Specialization and cooperation. Specialization, cooperation and combination of production Production relations specialization and cooperation

Introduction 3

1. Essence, forms and indicators of the level of specialization and cooperation of production 5-10

2. Essence, forms and indicators of the level of combining production 11-13

3. Advantages and disadvantages of industrial specialization, cooperation and combination 14-15

4. Economic efficiency of specialization, cooperation and combination of production 16-19

Conclusion 20

References 21

INMANAGEMENT

Topic: "Specialization, cooperation, combination of production" is a topical issue for the economy of any country, including ours. After all, we do not often think about such important economic methods as specialization, cooperation and combination, which play an important role in the economic efficiency of the enterprise and the economy as a whole. In my opinion, in vain, since the specialization of production is a process of concentration of production of products with a high degree of industrial commonality to the minimum allowable or optimal size. The specialization of production develops if there is an objective need for it, when it becomes economically expedient to use high-performance machinery, progressive technology and the organization of production. Consequently, specialization is accompanied by the concentration of production of products with a high degree of generality of production.

That is, in other words, production adapted to the production of power exceeding the minimum allowable. In turn, cooperation is the production ties of enterprises for the joint production of final products, and combination is the unification at one enterprise of diversified industries that are technically, economically and organizationally interconnected.

The course work reveals such issues as: essence, concept, forms, indicators of specialization, cooperation, combination, advantages and disadvantages, the economic efficiency of these phenomena. Examples are given that make it possible to see and understand the importance and necessity of these phenomena, indicators and methods for calculating the effectiveness of specialization, cooperation, combination are displayed, and other important aspects of this issue are also considered.

In my opinion, it is worth considering in detail the concept of specialization, cooperation and combination.

1. ESSENCE, FORMS AND INDICATORS OF THE LEVEL OF SPECIALIZATION AND COOPERATION OF PRODUCTION

Production specialization is a form of its organization in which the release of homogeneous types of products is concentrated in individual industries, at individual enterprises and their divisions.

Specialization can be defined as the concentration of production of structurally and technologically homogeneous products, that is, the concentration in enterprises (in a workshop, on a site) that are identical in terms of the method of manufacturing products intended for final consumption, or individual nodes, units, parts and other elements of a technologically complex product or separation of individual stages of the technological process.

Depending on the scale, intra-industry, inter-industry and interstate specialization are distinguished.

Subject Specialization represents the concentration of the production of products ready for final consumption at specific enterprises (for example, machine-tool, furniture, shoe). At the same time, an enterprise can specialize in the production of several types of products (multi-subject specialization) or one type (single-subject specialization).

Detailed Specialization- this is the process of concentrating the production of individual parts, assemblies or parts at a specific enterprise (for example, an enterprise for the production of bearings, spare parts, etc.)

Technological (stage) specialization is the process of separating individual stages (operations) of the technological process into independent enterprises (for example, foundries, forging and pressing, assembly enterprises, weaving factories, etc.).

Allocate specialization of auxiliary industries and specialization of intersectoral industries. An example of the specialization of auxiliary industries are repair plants, and the specialization of intersectoral industries are enterprises for the production of general machine-building products (crankshafts, gearboxes, gears, etc.).

The general purpose of specialization forms is that they are focused on the production of individual parts of the product. The difference lies in the fact that with detailed specialization, parts of products (for example, bearings) are produced, and with technological 0 semi-finished products (for example, stampings). The more complex the product, the more efficient the development of specialization can be.

Specialization can be considered in relation to various objects: enterprises (workshops, sites), industries, regions, states.

To characterize the level of specialization in practice, a number of indicators are used:

The share of products of a specialized industry (enterprise) in the total output of products of this type;

The share of the main (core) products of the industry, enterprise, shop;

Detailed specialization coefficient - the share of products of detailed (technologically) specialized enterprises and workshops in the total output of the industry, enterprise, workshop;

The breadth of the range and range of products at the enterprise and in the shop. The wider the range and range of products, the lower the level of specialization.

An assessment (coefficient) of a certain form of specialization (K spets.pr.) can be carried out on the basis of a comparison of the labor intensity of specialized products (Te spets.pr.) and the labor intensity of all manufactured products (Te total), taking into account the coefficient of fulfillment of time standards (K v.n. ) according to the formula:

To special pr. =∑ n i =1 (Te i *a i) d / Te total * K v.s., where

Te i - the total labor intensity of the production of the i-th type of product for a certain period, standard hours;

and i is the share of labor intensity in the production of the i-th type of specialized products for a certain period, fractions of a unit;

n is the number of i-th types of products produced at the enterprises of this industry;

Te total - the total labor intensity of the entire volume of production, the norm - an hour;

K v.n. – average coefficient of fulfillment of time norms.

Similarly, the coefficients of detailed and technological specialization are calculated.

Indicators characterizing the level of specialization differ depending on the object. For example, specialization at the level of the national economy characterized by the degree of development of economic ties with other states. Level of Specialization in Industry in general can be determined by the number of specialized industries. Level of specialization in a particular industry is determined by its share in the total output of this type of product (for example, the share of furniture produced at furniture enterprises in the total output of furniture). This indicator allows you to judge how much the production of this type of product is allocated to an independent industry.

The share of the main (core) products in its total output in a particular industry reflects the degree of homogeneity of production within each industry.

The level of specialization of a particular enterprise can be estimated on the basis of such indicators as the share of mass and large-scale products in the total production of an enterprise (workshop), the share of specialized equipment in the general fleet of equipment of an enterprise (workshop) and others (for example, the number of specialized shops in relation to the total number of shops, etc. .d.).

An inevitable consequence of the specialization of industries and enterprises in the manufacture of individual blanks, parts and assemblies for machinery and equipment is production cooperation. The division of labor and its cooperation in practice are inextricably linked, since specialization and cooperation are two sides of the production process. Therefore, in economic terms, they must be considered in unity.

cooperation- this is the establishment of long-term and stable production relations between specialized enterprises for the purpose of joint production, as a rule, of complex products.

In accordance with the forms of specialization, 3 forms of cooperation are distinguished:

-subject (aggregate) cooperation,- cooperation, when a number of enterprises supply various products (electric motors, generators, gearboxes, etc.) to the parent enterprise that produces finished products - machinery and equipment;

-detailed cooperation- cooperation, when a number of specialized enterprises supply the parent company with components and parts (bearings, bushings, piston rings, etc.) for the production of finished products;

-technological (stage) cooperation- cooperation, which is expressed in the supply of semi-finished products by one enterprise to the parent enterprise (spinning and weaving factories; forgings, castings - to machine-building plants).

The main indicator of the level of cooperation in production is the share of the cost of semi-finished products, blanks, parts and assemblies received from other enterprises in the order of cooperation in the total cost of the enterprise's products.

An indirect indicator of the level of cooperation is the number of enterprises with which the parent enterprises are in cooperation.

With regard to industry affiliation and territorial location of enterprises, the following types of cooperation relations are distinguished:

-intra-district when enterprises located in the same economic (administrative) region cooperate, regardless of industry affiliation;

-interdistrict when enterprises located in different economic (administrative) regions enter into cooperation;

-intra-industry when enterprises of the same industry cooperate, and intersectoral - when enterprises from different industries cooperate.

Cooperation is common in mechanical engineering, food, light, and woodworking industries. In the Republic of Belarus, cooperation is widely developed in mechanical engineering and metalworking, which, in terms of the share of products in the total volume of industrial output in Belarus, is more than 22%. Machine-building enterprises cooperate both within the country and with enterprises from other countries, such as Russia. World trends indicate the inevitability of cooperation between enterprises from different countries. The main task of Belarusian enterprises is to maximize the use of such advantages as a qualified workforce, the presence of strong scientific departments, which is confirmed by the development strategies of such enterprises as RUE MAZ, RUE MTZ, etc. Machine-building enterprises of Belarus produce metal-cutting machine tools, personal Computers, tractors, trucks, buses, trolleybuses, for the production of which it is necessary to develop cooperation.

Co-operation is a progressive process and in a country like Japan, it covers about 90% of industrial enterprises.

In modern conditions of the development of science and technology, a deep social division of labor, many types of cooperative ties are used. The choice of the optimal variant of cooperation is carried out on the basis of an appropriate economic assessment.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

ABSTRACT

on the course "Fundamentals of Economics"

on this topic: "Specialization and cooperationproduction"

1. Specializationindustry, its directions,

forms and indicators

Specialization industrial production is an effective form of social division of labor. Specialization leads to an increase in the homogeneity of production, which means strengthening the structural and technological commonality of products, limiting the variety of equipment and technological processes used, starting materials, and also forms of organizing industrial production.

There are specialization of industry, enterprises, specialization within the enterprise. The specialization of industry is expressed in the splitting of existing industries and the creation of new industries that produce certain products, as well as in the division of labor between enterprises in a given industry.

The specialization of the enterprise and its individual production units means the focus of their activities on the production of certain products or the implementation of certain types works.

The process of specialization in industry is carried out in the following areas:

creation or separation of industries and enterprises specialized in the production of certain finished products;

the division of the process of manufacturing a product into a number of partial processes and the concentration at enterprises of separate production of individual parts of this product;

allocation and creation of independent enterprises and workshops for the implementation of individual technological operations (stages).

In accordance with these areas, there are three forms of specialization of industrial production: subject, detailed, technological (stage).

Subject specialization covers enterprises and industries that produce some kind of finished homogeneous product (cars, tractors, machine tools, turbines, etc.). The subject specialization of an enterprise is accompanied by its deepening within enterprises (associations), where specialized workshops or branches are created.

Detailed specialization is inherent in enterprises and industries that produce individual components or parts of products that enter subject-specialized enterprises to complete the main type of product. This type of specialization is a direct continuation of the subject specialization and is therefore a more progressive and effective form of specialization. On its basis, specialized production of products of intersectoral application arises on the basis of the interchangeability of individual components and parts of various equipment.

Technological specialization is typical for enterprises producing materials, semi-finished products and performing individual technological operations. This includes factories for the production of castings, forgings and stampings, welded metal structures, as a rule, for machine-building and repair enterprises.

IN engineering production one of the most important areas of specialization is functional specialization, when auxiliary and service industries are separated into independent ones - repair of equipment, production of tools and technological equipment. This area of ​​specialization, due to its great importance for the development of mechanical engineering, is planned independently.

Specific forms of specialization, their weight and importance depend on the characteristics and level of development of each industry.

To assess and plan the development of production specialization, the following system of indicators is used:

number of industries and sectoral structure of industry;

the share of specialized production in the total output of this type of product;

the share of products corresponding to the profile of a given industry or enterprise in the total volume of products;

the share of products of factories and workshops specialized in detail and technology, in the total volume of output;

the number of groups, types and types of technologically homogeneous products produced by individual enterprises, workshops.

Specialization level industrial enterprises characterized by such indicators as:

the level of optimality of the volume of production of homogeneous products (optimality coefficient) at the enterprise (in the workshop);

the share of mass and large-scale production in the total production of the plant, workshop;

the share of standard, normalized and unified parts in the total number of manufactured parts and assemblies;

the share of special and other high-performance equipment in the total fleet of machine tools (equipment), plant, shop;

the number of specialized workshops, production sites, production lines etc.;

serialization coefficient for the main production divisions of the enterprise, association.

2 . The essence of cooperation, its forms and mainindicators

Scientific and technological progress leads to the concentration in one product of labor costs of workers of an increasing number of specialized industries, which complicates production ties and causes the development of cooperation. Cooperation refers to planned-organized production links between enterprises that jointly produce any type of product. Being a consequence of the development of specialization, production cooperation is characterized by relative constancy and stability of ties, strict adherence to specifications allied enterprises.

Production co-operation differs significantly from material and technical support, which does not follow directly from the forms of specialization and is not always based on long-term production ties. If cooperation covers production relations for parts, assemblies, assemblies, semi-finished products, certain technological operations that are carried out with specific enterprises, then logistics includes the supply of raw materials, materials, fuel, machinery, equipment and other means of production to any consumer.

In industry, cooperative ties may differ by sectoral and territorial basis. On the basis of an industry, intra-industry cooperation is distinguished, when production links are established between enterprises of the same industry, and inter-industry - if it takes place between enterprises of different industries.

On a territorial basis, cooperation is divided into intra-regional, when production links are established between enterprises of the same economic region, and inter-district - between enterprises located in different economic regions of the country.

In accordance with the forms of specialization in industry, three forms of cooperation are distinguished:

1. Subject (or aggregate) cooperation is such a type
production relations, when the head plant that produces complex products receives ready-made units from other enterprises
(motors, generators, pumps, compressors, etc.), which are used to complete the production of this plant.

This form of cooperation is typical for mechanical engineering, many branches of which produce complex machines and equipment.

2. Detailed cooperation, when allied enterprises supply parts and assemblies (carburetors, radiators, pistons, etc.) to the head plant for production finished products. This form of cooperation is inherent in many branches of industry, and above all in mechanical engineering, woodworking, textile and footwear industries.

3. Technological (or staged) cooperation is manifested in the supply of some enterprises to others by certain semi-finished products (castings, forgings, stampings) or performing certain technological operations for them related to the processing of manufactured products.

The level of industrial cooperation is characterized by the following indicators:

a) the coefficient of cooperation or the share of purchased products and semi-finished products in the total volume of output of the industry or enterprise;

b) the number of allied enterprises involved in the production of products of the parent enterprise;

c) the ratio of the volumes of intra-district and inter-district, intra-industry and inter-industry cooperative deliveries;

d) the share of subject (aggregate), detailed and technological (stage), cooperation in total cooperative deliveries;

e) the average radius of cooperation of an individual enterprise and the industry as a whole.

3 . Economic efficiency of specializationand cooperation in industry and methodologyits definitions

Specialization is an important factor in improving efficiency social production, as it opens up scope for the widespread use of new high-performance equipment, for more and more complete mechanization and automation of production, makes it economically justified its use in mass production because it sharply increases labor productivity and product quality.

Specialization thus contributes to scientific and technological progress.

The rational development of specialization has a great influence on all aspects of improving social production and increasing its efficiency. For determining economic efficiency specialization of production, three main indicators are used:

Saving current costs for the production of products and transportation costs for its delivery to consumers;

Saving capital investments and their payback period;

Annual economic effect from product specialization.

When determining savings on current costs, the costs for the annual volume of production are compared with each other, which should be obtained after specialization at the new and previous cost, taking into account transportation costs.

If there are several options for specialization, it is necessary to compare the profitability obtained with one option or another, as well as the payback period for capital investments with standard production efficiency factors.

For a more complete characterization of the economic efficiency of specialization, additional indicators can be used. These include: growth in labor productivity; output of products for 1000 rubles. cost of fixed production assets; specific capital investments; increase in output; the number of released workers, equipment and production area; reducing the number of unprofitable industries, improving product quality, etc.

The growth of technical and economic indicators in the conditions of specialization is achieved through the use of high-performance special equipment And effective use, the introduction of in-line methods of organizing production, improving the skills of personnel, establishing stable relationships with suppliers and consumers and improving, on this basis, the organization of logistics and marketing, improving the technical, economic and operational planning and accounting.

The economic efficiency of production cooperation is inextricably linked with the efficiency of production specialization. However, the economic effect of cooperation can be obtained provided that the supplied blanks, semi-finished products, parts and assemblies best quality cost the consumer less than their own production, and also if they are supplied complete, in required quantity and within the stipulated time. The effectiveness of cooperation also largely depends on the correct determination of the radius of transportation.

The economic efficiency of specialization and cooperation of production is calculated at all stages of their planning (from the enterprise to the Ministry of Economy Russian Federation) and for all measures that contribute to increasing the level of specialization of production.

4 . Standardization, unification and typification -organizational bases of specialization,cooperation and mass production

An important prerequisite for the successful development of specialization and cooperation in industry is the standardization, unification and typification of products, assemblies, and parts, which contribute to an increase in series and mass production.

Standardization is the activity of establishing norms, rules and characteristics in order to ensure:

safety of products, works and services for environment, life and property;

technical and information compatibility, as well as interchangeability of products;

quality of products, works and services in accordance with the level of development of science, engineering and technology;

unity of measurements;

saving all kinds of resources;

safety of economic facilities, taking into account the risk of natural and man-made disasters and other emergencies;

defense capability and mobilization of the country's readiness.

The norms and requirements established during standardization are drawn up in the form of a document called a standard. The tasks of standardization with the development of our economy are constantly becoming more complicated, its importance in solving major national economic problems, accelerating scientific and technological progress. In order to further improve the organizational, methodological and scientific and technical level of standardization, the Law of the Russian Federation “On Standardization” was developed and adopted on 10.06.1993.

This Law establishes the following categories of standards: GOST - state standard; OST - industry standard; STP is the standard of the enterprise and the standards of scientific, technical, engineering societies and other public associations. IN state system standardization includes, in addition to product standards, also other regulations, including a unified system design documentation(ESKD), Unified system for technological preparation of production (ESTPP), Unified procedure for development, testing and putting on mass production new types of machines, equipment and instruments, the Unified System for the Classification and Coding of Technical and Economic Information, etc.

Since the standards are intended to serve as a standard for product quality, special importance is attached to the content of the standards themselves - the degree of their compliance. current state science and technology.

The enormous work carried out to further increase the scientific and technical level of standards, reduce the time for creating new standards, and regularly review and update them, contributed to the fact that at the beginning of 1990, more than 52 thousand state and industry standards, 140 thousand technical conditions.

The basis of standardization in industries and especially engineering is unification, which is the process of bringing products and means of production or their elements to a single shape, size, structure and composition. The wide unification of general machine-building parts and assemblies makes it possible to create on the same base various modifications of machines of the same value, but different dimensions or different functional purposes - from the same assemblies and parts.

One of the forms of standardization is typification - the reduction to an expedient minimum of the most rational types, types, brands of products, the design of machines, equipment and instruments, buildings, structures and technological processes.

Work on standardization, unification and typification ultimately comes down to establishing an optimal, relatively small number of rational types of industrial products, therefore it has a significant impact on the development of specialization and cooperation, ensures a high organizational and technical level and a great economic effect in industries, and above all in mechanical engineering.

Standardization and unification of the basic parts of machines and equipment makes it possible to manufacture them in large batches using mechanization and automation tools. production processes which contributes to the growth of labor productivity and reduction of production costs.

The USSR carried out many enterprises in the field of standardization together with other countries within the framework of the CMEA. Soviet Union carried out bilateral cooperation in the field of standardization with a number of socialist and capitalist countries. Usage by our country international standards contributes to the revitalization scientific and technical cooperation with other states, helps to eliminate difficulties in international trade, increase the competitiveness of domestic products in the world market. In order to effectively use international standardization, in the implementation of measures to improve the technical level and quality of new technology and to reduce the time for its creation, it is planned to expand the participation of the relevant organizations of our country in international organizations on standardization and metrology.

Now that the problem of efficiency and quality has been recognized as the central problem of the development of the domestic economy, the importance of state standardization is growing even more. Organs State Committee of the Russian Federation for Standardization and Metrology (Gosstandart of Russia) should increase the demands on the quality of the developed standards, ensure the promptness of their consideration and implementation.

will receive further development comprehensive standardization, on the basis of which it is possible to develop and implement agreed requirements for raw materials, materials, components and finished products.

Bibliography

1) Albekov A.U., Sogomonyan S.A. Economics commercial enterprise. Series "Textbooks, study guides". - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2008.

2) Belousova E.A., Valevich R.P., Davydova G.A., etc. Economics of trade enterprises -Mn.: BSEU, 2006.

3) Bainev V.F. Economics of the enterprise and organization of production: Proc. allowance. - Minsk: BGU, 2006.

4) Gilyarovskaya L. T. Complex economic analysis economic activity. Ed. "Prospect", 2006.

5) Gorfinkel V.Ya., Shvandar V.A. Enterprise Economics, ed. - UNITI, 2007.

6) Karlik A.E., Dobrin G.N., Belov A.M. Economics of the organization (enterprise). Workshop., - Infra-M, 2003.

Similar Documents

Concentration of production based on specialization and cooperation. Indicators of the level of industrial cooperation. Evaluation of the efficiency of production specialization. Determination of the lot size at which the firm will earn a normal profit.

test, added 11/24/2014


Disclosure of the essence and content of specialization and cooperation of production in determining the economic efficiency of their implementation in the enterprise. Analysis of the main indicators of the economic efficiency of specialization and production cooperation.

term paper, added 01/11/2011


Economic efficiency of specialization and cooperation of production. Factors affecting specialization. Organizational characteristic SEC named after May 1. Proposals for improving the specialization and concentration of production in the future.

term paper, added 08/07/2012


The concept, forms, indicators and economic efficiency of cooperation. Practical examples of technological, detailed, intra-industry, inter-industry and international form cooperation. Specifics of intra-district and inter-district cooperation.

term paper, added 08/18/2010


The main directions of specialization and cooperation of production. The system of indicators characterizing production program. Evaluation of the economic efficiency of measures for the implementation of scientific and technical progress at the enterprise. Calculation of the main economic indicators.

term paper, added 07/02/2010


Specialization of production as a process of social division of labor. Characterization and analysis of the structure of production of SPK "Voroni". Indicators of economic efficiency of placement: product quality; labor productivity; cost recovery.

thesis, added 05/25/2014


Consideration of the features of the forms of organization of production: concentration, specialization, cooperation and combination, identification of their economic significance and efficiency. Improving the intra-production management of product manufacturing.

term paper, added 04/12/2015


Economic entity, indicators and forms of production concentration. Features of specialization of production in the industry. Sources of funding, main directions and significance of scientific and technological progress in the functioning of industry.

term paper, added 06/06/2010


Combination as one of the forms of socialization of production. Forms of concentration: enlargement of enterprises, specialization, cooperation, combination. Tasks of detailed specialization. Cooperation on sectoral and territorial principles.

test, added 12/13/2009


Specialization and cooperation of enterprises: concept, types, forms (subject, detailed, technological), level indicators. Concentration of production and substantiation of the optimal size of enterprises. Combination and effect of production diversification.

Industry- this is a part of the production sphere, which differs in the composition of products, the technologies used, the professional composition of the workforce, and the features of the organization of production.

The division of labor in its qualitative form appears in the form of specialization of production. Specialization reflects the production direction, sectoral structure within the enterprise, district, region, country, each production is located in a certain space in a certain territory.

Production specialization due to the complexity and complexity of individual industries, it can act as various types. In agriculture, the following types of specialization are distinguished:

Zonal specialization is the specialization of individual territories (dairy and meat for the Kirov region).

Economic specialization is the specialization of individual enterprises, which represent a production line or industry structure.

On-farm - specialization of production units within the enterprise.

Intra-industry - specialization within a particular industry for technological stages with a relatively complete cycle and an independent type of products. For example, elevators, distilleries, a dairy plant, a meat processing plant, etc.

Specialization indicators:

- level of economic specialization- shows the share of the main industry of the enterprise in the total volume of marketable products.

Us = ¾¾¾ * 100%

TPg - the cost of marketable products of the main industry

TP - the cost of commercial products of the entire enterprise.

Specialization is considered narrow if the share of the main industry accounts for 80 and >% of the value of all marketable products.

If the share of the main industry is >50, but< 80 % специализация считается углубленной.

If the level of specialization< 50 %, предприятие считается многоотраслевым.

Russian practice is dominated by diversified enterprises.

- Specialization coefficient shows the degree of commodity concentration

Кс = ¾¾¾¾¾

100% - the total cost of marketable products, d - share specific type products in the total cost of marketable products, n is the serial number of the type of product in the ranked series, built in descending order

If< 0,35 низкий уровень специализации

If kt > 0.35< 0,5 – средний уровень специализации

If kt > 0.5,< 0,6 – high level specializations

If k-t > 0.6 - in-depth specialization

> 1 set cannot be.

- Placement efficiency ratio, which is defined as the ratio of the cost of a unit of production, taking into account transport costs in the region under study to the cost of a unit of production, taking into account costs in a larger region, or in the whole country

The economic efficiency of specialization is very high.

A significant increase in economic efficiency is accompanied by the enlargement and specialization of interbranch industries.

cooperation a form of production links between specialized industries participating in the joint production of products. Cooperation means the organization and maintenance of economic and industrial relations between enterprises of various industries.

Forms of cooperation:

a) subject or aggregate (a number of enterprises supply various products to the parent enterprises that produce machines).

b) detailed, when a number of specialized enterprises supply units and parts to the parent enterprise.

c) technological and stage cooperation is expressed in the supply of semi-finished products by one enterprise to the parent enterprise.

The main indicator of the level of cooperation is the share of the cost of semi-finished products, blanks, parts and assemblies received from other enterprises.

An indirect indicator of cooperation is the number of enterprises with which the parent enterprise cooperates.

Economic effect(E) from the development of specialization and cooperation can be determined by the formula:

E \u003d [(C1-C2) - (Ztr2 - Ztr1)] V2 - EnDK + DП, where C1, C2 - unit cost of production before and after specialization; Ztr2, Ztr1 - transportation costs per unit of production before and after specialization; V2 - the volume of output after specialization; En - normative coefficient efficiency of capital investments; DK - additional capital investments required for the implementation of specialization of production: DП - additional profit received by improving the quality of products due to the specialization of production.

The development of specialization and cooperation in production brings not only a positive effect, but also a negative one.

The disadvantages of specialization and cooperation should primarily include the following points:

Growth of transport costs per unit of production due to the increase in the radius of cooperation;

Monotony at work.

All of the above are positive and negative sides must be taken into account when planning and developing specialization and cooperation in order to find the best option.

combination- this form of organization involves the unification within one economic unit of various technological processes related to a single raw material or similar finished products. The combination can be carried out in the following areas:

Sequential processing of raw materials up to the finished product.

Production of different products or semi-finished products from one type of raw material

· Use of waste products for the development of other types of products.

Indicators of the level of development of combination:

The share of products obtained as a result of combining production in the total output of the enterprise.

The degree of use of the obtained components from the feedstock. It is defined as the ratio of the amount of waste used to their total amount.

Combination from an economic standpoint is one of the most progressive forms of concentration and organization of industrial production, as it allows the fullest use of all the resources of an enterprise. From an economic point of view, the combination of production allows:

Expand the raw material base of industry;

Reduce the material consumption of products through the integrated use of raw materials, production waste and the implementation of the continuity of the technological process;

Reduce transport costs;

More efficient use of key production assets And production capacity enterprises;

Reduce the duration of the production cycle.

8. The essence of the classification of costs. enterprises. С/с products, works, services and its types. Economical accounting and normal profit.

production costs- costs associated with the production of goods. in accounting and statistical reporting reflected in the form of cost. Includes: material costs, labor costs, interest on loans

Explicit costs - This opportunity cost, which take the form of cash payments to suppliers of factors of production and intermediate products. workers' wages; cash costs for the purchase or payment for the rental of machine tools, machinery, equipment, buildings, structures; payment of transport costs; utility bills (electricity, gas, water); payment for services of banks, insurance companies; payment of suppliers of material resources (raw materials, semi-finished products, components).

Implicit costs are the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm itself, i.e. unpaid expenses.

Explicit costs are determined by the amount of expenses of the enterprise to pay for external resources, i.e. resources not owned by the firm. Explicit costs include: * wage workers, *cash costs for the purchase and rental of machines, equipment, buildings, structures, *payment of transport costs, *utility payments, *payment of suppliers of material resources, *payment for services of banks, insurance companies

Implicit costs is the opportunity cost of using resources owned by the firm itself, i.e. unpaid expenses.

Implicit costs can be represented as: + cash payments that a company could receive with a more profitable use of its resources, + for the owner of capital, implicit costs are the profit that he could receive by investing his capital not in this, but in some something else (company)

Specialization- this is the concentration (concentration) of homogeneous production, which by its type is mass or large-scale.

Specialization of production in the industry is carried out in the following forms:

Subject specialization means the concentration of production of certain types
end-use products (cars, tractors, aircraft, etc.);

Detailed specialization means the concentration of production of certain parts, assemblies, assemblies (automobile pistons, ball bearings, starting motors, etc.):

Technological specialization means the transformation of individual technological
processes into independent production (production of castings, stampings, welded structures and etc.).

Scientific and technical progress in industry, on the one hand, is characterized by an increase and frequent changes in the range of products, and on the other hand, by an increase in the level of specialization and automation of production in order to obtain cheaper products in the shortest possible time.

This contradiction is removed primarily by standardization and unification of parts and parts intended for the production of a wide variety of products (for example, tractors, electric motors, pumps).

Standardization is based on the principles of anticipation and complexity. The principle of advancing consists in establishing increased requirements and norms for standardization objects, which are presented as optimal in the future.

The principle of complexity lies in the harmonization of indicators, interrelated components included in the object of standardization.

The main goal of unification- elimination of an unjustified variety of products (parts, assemblies) of the same purpose, as well as bringing them to a possible uniformity in the methods of their manufacture.

The level of specialization is characterized by the following main indicators:

Specific gravity specialized industry in the total output of this type of product:

The share of core products in the total output of the enterprise;

The number of groups, types and types of products manufactured by the enterprise: than fewer titles products produced by the enterprise, the higher the level of its specialization.

In addition to private indicators, it is possible to use a generalizing indicator:

Кс - level (coefficient) of product specialization;

Vs - the volume of output of the product at the enterprise;

In - the optimal size of the production of the product.

Example. Optimal size production of pistons for automobile engines 2 mln. pieces per year. The actual output amounted to 1.5 million pieces per year. The specialization coefficient will be:

Cooperation is understood as production relations for the joint production of final products -

Industrial cooperation- an inevitable consequence of the specialization of industries and enterprises in the manufacture of blanks, parts and assemblies for machines, equipment and other products.

Cooperation according to the sectoral principle is divided into intersectoral and intrasectoral, according to the territorial principle - into intra-district and inter-district, according to the type - into aggregate, detailed and technological.

The level of cooperation is determined by the following main indicators:

The share of component parts and semi-finished products in the cost of products manufactured by the enterprise,

The share of semi-finished products manufactured by the enterprise on the side, in their total output or the output of all products;

The number of enterprises cooperating with the given enterprise.
The economic efficiency of specialization and cooperation is the result of increasing

technical level of production. Specialization, which reflects the concentration of production of structurally and technologically homogeneous products, allows more efficient use of material and labor elements of production.

Finite economic result specialization and cooperation - a decrease in the cost of production due to an increase in labor productivity and a decrease in conditional -fixed expenses per unit of production.

The annual economic effect of specialization and cooperation is calculated using the same reduced cost formulas as for increasing the level of concentration.

The annual savings from increasing the level of specialization and cooperation can be determined:

E G\u003d [(C 1 + T 1) - (C 2 + T 2)] * B 2,

C 1 and C 2 - unit cost of production before and after specialization;

T 1 and T 2 - transportation costs for the delivery of a unit of finished products before and after specialization.

В 2 - the annual volume of production after specialization. The payback period of capital investments required for specialization is calculated by the formula:

where: K - the volume of capital investments for the implementation of specialization.

To justify the effectiveness of specialization, private performance indicators can also be used: output per worker, labor intensity. material intensity and capital intensity of products, profitability of production, etc.

International specialization and cooperation of production

in the socialist countries, the most important forms of development of the international socialist division of labor in the intersectoral and intrasectoral aspects. Contribute to the improvement of economic efficiency and the technical level of production in each country. They are characterized by the establishment of long-term production and trade relations for mutual deliveries of homogeneous products (finished products, machine systems, assemblies and parts, intermediate products, raw materials and fuel). They are drawn up by international economic treaties and agreements. Opening up additional opportunities for using the advantages of large-scale socialist production, M. s. and c.p. lead to the expansion of the territorial boundaries of socialist labor cooperation, to the creation of mutually complementary production structures. The latter is of particular importance in the context of the economic integration of the socialist countries (see Socialist Economic Integration).

Intersectoral specialization of production is carried out mainly through the exchange of mineral and agricultural raw materials and fuel for products of the manufacturing industry. This helps to meet the needs of individual countries in the missing types of raw materials and fuel, creates conditions for the development of the leading industries of their National economy. The deepening of intersectoral specialization is financed both by countries on whose territory there are appropriate resources, and by countries interested in increasing the import of raw materials and fuel (providing long-term targeted loans or joint construction of facilities).

Under the conditions of the multi-sectoral structure of the national economy, which is characteristic of the socialist countries, intra-sectoral specialization and co-operation in the branches of the manufacturing industry become the predominant direction of their production cooperation. They allow you to better use the advantages of mass production of homogeneous products, to mechanize and automate as much as possible. technological processes, to ensure the optimization of the serialization of specialized products, the constant improvement of the technical level of production. Specialization and co-operation are increasingly turning into a means for the coordinated implementation of major targeted programs aimed at solving common national economic problems not only of an intra-sectoral but also of an inter-sectoral nature.

Work on the specialization and co-operation of production within the framework of the CMEA has been carried out since 1954. The CMEA bodies developed recommendations on the specialization of about 4,500 types of engineering products (including rolling bearings), 2,300 types of products chemical industry, a number of products of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, radio electronics, etc. With the help of M. with. In the CMEA member countries, many branches of modern industry have been developed or created anew. The development of specialized industries in European CMEA member countries was facilitated by large Soviet orders, which to a large extent determined the profiling of a number of manufacturing industries. In particular, about half of the total exports of machinery and equipment from these countries are sent to the USSR. Particularly large volumes are characterized by the supply of ships, means of railway and internal transport, equipment for the chemical, light and food industries, rental equipment. Certain difficulties were encountered in the development of international intra-industry specialization and co-production between the CMEA member countries. They stemmed from an insufficient level of concentration and specialization of production within individual countries, differences in its technical development, as well as from the unresolved number of economic and legal problems(prices and conditions for the supply of specialized products, guarantees and sanctions that ensure the fulfillment by the parties of their obligations).

The comprehensive program of socialist integration, adopted by the 25th session of the CMEA (1971), created prerequisites to solve these problems and conditions for the accelerated development of international specialization and cooperative production. Joint planning of certain types of production and improvement of other forms of joint planning activities, strengthening of cooperation in the field of standardization and unification, expansion of direct cooperation between ministries, departments and production organizations CMEA member countries. As a result of the implementation of the planned measures between the CMEA member countries for 1971-75, dozens of bilateral and a number of multilateral agreements on the specialization and co-operation of production were concluded, which to a large extent determine the volume and range of mutual deliveries of products of engineering and other industries for the period up to 1975 and for subsequent years.

Cooperation ties are deepening. Thus, many types of cars, trucks and buses are produced in the automotive industry on the basis of cooperation. Cooperative ties are, in essence, becoming the material basis for the technological unification of national production apparatuses. This role of theirs is noticeable in a number of branches of the manufacturing industry of the CMEA member countries already at the present stage, and in connection with the implementation of the measures outlined by the Comprehensive Program, it will increase to an even greater extent.

Lit.: Comprehensive Program for the Further Deepening and Improvement of Cooperation and the Development of the Socialist Economic Integration of the CMEA Member Countries, M., 1971; Kormnov Yu. F., International specialization of production, M., 1968; Gavrilov V., Improvement of forms and methods of development of international specialization of production, "Economic Sciences", 1969, No. 6.

Yu. S. Shiryaev.

Big soviet encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "International Specialization and Cooperation in Production" is in other dictionaries:

Organization of production relations between enterprises that jointly produce certain products, but retain their independence. Cooperation is the result of the development of the social division of labor, the specialization of production (See ...

A form of social division of labor expressed in the division of old and the formation of new branches of production, as well as in the division of labor within branches. In the deepening of S. p., the strengthening of social ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

INTERNATIONAL INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION- (international indu trial cooperation) in the modern world economy covers complex forms of foreign economic interaction between national economic entities and transnational corporations that go beyond the traditional external ... ...

An interstate division of labor of a new type, which is being formed along with the emergence and development of the world socialist economic system. In contrast to the spontaneously developing in the course competition capitalist... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (CMEA) intergovernmental economic organization of the socialist states, created by decision of the economic conference of representatives of Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the USSR and Czechoslovakia (January 5-8, 1949). In February 1949 in the CMEA ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Socialist integration- the process of internationalization of their economic, political and spiritual life, systematically carried out by the socialist states, objectively determined by the development of productive forces and the socialist nature of production ... ... Scientific Communism: Dictionary

The system of trade, economic and credit-financial relations of the countries that make up the capitalist system of the world economy (See Capitalist ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

The Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917. Formation of the Soviet Socialist State The February bourgeois-democratic revolution served as a prologue to the October Revolution. Only the socialist revolution... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

INTERNATIONAL TRADE- trade of one country with other countries, consisting of import (import) and export (export) of goods. The sum of exports and imports is the country's foreign trade turnover. Together, V.t. of all countries forms international trade. At the base… … Foreign economic explanatory dictionary

Trade balance- (Trade balance) The trade balance is economic indicator, reflecting the ratio between exports and imports of the country Trade balance of the country, active and passive trade balance, balance trade balance, the role of the trade balance in the economy ... ... Encyclopedia of the investor