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The system of international economic relations of the modern world economy. Subjects of international economic relations

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Subjects of international economic relations

An analysis of scientific literature makes it possible to conclude that international (interstate) relations are relations that go beyond the borders of states and arise between them. These relations are regulated by the norms of international law.

International economic relations arise and are established, first of all, between states, as political forms of the function of society, which express the political power of the economically dominant class or the entire people.

Those. International economic relations is a form of links between:

individual states.

States and international organizations.

between international organizations.

1. A large number of countries, international organizations that are subjects of the IER.

2. The complexity and nature of these relations is significantly influenced by the socio-political system of countries.

The most important forms of international economic relations include:

international trade in goods and services;

currency and credit relations.

· the movement of capital and foreign investment;

labor migration;

exchange in the field of science and technology;

· cross-country cooperation of production;

Many of the goods and services we consume are produced overseas. Free import and export is beneficial to citizens of all countries. Trade enables each country to specialize in the production of what it excels at, and provides each individual with a richer choice of goods and services.

International trade is the exchange of goods and services between national economies. She originated in ancient times but only in the 19th century. took the form of a world market, since almost all countries of the world are drawn into it.

International trade differs from domestic trade in that:

· economic resources (including labor, natural, material, financial) are unevenly distributed among different countries;

Each country uses its own currency;

international trade is more subject to political control.

In the structure of international trade, two main blocks should be distinguished:

1. Export (export) of goods means that they are sold on the foreign market.

2. When importing (importing) goods, the country acquires goods produced abroad.

Different countries participate in world trade to varying degrees. The main indicators characterizing the country's involvement in foreign economic relations are: the export quota, which shows the ratio of the value of exports to the value of the gross domestic product, and the volume of exports per capita of a given country.

The dynamics and structure of world trade depend on the location of the main factors of production between different countries, on the structure of world production. So, if in the XIX century. in international exchange dominated by raw materials, food and light industry products, in modern conditions the share of industrial goods, especially machinery and equipment, has increased significantly. The exchange of components and spare parts is increasing, re-export is growing rapidly, for example, after the appropriate assembly and installation of units and machines. Currently, the scope of international exchange includes the achievements of scientific and technological revolution (trade in licenses and know-how). noted fast development trade in technologically complex products. The objects of international trade now include also design work, leasing (long-term rental of equipment), consulting services.

International trade is beneficial to any country.

First, imports expand the choice of goods and services that are not produced in the country, but that consumers would like to purchase. International trade makes it possible to more fully meet the growing needs of a person as a consumer.

Secondly, foreign firms, offering goods similar to domestic ones on the national market, thereby increase their supply, which leads to a decrease in their prices.

In addition to trade, one of the forms of international economic relations is credit and financial, expressed in the provision of loans and credits, in the export and import of capital. The main exporters of capital remain the USA, Great Britain, Germany, the Netherlands, Japan, with 80% going to the developed countries.

Credit financial markets are a set of banks, organizations, stock exchanges through which the movement of world economic flows is carried out.

Features of global financial markets:

Scales.

No geographic boundaries.

Round-the-clock operations in the global financial markets.

Use of currencies of leading developed countries.

Access to the global financial market have 1-class banks and borrowers.

This market has a specific interest rate. As a result competition such financial centers stood out: New York, London, Luxembourg, Frankfurt am Main, Singapore, Tokyo, Bahamas. international import export trade global

Financial centers are the centers of concentrated banks, credit and financial relations that carry out operations in the financial and credit markets.

Emergence of financial centers on the periphery: Singapore, Hong Kong, Panama, Bahamas. This is due to lower taxes, currency legislation without restrictions.

Offshore - these are the world's financial centers, in which banks carry out operations mainly with non-residents and in foreign currency for this state. Offshore banks are tax cover.

The global credit market is a sphere market relations where the movement takes place money capital on terms of repayment and payment of interest and where the demand for loan capital is formed

The world financial market is a part of the loan capital market, where the issue, purchase and sale of securities is carried out.

World loan capital can be divided into three parts:

World money market - operations are carried out here to provide a short-term loan for up to one year.

The world capital market - medium and long-term lending is carried out on it.

World financial market - issue and purchase and sale of securities is carried out.

Classical foreign loans - based on the principle of the unity of the place of borrowing and the unity of the currency.

At the end of the 50s. the euromarket has gradually formed - this is part of the loan capital market, on which banks carry out operations in the eurocurrency.

The international migration of capital or the export of capital is carried out in the following forms:

direct private investment;

government loans;

international loans financial institutions.

The main function of the export of capital is to ensure the functioning of the world commodity market through the organization of foreign branches and subsidiaries, a service department, a repair and consulting base.

Foreign investments are all types of investments of foreign investors in objects of entrepreneurial and other activities for the purpose of making a profit.

Direct investment is the acquisition of shares in a foreign enterprise that is largely owned or controlled by the investor. This is the most dynamic form of international economic relations. Such investments can be carried out in various forms - joint ventures, ownership of a controlling stake in a firm in the recipient country; opening of a branch, wholly owned by a transnational corporation.

Portfolio investments - lending or acquisition of shares in a foreign enterprise that is not owned and controlled by the investor, investments in the state and municipal securities market. Various forms of international credit can be classified according to several main features that characterize certain aspects of credit relations:

· by sources (domestic, foreign and mixed lending);

by purpose (commercial, financial, intermediate loans);

· by types (commodity, currency);

· by the currency of the loan (in the currency of the debtor country, in the currency of a third country, in international accounting currency units);

by terms (short, medium and long term).

To create a favorable investment climate, reliable protection of property rights, a fairly liberal economy, a developed market infrastructure, and preferential taxation are necessary. To attract investments and technologies to the most depressed regions, territories with a preferential taxation regime are being created - free economic zones (FEZs).

External labor migration is the voluntary movement of people outside the country in order to carry out paid labor activity.

Man is the most vulnerable of all objects moving from country to country. Migrants (“guest workers”, “campesinos”) risk a lot, their appearance in new country alarms others, even those who are themselves migrants. A lot of dangers lie in wait for them, but the average gain is very large. If this were not so, migrants would not decide to live in a foreign state permanently or temporarily.

There are at least three types of non-market impact of migration:

obtaining knowledge of significant economic value - modern technology, artistic talents, a large share of the effect of this knowledge extends to other people;

overcrowding (may cause costs such as crime, conflict, excessive noise);

social conflicts.

Many countries (especially the US) have a policy of selecting immigrants who are allowed into the country. The rules are being revised to encourage "brain gain" AND limit the influx of unskilled individuals most prone to unemployment and social conflict.

An important form of international economic relations is scientific and technical cooperation, expressed in the exchange of patents, licenses, joint research and development work.

International production cooperation, which consists in the specialization and international cooperation of enterprises, has received great development.

International economic cooperation is one of the main factors that influence today the level of the world process and the development of the economy of a particular country. There are 200 large and small independent states on the globe. Each of them pursues its own policy, creates its own economy, and at the same time enters into various international relations, in particular, economic ones.

In the process of international economic cooperation between states, between organizations and other participants, certain relations arise (strengthen or interrupted), which require an appropriate regulation.

The instrument is legal norms, the system of which constitutes the MEP - an independent branch of world law.

International economic law is the main regulatory regulator of relations that arise in the field of international economic cooperation.

The subjects of these relations can be international organizations - economic, etc.

These include at the macroeconomic level: individual countries and their subjects (including unrecognized states, for example, Abkhazia, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, etc.), international economic integration groups, big cities, TNCs, global corporations, etc.:

at the microeconomic level: small and medium-sized enterprises, cooperatives, etc., and individuals(in particular, the so-called "shuttles", or "peddlers"), etc.;

· at the supranational level: international economic organizations and supranational institutions.

Transnational corporations (TNCs).

The modern world economy is characterized by a rapidly ongoing process of transnationalization. Transnational corporations (TNCs) are the main driving force in this process. They are business associations consisting of a parent company and foreign branches. The parent company controls the activities of the enterprises included in the association by owning shares (participation) in their capital. In foreign affiliates of TNCs, the share of the parent company - a resident of another country - usually accounts for more than 10% of the shares or their equivalent. At the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. there is an unprecedented range of external economic activity(international economic transactions), in which TNCs are traders (merchants), investors, distributors modern technologies and facilitators of international trade migration. They largely determine the dynamics and structure, the level of competitiveness in the global market for goods and services, as well as the international movement of capital and the transfer of technology (knowledge).

TNCs play a leading role in the internationalization of production, which is becoming increasingly widespread in the process of expanding and deepening production ties between enterprises in different countries.

TNCs are international in terms of the scope of their activities and national in terms of capital and the nature of control. They expand their power through direct investment in their overseas affiliates and enterprises.

World diasporas, large trans-regional associations and strategic alliances of countries, world cities, communes, provinces, etc.

a special role in the system. MEOs begin to play anthropostructures, i.e. close-knit groups and associations that use network forms of organization of activities and cultural policy for active participation in world processes. The most notable among them are, in particular, the environmental organization Greenpeace and anti-globalization organizations. IN early XXI century in the world there are up to half a million of this kind of public organizations.

International organizations are very numerous, any of them does not affect the economic and social life.

Organizations with a specific weight in economic relations:

Organizations that have their own powers or means: funds and therefore have the opportunity to influence both international and national, economic and financial development.

Organizations that are forums where governments can express their views, where a unity of approach is developed and appropriate policy recommendations are made in individual countries.

International organizations providing collection of information and publication of statistical data.

What unites these organizations: they all contribute to the development of communication and cooperation between countries.

International organizations fall into four categories:

I. World Organizations are organizations dedicated to dealing with world problems and established primarily immediately after the end of the Second World War.

II. Organizations created on the initiative of the West are organizations initiated by Western states and which unite developed countries with a market economy.

III. European organizations are organizations associated with European construction.

IV. Bodies for Regional or Bilateral Cooperation with Third World Countries and Eastern Europe are various departments for regional or bilateral cooperation.

World organizations are: organizations operating in the field of economics and monetary and financial relations fall within the sphere of influence of the UN. The activity of the UN itself in these areas is limited. In practice, it is completely replaced by UNCTAD (this is the UN conference on trade and development). Among specialized organizations, dependent on the UN, a very important role is played by the bodies created under the Bretton Woods agreements and GATT, replacing the special UN agencies.

The UN is an international organization established on the basis of the voluntary union of efforts of sovereign states to maintain and strengthen peace and security, as well as to develop peaceful cooperation between states. The UN Charter was signed in 1945. The main bodies are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice and the Secretariat, which is headed by the UN Secretary General.

GATT - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - is a multilateral international agreement on the mutual granting of tariff preferences, concluded in 1947 by twenty-three countries. The purpose of creating GATT: the gradual elimination of various forms of discrimination in trade, the reduction of customs tariffs, the exchange of quantitative restrictions on imports.

Now GATT is an international organization operating on the basis of a multilateral intergovernmental agreement, which contains the principles and rules of international trade that are binding on member countries. Effective since January 1, 1948. The GATT has a large number of intergovernmental bodies, commissions and secretariats. In 1989, the number of full members of the GATT - 97 countries, another 28 countries are de facto participants in the GATT, 20 - as observers. The supreme body of the GATT is the session, and the operational-executive body is the council of representatives.

Russia is not a member of the GATT, however, in connection with the entry into the IMF and the IBRD, closer contacts with the GATT are inevitable and necessary, since the activities of the GATT, the IMF and the IBRD are largely interconnected.

The IMF is an intergovernmental organization that regulates monetary and credit relations between countries, and also provides credit resources in cases of currency difficulties. 178 countries are members of the IMF.

Tasks of the IMF:

Control the rules of currency behavior of countries. These rules are fixed in the Charter.

Provision of loans to countries - members of the Fund in case of violation of the balance of payments, repayment of external debts, negative balance of payments to stabilize the national currency.

The IMF is organized according to the AO principle, i.e. The capital of the fund is made up of contributions from the participating countries. The amount of the contribution depends on the quota and is expressed in special monetary units - SDRs, special drawing rights and US dollars. The quota is determined from the economic level of the country. The size of the quota also determines the number of votes. Voting is carried out according to the principle of weighted voting.

IBRD (World Bank) is an intergovernmental organization that provides long-term loans for the purpose of economic stimulation of the development of the bank's member countries. The members of this bank are 176 countries of the world. The bank operates under the control of developed countries. The condition for membership in the bank is membership in the IMF.

Main branches of IBRD:

International financial corporation, IFC - is engaged in lending to private businesses in developing countries.

International Development Association, IDA - established to provide financial assistance and issues soft loans for 35-40 years.

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, MIGA - Provides guarantees for obtaining loans from private banks. The bank itself provides loans to the most profitable projects.

OECD is an organization for economic cooperation and development. Now its members are 24 developed countries of the world. Purpose: coordination of economic, monetary policy, research work, development economic forecasting development of OECD member countries. The Paris Club is an informal organization of industrialized creditor countries that deals with the regulation of external debts of developing countries. Bank for International Settlements, BIS - is the center of cooperation between the central banks of developed countries, i.e. coordinates the monetary policy of central banks.

The London Club is an informal organization of creditor countries that deal with the settlement of private external debts.

European Union, EU - includes 15 states of Western Europe. In the future, this union is expanding, the countries of Eastern (Poland) and Central Europe (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia) are joining.

Russia has concluded an agreement on cooperation and partnership with the EU.

Bibliography

international economic trade

1. Belokrylova O.S., Mikhalkina E.V., Bannikova A.V., Agapov E.P. Social science. Rostov n/a: Phoenix, 2006.

2. Kasyanov V.V. Social science. Rostov n/a: Phoenix, 2007.

3. Kokhanovsky V.P., Matyash G.P., Yakovlev V.P., Zharov L.V. Philosophy for secondary and special educational institutions. Rostov n/a, 2008.

4. Kravchenko A.I. Social science. Moscow: Russian Word, 2006.

5. Kurbatov V.I. Social science. Rostov n/a: Phoenix, 2007.

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International economic relations, their forms.

International Economic Relations (IER)- economic relations between states, regional groupings, transnational corporations and other subjects of the world economy. They include monetary, financial, trade, production, labor and other relations. The leading form of international economic relations are monetary and financial relations.

IN modern world especially relevant is the globalization and regionalization of international economic relations. Dominant role in establishing a global economic order belongs to transnational capital and international institutions, among which an important role belongs to the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). As a result of the international division of labor, the world's poles of economic and technological development (North American, Western European and Asia-Pacific) have formed. Among actual problems international economic relations, the problems of creating free economic zones, international transport corridors and the Internet economy are highlighted.

The most important forms of world economic relations are as follows:

1. International trade in goods and services;

2. International movement of business and loan capital;

3. International labor migration;

4. Creation of joint ventures;

5. Development of international corporations;

6. International scientific and technical cooperation.

International trade is the exchange of goods and services across national borders. This exchange is based on the principle comparative advantage proposed by D. Ricardo. In accordance with this principle, the state should produce and sell to other countries those goods that it is able to produce with the greatest productivity and efficiency, i.e. at a relatively lower cost than other goods in the same country, while buying from other countries those goods that it is not able to produce with similar parameters.

International trade consists of imports and exports.

Import is the acquisition of products in another country.

Export - sale of products to other countries.

The export of capital is the export of funds from one country to another for their profitable placement.

The export of capital is carried out in the form of entrepreneurial (direct and portfolio investment) and loan capital.

Direct investment is the investment of capital in foreign enterprises, providing the investor with control over them. For such control, the investor must have at least 20-25% of the share capital of the company.

"Portfolio" investment means the purchase of securities of foreign companies. Unlike direct investments, such investments do not give the right to control the activities of enterprises and are used mainly for growth. financial resources by receiving interest and dividends on invested capital.

The export of loan capital is the provision foreign companies, banks, government bodies medium and long-term loans in cash and commodity form with the aim of making a profit due to the favorable rate of loan interest.

International labor migration is international movement workers associated with the search for employment in other countries. This process is explained by the possibility of obtaining more high income, the best prospects for social, professional advancement.

Establishment of joint ventures to combine cash, technology, managerial experience, natural and other resources from different countries and carry out common production and economic activities in the territory of any one or all countries.

The development of international corporations, whose activities are carried out mainly through foreign direct investment from one country to other countries. There are transnational and multinational corporations.

Transnational corporations (TNCs) are a form international business, and the parent company belongs to the capital of one country, and branches are located in other countries of the world.

Multinational corporations (MNCs) are international corporations both in terms of their activities and capital, i.e. its capital is formed from the funds of several national companies.

The vast majority of modern international corporations take the form of TNCs,

International scientific and technical cooperation is an exchange of research and development results, technical and technological innovations. This cooperation can be carried out by exchanging scientific and technical information, scientists and specialists, conducting scientific research and developing scientific and technical projects, etc.

After studying this chapter, the student will:

know

the main forms of modern MEO and their features;
the position and prospects of Russia in the IER system;

be able to

use the system of knowledge about the forms and directions of development of international economic relations in addressing issues of ensuring the economic security of the country;
analyze the state of international economic relations and their elements, determine positive and negative trends in their development;
navigate the dominant processes and patterns of development of the IER;

own

The main methods, ways and means of obtaining information in the analysis of specific economic situations.

The main forms of international economic relations

International economic relations (IER) as a complex of economic relations linking the subjects of the world economy and based on the international division of labor have the following main forms.

1. International trade in goods, services, technologies, Represents the paid total turnover of goods, services, technologies between the countries of the world. The main trends include, firstly, the growth in the scale of international trade caused by the activities of transnational corporations.

portions, and secondly, qualitative changes due to the development of scientific, technical and intellectual activities.

2. International labor migration. Manifested in the movement of the population of working age in order to obtain work outside the country of residence during a certain time period.
3. International movement of capital. Associated with the migration of capital between countries, mainly entrepreneurial and loan capital.
4. International monetary and financial relations. In international practice, the order of international monetary and financial transactions between the subjects of the IEO has developed. It is determined by international agreements and is based on the development of money circulation and the international division of labor.
5. International economic integration. There are three groups among the types of integration: bilateral integration associations, multilateral and continental ones.
6. International cooperation in solving global problems. It manifests itself in the joint actions of the entire world community to overcome poverty and backwardness, solve environmental, demographic, food problems, maintain peace and fight terrorism, and promote human development.

Based on the sustainable development of international economic relations, a world market is being formed, which is a system of penetration of the economies of some countries into the national economy of others. To the most significant features MEOs include the following:

1) economic relations cover a significant territorial space that goes beyond national borders;
2) International economic relations involve additional resources in terms of volume and set of resources in world economic relations;
3) there is a movement of resources, factors of production and its results outside individual countries and integration groups on a global scale;
4) special mechanisms and instruments (financial, currency, customs, insurance, credit, etc.) operate in the International Economic Relations.

The forms of international economic relations will be considered in more detail in subsequent chapters.

World market and stages of its development

world economy is a set of flows of goods and flows of capital: human, financial, scientific and technical, in the global space. Its formation took place over several millennia, taking into account trade interests between various continents, countries, regions that constantly interacted with each other. To date, a complex system of international economic relations and interethnic economic mechanisms has developed, which determines the development trends of the world economy as an integral economic organism. The processes of division of labor, industrial revolutions, scientific and technological progress that took place in national economies went beyond their development and turned into links in a single world reproduction process, which ultimately led to radical changes in the productive forces throughout the world.

The economic interaction of countries, which began with the exchange of goods and services, is currently a complex of relations that includes not only trade, but also relations in the field of industrial cooperation based on the movement of capital. Mutual interest in constant economic contacts is typical not only for the traditional sphere of production, but also for the spheres of information, R&D (scientific research and development), culture, science, education, and enlightenment.

The economic interaction of national economies is influenced by indirect factors, primarily political ones. The further development of mutually beneficial world economic relations, due to the vector of stability prevailing in modern politics, determines the centripetal trends in the development of the world economy. Examples of isolated economies, such as the DPRK, Cuba, countries that are not involved in the global process of the division of labor, the movement of capital for political reasons, even more clearly emphasize the defining features of the modern world economy as a system of national economies of different countries, united by the international division of labor (MRT), trade and industrial, financial, scientific, technical and technological interrelations, including the strengthening of the internationalization of economic life, transnationalization and globalization.

Thus, the decisive role in the world economy of MRI, international commodity exchange, cooperation between countries, cooperation between the national markets of individual countries is clearly traced.

The world market as a set of national markets of individual countries, connected with each other by trade and economic relations, has a fundamental feature - the export of goods. Its content determines the export of factors of production precisely through the export of goods.

Main character traits world market:

it represents the category of commodity production that comes out in search of the sale of its products for national framework;
manifests itself in the movement of goods between countries, while the goods are influenced by both domestic supply and demand, and external;
indicates to the manufacturer the regions or industries in which at a particular point in time the factors of production can be most effectively used, and optimizes these factors;
there is a special price system on the world market - world prices;
the world market controls the quality of goods, identifying goods in international exchange that, at competitive prices, do not meet international standards;
a commodity that is being exchanged on the world market serves as a source of information for determining the parameters of aggregate supply and aggregate demand, through which any of the participants in the IEO will be able to evaluate and optimize production parameters.

When evaluating the world market and its structure, four main points of the evolutionary development of its forms can be distinguished (Fig. 5.1). Firstly, it is the internal market, which is a form of economic turnover within the national economy. Secondly, the national market, which is the domestic market, but some of it is oriented to foreign buyers and sellers. The third form is the international market. This is the part of the national markets that is directly related to foreign markets. The largest form is the world market.

Rice. 5.1.

The rapid development of automation, electronics, telecommunications, biotechnology leads to the dynamic development of the structure of the world market. As a result, some parts of the structure of the world market are disintegrating, forming new directions. So, at the beginning of the XX century. in fact, a modern four-level structure of the world market was laid. By that time, the world market was two-tiered. The third level appeared towards the end of the 20th century. In the second half of the XX century. the top level of the world market, which had previously been solid, was divided into three tiers. This was the result of a new stage in the scientific and technological revolution. Thus, in connection with the development of nanotechnologies and the emergence of new areas of the world economy, and hence the world market, the structure of the world market in the future will undergo further changes and acquire new outlines.

Consider how the global market has evolved. The emergence of the beginnings of the world market occurred in ancient society. Commodity production, commodity circulation within individual countries was poorly developed. A small part of the production was sent to the foreign market. The level of trade between the countries of the ancient world and the Greek cities of the Mediterranean was insignificant.

In the Middle Ages, crafts developed in Europe, but commodity production did not become widespread due to the predominance of subsistence farming. The main condition for the formation of the market in those days was that surpluses of products entered into the exchange of goods. Agriculture and small handicraft enterprises, while there was no division of labor and industrial cooperation. In addition, a characteristic feature of the international market was that the commodity exchange covered small areas due to the political disunity of the territories. Satisfaction of social needs occurred at the expense of domestic production. Trade relations between countries were irregular, and there was no national market at all.

The further development of commodity production led to the fact that even before the era of great geographical discoveries, the world market was transformed into an intercontinental one. By this time, medieval China traded with India and even with South Africa, and Venice traded not only with European countries, but also with Egypt and the Middle East.

The main features of the capitalist world market that appeared later were the separation of industry from agriculture and the emergence of capitalist enterprise, which led to the division of production into special branches, the predominance of commodity production in the economic sector and the expansion of the sphere of exchange.

In its development, the world capitalist market passed through three stages.

The first stage is preparation for the capitalist mode of production. At this stage, goods were produced mainly by small commodity producers and only partially by capitalist manufactories.

The second stage is the predominance of machine production. It covers the period from the industrial revolution in England at the end of the 18th century. until the end of the 70s. 19th century The development of industry, which led to the predominance of large-scale machine production, gave fairly developed features to world capitalist trade. The driving force behind the development of the world market at this stage was the British Empire with its colonies, which reigned supreme in the world economy.

In the 60s and 70s. 19th century the main features of the world market was the final establishment of the key role of industrial capital. New capitalist powers moved to leadership positions: the USA, Germany.

The third stage is the formation of corporate capitalism. From the 80s of the XIX century. there is a transition from free competition capitalism to corporate, monopoly capitalism. On this stage completes the formation of a total world market. The degree of its development characterizes the level of division of labor.

What are the main features of the modern world market? Firstly, economic relations between countries are motivated to maximize profits, the organization of production in some countries and in the world market as a whole takes place in conditions of fierce competition. The world market is actually divided by transnational corporations, the emergence of which was objectively due to the need for a global division of labor. In addition, an important feature is the deepening of old and the emergence of new international forms of regulation of the world market.

At the present stage, periods of intensive development of the world market coincide with periods of economic recovery. The following factors contribute to the development of the global market:

strengthening of competition and the priority of technical perfection of products over the level of prices for them;
improving the quality of products, meeting the requirements of international regulators for commercial products for energy saving and protection measures environment;
improvement of the marketing system, the emergence of new forms of sale of goods.

Despite the fact that the world market is based on national markets, it nevertheless has its own distinctive features.

The first difference is due to the fact that there are goods that circulate only within a certain country and do not enter the world market. The second difference is that the national market is influenced by production relations between enterprises of a given country, while the world market is influenced by foreign economic relations, as well as the foreign policy of the state. Thirdly, the movement of goods between countries faces various restrictions and barriers.

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Introduction

1. Methodological aspects of the study of modern international relations

1.1 The concept of international economic relations and their main forms

1.2 International economic relations as the main form of cooperation between states

2. Current trends in the development of international relations and factors

2.1 The essence of the transition to a multipolar world order

2.2 Globalization of international relations

2.3 Democratization of international relations

2.4. Prospects and factors for the development of the IEO

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

In the world economy, two main trends in the development of international economic relations are currently being implemented. The first trend is to strengthen the integrity of the world economy, its globalization, all this is caused by the liberalization of trade, the development of economic ties between countries and the creation modern systems communication and information, world technical standards and rules.

The second trend is economic rapprochement and interaction of the parties at the regional level, forms extensive regional integration structures that are developing towards the creation of relatively independent centers of the world economy. But one of distinguishing features world economy is the enhanced development of international economic relations.

Thisworkis study of the foundations of international economic relations, as well as in the course work will be considered the main trends and forms of development of international economic relations. international economic globalization

In accordance with the goal of the course work, first you need to define international economic relations. International economic relations between states, regional groupings, transnational corporations and other subjects of the world economy.

International economic relations - as a science, it does not study the economy of foreign countries, but the features of their economic relations. International economic relations are not one specific direction, but the specificity of economic relations between states. If we consider the goals of international economic relations, then it is necessary to consider the goals pursued by countries entering into relations with each other.

The main goals pursued by countries when entering into economic relations:

The first and most important goal, when a state seeks to develop its economy by attracting funds from another state, such means may be: joint construction manufacturing enterprises, producing products that both parties involved in the project need.

Second goal. The underdeveloped states seek to establish relations with the more developed ones, which have all the means by which they can protect their new ally and partner. This is also an important goal, especially in such a volatile time when safety comes first.

The third goal can be the exchange of experience and the introduction of new technologies used in enterprises of another country.

The goals presented are the most important for states entering into economic relations with other countries.

1. Methodological aspects of the study of modern international relations

1.1 The concept of international economic relations and theirmainforms

International economic relations are an extensive complex of trade, industrial, scientific, technical, financial ties between states, leading to the exchange of economic resources, joint economic activity. Simply put, international economic relations is a system of economic relations between the countries of the world.

In the economic literature, in particular, in the science of the world economy, there is such a thing as a form of international economic relations. Form is a kind of manifestation, expression of international relations in some process, activity.

World economic relations originate in international trade; historically, this is the first form of international economic relations. It has gone from single foreign trade transactions to large-scale trade and economic cooperation, when supplies are carried out by international corporations within the framework of industrial cooperation.

The world market is a set of national markets that are interconnected and interact with each other through various forms of economic relations. The world market, on the basis of competition between its participants, ultimately determines the structure and volume of production and exports, the degree of development of the international division of labor.

Modern international trade is increasingly being transformed into long-term and sustainable relationships between suppliers and consumers. These relations are based on the development of international relations directly technological process production.

The organizational form of such international - regional and global - systems of industrial specialization and cooperation are transnational corporations (TNCs) of the leading industries. TNC intracompany trade accounts for 40% of US exports, and, according to some estimates, imports of goods from controlled enterprises of TNCs cover about half of US imports.

The trend towards establishing long-term stable technological ties in the field of international trade with suppliers - foreign firms or their own subsidiaries abroad is also due to the fact that competition on the world market is tougher than on the national one, its "technological" component is intensifying. Such criteria of international specialization as "manufacturability", quality, variety of products come to the fore.

Foreign trade exchange of goods is the most important component international economic relations. Foreign trade turnover is characterized by such indicators as the ratio of the value of exports to the value of gross domestic product, the volume of exports per capita. According to them, one can judge the degree of the country's involvement in world economic relations and the degree of "openness" of its economy. Studies have shown that open economies grow faster than closed economies. Although countries with rich resources and capacious domestic markets are somewhat less dependent on foreign trade. Kudrov V.M. "World Economy": Textbook. M.: Ed. "BEK", 2008-p.98-99

International scientific and technical relations are carried out partly on a commercial basis, and partly on a gratuitous basis. Usually, a country buys abroad and pays for licenses for the use of patented discoveries and inventions, scientific, technical and technological innovations (know-how), engineering services for the development and creation of infrastructure facilities, training of their specialists abroad. At the same time, a number of countries and foreign firms provide their scientific and technical product and provide scientific and technical assistance on a free or partially paid basis as a charity. There are special charitable foundations facilitating the dissemination of knowledge and scientific achievements worldwide.

In recent years, the pace of technological development has accelerated, the level of specialization of developed projects and the degree of "interpenetration" of new technologies have increased. Therefore, new forms of international scientific and technical cooperation are emerging. Esenglin N. "External Economics", M.: 2010.-p.164

We see foreign economic relations most often in the form of import and export of goods, import and export. But in the modern economy, such a specific commodity as capital also falls into the number of exported and imported goods. Under the influence of the internationalization of economic life and in the interests of making profit abroad, the importance and scale of the export of capital are increasing. The export of capital is the purposeful movement of funds from one country to another to put them in a profitable business.

The export of capital is carried out in the form of entrepreneurial (direct and portfolio investment) loan capital. The export of entrepreneurial capital is a long-term foreign investment in industrial, commercial and other enterprises.

Foreign investments serve as a source of monetary, and sometimes direct property investments in the development, expansion, development of new production of goods and services, improvement of technology, mining, and the use of natural resources.

Direct foreign investments are capital investments in foreign enterprises in the amount of at least 10%, providing the investor with control over them.

Foreign trade, import and export of capital do not exhaust all possible forms of economic ties between different countries. One form of economic cooperation is joint ventures owned by owners from different countries.

There is a joint venture international form organization and implementation of specific economic activity based on the use of the combined capital of foreign and local founders from two or more countries. Joint ventures allow you to combine funds and other types of resources from different countries and carry out common production and economic activities in the territory of one of them or in each country.

In recent decades, a new form of foreign economic relations has become widespread in the form of the creation of free economic zones on the territory of the country. In general, they have been known in world practice for quite a long time.

A free economic zone is a limited area, a part of the country's territory, within which there is a preferential regime for managing and foreign economic activity, enterprises are given a wider freedom of economic activity.

Governments of various countries, creating free economic zones, pursue a variety of goals. These include: revitalization of enterprises located on their territory; industrial modernization; saturation of the domestic market with high-quality goods; development of foreign economic relations; expanding exports and imports; attraction of foreign investments, development of new technologies; development of economically backward areas; advanced training of the labor force, etc.

For free economic zones, special facilitated customs and trade regimes are established, wide freedom of movement of capital, goods and specialists is provided, and a preferential taxation regime for enterprises is applied. "International economic relations; textbook; edited by Doctor of Economics, Professor E.F. Zhukov; M.: 2005.-S.216

Another form of MER is labor migration. This is displacement, resettlement of the able-bodied population caused by economic reasons. Depending on whether the country's borders are crossed, internal and external migration is distinguished. But the world economy does not consider internal migration, i.e. migration between regions of the country, from the village to the city. And external migration is being studied, when the borders of states are crossed by labor force. External migration affects the country's population, increasing or decreasing it by the size of the migration balance (the difference between the number of people who moved outside the country (emigrants) and the number of people who moved to this country from outside it (immigrants)). Migration of the labor force has an impact on the economies of the countries from where and where the migration is directed. After all, it is the labor force that is engaged in the production of industrial products. Accordingly, labor productivity, product quality and other economic components of production will depend on it. http://en.wikipedia.org

Currency relations also belong to the forms of international economic relations.

The functioning of the world economy is impossible without an established system of monetary, that is, monetary, relations between countries. The development of international monetary relations is due to the internationalization of economic relations, the formation of the world economic system. International monetary relations are economic relations associated with the functioning of national currencies in the world market, the monetary service of commodity exchange and other economic relations between countries, the use of currency as a means of payment and credit. Currency relations, one way or another, accompany trade, the export of capital, scientific and technical exchange, labor migration, tourism, cultural ties, the provision of economic assistance, and lending.

At present, the monetary system can influence not only the international exchange of goods, but also the process of international reproduction, facilitating or accelerating it.

Currency relations are implemented through a certain mechanism that establishes the procedure for issuing and using international settlements and payments, the rules for establishing exchange proportions (rates) of currencies. "International economic relations", Avdokushin E.F., textbook.5th ed. M.: 2011.-p.194

There is such a term as the balance of payments. AND financial position countries on international market usually valued by its balance of payments. The balance of payments is important indicator and a tool that allows one to foresee the degree of a country's possible participation in world trade, international economic relations, and to establish its ability to pay.

The balance of payments is a document, a table of correspondence between external income and expenses, which records all funds, foreign exchange earnings received by a given country from other states, as well as all funds paid by a country to other countries during a certain period.

Thus, the balance of payments can be characterized as a country's foreign economic or foreign exchange budget, calculated in accordance with its real incomes and expenditures due to foreign economic relations. "Political Economy and the History of Economic Doctrines", textbook. ed. Porshneva A.G., Denisova B.A.: GUU, 2013.-p.123-124

1.2 International economic relations as the main form of cooperation between states

From the very beginning of the existence of states, the greatest development was achieved by those that had ties with each other. Those who are not

connections were not maintained, as a rule, they were backward or their existence was short-lived. Therefore, the states sought to form joint organizations and trade relations, for their maximum possible development.

Through the development of international economic relations, the formation of the world economy took place. These processes posed to economic science the problem of determining the effectiveness of international trade and international economic relations.

One can judge the effectiveness of international economic relations by examining their advantages on the example of the international division of labor.

The increase in labor productivity occurs in all countries participating in the international division of labor. The fact is that all countries organize mass production of products not only to meet national needs, but also for exchange for products that they consume, but do not produce themselves. As a result of this universal participation, a new productive force of labor arises, which is used in their own interests by all countries participating in the process of the international division of labor. "Sayasat POLICY" No. 6, "Transnationalization of activities corporate structures Commonwealth countries" // A. Myrzhykbaeva, 2010.-p.8-9

Such a general content of economic benefit, as we have just established, is an increase in the productivity of social labor in all countries participating in the international division of labor. With regard to determining the quantitative scale of the economic benefits received by the country as a result of its participation in the international division of labor, this specific task of political economy should be considered in the section on determining the actual effectiveness of foreign economic relations.

In addition to the new productive force of international origin, the countries participating in the international division of labor also receive other economic benefits. The concentration of the efforts of countries on the production of a certain increase in products, both for national consumption and for exchange for products produced by other countries, contributes to the organization in these countries series production. This type of production leads to an increase in labor productivity not only with a better use of the means of labor and objects of labor, but also as a result of the professional improvement of the workers themselves.

Thus, the participation of the country in the development of international economic relations contributes to the intensive development of the economy of this state.

In the economic literature there is a statement of mercantilists who believed "that the state should sell as much as possible on the foreign market and buy as little as possible, accumulating gold ... wealth." These ideas have been developed further. So, for example, the representative of the classical school A Smith noted that "if any foreign country can supply us with some commodity at a cheaper price than we ourselves can produce it, it is much better to buy it from her for some part of the product of our own industrial labor applied in an area in which we have some advantage.Smith's study of the international division of labor as the basis of export and import relations and determining the economic capabilities of states led to conclusions that later became known as the theory of absolute advantages. "Sayasat POLICY" No. 8, "Methodology for determining the effectiveness of international economic relations" //: K. Ainabek, 2011.-p.11-12

Thus, in determining the general criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of foreign trade operations and international economic relations, it is not enough to focus only on excess profit or profit, which are presented as final results and express only the interest of the owner of the foreign economic process, but not of the whole country, and even more so of another state participating in these economic relations. In this connection, it is better to choose indicators that are defined as objective marginal values of embodied and living labor costs both within the country as a whole and goods exchanged between states, since many factors will be taken into account here.

2. Modern development trendsinternational relations and factors

2.1 The essence of the transition to a multipolar world order

The current stage of international relations is characterized by the rapidity of change, new forms of distribution of power. Gone is the confrontation between the two superpowers - the USSR and the USA. The old system of international relations, which was called bipolar - bipolar, collapsed. In the motley picture of breaking up old and building new international relations, one can still single out several visible development trends.

According to the module of polarity, three classes of systems of international relations can be distinguished. Unipolar, bipolar and multipolar.

A unipolar system is dominated by one center of power, one pole. It doesn't happen often. Consider Ancient Rome. And the beginning of the XXI century - the United States of America. The unipolar world is quite convenient. An attack on this very "pole" is ruled out almost by definition. Order, discipline, balance on the political surface often hides discord and discontent beneath that surface. The bipolar world is even more disturbing. After all we are talking about not just about two states, but about two opposing ideologies, two antagonistic social systems. Bazhanov E. The inevitability of a multipolar world // MEIMO. - 2004.p.34 The peaceful coexistence of the USSR and the USA theoretically did not exclude a war of extermination between them. The bipolar world is characterized by rigid bloc discipline, discipline of interests and ideologies. The main danger of rivalry between the two centers of power is a constant arms race. As for the multipolar world, the world community based on the interaction and balance of several centers of power is incomparably more complex and potentially more dangerous than a world that balances on one or two centers. It is no coincidence that both world wars arose as a result of a violation, a disruption of precisely the multidimensional balance that was designed to keep the great powers of those years from sudden movements. But there is another point of view on the multipolar world - it is both the initial facet and the main norm of the state of international relations, since it meets the formation and general civilizational processes of modernity, the interests of the entire world community.

Another argument that is cited to prove the unipolarity of the modern world is the supposedly unprecedented hegemonic aspirations of Washington. One after another, works began to appear justifying the US right to hegemony. They assert that Washington, as the initiator and leader of an objective and progressive process of globalization, is its guarantor. The burden of legislator, judge and sheriff falls on America. But we can observe that Washington has no chance of acquiring such a title. After all, there is no passive universal acceptance of American dictates. On the contrary, there is a growing disagreement with the hegemonic policy on the part of large and influential powers - Russia, China, India, and many Muslim and other developing countries. There were symptoms of a desire by the dissatisfied for a broad partnership to contain the United States. They can be noticed even in China, which for 20 years has been steadily pursuing a policy of non-alliances and flexible balancing between the great powers. Terrorism, anti-Americanism and the enormous costs of building a world empire are also significant obstacles to US hegemony. Funds for the export of democracy and military hegemony in global scale get smaller. The development of multipolarity is also served by the realization of the United States that many of the problems of our interdependent world can only be resolved through close and equal partnership with other members of the world community.

Thus, there is a move towards multipolarity, which means a decrease in specific gravity USA in the world economy and world politics, the gradual dissolution of the unipolar world in a different structure of international relations. The world's dependence on the US is shrinking. Although we continue to depend on the US, but also America depends on us due to globalization. It can be argued that over the course of a century, the transformation of the global structure of international relations has completed a full cycle. From multipolarity, which developed before the end of the 19th century, it passed through bipolarity, which promised to end in unipolarity, and returned to multipolarity at the beginning of the 21st century.

2.2 Globalization of international relations

Most scientists, analysts and experts involved in the development of foreign policy of states, planning regional and global programs and strategies of various directions agree that the most significant trend that will determine the development of the world community in the foreseeable future will be globalization. What does the term "globalization" mean? There are a large number of interpretations of the essence of globalization, but the most common ones can be distinguished:

ü Globalization is a closer and broader interaction of states and international organizations in assessing the state and searching for solutions to escalating problems that affect the interests of not only individual states, but of all mankind, which constitute the essence of comprehensive security and most directly affect the viability of the biosphere.

ü Globalization is a process of gradual formation of a universal world environment of market activity due to the reduction and abolition of tariff and non-tariff foreign trade regulators by countries, the liberalization of the movement of factors of production and the development of economic transnational structures

ü Globalization - a set of modern phenomena, processes and structures, which can be expressed in interdependence, interpenetration and interdependence of the most diverse components of the modern world and the world community

ü Globalization is the process of organizing into a single systemic whole a multitude of spaces that emerged at different times, constituting the sphere of international relations and occupying a "niche" from the supranational to the global levels of the modern world. Kosolapov N. Globalization: territorial and spatial aspect // MEIMO.-2005.-p.21-22

Based on these definitions of the essence of globalization, we can conclude that this is a rather complex, multifaceted and dynamic phenomenon that affects the political, economic, social, environmental, cultural aspects of the life of not only individual states, but also a particular person.

So globalization consists in the internationalization of the economy, the development of a unified system of world communications, the change and weakening of the functions of the national state, the revitalization of the activities of transnational non-state entities. On this basis, an increasingly interdependent and integral world is being formed; interactions in it have become systemic.

The next important factor, the influence of which will be almost universal, is related to the change in the very essence of security after the Cold War. To date, there are three models of security - collective, universal and cooperative. The main condition for collective security is the presence of a group of states united by a common goal and developed a set of military-political measures directed against a potential adversary or aggressor. The concept of universal security is designed to emphasize the multidimensional nature of international security, as well as the need to take into account the legitimate interests of not only a narrow group of leading states, but also all members of the world community.

Another new factor, the importance of which for the foreign policy of states and the normal functioning of the entire system of international relations will steadily increase, is based on the concept of sustainable development adopted by the UN Conference. Terentiev N. World order at the beginning of the XXI century -2004.-p.33-35

Thus, globalization is not a charity, but, of course, a historical process. It is understood as the internationalization of life on our planet, moving forward, overcoming some contradictions and generating new ones, breaking the resistance of some social groups and replacing them with others.

2.3 Democratization of international relations

Many authors point to democratization as a trend in the development of the modern world. At the same time, the concept itself political science is used mainly in two senses. Under the democratization of the world, firstly, is understood the growth in the number of democratic states; secondly, the strengthening and development of democratic institutions and procedures in various countries.

In political science external environment, i.e. world development trends, is usually considered as one of the structural variables of the democratization process: how much does it contribute to this process. However, in the modern world, with an ever closer interweaving of external and domestic policy the international environment can act as both a structural and a procedural variable.

In this context, the process of democratic transformations at the end of the 20th century can be considered precisely as a trend in the political development of the world, in the implementation of which non-endogenous factors (the level of social economic development, political processes in society), but exogenous in relation to this state, i.e., the international environment. It is she who encourages democratic reforms.

Democratization is observed in all countries, regardless of the dominant type of political regime. With the end of the Cold War, even under the conditions of the most authoritarian regimes, the opportunities to hide, and even more so to legitimize violations by the state of the personal freedom of citizens, their natural and political rights, have significantly narrowed. Such a phenomenon as the progressive politicization of the masses, everywhere demanding access to information, participation in the adoption of decisions concerning them, improvement of their material well-being and quality of life, is gaining worldwide distribution. Achievements of the post-industrial revolution - satellite communications and cable TV, telefaxes and Email, global network The Internet, which makes it possible to almost instantly disseminate and obtain the necessary information on almost all issues of interest to modern man, have become signs of Everyday life people not only in the most economically developed countries, but are becoming more and more widespread throughout the world. The composition and variety of political factors is expanding sharply. As a result, the development and implementation of foreign policy guidelines cease to be the lot of a narrow group of people of a special state department, becoming the property of a combination of a wide variety of institutions, both governmental and non-political. In turn, this has profound implications for political relations from the point of view of their direct participants. Rakovsky S.N. International organizations at the beginning of the XXI century.-2010.-p.67

Thus, following democratic principles and traditions for an increasing number of participants is a kind of positive example. To remain outside the world "democratic club" in today's globalizing world means to be a kind of "outcast" - outside the system, outside the "modernity". This encourages more and more states to focus on democratic values.

2.4. Prospects and factors for the development of the IEO

The cessation of confrontation between the most influential elements of the world economy, it would seem, should lead to the establishment of a consensus between these powers in matters of maintaining the stability of the world system. However, the question arises as to who can now be considered "great powers." If we proceed from such a criterion of "greatness" or "power" of a state as the presence of a sufficient amount of certain resources, then a picture of a multipolar world emerges; based on another criterion - the ability to influence decision-making on the most important issues global economic development - then there is a monopolar world dominated by the United States, although in many respects economic indicators The US is clearly not the first. But in any case, the development of the world economy and the international economic relations will not continue without conflict. International economic relations are becoming more creative, including those aimed at solving global problems, but nevertheless having a competitive coloring, if only because conflict is a condition further development any system. Bovin A. textbook "Leading trends in the development of international relations" 2013.-p.84-85

From the foregoing, a number of conclusions arise regarding the prospects of the IER and the factors influencing the process of their development.

*acceleration of scientific and technological progress, expressed in the spread of new technologies, including means of communication, transportation and weapons; the global computerization of economic activity, which takes place under the influence of scientific and technical progress, raises the question of how to conduct international business in a new way; global informatization greatly facilitates the possibility of obtaining commercial, general economic, special information.

*global environmental changes. The exhaustion of the ecological base necessary to support the ever-expanding production raises the question of sources of financing. Serious actions in relation to the environment will inevitably lead to a sharp strain on the functioning of the world economy. Solution Tools environmental issues can be found either at the expense of the countries of the Periphery, which will lead to even greater inequality between the Center and the Periphery, or the costs will be assumed by the Center, which will inevitably cause a decrease in the standard of living there.

*population growth and constant movement; The population moves because of the disastrous ecological, unsatisfactory economic and political situation. The massive migration pressure from the Periphery to the Center causes a repressive response, which in turn contradicts the requirements of the democratization of society, giving rise to similar economic and social problems.

*widening gap between poor and rich countries; Decolonization has, in most cases, fallen short of developing countries' hopes for economic prosperity. Continued discrimination in the IEO has led to unsuccessful attempts developing countries to establish the New International Economic Order (NIEO). Increased competition between the countries of the Center (EU - NAFTA - Japan / ASEAN) causes a decrease in the likelihood of capital being directed to less developed countries, aggravated by the need to invest in the economies of countries in transition in order to increase the predictability of their behavior in world commodity markets.

*growing economic interdependence countries of the world inevitably leads to the unification of the rules of law, cultural values, lifestyle, behavior, etc., which will collide with the position of various groups of the population interested in preserving their distinctive features, national and historical values and traditions. However, this does not remove the question of the hierarchy of the world economy, the multiplicity of subjects operating in it.

* strengthening the role of international economic organizations, taking place against the backdrop of a diminishing ability of states to maintain internal order and a political inability to provide their citizens with security and social Security. The internal and external actions of states are increasingly guided by an impressive and ever-expanding set of regulations formulated by international economic organizations. The authority of the latter is determined by the elimination of ideological motives in assessing the situation and making decisions, and by the ineffectiveness of military-political sanctions against violators of the world economic order. The crisis of the UN as a global political organization and the prosperity of its economic units.

*the growing role of non-state structural formations (non-governmental organizations, TNCs) in solving international issues, including economic ones, raises the question of changing the composition of the main participants in the international community: The world is moving towards a new socio-economic environment, in which the international community will be composed of several different types of actors, whose role as autonomous members of this community cannot be ignored.

Conclusion

International economic relations are currently developing very intensively, as states stand in the way of the intensive development of their national economies.

According to economists' forecasts, the development of international economic relations will reach its highest level in the coming years.

Concept World XXI century will be the product of a joint creative activity governments, political parties and social movements, the scientific community, cultural and religious figures. International relations in the era of globalization are changing their nature, structure and essence. The nature of international relations has changed historically - from the "balance of power" of the beginning and middle of the last century to the "balance of interests" at the end of the century, to the subsequent "community of interests", without which it seems impossible to imagine the future. The structure of international relations has been enriched with new subjects that challenge the authority and influence of the traditional ones - states and intergovernmental organizations. These are individuals, ethnic groups, non-governmental organizations, TNCs, TNBs and MFIs. Accordingly, the essence of international relations has undergone significant influence. States that have sought to realize their interests to the maximum on the basis of the principle of sovereignty are now striving to enter the world economy and world politics.

Thus, the goal set during the study current trends international relations has been achieved. These trends are: the transition to a multipolar world order; globalization and the growth of global problems. All this testifies to the inconsistency of the development of modern relations and their more thorough study.

List of used literature

1. "Sayasat POLICY" No. 6, "Transnationalization of activities of corporate structures of the Commonwealth countries / / A. Myrzhykbaeva, 2010.-P.8-9

2. "Sayasat POLICY" No. 8, "Methodology for determining the effectiveness of international economic relations": K. Ainabek, 2011.-p.11-12

3. Bazhanov E. The inevitability of a multipolar world // MEIMO.- 2004.-p.34

4. Kosolapov N. Globalization: territorial and spatial aspect // MEIMO.-2005.-p.21-22

5. Kudrov V.M. "World Economy": Textbook. M.: Ed. "BEK", 2008-p.98-99

6. Esenglin N. "External Economics", M.: 2010.-p.164

7. "International economic relations; textbook; edited by Doctor of Economics, Professor E.F. Zhukov; M.: 2005.-p.216

8. "International economic relations", Avdokushin E.F., textbook. 5th ed. M.: 2011.-p.194

9. "Political Economy and the History of Economic Doctrines", textbook, ed. Porshneva A.G., Denisova B.A.: GUU, 2013.-p.123-124

10. Terentiev N. World order at the beginning of the XXI century -2004.-C 33-35

11. Rakovsky S.N. International organizations at the beginning of the XXI century.-2010.-p.67

12. Bovin A. Leading trends in the development of international relations 2013.-S.84-85

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What is the world economy?

The world (or international) economy is understood as a global economic system that has many levels and unites the economies of different countries of the world. This unification takes place on the basis of the international division of labor with the help of a system where interethnic economic relations play the main role.

More briefly, the world economy is defined as a set of economies of different peoples, as well as non-state structures that are united by international relations.

The concept of an international economy appeared due to the fact that an international division of labor arose. Experts note that this entailed, on the one hand, the distribution of production between different powers, and on the other, the unification of specializations. At the same time, economic relations between countries have been and remain to this day.

The concept of economic relations

In a general sense, economic relations are understood as such relations between people that develop in the process of exchanging and consuming goods, production, distribution of goods, etc. If we are talking about international economic relations, then here "hand in hand" go the international economy and international economic relations (IEO).

As for the latter, both transnational corporations, international entities of the world economy, as well as entire countries, regions or regional groupings can be involved in the process of relations in the economic sphere.

MEO forms

Economists have identified the following main forms of international economic relations:

international cooperation in the production of goods;
exchange of scientific and technical achievements;
international specialization of production and works of a scientific and technical nature;
trading internationally;
relations between states, among which the most important are monetary, information, credit;
cooperation of powers in relation to the solution of global problems.

International economic relations are dependent on the international division of labor (MRT). Proceeding from this, the main forms and directions of MEO are determined by the fact that this division of labor is gradually moving to a new level and acquiring a new type.

Types of international division of labor

It should be noted that there is a significant difference between different types of MRI. So, general type implies trade and exchange of goods of manufacturing and extractive industries between specific states. If the MRI is of a private nature, then this leads to the fact that trade will already prevail. finished goods different industries. Separately, the division of labor of a single type is singled out: it means specialization at certain stages of production and stages of the technological cycle. Thus, conditions are created for a more dynamic growth of trade volumes and the exchange of products at the world level.

Monetary and credit relations

The leader among the various forms of international relations in the field of economics is considered to be monetary and financial or monetary and credit relations. What are they? These are relations of a financial nature that develop between subjects of different powers. In other words, these economic relations may arise between residents and non-residents.

There are also cases when monetary and credit relations develop between subjects of law of the same state. Here we are talking about currency values, to which the right of ownership is transferred. In addition, other property rights may be associated with foreign exchange transactions.

international trade

On this moment almost all countries of the world take part in foreign trade, that is, they are directly related to the system of international commodity-money relations. In simple words, international trade is understood as the totality of foreign trade of different states.

For the first time, Italian economists started talking about trade at the world level in the 12th century. The development of trade is the most important factor in the development of the entire world economy. There is an opinion that participation in trade provides its participants with a lot of advantages. One of the most important advantages is that international competition arises, which leads to the need to improve enterprises and products.

IEO problems

According to experts, today the following main problems of economic relations can be distinguished:

creation of international transport corridors;
creation of free economic zones;
problems of the Internet economy.

An international transport corridor is understood as such transport system, which concentrates on general directions different kinds transport, including road, rail, sea, pipeline, and telecommunications. Such transport corridors contribute to the more active development of world economic and international economic relations.

Free economic zones (or special economic zones) are certain territories that have preferential economic conditions for local and foreign entrepreneurs. Such zones are created with the aim of developing the state as a whole or a specific territory separately, where foreign trade, social, general economic and regional tasks are solved.

As for the Internet economy, new economic relations are developing here, which are aimed at solving many global problems. Here, questions are raised about the security of these business entities in the global Internet space, about the possibility of facilitating trade and the exchange of products.

The system of international economic relations of the modern world economy. Subjects of international economic relations

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