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Thank you! You are subscribed to our newsletter! Agriculture of the regions of Russia Agriculture of the regions of Russia. Rating of Russian regions by agricultural production

10 countries that, like all others, started with agriculture, but continue to succeed in it until now

After all, not so long ago it was impossible to imagine that you go to the supermarket and buy yourself a few different items for lunch for cooking unusual dishes. In fact, before the industrial revolution took place in the world, most of the representatives of mankind were employed in agricultural work, since this was the main way of survival. Imagine if you had to go to China to eat Chinese food, since nothing like the ingredients of this cuisine is otherwise available! Agriculture took a huge and difficult path 11 thousand years long in order to isolate and cultivate plants and animals taken from wildlife. Through many generations of artificial selection, the nature of domesticated plants has changed a lot, and only comparing them with wild "ancestors" allows scientists to speculate about the difficulty of the road traveled.

After the advent of cultivation methods such as crop rotation, irrigation and numerous other technologies that keep your salad so fresh and crisp, including natural fertilizers, have emerged and quietly become a natural and autonomous technology of our time. The last century has brought a particularly strong shift in this area, including such important advances as the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, breeding and GMOs. All these high-tech transformations have played a role in turning our world into a much more hospitable place, although, unfortunately, not for everyone yet. Let's take a look at the 10 most developed countries in the field of agriculture:

10. Japan: total agricultural income $51 billion

Our list opens with Japan, a country with large population, which also leads in many other industries. As we all know, Japan is one of the largest seafood producers in the world. The Japanese economy is heavily focused on agriculture, and for good reason.

9. Argentina: $59 billion in total agricultural income

Argentina's main agricultural exports are wheat, soybeans and corn. Despite the fact that the country is in 9th place, the population of the country is gradually moving away from agriculture as such.

8. Türkiye: $62 billion in total agricultural income

The agricultural sector in Turkey is widespread and developed. The country leads in the most diverse products, such as: figs, tobacco, lemon, lentils, pistachios, hazelnuts and much more.

7. Pakistan: total agricultural income $63 billion

Pakistan takes an honorable 7th place, which is not surprising, because almost half of the country's population is employed in agriculture. The agricultural capital of Pakistan, Punjab, is the most important center for growing wheat and cotton.

6. Nigeria: $106 billion in total agricultural income

Nigeria ranked 6th among the most developed countries in agriculture, with its impressive export volumes of fruits, beans and nuts, including natural rubber.

5. Brazil: $110 billion in total agricultural income

Brazil is widely recognized as a leader in the production of products such as sugar cane, coffee, soybeans and chicken. They and other countries South America continue to develop the agricultural sector.

4. Indonesia: $127 billion in total agricultural income

Fourth place goes to Indonesia, where almost half of the population works tirelessly in agriculture. The country which is the largest exporter of natural rubber, coffee, spices, cocoa and many other agricultural products.

3. United States: total agricultural income: $290 billion

The country is ranked 3rd for its impressive record as the world's largest corn producer. The remaining major exports of the country are different kinds meat, milk and other livestock products.

2. India: total agricultural income $4134 billion

Agricultural workers make up half of the country's population, although their number is slowly but surely declining. "Silver Prize" is engaged in exports, mainly to developing countries, but also to some developed ones.

1. China: total agricultural income: $1 trillion $88 billion

China, which leads the top 10 countries with the most developed agriculture, has come close to producing as much agricultural products as the rest of the rankings combined. China is by far the largest exporter of agricultural products in the world.

10 countries that, like all others, started with agriculture, but continue to succeed in it until now

While the most space-developed countries continue to push the boundaries of our existence, giant exporters create the basis for food and strengthen the power of all mankind, our own "fuel" - food. Also known as "mastering nature," agriculture has long been more than just ways to grow animals, plants, and fungi and other useful products. Modern technology has changed the face of agriculture and all related industries, it has moved into a stage of development close to the plot of a sci-fi movie, sometimes quite scary.
After all, not so long ago it was impossible to imagine that you go to the supermarket and buy yourself a few different items for lunch for cooking unusual dishes. In fact, before the industrial revolution took place in the world, most of the representatives of mankind were employed in agricultural work, since this was the main way of survival. Imagine if you had to go to China to eat Chinese food, since nothing like the ingredients of this cuisine is otherwise available! Agriculture has taken a long and difficult journey of 11,000 years to isolate and cultivate plants and animals taken from the wild. Through many generations of artificial selection, the nature of domesticated plants has changed a lot, and only comparing them with wild "ancestors" allows scientists to speculate about the difficulty of the road traveled.
After the advent of cultivation methods such as crop rotation, irrigation and numerous other technologies that keep your salad so fresh and crisp, including natural fertilizers, have emerged and quietly become a natural and autonomous technology of our time. The last century has brought a particularly strong shift in this area, including such important advances as the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, breeding and GMOs. All these high-tech transformations have played a role in turning our world into a much more hospitable place, although, unfortunately, not for everyone yet. Let's take a look at the 10 most developed countries in the field of agriculture:
10.Japan: total income from agriculture $51 billion
Our list starts with Japan, a country with a large population, which also leads in many other industries. As we all know Japan is one of the largest seafood producers in the world. The Japanese economy is heavily focused on agriculture, and for good reason.
9. Argentina: total income from agriculture $59 billion
Argentina's main agricultural exports are wheat, soybeans and corn. Despite the fact that the country is in 9th place, the population of the country is gradually moving away from agriculture as such.
8. Türkiye: total income from agriculture $62 billion
The agricultural sector in Turkey is widespread and developed. The country leads in the most diverse products, such as: figs, tobacco, lemon, lentils, pistachios, hazelnuts and much more.
7. Pakistan: total income from agriculture $63 billion
Pakistan takes an honorable 7th place, which is not surprising, because almost half of the country's population is employed in agriculture. The agricultural capital of Pakistan, Punjab, is the most important center for growing wheat and cotton.
6. Nigeria: total income from agriculture $106 billion
Nigeria ranked 6th among the most developed countries in agriculture, with its impressive export volumes of fruits, beans and nuts, including natural rubber.
5. Brazil: total income from agriculture $110 billion
Brazil is widely recognized as a leader in the production of products such as sugar cane, coffee, soybeans and chicken. They and other countries in South America continue to develop the agricultural sector.
4. Indonesia: total income from agriculture is $127 billion.
Fourth place goes to Indonesia, where almost half of the population works tirelessly in agriculture. The country which is the largest exporter of natural rubber, coffee, spices, cocoa and many other agricultural products.
3. USA: total agricultural income: $290 billion
The country is ranked 3rd for its impressive record as the world's largest corn producer. The remaining major export items of the country are various types of meat, milk and other livestock products.
2. India: total income from agriculture $4134 billion
Agricultural workers make up half of the country's population, although their number is slowly but surely declining. "Silver Prize" is engaged in exports, mainly to developing countries, but also to some developed ones.
1. China: total income from agriculture: 1 trillion. $88 billion
China, which leads the top 10 countries with the most developed agriculture, has come close to producing as much agricultural products as the rest of the rankings combined. China is by far the largest exporter of agricultural products in the world.

The video lesson "Geography of world agriculture: crop production" is dedicated to the second leading branch of material production - agriculture. Particularly detailed in the lesson is considered the first direction of agriculture - crop production. From the lesson, you will learn how commercial agriculture differs from traditional consumer agriculture. Thanks to this lesson, you will understand what the "Green Revolution" is; you will learn the main features of agriculture and the geography of its location.

Topic: Geography of branches of the world economy

Lesson: Geography of World Agriculture: Crop Production

Agriculture - the oldest and second most important (after industry) branch of material production. The industry is one of the most important, it is represented in almost all countries. More than 1 billion economically active people are employed in world agriculture.

The emergence of agriculture is associated with the so-called Neolithic revolution in the means, which began about 12 thousand years ago and led to the emergence of a productive economy and the subsequent development of civilization.

The role of agriculture in the economy of a country or region shows its structure and level of development. As indicators of the role of agriculture, the share of those employed in agriculture among the economically active population is used, as well as specific gravity agriculture in the structure of GDP. These figures are quite high in most developing countries, where more than half of the economically active population is employed in agriculture. Agriculture there follows an extensive path of development, that is, an increase in production is achieved by expanding the area under crops, increasing the number of livestock, and increasing the number of people employed in agriculture. In such countries, whose economies are of the agrarian type, the indicators of mechanization, chemicalization, melioration, etc. are low.

Most high level reached the agriculture of the developed countries of Europe and North America entered the post-industrial stage.

Two groups of agriculture:

1. Commercial agriculture (intensive farming and animal husbandry).

2. Traditional consumer agriculture (plow and hoe farming, pasture, nomadic animal husbandry, gathering, hunting, fishing).

Agriculture is engaged in the production of agricultural products, their storage, processing, marketing, etc. As a result, large agribusiness TNCs are formed: Nestle, Unilever, Kraft Foods, Mars.

Rice. 1. Nestle emblem

In developing countries, subsistence agriculture (focused on feeding oneself) and commercial agriculture (mainly export-oriented) predominate.

The largest exporters of agricultural products in general: USA, France, Canada, Netherlands, Belgium, China, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Australia.

Green revolution- a set of changes in the agriculture of developing countries that took place in the 1940s - 1970s and led to a significant increase in world agricultural production. It included the active breeding of more productive plant varieties, the expansion of irrigation, the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and modern technology.

The three main components of the green revolution are:

1. Breeding of new varieties of agricultural crops.

2. Irrigation (the largest share of irrigated land: Egypt, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan).

3. Industrialization of agriculture (introduction of machinery, equipment, fertilizers).

The Green Revolution allowed not only to feed the growing population of the Earth, but also to improve its quality of life. The number of calories in food consumed per day has increased by 25% in developing countries. In addition, grain yields have increased by 2-3 times, the demand for machinery and equipment has increased. At the same time, due to the widespread use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides, environmental problems arose. The intensification of agriculture has disturbed the water regime of soils, which has caused large-scale salinization and desertification. Copper and sulfur preparations caused soil contamination with heavy metals, etc.

crop production

Production classification of field crops

Cereal crops

- Wheat

Corn

Top 15 corn producers (thousand tons).
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

A country


Brazil

According to statistics from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the leaders in wheat production are the countries of East Asia.

10. Ukraine (24 million tons)

Wheat is grown throughout Ukraine, but the central and southern parts of the country bring the largest income. Sowing is carried out in autumn, and the crop is harvested between July and August. Once called the "breadbasket of Europe", Ukraine predominantly produces hard red winter wheat used in bread baking. The increase in grain production between 2013 and 2014 resulted in its eq in Ukraine growing by 41% in 2014.

9. Australia (25 million tons)

Wheat is one of the most popular crops grown in Australia during the winter. Western Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland are the states that produce the most grain on the continent. Sowing takes place in autumn, and harvesting takes place in spring or winter, depending on weather conditions. Western Australia is the largest grain exporter, especially to Asia and the Middle East.

Sales of wheat grown in this state alone bring in about $2 billion annually. Over the past 30 years, grain production in Western Australia has increased by 1% annually. Wheat for the domestic market is grown on the east coast.

8. Pakistan (26 million tons)

Wheat is the most popular cereal in Pakistan and a staple in the diet of the people. From 2013 to 2014, the area used for wheat planting increased by 4.4%. Wheat is grown in all parts of Pakistan, with the largest crops being harvested in the provinces of Punjab and Sindh.

deposits rocks, carried by the Indus River, make the soil in these regions fertile, which facilitates the cultivation of various crops, including wheat.

7. Germany (28 million tons)

Germany is one of the largest grain producers in the European Union. In 2013, it exported over 9 million tons of grain. In accordance with expert assessments, every year in Germany 7.2 million tons of wheat are ground into flour. In winter, wheat is grown throughout Germany, but most actively in the central part.

Bavaria (19% of total production Germany) and Lower Saxony (17%) bring the largest amount of grain. With the predominance of normal climatic conditions, sowing is carried out in October, and harvesting - in August.

6. Canada (29 million tons)

The wheat crop is the most important for Canada; several types of it are grown here: winter, dark spring and durum wheat. Wheat grains are used for various purposes, such as making flour for bakery products and as feed for livestock.

Saskatchewan has the largest harvest of durum (76%) and dark spring wheat (55%), followed by Alberta (26% of dark spring and 18% of durum wheat of the total production in the country). Meanwhile, Ontario grows 82% of Canada's winter wheat crop.

5. France (39 million tons)

France is the largest producer of grain in Europe, its crops are harvested throughout the state. The center of France leads in the production of wheat (16% of the total crop), followed by Picardy (10%). Winter wheat is the most important grain crop grown in the country, it is sown in autumn and harvested in August.

4. USA (55 million tons)

Wheat is the main cereal plant in the United States and is grown throughout the country. Almost 55 million tons of wheat is produced in the US, which is the fourth largest amount of grain in the world. In recent years, the States have been swapping places in the rankings with Russia, which is now in 3rd place.

According to the classification of the US Department of Agriculture, there are 8 types of wheat that are grown in the country. The most important are durum wheat (used to make pasta), hard red winter wheat, hard red spring wheat, soft white and hard white.

70-80% of the wheat produced in the US belongs to the category of winter wheat (often used in bread baking due to its high gluten content). North Dakota, Kansas, and Montana were the top wheat producers in the country in 2014, according to the United States Department of Agriculture. 50% of the harvest goes to eq, which generates an annual income of $9 million.

3. Russia (60 million tons)

Russia is the third largest producer of wheat in the world. From 2006 to 2011, it was in the top 5 countries that export the largest amount of grain. Winter wheat is the most important variety grown in the country. The crop is mainly grown in the western part of the country near Moscow. Sowing takes place between August and the first week of October, and the crop is harvested between July and August of the following year.

2. India (95 million tons)

Wheat is the second most important cereal crop grown in India after rice. Hundreds of millions of Indians eat it every day. India accounts for about 8.7% of the world's production, and 13% of all Indian cultivated land is used to grow wheat. The Green Revolution in India led to active growth grain production and a doubling of the harvest, which occurred between 1960 and 1970. Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh are the main wheat producing states in the country.

1. China (126 million tons)

As the largest producer of wheat, China plays an important role in the world grain market. About 126 million tons of wheat is produced in the country annually on an area of 24 million hectares, which is equal to the area of Algeria. Wheat is one of the main products for the Chinese population, 40% of the cereals consumed are wheat. It is grown in the Huanghe and Huaihe river valleys along with corn and in the Yangtze River valley along with rice.

World central banks “must continue to support demand and build confidence,” said Kristalina Georgieva, Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Stock market support

The IMF believes that the international community should take additional fiscal stimulus measures and coordinate their efforts to prevent the possibility of long-term damage to the global economy due to the spread of the coronavirus.

Georgiev added that "about 20 countries have expressed interest" in obtaining loans in connection with the situation around the outbreak of coronavirus, in the coming days the organization will consider these issues. The IMF, Georgieva stressed, is “ready to mobilize its $1 trillion in lending capacity to provide assistance” to its 189 member countries.

The US Federal Reserve cut interest rates to almost zero, resumed buying bonds, and used other measures from its anti-crisis arsenal, connecting the world's leading central banks to support the global economy falling under the onslaught of the coronavirus. The Fed will provide $1.5 trillion to the short-term repo market, where banks take short loans secured by Treasuries.

The Fed announced the re-launch of a program of purchases of short-term corporate debt to improve the situation in credit markets that have come under pressure from the coronavirus outbreak, which threatens the US economy with a recession. Under the Commercial Paper Funding Facility (CPFF), first used in 2008, the Fed will buy short-term corporate debt directly from issuing companies. The commercial paper market is one of the key sources of short-term financing for a number of companies.

Actively stimulates the national securities market and the Japanese regulator. On March 16, the Bank of Japan decided to double the buyback of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and real estate investment trusts (J-REITs). In March, the central bank has so far bought back just over 600 billion yen ($5.62 billion) in ETF shares, about 80% of which are tracked by the Topix index. On Monday, Japan's central bank doubled its annual buyback target to 12 trillion yen ($112 billion), also launching a lending program in an attempt to match the level of interest rate cuts the Fed implemented over the weekend.

The Japanese regulator has been buying up shares of domestic companies since 2010 and owned 75% of the country's exchange-traded funds three years ago. Today, the Bank of Japan is among the ten largest shareholders of half of all Japanese companies. The uniqueness of the Central Bank of Japan is that it is a pioneer in the implementation of ultra-loose monetary policy (SMP), when the amount of money created by the Central Bank grows rapidly, while money becomes cheap, sometimes free.

Unconventional monetary policy measures are not limited to these examples. Experts talk about additional measures to provide domestic liquidity. These are direct money market instruments in the form of reserve requirements and liquidity ratios; systemic agreements for the allocation of liquidity - unlimited provision of national money, expansion of the list of counterparties, mitigation of collateral requirements; provision of liquidity by securities such as the exchange of illiquid securities for liquid ones. Non-traditional monetary policy measures include both credit easing through the purchase of certain private securities or direct loans to investors in certain securities, and quantitative easing through outright purchases of unsterilized government securities and foreign exchange.

Kazakh support measures

“The increase in the base rate to 12% on March 10, 2020 had a preventive effect on the spread of panic in the markets and made timely adjustments to the strategies of market agents, which made it possible to limit emerging inflationary risks and protect the value of tenge assets,” the press release of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan says. – At the same time, the expansion of the interest rate corridor to 1.5 percentage points is intended to limit the possibility of speculative pressure on the exchange rate by market participants, increasing the cost of tenge borrowing for banks in the National Bank to 13.5%. Money market rates approached the upper limit of the updated corridor interest rates and reached 13.48%.

The regulator said that on a daily basis it conducts operations to provide liquidity to banks without restrictions in volumes. At the same time, the National Bank has necessary tools to further stabilize the situation in the domestic financial market. In the event of a deterioration in the situation in the global economy, it is possible to take additional measures to maintain price stability, the situation on foreign exchange market and financial market of the country.

Meanwhile, the situation in the money market of Kazakhstan since the beginning of 2020 remains difficult. Overnight REPO rates (one-day transactions) on government securities (GS) on the Kazakhstan stock exchange(KASE) keep at the level of 13.5% per annum. Market participants believe that in a situation of imbalance, the regulator could provide additional liquidity to stabilize the situation. In a conversation with Kursiv, several market players agreed that "the system is not balanced, and second-tier banks cannot ensure the normal functioning of the repo market, so again the intervention of the regulator is required."

When asked by Kursiv what non-traditional monetary policy measures would help the Kazakh stock market, market players offered several options for broader incentives for the Kazakh regulator. For example, according to experts, REPO transactions for shares of national companies or the redemption of bonds of national companies could become incentives. This "won't drive inflation and has the logic of a buyout." Stock market participants believe that such measures "will not allow a repeat of the tenge famine of 2014-2016, will not allow the domestic capital market to close and will free up liquidity and squeeze money into the corporate sector."