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The political system of the USSR in the 30s presentation. What is a totalitarian political regime

The murder of S.M. Kirov December 1, 1934 Repressions are punitive measures, punishments applied by the state. The political system in the USSR in the 30s of the 20th century Conformism - opportunism, lack of one's own positions; passive acceptance of the existing order, the prevailing opinion. Totalitarian regime- this is a political regime in which the state seeks to establish absolute (total) control over various aspects of the life of each person and society as a whole. The main features of totalitarianism in the USSR: * Lack of opposition; * One-party system; * Merging party and state apparatuses; * Command economy; * Fight against religion; * Destruction of literature that does not fit into the ideological framework; * State control over the media; * International isolation of the state; The cult of personality is the exaltation of the role of one person, attributing to him during his lifetime a decisive influence on the course of historical development.

Stalin is deeper than the ocean, higher than the Himalayas, brighter than the sun. He is the teacher of the universe

1937 – 1938

Years of the Great Terror

Organizers and perpetrators of terror

N.I. Yezhov - head of the NKVD

G.G.Yagoda - the creator of the Gulag system

Main Directorate of Camps and Places of Detention (Gulag) - subdivision NKVD USSR, Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, Ministry of Justice of the USSR, who managed the places of mass forced imprisonment and detention in 1934-1960.

Official statistics of the NKVD

1,344,923 arrested; 681,692 shot.

Renowned historian Conquest names the number of victims of "BT"

12-14 million people arrested; at least 1 million shot.

The Commission of the Central Committee of the CPSU in 1962 named even more:

19 million arrested; at least 7 million shot.

"Black Raven" taking away the arrested

"Troika" makes a verdict

Political repression against the elite of the party. Shot 1936-1937

Zinoviev

Repressions against the leadership of the army. Shot

Vasily Blucher

Marshall Mikhail Tukhachevsky

Repressed in 1937

out of 5 marshals - 3
out of 9 commanders of the 1st rank - 5
out of 10 commanders of II rank - 10
out of 57 commanders - 50
out of 186 division commanders - 154
out of 16 army commissars of I and II ranks - 16
out of 26 corps commissars - 25
out of 64 divisional commissars - 58
out of 456 regimental commanders - 401

The meaning of mass repression:

restore order in the country;
elimination of enemies of the Soviet power;
shift the responsibility for failures to "enemies of the people";
the desire to destroy the thinking part of society;
the need for a large number of forced labor.

I've been screaming for seventeen months, I'm calling you home, I threw myself at the executioner's feet, You are my son and my horror. Everything is messed up forever, And I can't make out Now, who is the beast, who is the man, And how long to wait for the execution. (A.A. Akhmatova “Requiem”) Anna Akhmatova "Epilogue". I learned how faces fall, How fear peeps out from under the eyelids, How hard cuneiform pages Suffering draws on the cheeks, How curls from ashy and black turn to Silver suddenly, The smile withers on the lips of the submissive, And fright trembles in a dry laugh. And I pray not for myself alone, but for all who stood there with me And in the bitter cold, and in the July heat Under the red, blinded wall.

In 1991, a decree of the President of Russia was issued on the establishment of the Day of Remembrance for Victims of Political Repressions - this date is October 30th.

1. 30s in the history of my native land in my family history.
2. Tell about the show trials in the 30s. (1-2 examples)
3. What goals did Stalin pursue by organizing open show trials?

Answer test question 1. Beginning of collectivization
refers to
1) 1921 -1922
3) 1928-1929
2) 1925 -1926
4) 1933-1934
When the decision was made to
collectivization?
- What is collectivization, was it
necessary?

Answer the test question

The concept of "great change" is associated with
transition from
1) requisitions for the tax in kind
2) NEP to "war communism"
3) various forms of farming to continuous
collectivization of agriculture
4) state property to
private
- What are 2 interrelated processes
passed in the village? How did they go?

3. Read the passage from the document and
specify the name of the policy with which
he is tied.
"It's been five months since we
evicted... Do you really think that
are we fists? No, we are not kulaks, but we are
workers, our calloused hands
now, like skeletons; we are not
dispossessed, but plundered by locals
the authorities."
1) NEP
2) "Red Guard attack on capital"
3) collectivization
4) fight against unearned income

2. Later than others happened
event
1) X Congress of the RCP (b)
2) the death of V. I. Lenin
3) acceptance of the first
Constitution of the USSR
4) execution of the royal family
In Ekaterinburg

Answer the test question

The main socio-economic impact
a policy of total collectivization
count (multiple options)
1) alienation of peasants from property and
labor results
2) elimination of economic incentives for development
agricultural production
3) elimination of exploitative elements in
village
4) elimination of "agrarian overpopulation"
- What are the consequences of collectivization you can
name more?

Answer the test question

What did the absence of the Soviet peasants in
30s passports
1) the actual attachment of peasants to the collective farm
2) cancellation of the passport regime in the country
3) the equalization of the peasants in rights with other layers
population
4) allowing freedom of movement within the country
and beyond
What can you tell about the situation
collective farm peasantry in the USSR

4. Write the years of the first five-year plans
I -I -
II I -
What was built? (2-3 objects)
What is Gulag? (decipher,
explain)

Lesson question

Highlight the main features
totalitarian political
regime, finally
formed in the USSR
30s.
What is a political regime?

What is a totalitarian political regime?

Totalitarianism (from lat. totalis - all,
whole, complete; lat. totalitas - wholeness,
completeness) - political regime,
striving for complete (total)
state control over all areas
the life of society and man, subordination
his power to the ruling elite.
Who became this elite of society (p.t.1)
What changes have taken place in the party?

1. All state power was exercised by the party represented by the Politburo and the party apparatus
Politburo.
1936
Implementation of grandiose socio-economic
plans led to the formation of totalitarianism.
Power was concentrated in the hands of the top party leadership. It destroyed democratic freedoms, opposition, subjugated society
to your interests. No law was passed without
Politburo approval. It determined the main
directions of internal and foreign policy. pos
the party itself, the rank and file members, has also changed
were removed from the real solution of issues.

Signs of totalitarianism in the USSR (v.173)

1. All state power
carried out by the Communist Party
face of the Politburo and the party apparatus,
those. the party apparatus carried out
functions of the state apparatus. IN
USSR there was a one-party
politic system.
2. The party itself was eliminated
the last remnants of democracy (p. t. 1)
3. 1 Marxist-Kolenin ideology dominated in the USSR

In what ways was ideological unanimity established in the country (173-175)
Demonstration
against
fists
(document, p.173)
1. He played a huge role in the formation of totalitarianism
party control of the media.
2. Termination of contacts with the West made it possible to avoid
influence on the population of other ideological views.
3. The study of the Marxist-Leninist foundations of all sciences has come to the fore in education.
4. Repressions against the church, churches were closed and
turned into a warehouse or a club.
5. In 1932, an attack on creative unions began. In 1934
All writers were united in the Union of Soviet Writers
headed by M. Gorky.

Signs of totalitarianism in the USSR (173-175)

4. Media control
and processing mass consciousness population.
Establishment of the "Iron Curtain" - system
measures aimed at external insulation
USSR from other countries.
5. The existence of a system of mass
official organizations that
representatives of all categories of the population (1934 Union of Writers - trade unions, VLKSM
(14 years old), October, pioneers, with the help of which
it was easier to control.
6. State control over all areas
community life

What was the goal of universal coverage of the population by public organizations
Confiscation
icons.
Subsequently, similar unions arose among filmmakers, artists, composers. Those who
worked within the official ideology supported by material benefits and privileges.
The rest of the population also consisted of public organizations-trade unions, Komsomol,
Pioneer and October organizations. IN
various organizations united
athletes, inventors, women, etc.

What are the reasons for the formation
Poster 1932 (р.т.3)
Stalin's personality cult.
characteristic feature poly
tic life of this
period became the cult of the lich
I. Stalin's news. December 21, 1929, on the day of Stalin's 50th birthday, the country
found out that she has
face leader. He was
declared "the first student of Lenin." Soon
Stalin began to attribute all the successes of the country. He was called "great", "wise", "in
waiting for the world flight
riat”, “the great strategist of the five-year plan.

Signs of totalitarianism in the USSR

7. Cult (deification) of personality I.V. Stalin-
exaltation of the role of 1 person,
attributing to him during his lifetime the defining
influence on the course of historical development.
8. Mass repression and terror, physical
elimination of political opponents (Prove)
9. The existence of a strong repressive
apparatus, punitive body for
persecution of dissenters.

What do you see as the socio-political meaning of mass repressions
prisoners
in construction
Belomorkanal.
1.In n. 30s passed the last trials of essays
and the Mensheviks.
2. The “Shakhty affair” of 1928 led to repressions in
towards bourgeois specialists.
3. Then came the campaign against the kulaks.
4. In 1932, the Three Spikelet Law gave rise to
persecution of even the poorest peasantry.
5. In 1934, a special meeting in the NKVD received the right
extrajudicially send "enemies
people" in the colony How?

Mass repression.
Funeral
S.M. Kirova
The reason for the deployment of mass repressions was
the murder of 1.12.34 S. Kirov - after him it was
6. a decision was made to conduct an investigation on
"terrorist cases" in an abbreviated order, within
10 days, the prosecutor and the lawyer were absent from the trial,
pardons were forbidden, and death sentences
were carried out immediately.
7. In 1935, the law was amended to include
adolescents from the age of 12 were involved in a criminal
court with full penalties
including the death penalty.

Show trials.
G.E.
Zinoviev.
L.B.
Kamenev.
In the mid-1930s, Stalin began liquidating
all dissatisfied. IN
1936, a trial took place in the case of Zinoviev,
Kamenev and their supporters.
nili in the murder of Kirov, the attempt on Stalin and other crimes. Prosecutor A. Vyshinsky demanded them
shoot and the court pronounced a death sentence. These were followed by new trials.

Show trials (p. 181 2 c.)
N.I.
Bukharin
K. Radek
In 1937, in the "case of marshals" they were shot
heroes of the civil war
us-Tukhachevsky, Yakir,
Uborevich and other military commanders. In March
1938 N. Bukharin, A. Rykov, K. Radek and
other country plunged
into an atmosphere of fear.
Secret department of the NKVD
overtook his victims
even abroad -in 1940
was killed in Mexico
L. Trotsky.

The constitution of "victorious socialism".
Constitution
1936.
The Great Terror was
designed to relieve social tension, you
called eco failures
economic and political decisions of the leadership. Same purpose
conformed to the Constitution adopted on 5 de
December 1936
proclaimed democratic rights and freedoms and
masked the totalitarian regime. The Constitution proclaimed the building of socialism in the USSR and the creation of state and collective-farm-cooperative ownership of the funds
production.

Signs of totalitarianism in the USSR (v.178-180, r.t.6)

10. Proclaimed by the Constitution of 1936
civil rights and freedoms have become
an empty formality.
11. Central planning
economy, the dominance of the state
property.
12. Tightening national policy:
Russification of the peoples of the USSR, reduction
political and economic rights allied and
autonomous republics, the fight against national
traditions, especially Muslim ones.

6.Constitution of "victorious socialism".
Poster
1936.
The political basis of the state was declared Councils, and the state ideology-Marxism-Leninism. The highest body of the state became
Supreme Soviet. The USSR included 11 union republics.
In real life, most of the norms of the Constitution do not
were carried out, and "Stalinist socialism" had
a very distant resemblance to what K.
Marx.

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Presentation slides

slide 1

History of Russia XX century

The political system of the USSR in the 30s.

slide 2

1. Formation of a totalitarian regime. 2. Ideologization public life. 3. Formation of Stalin's personality cult. 4. Massive repressions. 5. Show trials. 6.Constitution of "victorious socialism".

Lesson plan.

slide 3

What features were most characteristic of the political system of the USSR in the 30s?

Lesson assignment.

slide 4

The implementation of grandiose socio-economic plans led to the formation of totalitarianism. Power was concentrated in the hands of the top party leadership. It destroyed democratic freedoms, the opposition, subordinated society to its interests. Not a single law was passed without the approval of the Politburo. It determined the main directions of domestic and foreign policy. Gradually, the party itself also changed - ordinary members were removed from the real solution of issues.

1. Formation of a totalitarian regime.

Politburo. 1936

slide 5

A huge role in the formation of totalitarianism was played by party control over the media. The cessation of contacts with the West made it possible to avoid the influence of other ideological views on the population. attack on creative unions. In 1934, all writers were united in the Union of Soviet Writers, headed by M. Gorky.

2. Ideologization of public life.

Demonstration against the kulaks.

slide 6

Subsequently, similar unions arose among filmmakers, artists, and composers. Those who worked within the framework of the official ideology were supported by material benefits and privileges. The rest of the population also consisted of public organizations-trade unions, Komsomol, Pioneer and October organizations. Athletes, inventors, women, etc. united in various organizations.

Icon confiscation.

Slide 7

A characteristic feature of the political life of this period was the cult of the personality of I. Stalin. On December 21, 1929, on the day of Stalin’s 50th birthday, the country learned that it had a great leader. He was declared “the first student of Lenin “Soon, they began to attribute all the successes of the country to Stalin. He was called “great”, “wise”, “waiting for the world proletariat”, “great strategist of the five-year plan.

3. Formation of Stalin's personality cult.

1932 poster

Slide 8

At the same time, punitive bodies were being formed to persecute dissidents. The last trials of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks took place in the 1930s. The "Shakhty affair" of 1928 led to repressions against bourgeois specialists. This was followed by a campaign against the kulaks. In 1932, the “Law on Three Spikelets” gave rise to the persecution of even the poorest peasantry.

4. Massive repressions.

Prisoners at the construction of the White Sea Canal.

Slide 9

The reason for the deployment of mass repressions was the murder of S. Kirov on 1.12.34, after which it was decided to conduct an investigation into "terrorist cases" in an abbreviated manner, within 10 days, the prosecutor and lawyer at the trial were absent, pardons were prohibited, and death sentences were carried out immediately. In 1935, the law was supplemented, and adolescents from the age of 12 fell under its action. The families of "enemies of the people" began to be treated as criminals.

Funeral of S.M. Kirov

Slide 10

In the mid-1930s, Stalin set about liquidating all the dissatisfied. In 1936, a trial took place in the case of Zinoviev, Kamenev and their supporters, the defendants were accused of the murder of Kirov, the attempt on Stalin and other crimes. you carried the death sentence. Following these, new processes followed.

5. Show trials.

L.B. Kamenev. G.E. Zinoviev.

slide 11

In 1937, the heroes of the civil war - Tukhachevsky, Yakir, Uborevich and other military commanders - were shot in the "case of the marshals". In March 1938, N. Bukharin, A. Rykov, K. Radek and others. The country plunged into an atmosphere of fear. The secret department of the NKVD overtook its victims even abroad - in 1940 L. Trotsky was killed in Mexico.

K. Radek N.I. Bukharin

slide 12

The “Great Terror” was intended to relieve social tension caused by the failures of the economic and political decisions of the leadership. The Constitution adopted on December 5, 1936 corresponded to the same goal. It proclaimed democratic rights and freedoms and masked the totalitarian regime. The constitution proclaimed the building of socialism in the USSR and the creation of state and collective farm cooperative ownership of the means of production.

6.Constitution of "victorious socialism".

Constitution of 1936.

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slide 2

1. Formation of a totalitarian regime. 2. Ideologization of public life. 3. Formation of Stalin's personality cult. 4. Massive repressions. 5. Show trials. 6.Constitution of "victorious socialism". Lesson plan.

slide 3

What features were most characteristic of the political system of the USSR in the 30s? Lesson assignment.

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The Soviets were declared the political basis of the state, and Marxism-Leninism was the state ideology. The Supreme Soviet became the supreme body of the state. The USSR included 11 union republics. In real life, most of the norms of the Constitution were not implemented, and "Stalin's socialism" had a very remote resemblance to what K. Marx wrote about. 6.Constitution of "victorious socialism". Poster from 1936.

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Tasks:

consider the types of political regimes; determine the political regime that existed in the USSR in the 1930s; get acquainted with the political life of the country in the 30s and the personality of Stalin; assess the policy of repression; find out what needs to be done in order to prevent the formation of an anti-democratic regime in Russia; continue the development of speech and logical thinking.

slide 3

Types of political regimes:

Democratic freedom of speech and press; variety of parties; democratic elections; inviolability of the person and private property. Antidemocratic lack of political freedoms; one-party system; the merging of the state and party apparatus; repression against the individual; control over the population.

slide 4

Totalitarianism

(lat. totalis - universal) - a kind of anti-democratic regime, characterized by the general control of the state over the population.

slide 5

The role of the party in the life of the state

members of the CPSU (b) occupied all government posts; The All-Russian Central Executive Committee could not pass a single law without the Politburo; party symbols (red banner and anthem "Internationale") became state; within the party, all questions were decided by the Politburo; the ideology of the party (Marxism-Leninism) became state.

slide 6

The cult of personality - the exaltation of the historical role of one person

general organizer of October; creator of the Red Army; an outstanding commander; leader of the world proletariat; "father of nations"; the great strategist of the five-year plan; "the best friend of Soviet children."

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Repression

On August 7, 1932, the law “On the protection of property state enterprises, collective farms and cooperatives "(" about five spikelets. ") December 1, 1934 in connection with the murder of S.M. Kirov, mass repressions on political matters begin.

Slide 9

repressive apparatus

Slide 10

Show trials:

1936 - the trial of Zinoviev and Kamenev; 1937 - the trial of the highest officers; 1938 - the trial of Rykov and Bukharin.

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Keeping the latent years incandescent, A note flows from the past. A live channel is in front of me ... A. Maltseva

Slide 14

Constitution of 1936 (adopted by the YIII All-Union Congress of Soviets)

VKP(b) - the leading core of society; Marxism-Leninism is the state ideology; completion of the construction of socialism; basic democratic rights and freedoms (conscience, speech, press, equal direct suffrage).

slide 15

The system of state administration according to the Constitution

All-Union Congress of Soviets of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Supreme Soviet Soviet of the Union Council of Nationalities Presidium

slide 16

Stalinist repressions hit the Red Army because:

A) Trotsky's supporters were strong in the army; B) army cadres opposed measures to mechanize the army, relying on the experience of the Civil War; C) it was a real force, representing a potential danger to the Stalinist dictatorship.

Slide 17

The repressions of the 1930s were directed against the “Leninist Guard”, since it:

A) had a negative attitude towards the personality of Stalin and his methods of building socialism; B) realized that the construction of socialism is an impossible dream; C) tried to implement Lenin's advice on the need to move Stalin from the post of general secretary.

Slide 18

What outcome was legally enshrined in the "Stalinist" Constitution of the USSR?

A) Completion of the reconstruction of the national economy. B) Building the foundations of socialism in the USSR. C) Building developed socialism in the USSR.

Slide 19

Thus,

The USSR in the 30s was a totalitarian state with a republican form of government, a powerful repressive apparatus, where there were no democratic rights and freedoms.

Slide 20

“... it is impossible to allow the horrors of the past to be consigned to oblivion. We must always remind ourselves of the past. It was, it turned out to be possible, and this possibility remains. Only knowledge can prevent it. The danger here is in the unwillingness to know, in the desire to forget and in disbelief that this really happened ... ”K. Jaspers“ The Meaning and Purpose of History ”

slide 21

Literature

Danilov A.A. History of Russia, XX-beginning of the XXI century / A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina, M.Yu. Brandt.- M.: Enlightenment, 2005.- 381s. Danilov A.A. Workbook on the history of Russia in the XX - early XXI century. Issue. /A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina.- M.: Enlightenment, 2006. - 112p. Kravchenko A.I. Social science: a textbook for grade 9 / A.I. Kravchenko, E.A. Pevtsova.- M.: Russian word, 2001.- 24s. Materials from the presentation "White Sea-Baltic Canal" by L. Pomortseva, teacher of the Nadvoitsk secondary school of the Republic of Karelia were used

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Presentation prepared

Teacher of History, Social Studies and Foreign Languages, Municipal Educational Institution "Pushninskaya Secondary School" of the Belomorsky District of the Republic of Karelia Klementyev A.V. 2007

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The political system of the USSR in the 30s presentation. What is a totalitarian political regime

Answer the test question

Answer the test question

Answer the test question

Lesson question

What is a totalitarian political regime?

Signs of totalitarianism in the USSR (v.173)

Signs of totalitarianism in the USSR (173-175)

Signs of totalitarianism in the USSR

Signs of totalitarianism in the USSR (v.178-180, r.t.6)

Presentation slides

Tasks:

Types of political regimes:

Totalitarianism

The role of the party in the life of the state

The cult of personality - the exaltation of the historical role of one person

Repression

repressive apparatus

Show trials:

Constitution of 1936 (adopted by the YIII All-Union Congress of Soviets)

The system of state administration according to the Constitution

Stalinist repressions hit the Red Army because:

Thus,

Literature

Presentation prepared

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