Lesson new principles of organization of modern production. New principles of modern production organization

The organization of the call for the process is carried out on the basis of certain principles, provided. more efficient use of the means of labor, objects of labor and labor itself. The purpose of these principles is to fulfill planned assignments within the stipulated time. The production process must be organized rationally. The principles determine the efficiency of the manufacturing process. It is expressed in a high level of labor productivity, in the minimum, other things being equal, the cost of production and its high quality.

The principle of specialization is the process of social division of labor. In industry, it is expressed in the creation of corresponding industries, in industries - enterprises, associations, scientific and technical complexes for the production of products. At the forefronts - workshops, in workshops - sites, at sites - jobs. The level of specialization at the factory depends on the volume of production of similar products.

The principle of standardization - promotes increased. level of specialization. Article refers to the procedure for establishing and applying rules in order to streamline any activity. The standards are applied in all areas of human activity. The standard limits the varieties and types of products of the same purpose, thereby increasing the volume of production of the same products and increasing the number of technologically similar products. operations.

The principle of proportionality - when all production units of the enterprise work with the same productivity, ensure. implementation of the pro-th program provided by the business plan on time. Achieving proportions is based on norms that determine the quantitative relationship between m / y elements of production:

Technological performance standards. Equipment, norms for the execution time of technological operations, norms for inventories and material costs. and energy resources, etc.

Continuity principle - the production process should be organized in such a way that there are no breaks in it or they are min. In mechanical engineering, the implementation of this principle is associated with great difficulties and is fully achieved only when all technological operations in the manufacture of a product are equal or multiple in duration to each other. The requirements of this principle are fully implemented on continuous production lines and in automated production.

The principle of rhythm - is to ensure the release at regular intervals of the same total or evenly increasing quantity of products. Compliance with the rhythm of production is a guarantee of the implementation of the production program on time. The rhythm of work in the main production depends on the uniform, in accordance with the schedule of auxiliary and service industries.

Direct flow principle - conclusion. in providing the shortest path through the publication of all stages and operations. It requires, if possible, the exclusion of the return of the movement of parts in the process of processing, the reduction of transport routes for parts, assemblies, assemblies. Rational location of buildings and structures on the territory of the enterprise and technological equipment in workshops and in areas in accordance with the course technological processes- the main way to comply with the requirements of the direct flow principle.

The principle of parallelism - lies in the fact that it is possible to carry out the processing of products simultaneously, in parallel on several machines.

The principle of concentration - consists in concentrating the execution of operations on technologically homogeneous products at separate workplaces, sections, lines, workshops. The reason for this is the commonality of manufacturing technology, which makes it possible to use the same type of equipment.

Principle of differentiation and combination - depending on the complexity of the product and the volume of its production, the production process can be carried out in any production unit (workshop, section) or it can be dispersed over several units.

The principle of automaticity - is to free the worker to the greatest extent from the cost of manual, low-productive labor when performing a technological operation (they use computers, robotics).

Principle of Flexibility - lies in the need to ensure a quick readjustment of technological equipment in the face of a frequently changing range of products. The requirement of flexibility is of particular importance in the conditions of single and small-scale production. The implementation of this principle is most effective, but carried out on the basis of the use of electronics and MP technology.

Topic: New principles of organization of modern production .

Target: To acquaint with the ways of development of modern industrial production

Time: 1 hour

Lesson type: combined

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizational moment

II. Repetition of the material covered.

1. The story of the topic of the lesson.

The main task of the organization production process It consists in the rational combination of the whole set of works performed at the workplaces in the divisions and at the sites of the enterprise. This problem can be solved if the organization of production is carried out according to a strict plan in compliance with a number of mandatory principles.

The principles of organization of production can be classified into basic, which are mandatory in the organization of any production process, and additional, depending on the level of technical development and the degree of interaction. production organization with the external environment.

The main principles of the organization of production include: specialization, proportionality, parallelism, continuity, direct flow and rhythm.

Additional principles of production organization are: automaticity, flexibility, complexity, reliability and environmental friendliness.

Let's take a look at these principles one by one.

- The principle of specialization means that all departments of the enterprise (workshops and sections) should, to the maximum extent possible, be specialized in the implementation of individual works, included in the general complex for the manufacture of the finished product (production of a car, building a ship, baking bakery products, etc.).

- The principle of proportionality requires that all departments of the enterprise and sections of the workshop, in their own bandwidth(powers) were equal or proportional to each other.
Proportionality in the organization of production implies compliance with the throughput (relative productivity per unit of time) of all departments of the enterprise - workshops, sections, individual jobs for the production of finished products. The degree of proportionality of production can be characterized by the deviation of the throughput (capacity) of each technological stage from the planned value of output.

The proportionality of production eliminates the overload of some jobs, that is, the emergence of bottlenecks, and the underutilization of capacities in other links and is a prerequisite for the uniform operation of the enterprise, that is, it ensures an uninterrupted course of production.

The foundation for maintaining proportionality is the correct design of the enterprise, the optimal combination of the main and auxiliary production links. However, with the modern pace of production renewal, the rapid change in the range of manufactured products and the complex cooperation of production links, the task of maintaining the proportionality of production becomes constant. With the change in production, the relationship between production links, the loading of individual redistributions change. The re-equipment of certain divisions of production changes the established proportions in production and requires an increase in the capacity of adjacent sections.

III. Lesson summary

1. Fixing the topic of the lesson.

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Production. Types of firms

Production: In the economic sense, the process of creating different types economic product. The concept of production characterizes a specifically human type of exchange of substances with nature, or, more precisely, the process of active transformation by people. natural resources in order to create the necessary material conditions for their existence and development. One of the possible activities of an organization or individual aimed at creating final product or services. A structured combination of factors of production with the aim of achieving an end product or service. Manufacturing enterprise also called "production". Contemporary social production includes not only material production, but also the intangible sphere - the production of intangible goods and services (new scientific discoveries, technical inventions, public education, culture, art, healthcare, consumer services, management, financing and lending, sports, etc.). The development of non-material production and the service sector depends to a decisive extent on the production of material goods - its technical equipment and output.

Production can be divided into the following areas (categories): Defense production - production of means of defense (protection) from enemies Agricultural production (and its branches - forestry, cattle breeding, fish farming, etc.) - breeding of animal and plant products with the help of natural forces of nature; industrial production(mining and manufacturing industry) - processing of raw materials into a form suitable for human consumption;

Transfer of the manufactured product from producers to consumers: logistics and trade

Production of services (service industry)

Financial services: banking and insurance activities

Spiritual production: new scientific discoveries, technical inventions, culture, art

A firm is a unit of business activity, legally registered and realizing its own interests through the production and sale of goods and services using various factors of production. The concepts of "firm" and "enterprise" are identical if the enterprise is independent legal entity pursuing their economic interests.

The simplest, oldest and most common form economic organization- individual (private) company. IN Russian legislation she is now called economic society With sole member. The creator of such a company is its sole and sovereign owner. No one can tell him what he should do, and he is not obliged to share his net profit with anyone. Sole proprietorships are usually small in size because they cannot assemble those cash, without which it is impossible to create big business. Such firms operate most often in the field of trade and services, where the firm's capital can be relatively small.

Partnership In a full partnership, its participants: - engage in entrepreneurial activity on behalf of the partnership; - are liable for its obligations with their property; - manage the activities of the partnership by common consent; - distribute profits and losses among themselves in proportion to the share of each in the general (share) capital of the partnership (for example, a member of the partnership who contributed 20% of the share capital during its creation has the right to receive 20% net profit); - in case of partnership debts, each is fully responsible, and not in proportion to their share in the authorized capital.

Organization of production Object of study - any production system of the national economic complex of the country, producing any product or providing associated or independent production services. The subject of study is the methods and means of organizing information, marketing, design, technological, logistical, economic, management processes, integrating the system "subject of labor means of labor living labor" in space and time for the production of competitive products.

The organization of production provides for the study and application of: - theoretical and methodological issues of organizing production at enterprises; - conditions and factors of rational coordination of actions of employees of enterprises on the basis of knowledge, techniques and best practices aimed at achieving the goals set for the production of certain labor products of the appropriate quality and quantity.

Component parts of EP organization of production processes in time and space organization streaming methods production organization of automatic and flexible automated production organization of auxiliary workshops and service facilities of the enterprise organization of technical control of product quality organization of technical regulation of labor organization and planning of the creation and development of new equipment and new technology organization of work of employees organization of management as a process of creating and improving management systems and ways of their functioning

the main objective organization of production - creation of conditions under which the successful formation and implementation of planned targets by each production unit of the enterprise and the enterprise as a whole is ensured in all respects and with high production efficiency.

The production process is the totality of all the actions of people and tools necessary at a given enterprise for the manufacture of products - a purposeful, step-by-step transformation of raw materials and materials into a finished product of a given property suitable for consumption or further processing.

Subsystems of production processes, production preparation subsystems, main production processes, production infrastructure processes, logistical ensuring the production, sale and marketing of products, marketing; subsystems that determine the composition of the elements of the production process - the functioning of tools, the movement of objects of labor, the organization of labor; integrating subsystems for the formation of the production structure and organization of production planning.

The main production processes are technological processes during which changes in geometric shapes, sizes and physical and chemical product properties; auxiliary processes are those that ensure the uninterrupted flow of the main processes; serving these processes associated with the maintenance of both the main and auxiliary processes and do not create products.

The stages of the production process are a complex of processes and works, the performance of which characterizes the completion of a certain part of the production process and is associated with the transition of the object of labor from one qualitative state to another. The procurement stage includes the processes of obtaining blanks. The processing stage includes the processes of turning blanks into finished parts. The assembly stage includes the assembly of nodes and finished products, adjustment and debugging of machines and devices, their testing.

Technological processes The phase is a complex of works, the performance of which characterizes the completion of a certain part of the technological process and is associated with the transition of the object of labor from one qualitative state to another. part of the technological process performed at one workplace, consisting of a series of actions on each object of labor or a group of jointly processed objects (the main structural element simple process). An operation is a part of a technological process performed at one workplace, consisting of a series of actions on each object of labor or a group of objects being processed together (the main structural element of a simple process).

Types of operations performed without the use of machines, mechanisms and mechanized tools; - manual, performed without the use of machines, mechanisms and mechanized tools; performed by machines or hand tool with the continuous participation of the worker; - machine-manual are carried out with the help of machines or hand tools with the continuous participation of the worker; - performed on machines, installations, units with limited participation of the worker. - machine performed on machines, installations, units with limited participation of the worker. performed on automatic equipment or automatic lines. -automated are performed on automatic equipment or automatic lines. characterized by the performance of machine and automatic operations in special units (furnaces, installations, baths, etc.). Hardware processes are characterized by the performance of machine and automatic operations in special units (furnaces, installations, baths, etc.).

The basic principles of organizing the production process The principle of proportionality The principle of differentiation The principle of differentiation The principle of combination The principle of combination The principle of concentration The principle of concentration The principle of specialization The principle of specialization The principle of universalization The principle of universalization The principle of standardization The principle of parallelism The principle of parallelism The principle of direct flow The principle of direct flow The principle of continuity The principle of continuity The principle of rhythm The principle of rhythm The principle of automaticity The principle of automaticity The principle conformity of the forms of the production process with its technical and economic content The principle of conformity of the forms of the production process with its technical and economic content

Types of production Single - is characterized by a wide range of manufactured products, a small volume of their production, the performance of a wide variety of operations at each workplace Serial - is characterized by a relatively limited range of products (batch). As a rule, several operations are assigned to one workplace. Mass - characterized by a narrow range and a large volume of output of products continuously manufactured for a long time at highly specialized workplaces.

Characteristics of types of production FactorsType of production single serial mass Nomenclature of manufactured products LargeLimitedSmall Nomenclature constancy AbsentAvailable Output volumeSmallAverageLarge Assignment of operations to workplaces AbsentPartialFull Applied equipmentUniversal Universal +special (partially) Mainly special Applied tools and equipment Universal Universal +special Mainly special Qualification of workers HighAverage Mainly low cost of productionHighAverageLow Production specialization workshops and sites Technological Mixed Subject

Production structure enterprises - a set of production units of the enterprise (workshops, services) included in its composition, and the forms of relations between them. depends on: - type of manufactured products and its nomenclature, - type of production and forms of its specialization, - features of technological processes

Main structural production units Shop - an administratively separate production unit of the enterprise, specializing in the production of a certain part or products or in the performance of technologically homogeneous or identical work assignments. A site is a group of jobs united according to certain criteria

Production cycle- the calendar period of time during which the material, workpiece or other processed item goes through all the operations of the production process or a certain part of it and turns into finished products. a calendar period of time during which a material, workpiece or other processed item goes through all the operations of the production process or a certain part of it and turns into a finished product. T c \u003d T rp + T lane, where T rp is the time of the working process; T pr - break time T rp \u003d T wk + T k + T tr + T e, where T wk - piece-calculation time; T to - the time of control operations; T tr - the time of transportation of objects of labor; T e - time of natural processes

Operating time (T opr): T opr \u003d T shk + T k + T tr. T wk \u003d T op + T pz + T en + T oto, where T op operational time; T pz preparatory and final time when processing a new batch of parts; T en time for rest and natural needs of workers; T from time organizational and Maintenance

Operational time (T op) T op \u003d T os + T in, where T os is the main and T in - auxiliary time The main time is the direct time of processing or performing work. Auxiliary time: T in \u003d T y + T s + T ok, where T y is the installation and removal time of the part ( assembly unit) from equipment; T c -time of fastening and detachment of the part in the fixture; T ok - the time of the operational control of the worker (with the stop of the equipment) during the operation.

Break time (T pr) T pr \u003d T mo + T rt + T r + T org.where T rt is the time corresponding to the mode of work, T is the time of interoperational soaking of the part T r is the time of breaks for overhaul maintenance and equipment inspections T org - time of breaks associated with shortcomings in the organization of production

The production cycle T c \u003d T det + T e + T mo + T rt + T r + T org. T c \u003d (T shk + T mo) to per k or + T e, where k per is the coefficient for converting working days into calendar days (the ratio of the number calendar days(D k) to the number of working days per year (D p), k lane \u003d D to / D p); kop - coefficient taking into account breaks for overhaul maintenance of equipment and organizational problems (usually 1.151.2).