Introduction.

Batik is the art of hand-painting textiles. Now, as well as during the prosperity of Indonesia, batik does not lose its relevance. Batik is widely used in interior design. With the help of batik, you can place accents in the right places, give exclusivity to various interior details: curtains, screens, lampshades, ottomans, pillows, in other words, create the mood of the whole room. And interesting techniques and features of the batik technique allow you to achieve unusual results. Artistic painting on fabric brings sincerity, lightness, comfort, elegance, sensuality.

Batik often used as an independent work of art. It is also in demand by fashion designers and is used for tailoring.

Creativity BATIK gives:

a) Creativity is defined as a human activity that creates new material and spiritual values ​​that are new and public importance, that is, as a result of creativity, something new is created, which did not exist before. The concept of "creativity" can also be given a broader definition. 1 Creativity is the process of creating a subjectively new, based on the ability to generate original ideas and use non-standard methods of activity. In essence, creativity is "the ability to create any fundamentally new opportunity" (G.S. Batishchev). Creativity is not a continuous and continuous movement. It alternates between ups, downs and downs. The highest point of creativity, its culmination is inspiration, which is characterized by a special emotional upsurge, clarity and distinctness of thought, the absence of subjective experience, tension. P.I. Tchaikovsky wrote about his creative state: “... at another time, a completely new independent musical thought appears. Where it comes from is an impenetrable mystery. Today, for example, in the morning I was seized by that incomprehensible and out of nowhere fire of inspiration, thanks to which I know in advance that everything I wrote today will tend to sink into the heart and leave an impression on it.

* Familiarization with the technique of batik.

*Study of batik technique and artistic solution.

*Deepen knowledge about arts and crafts, systematize knowledge about art.

* Master the basic techniques of painting fabric.

Batik. Features of technology and artistic solution.

What is batik

Most people use the word "batik" to mean hand-painted fabric. In a more professional narrow sense batik- this is a specific technology for dyeing fabric or a generalized name for a variety of methods for hand-painting fabric. All these techniques are based on the principle of redundancy, that is, the application of a composition that does not allow paint to pass through to those places of the fabric that should remain unpainted and form a pattern.

In big Soviet Encyclopedia it is said that "batik is based on a combination of a pattern applied to a fabric with a composition impervious to paint (with hot batik - heated wax, with cold batik - rubber glue), followed by dyeing in a tank or with tampons ...".

Batik This is a generalized name for a variety of ways to hand-paint fabric. In this publication, everyone who wants to learn this art or improve their skills will find simple and clear instructions for creating works on fabric, information about materials and basic types of techniques, tips for creating their own work, as well as a large number of photographs that show step by step the process of working on a product from from the very beginning to the end. It also offers a lot of templates that you can use and create works no worse than those presented here.

So the most typical feature of batik- this is a reservation, i.e. applying a certain composition to a fabric in order to preserve and highlight the colors of a pattern or background. But now this term means not only the wax technology of multi-stage dyeing of fabric, but also knot technology, and rope, and Japanese multi-color highly artistic silk painting, and Chinese blue-white silk dyeing. Moreover, in the modern artistic environment, it is the latest technology that is the most popular. And all this is batik- an ancient, surprisingly diverse art, which now occupies a worthy place among other types decorative arts.

Batik combines the features and artistic techniques of many fine arts, such as graphics, watercolor, stained glass, pastels, mosaics and others. It is also interesting that a significant simplification of painting techniques compared to traditional techniques and a variety of special tools make it possible to paint various details of clothing, interior items, paintings on silk, even for those who have never worked on fabric design before.

The history of the development of batik

The birthplace of batik, the art of painting fabrics, is considered to be Southeast Asia. Batik came to us from Indonesia, even the name of this decorative art comes from the local word "anbatik" - to draw, write. In the manufacture of batik, in addition to dyes, special compositions were used - reserves that make it possible to preserve the color of one or another piece of fabric during further dyeing. Hand-woven cotton fabrics served as the basis for painting. Special attention was paid to the preparation of the fabric: it was soaked, thoroughly bleached, boiled to give uniformity and the necessary density. After that, a multi-day process of painting began: applying hot wax, dyeing, drying. These actions were repeated as many times as there were different colors in the created drawing. As a rule, there were no more than ten such cycles. This is due to the rather limited amount of natural dyes that were used in traditional Indonesian batik. The warm brown range, from ivory to dark brown, was emphasized by rich tones of indigo, the brightest dye. The recipe for making paints, as well as the patterns of painting, belonged to each family and were carefully guarded. According to the pattern on the clothes, it was possible to determine a person's belonging to a caste, his social status and family ties. Plots for painting were used very different: from abstract drawings to the most complex ornaments - to decorate clothes: multi-figured genre or religious compositions - for dwellings and temples. In ancient times, batik was widespread not only in Indonesia, but also in India, where this method of dyeing fabric was called “bandhana” and “lacheria”. The Chinese gave the world silk and, as a result, the way it was dyed. The technique of "laze" - translated as "patterns with wax" - is very similar to batik. A pattern was applied to the silk with melted wax, after which the fabric was dyed. When the wax was removed, patches of unpainted fabric remained in its place. There was another method, in which the fabric was first completely dyed, and after applying the wax pattern, it was dipped into an alkaline solution, which returned the background of the painting to its original color. Such a painting could be multi-colored. In Japan, where batik, according to scientists, came from India or China, it was called "rokati". The Japanese, combining the acquired knowledge with their own cultural heritage, created amazingly beautiful works with traditional national plot patterns. Such fabrics were used to make kimonos. When in early XVII century, the Dutch penetrated Indonesia, they drew attention to the striking similarity of the temple batik panels of this country with the frescoes of Christian churches. Thanks to the enterprising Dutch, batik came to Europe, the Europeans modernized this art, turning it into a semi-industrial way of dyeing fabrics. In the middle of the 19th century, the dyeing of fabrics using the batik technique was supplanted by the English chintz heel, and batik became the lot of handicraftsmen for almost half a century. This happened thanks to the enthusiasm of a small number of artists who, fascinated by batik, went to distant lands and studied the unique batik technique from Indian and Indonesian masters, devoting many years of their lives to this. Then, returning to their homeland, they shared their knowledge. Thus, by the middle of the last century, the batik technique had a large army of its admirers and followers around the world. In the second half of the last century, a huge number of artists and amateurs from all over the world went to study the technique in the homeland of batik. Painting batik is becoming not only fashionable, but also prestigious. At the same time, technology does not actually change, but is mechanically transferred to other countries and cultures. Batik is mostly utilitarian in nature.

Batik techniques- one of the main questions for those who once saw a hand-painted scarf or a picture in the "batik" style.

There are several techniques of batik, each differing in the degree of complexity, the effect of the resulting image and the materials and techniques that are used to paint the fabric. The oldest batik technique

hot batik

I’ll mention right away that hot batik, among other things, is also one of the most difficult types of fabric painting. But on the other hand, the effect that will come out of you will be extraordinary, memorable, very interesting. That is why, probably, they say that once you like hot batik, it is difficult to refuse it later.

I myself have not yet decided for myself whether I like working with hot wax and everything else. To be honest, I haven't tried much yet. But what masters of hot batik do is yes. Really like. So,

The essence of hot batik

So they called him for a reason. The fact is that the work here is carried out with wax melted on fire (and therefore hot in temperature) (most often), paraffin, stearin, or a mixture of them. They are quickly (so that they do not have time to freeze during the “path” are applied to the fabric with a special bristle brush. Ordinary ones are not suitable here.

There is such a special device for applying a contour of molten wax, it is called. Looks like that:

Places that are covered with wax, the paint does not affect. It is possible to achieve magnificent effects of "sculpting flowers" by combining dyed and unpainted areas of the canvas. In addition, some effects are beautifully created, for example, the “crackle” or “craquelure” effect.

After the work is ready, the wax is removed from the fabric with a hot iron and a pile of old newspapers. Much more simple

Cold batik

It was invented much later, with the development chemical industry, simplifying the work of those who love batik, but who think it is extremely challenging job with wax, etching it from the finished product and other wisdom.

T-shirts, dresses, tablecloths, napkins look especially beautiful in the technique of nodular batik.

free painting

This technique of batik especially shows the talent of the artist; here you cannot create a drawing according to ready template. An individual uniqueness of the work is created.

Despite all these batik techniques, there are many additional effects that can be used to add expressiveness and originality to the work, for example, “craquelure”, the use of urea, or the unusual effect of alcohol.

(batik) is an Indonesian word (tik means "dot" or "drop" in Indonesian, and ba means cotton fabric). Batik is a common name for a variety of ways and techniques of artistic painting on fabric. The art of batik manufacturing is based on the principle of reservation, that is, applying a certain composition to the fabric in order to preserve and highlight the colors of the pattern or background. Traditionally, Indonesia is called the birthplace of batik, although fabric painting has been used in Peru, Japan, Sri Lanka, Central Asia, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, Africa and Indochina since ancient times. Then batik was not just a beautiful pattern on fabric, it was considered sacred and its patterns were used as a talisman. In Europe, batik gained popularity at the beginning of the 20th century. Nowadays, batik is used in painting clothes, tablecloths, napkins, decorative pillows, sofa upholstery, bedspreads, curtains, screens, lampshades, wall panels, etc.

hot batik

There are four types of cold batik:

• Classical- the drawing is created using a closed cold reserve and signed in one layer.
• multilayer- the drawing is created using a closed cold reserve and signed in several layers.
• Open graphics- signed by the method of breaking the reserve line and mixing the color of adjacent planes.
• Free painting fabric- the drawing is created without the use of reserve mixtures. Drawing on the fabric with this method is applied with free strokes, and only the final processing can sometimes be performed with the help of a reserve. There are several ways to freely paint fabrics: paints using a saline solution, paints with thickening from the reserve, printing inks on fabrics, oil paints. All of the above methods of free painting require a park, except for painting with oil paints. However, this type of batik may not be steamed, but in the future it cannot be washed and it is necessary to protect the surface from falling water drops on it.
  Free painting - performed in three techniques:

1. watercolor technique- batik is drawn in a wet way with drying in the right places, or in a dry way with special brushes;
2. stencil technique- batik is created using stencils and aerosol dye;
3. free painting- the fabric is impregnated with an aqueous solution table salt or watercolor primer, and after drying, paint with paints.

Experimental batik

Experimental batik comes in five types:

• Painting with rollers melted wax.
• Stamp melted wax.
• Watering melted wax.
• Shibori, plangi, bandana or knot technique for painting fabrics.
  It originated and became widespread in. This is the most ancient and simple way of dyeing fabric, available to everyone. The fabric is tied with a rope and tightly wrapped around the places where the stripes should be, and then dipped in paint. You can also use clothespins and clips, or tie the fabric in knots. Small objects can be placed inside the knots - buttons or pebbles to get a new, interesting pattern. After painting, these places remain unpainted. Depending on the method of tying, you can get a pattern of circles, circles, vertical or horizontal stripes and their combinations. In a word, it is a method of mechanical tissue reservation.
• Aerography- is a kind of intermediate link between manual and machine painting. Paints are sprayed onto the fabric using an airbrush. Thanks to the spray technique, images are created with a soft, as if melting, indistinct contour. In airbrushing, it is possible to achieve an almost infinite variety of colors and shades. The composition can be decorated using various stencil patterns, as well as improvised material: plants, lace, buttons, beads, etc.

Batik in Russia

Batik appeared in Russia in the 1920s. In the second half - the end of the 20th century, batik received rapid development, new directions appeared.
The founders of the new directions of batik were:

• picturesque batik- Victor Pariysky;
• monumental batik- Irina Trofimova;
• reverse batik- Yuri Yarin and Evgeny Arkhireev;
• etching batik- Victoria Kravchenko;
• narrative batik- Tatyana Shikhireva;
• traditional batik- Yuri Balychev;
• philosophical batik or Davydov's technique- Sergey Davydov;
• experimental batik- Alexander Talaev.

Learn how to hot-cold-knot batik to make a beautiful scarf or turn an old t-shirt into a designer piece.

Types of batik

Batik is a hand-painted fabric (on synthetics, silk, wool, cotton) for which reserve compositions are used.

Briefly about the technology of this needlework: paints are applied to the canvas in order to get clear boundaries at the junction of shades, a fixer called a reserve is used. It is made on a water basis or using gasoline, paraffin, its composition depends on the chosen fabric, technique, paints.

The word "batik" is translated from Indonesian as "a drop of wax". There are several ways to get a pattern on fabric using this technology:

• cold;
• hot;
• dyeing twisted and bound fabric;
• free painting.

Let's take a closer look at their differences:

1. IN hot batik wax is used as a reserve. It is applied with a special tool called chanting. Wax limits the spread of paint, as it does not absorb it. It is melted down, so this species called hot batik. The paint is applied in several layers. At the end of the work, the wax is removed. In this way, cotton fabric is most often painted.
2. Cold batik perfect for decorating silk, artificial fabrics. This technology uses aniline-based paints. The reserve can be liquid when it is based on gasoline and thick if it has a rubber component. There are colorless and colored reserves. Rubber is applied from tubes, and gasoline is applied through glass tubes with reservoirs. In cold batik, a single layer of paint is applied, so the work requires more accuracy compared to the hot method.
3. free painting used on fabrics made of synthetic fibers and natural silk. For it, aniline dyes and oil paints are most often used.
4. At nodular batik on the surface to be painted, many small knots are first tied, tying them with a thread. After staining, they are removed.
5. folding batik or "shibori" is the binding of fabric in a certain way, followed by dyeing.

How to decorate a scarf with your own hands?

Let's move from theory to practice. Try to make such an adorable scarf by cold-casting batik fabric. To do this, take:

• a rectangle of white silk measuring 0.5x1 m;
• buttons;
• frame for fabric tension;
• a transparent reserve and a tube for it;
• special paints for batik blue and blue;
• gasoline, which is used for lighters;
• containers for diluting paints;
• 2 brushes;
• coarse salt.

Moisten the cloth with water using a brush. Pull the canvas over the frame, attach to it with buttons. To make batik fabric, paint blue paint onto the canvas with a brush.

If you have a frame smaller than the canvas, paint it in sectors. To do this, pin one part, decorate it, then the second and subsequent ones.

In this case, painting on fabric started from the middle sector. Here, according to the plan, there should be clouds. Dilute the paint with a little water, apply to the canvas, and sprinkle coarse salt on top. Such a manipulation is necessary so that the salt absorbs water, while spectacular stains remain on the fabric.

Dry this area with a stream of warm air, holding the hair dryer not close to the canvas, then shake off the salt. After decorating the middle, go to the edge, on which we will depict the sea.

Also wet this area of ​​fabric with water, pull it over the frame. Carefully, so as not to swallow the reserve, pull it into the tube. Blowing onto the canvas, depict the waves or other pattern of the sea. You may get algae or scales of outlandish fish.

Dry the reserve, moisten the fabric again with water, paint this area with blue and blue paint.

Pull on the other end of the scarf, which will show the earth and the plants on it. Draw flowers in reserve, for example, daisies, grass, dry. Moisten the fabric, paint these flowers.

Dry the scarf with a hair dryer, remove from the frame. To fix the paint, iron the decorated canvas several times from the front and back sides with an iron. After that, you need to rinse the product in cold water to remove the salt. In conclusion - iron again several times. Everything, you can beautifully tie a scarf around your neck and admire how wonderful it turned out.

Painting on fabric: cold way

See what other amazing canvases are obtained thanks to this technology.

This can be enclosed in a beautiful frame and hung on the wall. Used for work:

• natural silk - crepe de chine;
• black reserve, glass tube for him;
• buttons;
• stretcher;
• aniline paints;
• simple pencil;
• kalanok brushes.

Let's start by choosing a sketch. Flowers look very impressive. The end of the article shows you how to draw some of them that you can include in your composition.

When drawing elements on the canvas, draw them so that each has a closed path. Apply the reserve to the contours without delay, but also slowly so that it has time to go inside the fabric, but does not leave blots.

1. Wash the fabric, stretch it well on the stretcher, securing it with buttons.
2. Fill a glass tube with a reserve, apply this composition to the contours of the elements of the picture.
3. To have more shades, dilute the same paint with different amounts of water. To do this, it is convenient to use disposable cups or jars of yogurt.
4. First, paint the flowers - from light to dark, then the background.
5. Sprinkle the canvas with salt, let it dry, then shake off the salt.
6. When the batik fabric is dry, remove it from the stretcher. After a day, boil for 3 hours, wash in soapy warm water. Rinse by adding a little vinegar to the water.
7. Gently wring out, iron the fabric damp.

Batik technique - hot way

This is suitable for those who do not want to painstakingly paint over each fragment of the canvas, showing perseverance. Even if you don’t try too hard, you will still get exclusive suits, skirts, scarves made using the batik technique, if you then sew these products from the resulting fabric. Let's get acquainted with this method of decorating fabric closer.

Traditionally, craftswomen first apply any of these substances in molten form to the canvas:

• paraffin;
• wax;
• stearin;
• or a mixture of these substances.

To apply the solution to the fabric, a special tool is used - chanting, it is a watering can with a thin tip.

Now brushes are widely used, with the help of which point drops, strokes are applied to the fabric. After that, the top is covered with paint.

Then you can again apply wax and other paint to certain areas. If you want patterns to be organized, you can dip stamps into melted wax and apply it in this way.

You can use 2-3 tones or more - 4-5, then you get a canvas of this type.

When the paint dries, you need to get rid of the wax. To do this, put a newspaper on the canvas, iron it. It will absorb the melted paraffin. Then put another one, iron it. Use other newspapers if there is wax residue.

Check out the master class, which tells how impressive clothes made according to the batik principle will look. In this case, you will decorate the shawl.

For work you will need:

• natural fabric (silk, cotton, wool);
• cardboard stencil;
• paints for painting on fabric;
• glass of water;
• brushes;
• wax;
• cellophane, newspapers;
• latex gloves;

When working, wear clothes that you don’t mind ruining, as the fabric paint does not wash off. It is better to wear a waterproof apron that will protect things.

1. Cover the work surface with newspapers, cellophane, so that it does not get dirty.
2. Dilute yellow paint in water in a container. Drop the fabric here.
3. When it is colored, wring it out with gloved hands, dry it with a hair dryer to dry faster.
4. Place the stencil on the canvas. It can be not only autumn leaves, but also butterflies, flowers, hearts, etc.
5. Place the pieces of wax in a small saucepan or ladle, melt in a water bath. You can use candles.
6. Attach the stencil to the selected area on the fabric, apply melted wax here with a brush.
7. If you want, shake off the wax from the brush so that beautiful drops and streaks appear on the handkerchief. To do this, you can rub them with a brush.
8. Add a little green to the aqueous solution of yellow paint, cover the fabric with this light green paint.
9. Blot the drops of paint from the leaves with a sponge (they will not turn light green, as they are covered with wax). Dry the fabric with a hair dryer.
10. Iron the fabric through a cloth. To make the scarf softer, rinse it in water to which you add conditioner.
11. It remains to dry the stole and you can try on a new thing, admiring how batik paints and your diligence helped create a designer item.

T-shirt coloring page

Batik technique will also help us to create it. You can draw flowers, animals, using a cold, hot method, or make an abstract drawing like this.

It will help to make the nodular method. For it you will need:

• paint for batik;
• white threads;
• technical bowl;
• water;
• brush;
• cotton or silk fabric.

Tie knots like this:

The step-by-step master class shows how to proceed.

Using this technique, you can make patterns not only on T-shirts, but also color leggings.

Look at several ways to fold the fabric to make batik fabric.

The first figure shows that you first need to flash with a basting, then tighten this thread and wind it into place. In the second picture there are already 3 basting seams - two of them are made on the right, and the third on the left. It remains to tighten the thread, wind it, and you can dye the fabric to make batik.

To fold the canvas, as fig. 3, you will need:

• textile;
• wooden board;
• a thread;
• scissors.

First, the fabric is folded "accordion". Now you need to attach a plank to the front side, tie it in two places with threads. The fabric in fig. 4 is also first folded "accordion". Then it needs to be rewound with a thread and give the workpiece the shape of a Christmas tree, also with the help of threads. In this way, you can make a children's batik, decorating a T-shirt for a child.

The next sample is obtained by folding the fabric several times and tying it with a rope crosswise.

How to draw flowers?

You can use the following ideas when you create children's or adult clothes using the batik technique, a canvas for decorating a room. Flower arrangements look great on such things.

1. To draw a violet, first draw a circle, slightly extended to the left and right edges.
2. In its center, mark the core, from which a small oval comes up, which will later be a pedicel. Don't forget to draw the stem.
3. Here's how to draw the flowers next. We depict 3 symmetrical petals, and behind the top two - one more.
4. Draw 2 toothed leaves on one stem.
5. Erase the oval. This is how you can color batik fabric by drawing violets on it.

If you want a whole bouquet to show off on the canvas, the following master class will help you.

1. Draw 3 ovals of different sizes. In the center of each, depict the wavy core of the flower, and at the bottom - the stem.
2. Now you need to draw a flower around each core, and a bud at the top right.
3. Draw the stems more voluminous. Draw leaves for each, draw them around the flowers as well.
4. Erase the guide circles.

You need to immediately draw a bouquet of flowers on the canvas, without auxiliary lines, so it’s better to practice this on paper first, and then you can create a children’s batik or an adult one on fabric.

And here is how to draw roses.

First, draw a few circles on paper, then convert each one into a multi-layered blossoming bud. Step-by-step photos will help with this. Having practiced on paper, you will draw a reserve of roses on the fabric from the first time and create a colorful canvas using the batik technique.

Compiled from various sources.

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History of batik

Batik depicting Indian women

Batik - batik is an Indonesian word. Translated from Indonesian, the word "ba" means cotton fabric, and "-tik" means "dot" or "drop". Ambatik- draw, cover with drops, hatch. The batik technique is based on the fact that paraffin, rubber glue, as well as some other resins and varnishes, when applied to the fabric, do not allow paint to pass through - or, as the artists say, "reserve" certain sections of the fabric from coloring.

The birthplace of batik, the art of painting fabrics, is considered to be Southeast Asia. Batik came to us from Indonesia, even the name of this decorative art comes from the local word "anbatik" - to draw, write. In the manufacture of batik, in addition to dyes, special compositions were used - reserves, which make it possible to preserve the color of one or another piece of fabric during further dyeing. Hand-woven cotton fabrics served as the basis for painting. Special attention was paid to the preparation of the fabric: it was soaked, thoroughly bleached, boiled to give uniformity and the necessary density. After that, a many-day process of painting began: applying hot wax, dyeing, drying. These actions were repeated as many times as there were different colors in the created drawing. As a rule, there were no more than ten such cycles. This is due to the rather limited amount of natural dyes that were used in traditional Indonesian batik. Warm brown colors, from ivory to dark brown, were emphasized by rich tones of indigo, the brightest dye. The recipe for making paints, as well as the patterns of painting, belonged to each family and were carefully guarded. According to the pattern on the clothes, it was possible to determine a person's belonging to a caste, his social status and family ties. Plots for painting were used in a variety of ways: from abstract drawings to the most complex ornaments - to decorate clothes: multi-figured genre or religious compositions - for dwellings and temples.

Batik in ancient times was widespread not only in Indonesia, but also in India, where this method of dyeing fabric was called “bandhana” and “lacheria”.

Techniques and techniques in batik

hot batik

Wax is used as a reserve in hot batik. Wax is applied using a special tool called chanting. Waxed areas do not absorb paint and also limit its spread. Hot batik is called hot because the wax is used in a "hot" molten state. This method is mainly used for dyeing cotton fabric. Upon completion of work, wax is removed from the surface of the fabric. The effect of painting is achieved through the layer-by-layer application of paint.

Cold batik

Cold batik is mostly used for dyeing silk, although other fabrics can also be used. In this case, the role of the reserve is performed by a special material. It can be prepared at home, but there are also ready-made reserves. It is a thick mass of rubber origin. There are both colored and colorless reserves. A cold reserve is applied either with special tools - glass tubes with a reservoir, or reserves are used in tubes that are equipped with an elongated spout.

Silk painting is one of the most demanded and spectacular techniques in decorative art. Painting on silk differs from traditional batik - creating colorful compositions on fabric using various techniques: the method of applying dye, and other materials are used instead of wax: reserve, saline. This direction is characterized by techniques that allow you to create various effects. Painting on silk includes two types: the so-called cold batik and free painting.

a) cold batik technique

For "cold" batik(Gutt's technique) is characterized by laconicism, elegant clarity of the contours of the picture; watercolor techniques are easily applied - fills (both monochromatic and multicolor), tone extensions; glazing techniques. Various salt effects are used to create the texture; and the different types of salt used in different types fabrics give unimaginable variations of patterns, presenting surprises to the artist - sometimes pleasant, sometimes not so much. Each time, like a stalker, you move through a familiar space, encountering something new, unknown. And sometimes you don’t know 100% how your “journey” to the land of Batik will end. Also dyes "with character". In an undeveloped form (unfixed), they have a very restrained appearance - a grayish-boring scale. But after fixing in the autoclave, they become several times richer, juicier, they begin to sound, play with all the colors of the rainbow. With inept handling (because it is not clear what exactly the tone and color will be), you can accidentally fall into "darkness" or frankly noisy tones. It requires attentiveness, flair and a clear knowledge of the laws of color combinations and their mixing, because. some shades can only be guessed, mixed almost blindly, because in the undeveloped form of paint, paints "do not look like themselves." Experience and intuition help to achieve the desired result. And these paints are good because after fixing them on the fabric (necessarily with steam, under pressure, and not with an iron!) You can do anything with this batik - wash it with any detergent(if you wish, you can even test with chlorine bleach!), you can iron, wash in washing machine 60 -40 degrees, wear the product under the scorching sun, etc. - you are guaranteed quality for several years. The history of some shirts, dresses and scarves is equal to 6-7 years of constant use without changing the quality of the paint layer.

Working in the cold bati technique makes it possible to paint not the whole thing, but one small fragment. Such a fragmentary painting can not only decorate the product, but also hide a fabric defect or stain without the help of an appliqué.

The obligatory presence of a contour gives the works made in this technique an additional decorative effect and graphic quality. Contour lines limit part of the picture, closing it. Closure of the contour is a prerequisite. It is in the technique of cold batik that scarves are painted at textile factories. The drawing is printed with a reserve composition on the machine, and painted by hand according to the model, using not brushes, but glass tubes for the reserve. This work requires some experience, as the dye flows out faster than the reserve, although the reservoir of the straw creates a small reserve of it.

Step by step example of how to do the job.

As a material for work, it is better to take scraps of cotton or silk that are suitable in size.

When determining the size of the contour, it should be remembered that on each side it is necessary to make a fabric allowance of about 1 cm. Subsequently, this allowance will be closed to the passport. For example, if the panel in ready-made has a size of 11 x 8 cm, the grid cell should be 13 x 10 cm. Pull the fabric over the frame. Transfer the drawing to the fabric. Let's make the "Butterfly" panel in three color solutions, which we will conditionally call "morning, noon, evening".

Dilute the dyes to the desired color saturation. The reserve that you will use must be tested on non-working fields of fabric. Draw several lines at different speeds, lightly touching the surface of the fabric with the working end of the tube. You need to start the line on a sheet of paper or on an oilcloth and then smoothly move to the fabric. Then the beginning of the line will be clear and accurate. Finish the line by simply turning the tube with the working end up.

Determine at what speed of hand movement the reserve optimally lies on the fabric: it penetrates through and does not spread. Then proceed to tracing the marking lines of the postcards. Remember, the lines must be drawn evenly and firmly.

Draw lines parallel and perpendicular to them, being careful not to smear the already superimposed reserve.

To check the closedness of the contour, illuminate the fabric from below with a lamp: the still wet reserve will be highlighted with light stripes. Turn the frame over and check if the reserve has soaked through the fabric. If not, circle the lines again, this time from the back.

In the same way, circle the drawing of all the works. In this case, the hand must be kept on weight and only when drawing long straight lines, rely on the little finger. Having finished tracing the pattern and checking the closedness of the lines, leave the fabric to dry completely. Tightly close the jar with the reserve, after blowing the remaining reserve into it from the tube. Rinse the tube with benzine or white spirit using a rubber pear planted on the upper end. While the reserve dries, ventilate the room.

The color of the work "morning" is light, in a cold range, silvery, reminiscent of a dew-covered meadow. For paint, it is better to take bright ones, like a sunlit meadow. Try to endure twilight in the lilac range of a summer evening.

Keep in mind that after drying, the dyes will become lighter. To anticipate the final result, drip paint of each color onto the margins of the fabric. Start painting with light areas. In case of failure, fill this area with dye again, making it a little darker. If you start painting from a dark color, it may turn out that as you paint over the remaining areas of the painting, this color will no longer be perceived as the darkest and the intended contrast will not work. At the beginning of work, light paint may accidentally bleed beyond the reserve line. The defect is easily eliminated in the process of further work.

Carefully paint one piece after another. Make sure that the dye does not go beyond the contour. If this happens, try to fix the defect. After washing, it is better to continue painting other areas, since a fabric heavily saturated with moisture absorbs the dye worse and the color will be lighter. Use a hair dryer for faster drying.

If you paint several identical products at the same time, cover the desired areas of painting on all products at once with one dye.

To make the work more picturesque, do not fill the fragment with one color. The colors are beautiful - but they blend on the fabric, flowing one into the other. Therefore, paint one side of the leaf or petal, then the other with a similar color, but a different shade. A drop of alcohol applied to the dye will first push it back, as it is absorbed into the fabric faster. But as soon as the alcohol dries, the dye will slowly begin to recover, creating a smooth color transition from dark to light. You can put one dye on top of another.

Leave the finished painting to dry on the frame. Look, maybe there is a need to emphasize some areas with a darker color. Painting for panels does not need steaming. Iron it. Now it remains to arrange them. The technique of cold batik includes 3 main methods:

"Classic" - is created by the method of directing reserving lines that limit closed planes, as a result of which a pattern resembling a stained-glass window is obtained, and is painted in one layer;

"Multilayered" - is also created according to the stained-glass principle, but at the same time several overlays of color tones are used on each other;

"Open graphics" is painted without the use of closed planes, in this technique the reserve line is broken, which allows the color of one plane to enter the color of another.

b) free painting

Free painting includes three techniques:

"Watercolor technique" - the fabric is painted in "raw" with drying in certain places and the use of an alcohol effect, as well as painting with special foam-rubber brushes in "dry";

"Stencil technique" - the pattern is created using stencils and special cans for spraying the dye.

"Graphics by free painting" - is created using salt technique and guiding graphics with a reserve.

c) nodular technique The nodular technique is very diverse. With different folding of the fabric and processing with paint, peculiar interesting patterns are obtained. In the nodular technique, the insertion of small objects is also used: buttons, pebbles, beads, etc. d) techniques Stretching one color allows you to perform a smooth transition of different tonality of the same color (for example, three tones of blue dye).

Painting on the "raw" - technique that allows you to create different patterns. Salt technique - a technique in which salt or urea is applied to a dyed raw cloth. When dry, the effect of drops appears. Often used in nautical themes.

In free painting, various thickeners are used, which either cover the fabric (primer), or thicken the dyes themselves.
It is possible to perform free painting on a primed fabric (almost any), using the effects of wicking, washes, strokes, etc. as an advantage. Different fabric textures, brushes and dyes give an absolutely unimaginable number of options for color combinations, invented nuances, and stylistic delights to a practically tuned mind.
A gourmet find is the "dry brush" technique applied with different brushes on different fabrics. It requires the ability to be fluent in pencil techniques, know the laws of drawing and masterfully use a brush (including the brush of one's own hand). those. that it is precisely in free painting that skill is required, a rich practice of drawing and painting, fluency in material, tools and techniques

Equipment, materials

The successful work of children largely depends on the careful organization of working conditions. The room in which children are engaged should be dry, well heated, and adequately lit. The office should provide a full range of visual and methodological support for the art class. Art brushes, screen-sound and plaster aids will allow you to create in school office from a truly creative environment. All provided equipment for the iso class must comply with regulatory documents.

To practice batik, you need a bright, well-ventilated room. Each workplace would be nice to have a table-bedside table where the fabric and the necessary accessories for painting would be stored.

The leader always has questions about the material and tools with which the children work.

Let's move on to these issues.

The first, trial work on painting on fabric is best done on inexpensive cotton fabrics. All cotton fabrics perfectly absorb dye, but the thicker the fabric or the less often the weave of the threads, the easier it is for the reserve composition to enter into it.

On silk, the colors look more saturated than on cotton and spread faster. The artificial silk on the stretcher hardly stretches, and the paint spreads well, especially on wet fabrics.

Any fabric must be washed before painting. Thus, the finish is removed from the new material - special composition from starch, soap, fat and other substances. Washing loosens the fabric, so the paint absorbs faster and spreads over the surface.

The first tests are conveniently done on a hoop or on a small wooden stretcher. The fabric is quite tight. When wet from the paint, it should not sag and touch the table, so you can stretch the fabric even when wet. Brushes with soft hair are suitable for painting, bristle brushes of various numbers are also needed.

For painting cold batik, you must have a set of glass tubes with spouts of various diameters.

A reserve composition, paraffin, salt and urea, is also needed to create special effects on the tissue.

The painting uses dyes designed specifically for painting on fabric.

tools and materials for a more detailed description.

Before you get started, you will have to purchase or make the following set of tools:

sliding frame;

glass tubes;

paint molds or small jars;

From the materials you will need:

silk fabric;

urea;

Sliding frame - used for high-quality tension of the painted fabric and is assembled in any size. The frame consists of four wooden bars with a section of 35x20 mm with stainless steel hardened tension hooks driven into them. The bars are equipped with special screw stainless fasteners, which allows you to assemble the frame of the required size. In the sliding frame, developed by the author, there are special bars with Velcro, which, if necessary, raise the frame and thereby exclude contact between the silk and the plane of the table during the painting process.

Dye spray cans are used in free painting for applying dye to silk.

glass straws

Glass tubes - are used for high-quality flooding of the reserving line according to a given pattern. When choosing such tubes, you need to pay attention to the following:

the angle of inclination of the spout should be within 110-115 °;

the diameter of the spouts of the tubes should be different: 0.6; 0.8; 1.0 mm;

the tube must have a syringe socket.

Brushes:

brushes for painting are used, round and flat, of different sizes. The pile material is also different: co-lons, ear hair, synthetics.

Paint molds - are used to draw up a color scheme for painting a certain color and tone. The most convenient are yogurt jars or disposable cups.

Textile:

Silk fabric - preference is given to Chinese unfinished 100% silk of various densities: crepe de chine, satin, toile, chiffon. When choosing silk, it is necessary to pay attention to its quality. It is very important that the dye spreads easily over the silk. To determine the suitability of a fabric for painting, it is necessary to drop clean water on the edge of the silk. If water freely enters the fabric, this means that the silk is not dressed, does not contain synthetic impurities and is suitable for painting. If water is difficult to penetrate into the fabric, it means that the fabric is not suitable for painting, and you should not use it. On such a fabric, you will never get a quality painting.

Template - before starting painting, you need to draw a template for the intended composition. The drawing is created on paper in one line and must be clear and final so as not to make corrections on silk in the future. Such corrections will significantly affect the quality of your work. A continuous reserve line will be applied along the contours of the template, therefore it is important that the composition consists of closed planes, like a stained-glass window, so that the colors do not mix with each other during the painting process.

Reserve- a composition used to create a reserve line, which serves as an insurmountable barrier for the dye in the process of painting, which allows you to create closed "stained glass" spaces according to a given pattern, different in color and tone.

Reserve: You can buy ready-made - they are sold in art salons, both domestic and imported. You can cook yourself according to the old proven recipe. A hand-welded reserve is good because you can adjust the fluidity, viscosity, color of the composition, fitting it to the tube you are going to work with. For a thin tube (meaning the diameter of the "nose"), the reserve needs a more fluid (liquid) - they work on a thin smooth canvas. A tube with a larger diameter requires a thicker reserve and is suitable for denser and textured fabrics. But for a beginner it can be difficult at first to determine what exactly is in this moment necessary. This can be found out by tirelessly practicing and trying all kinds of combinations of tubes, contour compositions and fabrics. There are also contour paints on sale in tubes with a thin nozzle - they are not a reserve, but are intended for decorating the finished picture.
In hot batik, molten wax, paraffin or stearin (or a combination of both) plays the role of a reserve. In classic hot batik, work on overlapping the desired planes with a hot wax composition, from light to dark, but sometimes it is necessary to work out the drawing linearly. You can do this with a thin brush, but the brush will be hopelessly damaged, and you won’t be able to draw a uniform line - except perhaps strokes. For such work there is a special tool. This is a small "ladle" with a thin nose - a tube. The wax mixture boils in a water bath, the hot composition is scooped up with a spout and the necessary contours are outlined. You need to work quickly, accurately, accurately. Or the resulting puddles and drops are declared a manifestation of the artistic style. :)
Since batik techniques differ only in what kind of reserve is used, people do not get tired of figuring out how to contrive and make the paint perform the task.
IN nodular techniques they use thread, knots, varying the methods of tying and folding the fabric. Working with an airbrush, they use stencils, creasing, etc.

Reserve recipe:

rubber glue 100 ml; paraffin 20 g; gasoline 100 ml; rosin 2 g.

Reserve preparation method:

Chop the paraffin, add rubber glue, gasoline and rosin.

Thoroughly mix the components and heat the mixture in a water bath (~ 90º C) until a homogeneous mass is obtained. After the reserve has cooled to room temperature, it can be used for painting.

For black or any other color, add printing or oil-free oil paint to the reserve. To degrease oil paint, squeeze it out of the tube onto newspaper and leave for a few hours. The newspaper will absorb the oil, and the paint, previously dissolved in a small amount of gasoline, can be added to the colorless reserve. For a better connection of the components, reheat the color reserve in a water bath.

If the reserve thickens, add refined gasoline to it and mix thoroughly.

In shops of art materials, you can purchase a reserve of production of various foreign companies, having previously read in detail the instructions for the use and purpose of the composition you have chosen. The main thing to pay attention to is that the reserve should fulfill its main reserving function, and not decorative.

It is necessary to store the reserve in a cloth closed container. A reserve prepared at home is not stored for a long time, and it is advisable to use it within a month. But while working with a reserve, fire safety measures must be observed.

Cleaning the straw after finishing work:

After finishing work, blow the reserve out of the glass tube with the help of a syringe into a container for storing it.

After that, thoroughly rinse the tube in gasoline with a syringe, successively drawing in and blowing out the liquid.

Paints - are used special for painting on silk and are divided into two types:

paints that are fixed with steam (professional);

paints that are fixed with an iron (for a hobby).

Salt

Salt is often used in painting to create various pictorial effects that are almost impossible to obtain in any other way. Coarsely ground rock salt gives the most interesting effects. Extra, sea bath salts are also used. Urea - also used for painting effects. But due to its chemical properties, it creates more pronounced color transitions due to additional bleaching.

Alcohol

Alcohol - used in painting to improve the flow of paint on silk.

Preparation for painting

Before proceeding with the painting, it is necessary to stretch the silk on the frame and apply a drawing of the future painting on it using a template.

Assemble the sliding frame using screw fasteners to the size you need.

Stretch the silk on the frame With the help of special tension hooks. First, the silk is stretched at four corners.

Then pin one side of the fabric onto the tension hooks, and pull the opposite side, gradually fastening it to the frame. Repeat the procedure with the remaining edges. With the right stretch, the surface of the silk should be tight and smooth, without wrinkles or sagging.

Spread the template on the desktop with the pattern up, cover it with a frame with stretched silk and attach it to the fabric with pins or tape.

Carefully transfer the design to the fabric using medium soft pencils (H. HB, B). The template is perfectly visible through the silk, and you will not have to transfer the outline of the pattern onto the fabric.

Set the frame with stretched silk and a pattern induced by a pencil in a horizontal position on the plane of the table. From below, attach bars to the frame on a stick-beam, which will raise it from the table to the required distance. This will prevent the silk from touching the plane of the table during painting.

parka

Painting on silk, regardless of the technique of execution, must be steamed. As a result of steaming, the dye is fixed on the silk, the color becomes richer and deeper, the painting does not fade and is not afraid of water, a noble sheen appears on the silk, and it drapes beautifully. All this gives the painting a finished look, especially when creating utilitarian products.

Before starting the process of tanning (fixing), make sure that the dye is completely connected to the fabric: for this, at least a day must pass after the end of the painting. The process of steaming at home is quite complicated and unpredictable, but, if you follow all the recommendations of the author, it is quite affordable. In order for the steam to be of high quality, it is necessary to correctly select the materials used in the painting, as well as strictly follow the technology. Use only 100% silk for painting, without impurities, and professional dyes for steam fixing.

Completely remove the wax from the entire surface of the mural by ironing the fabric through the newspaper. If you have worked with salts, clean the surface of salt residues. When starting to park, it is necessary to take into account the weather conditions. It is not recommended to steam during rain, as the atmospheric pressure is low, which negatively affects the process.

Spread newsprint on a table in a single layer. Place the painted fabric on top of the paper so that the paper protrudes at the edges by about 10 cm. Cover the fabric with another layer of newsprint. If you don't have newsprint, you can use regular newspaper printed in one color (black and white). In this case, lay them overlapping so that the entire surface is covered.

Starting from the side closest to you, fold the edge of the mural along with the newsprint so that you get a strip 6-7 cm wide. Lightly press the fold line. Repeat the procedure, gradually folding the painting along with the paper, until you get a multi-layered stripe. From each edge of the resulting strip, measure about 6-7 cm and bend the edges. Continue to roll the strip into a kind of "roll" until you reach the middle. Tie the resulting roll-"roll" with linen or cotton twine.

Place pebbles or ceramic shards on the bottom of an enameled bucket and pour water into a layer of about 5-6 cm. Tie the “roll” to a wooden rail at a distance of about 5 cm from it. Place the rail on the bucket so that the "roll" hangs in the center at an equal distance from the walls. The main condition is that the “roll” should not touch the rail, the walls of the bucket and be as far away from the water as possible. In this way, you can put several "rolls" in a bucket.

Then cover the bucket on top with woolen blankets folded in several layers so that their thickness is at least 10 cm, and place on gas stove to a strong fire. Make sure that the ends of the blankets are at a safe distance from the fire.

After about 15 minutes, the steam will pass through the layers and appear above the surface of the blankets. Check that steam does not escape into the gaps between the blankets and the walls of the bucket. In this case, re-lay the blankets. Then reduce the heat to medium and leave the bucket on the stove for 1.5-2 hours.

When the steaming process is over, turn off the gas and remove the blankets. Take out the “roll”, put it on the table and, unrolling the paper, take out the painted fabric. These operations are carried out with the utmost care, remember that everything you touch will be very hot.

After steaming, rinse the fabric in warm running water, washing off excess dye. After the water stops staining, the silk must be wrung out, spread on a cotton pad and dried with an iron.

final finishing

After the completion of the painting, it is necessary to make the final finishing of the work. For scarves, shawls, stoles, it is necessary to hem the edges. For an easel panel, design is the last and very important stage. You can do this with any of the dry glue methods developed by the author.

tension on the stretcher

The painting must be on each side at least 5 cm larger than the under-frame. Use a stretcher with a teak border around the outer edge, which will prevent it from touching the painting.

Apply PVA glue of medium consistency to the end and back of the stretcher and let it dry for 30 minutes.

Pull a cotton fabric onto the stretcher from the upper side. To do this, attach the edge of the fabric to the end of the stretcher and iron it with the most heated iron. As a result, the fabric will stick to the stretcher. The method of stretching on a stretcher can be used when decorating panels made on silk using any technique.

Flip the stretcher 180° and stretch the fabric over the opposite end of the stretcher. Iron the edge of the fabric with an iron, gluing it to the end of the stretcher.

Then pull and glue the fabric on the remaining two sides of the stretcher in the same way.

Trim excess fabric around the perimeter of the subframe. Silk is a fairly transparent material, so decorative painting look better if you put a lining under the fabric. The white background of the lining will make the painting more saturated in color. Make sure that the cotton lining is well, without folds, stretched over the stretcher.

Paste the painting on top of the cotton fabric on the stretcher. To do this, spread the painted silk on a white fabric, aligning the contours of the painting.

Place the stretcher vertically on the border of the painted surface.

Fabric, fold over the edge and glue it to the back of the stretcher just like you did with the lining.

Turn the stretcher over 180" and, while stretching the silk with a certain amount of force, iron the opposite side to the back of the stretcher.

Then stretch and glue the painting on the remaining two sides in the same way. When stretching the painting, it is necessary to ensure that the image is not deformed. To correct imperfections, you can peel off the fabric and fix it again with irons.

Carefully wrap the excess fabric at the corners on the back of the stretcher, iron it with a hot iron and secure it with a stapler.

sticker on hardboard, cardboard

Cut out a plate of the required size and shape from the hardboard, prime it with white water-based paint on the smooth side and let it dry completely for 30 minutes.

Then cover the entire primed-bathroom surface with PVA glue of medium consistency and allow to dry completely for 30 minutes.

Carefully remove the wax from the painted fabric, as described above, and spread the painting face up on the prepared hardboard. Painting on cotton, made in the technique of batik, is recommended to be fixed on hardboard, because cotton fabric sags on the stretcher from changes in humidity and temperature.

Then cover the painting with newsprint and iron it with the most heated iron over the entire plane. Move the iron slowly, carefully, with pressure, ironing the surface so that the fabric sticks over the entire plane.

Cut off the excess fabric along the contour of the hardboard with a decorating knife and insert ready product into the frame.

The most important. Safety engineering.

During the performance of work related to the preparation of the material for painting and dyeing, it is necessary to follow the safety rules.

Be extremely careful and careful with flammable, poisonous and potent substances and remember that all chemicals and dyes are poisonous.

The workplace should contain only the dyes and chemicals necessary for work. Dishes with chemicals and dyes should be tightly closed. It should have these labels with their name legible. It is not recommended to take drugs with your hands, to taste them.

The manufacture of dye, chemical solutions must be done with open windows or in rooms with a fume hood.

It is recommended to always work in an apron, preferably polyethylene, it is easier to wash dyes from it. In addition, it is necessary to wear rubber gloves and goggles to protect against splashes of dyes, acids and alkalis.

In general, rubber gloves should be worn when handling any chemical preparation. This applies to both soda ash, which is a strong alkaline solution, and bleach solutions if you are working in the "etch" technique.

Powder dyes should also be handled with extreme care. Avoid inhalation of the powder, wear a protective mask when measuring ingredients and when mixing dyes. Always add dry dye to water, not the other way around. After the dye is dissolved in water, you can remove the mask. Label all paint and chemical containers clearly and legibly at all times.

Some substances, when mixed, react with each other, releasing a large amount of heat, as a result of which a fire is possible.

It is necessary to be very careful with acids and, especially, with their concentrated solutions, as they irritate the mucous membranes and can lead to severe skin burns. They should be stored in a tightly closed glass container, if acid gets on the skin, immediately rinse it first with water and then with a weak solution of soda. When preparing acidic solutions, remember that the acid must be poured into the water, and not vice versa.

It is necessary to be very careful during the preparation of reserve solutions for cold and hot batik. The components of these mixtures (rubber glue, paraffin, not to mention gasoline) are highly flammable and explosive, and paraffin vapors are very harmful. Reserve mixtures must be boiled over a closed fire (in a water bath on a well-regulated electric stove to prevent strong boiling of the reserve composition) in a well-ventilated area, while bending over the dishes and inhaling the vapors emitted should not be allowed. If the wax starts to smoke, turn off the heat source and try not to inhale the smoke. If the wax ignites, cover the flame with a heat-resistant lid and turn off the heater. The oxygen present under the lid will quickly “burn out” and the flame will go out. Leave the pot of wax to cool. Do not lift it or try to move it. Never extinguish fired wax with water!!

If a hot drop of wax or paraffin falls into cold water, splashes can burn the skin and eyes. If a drop of water gets into boiling wax, it can lead to an explosion!!!

Work should be in a protective mask or respirator, especially when preparing reserve mixtures and when evaporating wax with an iron in hot batik. When working with wax, never leave the wax pan unattended.

When working with paints, they must be used for their intended purpose.

Be careful when using reserve compound and thinner

After finishing work, clean up your place.

Check the safety of the workplace, if all tools are removed.

Wash your hands with soap.

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