The first Romanovs on the Russian throne presentation. First Romanovs

• Teacher Zhilionene S.V.

• Smolensk war.
• Russian-Polish war 1654-1667
• Fight with Turkey.
• Exploration of Siberia.

• Determine the main directions of Russia's foreign policy in the middle of the XVII century.
• What tasks did our country pursue in each of these areas?

Smolensk war

At the end of the Time of Troubles, the Poles did not give up their claims to the Russian throne. After the death of Sigismund III, the country began to "beskruleve" and the Russians took advantage of this.

IN 1632. they approached Smolensk.

Vladislav came to power in Poland. He moved the army to Smolensk and surrounded the army of Mikhail Shein.

Shein turned to the Moscow authorities for help, but they refused.

Mikhail Shein - hero of Smolensk

Smolensk war

Shein, saving the troops, left banners and cannons for the Poles.

Upon his return to Moscow, he was arrested and executed.

But soon the Polyanovsky peace was signed.

Russia returned the occupied lands, and Vladislav renounced his claims to the throne of Moscow.

Siege of Smolensk in 1633

Engraving from German

drawing of the 17th century.

Reunification of Ukraine with Russia

In the middle of the XVII century. exacerbated by the wear between Poland and Ukraine. The Zaporizhian Sich became the center of resistance.

In 1648 Cossacks elected Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky. But the Polish king refused to approve it.

This led to the outbreak of hostilities. In May, the Cossacks defeated the Polish troops at Yellow Waters and continued advancing.

Bohdan Khmelnytsky

Reunification of Ukraine with Russia

A few days later, the Poles were again defeated, this time at Korsun .

The Polish king gathered a large army and opposed the Cossacks, but in September he was defeated again.

IN december the Cossacks entered Kyiv. Autumn 1649 the king put up 50 thousand soldiers against Khmelnitsky, but he concluded agreement with the Crimean Khan.

Bogdan Khmelnitsky enters Kyiv

Reunification of Ukraine with Russia

During the battle, the Poles were defeated, but the Khan took the Hetman away from the battlefield. As a result, signed

Zboriv Treaty:

• 40,000 Cossacks were included in the register and received a salary,
• Bratslav, Chernigov and Kyiv passed under the authority of the hetman,
• Poles returned the selected lands.

Polish-Ukrainian

war 1648-1653

Reunification of Ukraine with Russia

IN 1651 the war resumed. Under Berestechko The Poles defeated the Cossacks. By Belotserkovsky world:

• the number of registered Cossacks was reduced to 20,000,
• only Kyiv remained under the hetman's rule.

But the Polish Sejm refused to approve the treaty. The Ukrainians, not having the strength to continue the struggle, turned to Russia for help.

Berestets battle

Such requests began as early as 1648, but Alexei Mikhailovich,

fearing a war with Poland, he refused. But in 1653 d. he collected to consider the request Zemsky Sobor and he gave his consent to the reunion.

January 8, 1654 on Rada V Pereyaslavl the Cossacks also approved this treaty.

Pereyaslav Rada

IN 1 654 g. the Russo-Polish war began.

IN 1657. Khmelnitsky died and the new hetman Ivan Vygovsky concluded an agreement with the Poles, but the Ukrainian people did not support him.

As a result of the war, the parties exhausted their forces and in 1667 signed Andrusovo truce:

• The left bank went to Poland,
• Right Bank and Kyiv-Russia.

Fight with Turkey

Russia sought to reach the shores of the Black Sea.

Turks concerned about reunification

V 1678 d. moved on Chigrin and took possession of it.

But in the contract 1681 They recognized transition of the Left Bank to Russia.

IN 1684 an anti-Turkish "Holy League"

Siege of Chigirin. Turkish siege guns are clearly visible

Fight with Turkey

IN 1686 Russia joined Austria, Venice and Poland after signing by Vasily Golitsin "Eternal Peace" with Poland:

• Poles recognized the Left Bank, Kyiv and Zaporizhzhya Sich as Russia.

IN 1687 and 1689 Golitsyn made unsuccessful trips to the Crimea.

Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn, boyar, prince, holder of the highest ranks and positions in the Russian state

Development of Siberia

In the middle of the XVII century. "eager people" began to make trips "meet the sun."

IN 1644-1646 gg. Vasily Poyarkov went down the Amur to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and made a description of the river.

IN 1648 from the Nizhnekolymsk prison to Anadyr an expedition led Semyon Dezhnev.

Poyarkov Vasily Danilovich

Development of Siberia

Dezhnev's campaign

For the first time passing through the strait separating America from Asia, Dezhnev founded Anadyr prison.

In 1649-1653. as a result of the campaigns of Erofei Khabarov and detailed Amur cards.

Treaty of Nerchinsk 1689 d. established the borders between Russia and China.

• Smolensk war - causes, results
• How did the reunification of Ukraine with Russia happen?
• The results of the Russian-Polish war of 1654-1667
• List the main stages of the struggle with Turkey.
• Name the main discoverers of Siberia.

Socio-economic and political development of Russia in the 17th century. After the Time of Troubles in Russia, for almost three decades
recovery process. Only from the middle of the XVII century. V
economy, new, progressive
trends:
1) there is a process of "zoning" - economic
specializations of different regions. In the northwest, in
Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk lands cultivated
flax, hemp (hemp) and other industrial crops.
Northeast - Yaroslavl, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod
land - begins to specialize in cattle breeding.
Chernozem regions (their development begins in the 17th century) and
The Volga region grows wheat. Moscow region (incl.
Tula) becomes the center of metallurgy;
2) peasant crafts are developing noticeably: on
in the northwest - weaving, in the northeast - leather. IN
Tula region, the original Filimonovsky
fishing (Filimonovskaya toy).

Socio-economic and political development of Russia in the XVII century.

3) Increasing exchange of agricultural and
fishery products led to the emergence
trade centers - fairs. All of them
there were about 80, three of which were
central: Makaryevskaya (Nizhny Novgorod),
Irbitskaya (South Ural) and Svenskaya (near Bryansk).
4) Production acquires "small-scale"
character (oriented to the sale).
5) Manufactories have become a new phenomenon in the economy -
large scale industries with division of labor
mostly manual. Number of manufactories in Russia
17th century was insignificant. The only industry
in which they arose was metallurgy.
6) Improved the monetary system. At
Mikhail Fedorovich with a national coin
became a silver ruble, consisting of one hundred kopecks.

conclusions

The presence of these, new for Russia, tendencies
indicates folding in the country
single all-Russian market, i.е.
global nationwide system
commodity exchange.
IN social relations More and more
the nobility becomes a significant force.
Continuing to give land to service people for
service, the government avoided taking them away.
Increasingly, estates are inherited,
those. become more and more like fiefdoms
and the state interested in strengthening
nobility, contributes to this process

Major domestic policy events

In 1649, the Council Code was finally
formalized serfdom: search for fugitives
became indefinite.
This enslavement was still formal
character - the state did not have the strength to
really attach the peasantry to the land. Except
In addition, the Cathedral Code brought even closer
estate and estate.
The government has taken steps to support trade
estates. In 1653, the Trade Charter was adopted,
established high protectionist
duties

Background of absolutism

Zemsky Sobors under the son of Mikhail
Fedorovich Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676) cease to convene. Last
a full council was convened for
making a decision on the accession of Ukraine
to Russia.
The tsarist government takes the Boyar Duma under
its control, introducing duma clerks into it and
nobles (up to 30% of the composition), unconditionally
supporting the king.
Thus, the transition begins in Russia
to absolutism, i.e. unlimited power
monarch.

Equation of boyars with nobles

Evidence of the increased power of royal power and
weakening of the boyars was the abolition in 1682 of
localism. The boyars thus lost
estate privileges upon appointment
and, in this sense, were equalized in rights with
nobles.
The bureaucracy is growing stronger and growing,
served as a support for the king. order system
becomes cumbersome and clumsy: by the end of the XVII century.
there were more than 70 orders, some of them
was functional in nature - Posolsky,
Local, Streletsky, etc., and part
territorial - Siberian, Kazan,
Little Russian, etc. An attempt to control her
with the help of the order of Secret Affairs was not crowned
success.

Rapprochement with Western Civilization

In the second half of the XVII century. appear in Russia
regiments of the new system (infantry) and reytar regiments
(cavalry), in which “eager
people are volunteers.
One of the main problems during the reign
Alexei Mikhailovich the Quietest (1645-76)
becomes the question of overcoming voluntary
international isolation of Russia. The king creates
an island of European life on Lake Kukuy -
German Quarter - a colony for emigrants from
Europe.
However, the expansion of ties with the West is hindered
a church that also claims to control
over the state.

Confrontation with the Church

To weaken the influence of the church on the public
life and expand ties with the West Alexey
Mikhailovich begins in 1654 the reform of the church.
Patriarch Nikon became the main ideologist of the reform.
The reason for reform is the need for correction
church books (translations from the Greek beginning
XI century), in which over the centuries a mass of
errors. Sample for fixing steel
Greek originals, which in itself
meant recognition by the church of the possibility
cultural borrowing from Europe.
In addition, there have been minor changes
church rites: three-finger introduced, allowed
a Catholic cross along with an Orthodox one, etc.

The reform was of great importance

The centuries-old spiritual isolation of the Russian
society.
Conditions have been created for future global
society transformations.
The state, having become the initiator of the reform, confirmed
their priority right to manage society. This
confirmed by the Great Moscow Cathedral of 1666-1667. This
the cathedral, at the insistence of Alexei, dismissed
Nikon, who tried to strengthen his power.
The reform led to the Split - the division of society into
supporters and opponents of the reform (schismatics) in
led by Archpriest Avvakum.
As a sign of protest, the schismatics go to sparsely populated
places or commit "gari" - self-immolation. Fighting
schismatics will reach its climax under Peter I and
will continue until the middle of the 19th century.

Foreign policy of Russia in the XVII century.

In 1632-1634. Russia waged the Smolensk war,
which ended with the victory of Poland. Polyanovsky
the peace of 1634 left Smolensk for the Poles. However
However, the war also had a positive meaning -
King of the Commonwealth Vladislav IV refused
claims to the Russian throne.
In 1648, an uprising broke out in Ukraine,
headed by Bogdan Khmelnitsky. Insurrection
began with the victories of the Cossacks over the troops of the Rech
Commonwealth. However, since 1651 the Ukrainian army
starts to fail. Khmelnitsky
turned to Russia for support. In 1653
Zemsky Cathedral in Moscow, and then, in 1654,
Pereyaslav Rada in Ukraine voted for
reunification of Ukraine and Russia. After that
another Russian-Polish war began

End of wars

The first actions of the Russian troops were successful:
in 1654, they returned Smolensk and captured
a significant part of the rebellion against the Poles
Belarus. However, without bringing this war to an end,
in 1656 Russia started a new war with Sweden,
trying to break through to the Baltic Sea.
According to the Treaty of Cardis with Sweden (1661) Russia
returned to her all the Baltic territories,
captured during the war. Failed to achieve
complete success in the war with the Commonwealth: according to
Andrusovo truce (1667) Russia
received Smolensk, Levoberezhnaya (Vostochnaya)
Ukraine and part of the Right-Bank Ukraine with Kiev
and the Zaporozhian Sich.

Relations with Turkey

After these wars, relations deteriorated sharply.
Russia with the Ottoman Empire claiming
territory of Left-bank Ukraine. In 1677
united Ottoman-Crimean army besieged
Chigirin - Russian fortress in Ukraine. In 1678
it was captured, but the siege of Chigirin
weakened the Ottomans and other military actions
they were no longer strong enough. In 1681 in Bakhchisarai
an agreement was signed under which the Turks recognized
Russia's right to its Ukrainian territories.
Under the same treaty, Russia became a member
Holy League - Union of Austria, Rech
Commonwealth and Venice, created to combat
Ottoman Empire

slide 1

Grade 10 Lesson 26

History teacher MOU secondary school No. 1 g.o. Zvenigorod Bortnikova T.I.

First Romanovs.

slide 2

Lesson Objectives:

To repeat and summarize the previously studied knowledge about the results of the reign of the first tsars of the Romanov dynasty in the spheres of society in the 17th century, to characterize new trends in the development of the Russian state. LESSON OBJECTIVES: To repeat and summarize the material of previous lessons on the political development of Russia from 1613 to 1682, to highlight the main problems of the history of the 17th century. Continue the formation of educational and logical skills to generalize, analyze, compare, prove, evaluate historical figures, events, phenomena public life. Contribute to the education of students' respect for the past of our country. Improve communication skills. Contribute to the formation of skills of constructive cooperation and communication in the process of solving productive and creative problems.

slide 3

Plan for studying new material:

Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Tsar's power Boyar Duma Zemsky Sobors Central administration Local administration Sobor Code of 1649 Court and army

slide 4

Expanding vocabulary

The Boyar Duma is the supreme council under the prince (since 1547 - under the tsar) in the Russian state of the 10th - early 18th centuries. The activity of the Boyar Duma was of a legislative nature. In the Moscow state, the members of the Boyar Duma were: boyars, roundabouts, duma nobles and duma clerks. Localism - distribution system official places in the Russian state in the XIV-XV centuries. taking into account the origin, official position of the person's ancestors and his personal merits. Abolished in 1682. Elderly - a duty in Russia at the end of the 15th-17th centuries, which was paid by the peasant when leaving his owner a week before and a week after St. George's Day (autumn). An estate is a property received by princes - nobles for service. Landowners - holders of estates, nobles. Orders are central government agencies in charge of individual branches of the grand duke's government.

slide 5

Problem task

What new phenomena can be noted in the political life of Russia in the 17th century?

slide 6

Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich

They wanted to choose not the most capable, but the most convenient. So the founder of a new dynasty appeared, putting an end to the Troubles. Klyuchevsky V.O.

“The personality of Tsar Michael was the most conducive to strengthening his power: the gentleness, kindness and purity of this sovereign made the most favorable impression on the people for the supreme power, represented this power in the most favorable way in the eyes of the people; the well-known kindness of the tsar ruled out the idea that some evil could stem from him, and everything that did not please one or the other fell on the responsibility of persons mediating between the supreme power and the people ... ”Soloviev S. M.

Why was the election of Mikhail Fedorovich tsar a progressive historical event?

Slide 7

“The father of sovereigns, who returned from captivity, was elevated to the rank of patriarch and second sovereign, with a firm hand took up the helm of government and did not always look at the boyars' faces; but until the end of Filaret's life, administration was carried out by the joint forces of both sovereigns with the participation of the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobor. This dual power was a deal of family concepts and political considerations: it was embarrassing for a parent to become simply a subject of his son, and the son needed a permanent regency, which was most natural to entrust to his father with the title of second sovereign. ... the question of which of the sovereigns is greater or less than the other was resolved as follows: “what is he, sovereign, such is the father of his sovereigns; their sovereign majesty is inseparable. Klyuchevsky V.O.

Patriarch Filaret

Slide 8

Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich

“Despite his passive character, his good-natured and indecisive attitude towards the issues of the time, Tsar Alexei greatly contributed to the success of the reform movement. With his often disorderly and inconsistent impulses for the new and with his ability to smooth and settle everything, he tamed the timid Russian thought to influences coming from a foreign side. He did not give guiding ideas for reform, but he helped the first reformers with their ideas ... he did not give either a plan or a direction for transformation, but he created a transformative direction. Klyuchevsky V.O.

Slide 9

royal power

“... Alexei, without a doubt, is the Sovereign, because he commands everyone autocratically according to ancient custom. His will is an immutable law for all subjects. As lord over slaves, he has the right of life and death over all according to his own will. When he himself punishes or, on his orders, someone is flogged with rods or whips, those punished also bring him gratitude. The Muscovites do not call themselves the owners of their property, but God and the Tsar ... ". Augustin von Meyerberg, envoy of the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I of Habsburg

Slide 10

Group work

Group 1 - composition, formation and functions of the Boyar Duma Group 2 - Zemsky Sobor Group 3 - central and local government

Working with the textbook material, fill in the comparative table.

slide 11

THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF RUSSIA IN THE 17TH CENTURY

What's in change government agencies speaks of strengthening the central government?

Tsar of All Rus' - legislative, executive, judicial power

Boyar Duma

Zemsky Sobor (until 1653)

Governors and elders

Orders: Discharge, Local, Yamskoy, Petition, Ambassadorial, Order of secret affairs, etc.

Cathedral code (1649)

Army: boyar and noble militia, service people (archers, Cossacks), "regiments of the new system"

Legislative body

slide 12

“Already during the Time of Troubles, the boyars and the higher nobility tried several times to establish public order, based on a written agreement with the king, i.e., on a formal limitation of supreme power. These attempts are a consequence of the interruption of the Muscovite political tradition, which was produced by the suppression of the old dynasty. Even now, after the Troubles were over, the boyars did not want to give up their aspirations. IN. Klyuchevsky

Seat of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich with the boyars. Painting by A. Ryabushkin, 1893

slide 13

Zemsky Sobors

“The reign of Michael was a time of intensive work of the government together with the Zemsky Sobor. Never, neither before nor after, have so often elected from all the ranks of the people of the Muscovite state gathered. Almost everyone important question foreign and domestic policy forced the government to turn to the assistance of the land. According to documents, up to 10 convocations of the Zemsky Sobor are known during the reign of Mikhail. More importantly, the Zemsky Sobor at this time appears with a broader competence than it had before ... Now the Zemsky Sobor considers such matters that were previously only in charge of the Boyar Duma - current affairs government controlled, for example, questions about taxes ... This means that the cathedral was directly included in the circle of affairs of the Boyar Duma. But from the first minutes after his election, the cathedral became in a special relationship with the king. As a provisional government, he, with the boyars at the head, manages everything in the state until the arrival of the newly elected tsar in Moscow. However, he does not prescribe conditions to his chosen one, but vice versa. Klyuchevsky V.O.

Slide 14

Cathedral Code of 1649

The need for legal regulation of the processes of development of the estate and political system and the rallying of the main classes. The need for unification and streamlining of legal proceedings and judicial system on a national scale aggravation of the contradictions that manifested themselves in urban uprisings

Reasons for compiling the Council Code

The Cathedral Code is a code of Russian law that regulates relations in the main areas of society.

The rights of sovereign power were legalized ("On the sovereign's honor and on the sovereign's court")

References Grigoryan VG, Romanovs. Biographical guide. – M.: AST, – 507 p. Markova A.N., History of Russia: textbook. allowance for universities / A.N. Markova, E.M. Skvortsova, I.A. Andreeva. – M.: UNITI-M25 DANA, – 124 p. Popova T.F., Russian monarchy. Epochs. Events. Fate. – M.: AST, Astrel, – 783 p.

Years of life: years. He was elected to reign by the Zemsky Sobor on February 21 (March 3), 1613, which closed the period of the Time of Troubles. Father Mother Boyar Fedor Nikitich Romanov Boyar Ksenia Ivanovna Romanova

Establishment of a strong centralized authority throughout the country through the appointment of governors and local elders. Overcoming the most difficult consequences of the Time of Troubles, restoring a normal economy and trade. Reorganization of the army (g.). Creation of regiments of the "new system": Reiter, Dragoon, soldier. Foundation of the first ironworks near Tula (1632). Establishment of the German Quarter in Moscow, a settlement of foreign engineers and military specialists. In 1637, the term for capturing fugitive peasants was increased to 9 years, and in 1641 for another year. Those taken out by other owners were allowed to search for up to 15 years.

The wars were stopped: - with Sweden (Stolbovsky Peace of 1617, according to which the Novgorod lands were returned to Russia); –Deulinsky truce (1618), and then the “eternal peace” with Poland (Polyanovsky peace of 1634). The Polish king renounced his claims to the Russian throne. Renewed relations with foreign powers.

Years of life: March 19, January 1676 He was elected to reign by the Zemsky Sobor on July 14, 1645. Father Mother Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva

A ban on Belomests (monasteries and persons who were in state, military or civil service) to own black, taxable lands and industrial and commercial establishments (shops, etc.) in the suburbs. The final attachment of taxable classes, peasants and townspeople, to the place of residence. The transition was forbidden in 1648 not only to the peasant owners, but also to their children, brothers and nephews. New central institutions were founded, what are the orders: secret affairs (not later than 1658), bread (not later than 1663), reitarsky (since 1651), accounting affairs (mentioned since 1657), busy checking the receipt, expenditure and balances of money , Little Russian (mentioned since 1649), Lithuanian (), monastic ().

At the beginning of 1656 (no later than March 3), due to lack of Money issued copper money. Soon (since 1658), the copper ruble began to be valued at 10, 12, and in the 1660s even 20 and 25 times cheaper than silver. The resulting terrible high cost caused a popular uprising (Copper Riot) on July 25, 1662. The rebellion was pacified by the tsar's promise to punish the guilty and the expulsion of the archery troops against the rebels. In 1646 and next years a census of tax yards with their adult and minor male population was made, an unsuccessful above-mentioned attempt was made to introduce a new salt duty. By decree of April 30, 1653, it was forbidden to collect small customs duties(myt, travel fees and anniversary) or give them at the mercy and it was ordered to be credited to the ruble duties levied at customs. By decree of June 19, 1667, it was ordered to start building ships in the village of Dedinovo on the Oka ..

The Council Code was compiled and published (it was published for the first time on May 720, 1649) and supplementing it in some respects: the new trade charter of 1667, new decree articles on robbery and murderous cases of 1669, new decree articles on estates of 1676, military charter of 1649 .

– Unification of Russia with Ukraine in 1654. – Under Tsar Alexei, the colonization movement to Siberia continued. Famous in this regard: A. Bulygin, O. Stepanov, E. Khabarov and others. -Cities founded: -Nerchinsk (1658), -Irkutsk (1659), -Selenginsk (1666).

Conclusion The historical merit of the Romanovs lies in the fact that they were able to see the main internal and external problems of Russia and solve them. The most important events that took place during the reign of the first Romanovs: - the adoption of the first printed lawyer of Russia (Sobor Code), - the implementation of church reform, - the reunification of Ukraine and Russia. Thanks to the efforts of Mikhail Fedorovich and Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, by the end of the 17th century. Russia has achieved political stability and a certain economic well-being. The first Romanovs were able to gain a foothold on the throne and laid the foundation for the second ruling dynasty in Russia - the Romanov dynasty.