second question, both the knowledge of the concepts of the social science course and their application for the analysis of specific situations (examples) are equally important.

C1. Name at least three features of the human body that make up the biological basis of human activity as a social being.

C2. A human child at the moment of birth, according to the apt expression of A. Pieron, is not a person, but only a “candidate for a person”. Explain what did A. Pierron mean when he called the child a “candidate for a person”? Formulate three judgments.

SZ. It is known that the behavior of an animal in its main features is genetically programmed. As a result of social history, many human instincts have been shaken and erased. In the words of A. Pieron, "humanity has freed itself from the despotism of heredity." What is the manifestation of man's freedom from the "despotism of responsibility"? Formulate at least three statements.

C4. Build a logical chain based on the statement of the Russian publicist and critic V.G. Belinsky: “Without a goal there is no activity, without interests there is no goal, and without activity there is no life.”

Explain what role interests, goals, activities play in a person's life? What is the connection between them?

C5. Read the text and do the tasks for it.

It seems to me that those who are horrified by the development of technology do not notice the difference between a means and an end. ... the car is not the target. The plane is not a target, it is just a tool. The same tool as the plow. ... Reveling in our successes, we served progress - we laid railroads, built factories, drilled oil wells. And somehow they forgot that all this was created in order to serve people.

A. de Saint-Exupery. planet of people

1) Find in the text any three examples of the transformational activity of people.

2) Indicate and illustrate with the help of this text any two
distinctive features of human activity.

3) Is it possible to consider the process of people's labor in creating machines captured in the document as creative? Justify your answer with the text. Define creative activity.

4) What is the ultimate goal of human transformation
century, according to the author and in your opinion? Justify both answers.

C6. The conflict between beliefs and immediate interests lies in wait for a person at every step: the conviction that it is necessary to tell the truth, and the unwillingness to offend a person; the conviction that one must come to the aid of a person who has been attacked, and the fear that by helping, one may suffer oneself ...

Continue this list. What are the types of conflicts in this case? Are these conflicts to be avoided? How do you see the manifestation of the conscious and the unconscious in this example?

C7. Otto von Bismarck wrote: "Freedom is a luxury that not everyone can afford."

How are freedom and necessity related? Support your answer with examples.

C8. Choose one of the statements below. On the form

answers number 2, write down the full number of the task you have chosen,

rewrite the content of the statement, and then give

detailed response.

Express your thoughts (your point of view, attitude) about

raised problem. The answer should use

the corresponding concepts of the social science course and, based on

on the facts of public life and one's own life experience,

give the necessary arguments to justify their position.

1) "A person outside of society is either a god or a beast." (Aristotle)

2) “If a person has a “why” to live, he can withstand any

"How". (F. Nietzsche)

3) "Man is a fundamental novelty in nature." (N. Berdyaev)

4) “Man is not a thing, but a living being, which

can only be understood in the long process of its development. IN

any moment of his life he is not yet what he can

to become, and what he, perhaps, will become ”(E. Fromm)

ANSWERS

Level A

job number	answer

Part 2. Level B

job number	answer
	activity
	creation
	C; B; A
	needs
	target
	1,2,4
	1-A;2-B;3-C
	1,2,4
	B;A;C
	d), e)
	2,5
	C;A;B;C;A
	motives
	2,4,5
	BAAB
	WABP
	1,4,6,9
	personality
	skills
	skills
	1) biological, 2) personality, 3) social
	talent
	1,2
	moral choice
	meaning of life
	C;B;A;E;D;D
	A;H;B;G;C;D;D;E
	C;G;B;A
	1,5
	2,4
	3,4,7,8,9
	2,3,4

Part 3. Level C.

C1. The correct answer may contain the following characteristics:

upright posture;

developed hand;

complex brain;

the ability to see in three dimensions;

plasticity of needs.

Other characteristics may be given.

C2. The correct answer may contain the following statements, for example:

man is a social, social, and not just biological being;

the concepts of individual - individuality - personality are different aspects of the consideration of the problem of "human", they differ;

a person becomes a personality in the process of socialization (upbringing, training, communication with his own kind);

outside of society - communication with their own kind, the development of thinking, speech is impossible.

Other reasonable judgments may also be given.

NW. The correct answer may contain the following statements:

man is a social and conscious being;

unlike the animal, it has goal-setting; a person's ability to be creative is not hereditary; a person is able to consciously control his instincts.

Other wordings of the answer are allowed.

C4. The response must contain the following items:

logical chain: interest - goal - activity - life; interests underlie the goal, the goal determines the activity and meaning of life;

the goal is what actions are taken for, the ideal of the desired result, it is based on motives determined by interests;

motives are motivations for activities related to the satisfaction of needs - biological, social, ideal;

interests play a special role in motivation - conscious needs that are essential for people, it is they who give the value meaning of human activity.

Other formulations of positions are allowed that do not distort the meaning of the answer.

C5. The content of the correct answers to the tasks to the text.

1) Can be specified: the creation of machines, tools, mechanisms, railways, factories, oil wells.

3) The correct answer must be affirmative; argument:
the author describes the emergence of a new, more perfect quality of the results of human labor;

Creative activity should be defined as an activity, as a result of which something new, which did not exist before, appears.

4) According to the author, “all this was created in order to serve people”; the ultimate goal of any transformational activity is service to people. For example: labor activity is aimed at satisfying the fundamental needs of people.

Other examples may be given.

C6. The correct answer is as follows:

there may be a conflict between desires and possibilities; between conscience and desire; duty and mood, etc.;

we are talking about internal conflicts;

in this case, we are talking about a conflict between unconscious feelings, intuition, the source of which is conscience, and reason (consciousness), sometimes evaluating our good deeds as inappropriate, unprofitable, and sometimes stupid.

Other formulations are allowed without distorting the meaning.

In the second answer, definitions of freedom and necessity in human activity should be given. Necessity is the dependence of the individual on objective circumstances. The freedom of a person implies his responsibility to society for his actions and deeds. For example, being late for classes entails censure, violation of traffic rules is fraught with consequences. As freedom develops, the measure of responsibility increases. Today there is a shift in the center of gravity of responsibility from the collective to the individual. When answering the second question, both the knowledge of the concepts of the social science course and their application for the analysis of specific situations (examples) are equally important.

The ultimate goal of any activity is. Problematic issues of the block "Man"

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