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Transport and logistics systems, the essence and goals of functioning. Fundamentals of transport logistics Transport and logistics relations

10.1. transport and logistic

The mission of transportation in the logistics service system: " deliver the right product of the required quality and quantity at the right time and at the best cost ". In the structure of logistics costs, transportation costs account for a significant share - 20-40% or more, so the optimization of transportation solutions will allow logistics management to get significant cost savings, but it will also require special attention.

Transport service in modern conditions includes not only the actual transportation of goods from the supplier to the consumer, but also a large number of forwarding, information and transaction operations, services for cargo handling, insurance, security, etc. That's why transportation can be defined as a key logistics function associated with the movement of products by a vehicle (or vehicles) using a certain technology in the supply chain and consisting of logistics operations and functions, including forwarding, cargo handling, packaging, transfer of ownership of the cargo, risk insurance, customs procedures, etc.

At the level of the company's logistics management, transportation management consists of several main stages:

choice of transportation method;

choice of mode of transport;

choice of vehicle;

choice of carrier and logistics partners for transportation;

parameter optimization transport process.

When organizing transportation, it is necessary to coordinate and plan its operations together with other logistics functions, for example, warehousing, cargo handling, packaging, etc.

During transportation, a large number of optimization problems are solved. In addition, when organizing integrated logistics, complex transportation planning is necessary together with other logistics functions:

joint planning of transport processes on various modes of transport in the case of mixed (intermodal, multimodal) transportation;

ensuring the technological unity of the transport and storage process;

joint planning of the transport process with warehouse and production processes, etc.

Advantages and disadvantages of different modes of transport in LS. There are the following main modes of transport: rail, sea, inland water (river), road, air, pipeline.

When choosing a mode of transportation, a vehicle and a specific carrier, the logistics manager must take into account the inherent advantages and disadvantages of each mode of transport in Table. 10.1.

Each type of transport (with the exception of pipelines) has an appropriate production and technical base necessary for operation, maintenance and repair Vehicle and is characterized by the technical and operational parameters of the rolling stock, means of communication and terminals. For rolling stock with such parameters are:

technical and operational speed;

overall dimensions of cargo containers and vehicles themselves;

engine power (power plants);

carrying capacity and overall dimensions of trailers, semi-trailers, wagons, etc.

For ways of communication:

throughput;

carriageway (track) width, fairway depth;

For terminals:

usable storage area;

number of revolutions (turnover speed);

performance of handling and storage equipment, etc.

Table 10.1

Comparative characteristics of modes of transport

Kind of transport	Advantages	Flaws
Railway	high carrying capacity and throughput. Does not depend on climatic conditions, time of year and day, High regularity of transportation. Relatively low rates; significant discounts for transit shipments. High speed of delivery of goods over distances above 1500 km.	Limited number of carriers (natural monopoly). Large capital investments in the production and technical base. High material consumption and energy intensity of transportation. Not available at endpoints of sale (consumption). Insufficiently high safety of cargo.
	Possibility of intercontinental transportation. Low cost of transportation over long distances. High carrying and carrying capacity. Low capital intensity of transportation.	Limited geography of transportation. Low speed delivery. Depends on geographical, navigation and weather conditions. Low frequency of sendings. Strict requirements for packaging and securing cargo. It is necessary to create a complex port infrastructure.
Inland water (river)	High carrying capacity on deep-sea rivers and reservoirs. Low cost of transportation. Low capital intensity.	Limited geography of transportation. Slow delivery speed. Depends on uneven depths of rivers and reservoirs, navigational conditions. Seasonality. Insufficient reliability of transportation and safety of cargo.
Automotive	High availability. Possibility of cargo delivery “from door to door”. High maneuverability, flexibility, dynamism. High delivery speed. Ability to use different routes and delivery schemes. High safety of cargo, the possibility of sending cargo in small lots. Ample opportunities to choose the most suitable carrier.	Low efficiency. Dependence on weather and road conditions. High cost of transportation over long distances. Insufficient environmental cleanliness. The impossibility of a long wait for unloading. The possibility of theft of cargo and theft of vehicles.
Air	The highest speed of cargo delivery. High reliability. The highest safety of cargo. The shortest transportation routes.	The high cost of transportation, the highest tariffs. High capital intensity, material and energy intensity of transportation. Weather dependent. Limited geographic availability.
Pipeline	Low cost. High performance. High security of cargo. Low capital intensity.	Special types of cargo (gas, oil products, emulsions of raw materials). Transportation of only large volumes of goods.

Main directions for increasing competitiveness domestic transport and forwarding companies:

development of the production and technical base, transport service infrastructure, information systems support logistics process for transportation;

improvement operating system document flow and customs procedures for cargo clearance;

increasing the level of interaction and information communication between participants in the transportation process, terminals, warehouses, customs, other enterprises and consumers of their services;

creation of a unified regulatory framework, adoption of modern laws in the field of transport logistics;

introduction of modern logistics technologies for forwarding activities.

10.2. Main modes of transportation (types of transportation)

Unimodal (single-mode) transportation carried out by one mode of transport, for example, by road. It is usually used when the initial and final points of transportation (TLS) of the logistics chain are specified without intermediate warehousing and cargo handling operations. The criteria for choosing the mode of transport in such a transportation are usually the type of cargo, the volume of shipment, the time of delivery of the cargo to the ZLS (consumer), the cost of transportation. For example, for large-tonnage shipments and the availability of access roads at the final delivery point, it is more expedient to use rail transport, for small shipments over short distances - road transport.

Multimodal transport cargo (mixed separate transport) usually done with two modes of transport, for example: railway - road, river - road, sea - rail, etc. In this case, the cargo is delivered by the first mode of transport to the so-called transshipment point or cargo terminal without storage or with short-term storage and subsequent reloading to another mode of transport. A typical example of multimodal transport is the service of railway stations or a sea (river) port of a transport hub by motor transport companies. The signs of mixed separate transportation are the presence of several transport documents, the absence of a single tariff rate freight, the scheme of sequential interaction of participants in the transport process. In direct multimodal transportation, the cargo owner enters into an agreement with the first carrier acting both on its own behalf and on behalf of the next carrier representing another mode of transport. Thus, the cargo owner is in fact in a contractual relationship with both, and each makes settlements with the cargo owner and is financially responsible for the safety of the cargo only on "his" section of the route.

Combined transport differs from mixed use of more than two modes of transport. The use of mixed (combined) modes of transportation is often determined in drugs by the structure of distribution channels: large consignments are sent from the manufacturer to the wholesale depot by rail (in order to minimize costs), and delivery from the wholesale depot to retail outlets is by road.

A.N. Rodnikov considers mixed, combined, intermodal transportation and direct mixed traffic as synonyms, i.e. "cargo transportation, carried out by two or more carriers of different modes of transport common use under a single transportation document with cargo transshipment at a transfer point (or points) without the participation of the cargo owner". It should be noted that in Civil Code Russian Federation, the terms "combined transportation" and "direct multimodal transportation" are used as synonyms (Article 788 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

In accordance with the European agreement AGTC under the term combined transport "means the carriage of goods in the same loading unit, transport equipment, which includes large-capacity containers, swap bodies, semi-trailers and road trains (vans) using several modes of transport."

The modern practice of transportation is associated with the expansion of transportation by one forwarder (operator) from one dispatch center and according to a single transport document (multimodal, intermodal, transmodal, A-modal, combined, segmented, etc.).

It should be noted that there is still no established terminology in Russia for these modes of transportation. Usually "intermodal (integrated) called multimodal transportation of goods "from door to door", carried out under the direction of the operator on one transport document using a single (through) freight rate".

By definition UNCTAD ( United Nation Conference on Trade and Development ) "intermodal is transportation of goods by several modes of transport, when one of the carriers organizes the entire delivery from one point of departure through one or more points of transshipment to the destination and – depending on the distribution of responsibility for the transport – issues various types of transport documents, and multimodal – if the person organizing the transportation is responsible for it along the entire route – regardless of the number of participating modes of transport, while a single transportation document is issued” .

In wintermodal systems, consolidated packages are transported at uniform rates and shipping documents with equal rights for all participating modes of transport, in multimodal transportation one of the modes of transport acts as a carrier, and interacting modes of transport act as customers paying for its services.

In the "Terminological Dictionary" on logistics under multimodal transportation means "multimodal transportation performed by vehicles belonging to the same legal entity or under its operational management (for example, delivery of goods to the airport, air transportation and delivery of goods from the airport, performed by vehicles owned by the same express mail company)".

In intermodal transportation, the cargo owner concludes an agreement on transportation for the entire route with one person (operator). It can be, for example, a forwarding company, which, acting throughout the route of cargo transportation by various modes of transport, frees the cargo owner from the need to enter into contractual relations with other transport companies. Signs of intermodal (multimodal) transportation are:

the presence of a delivery operator from the initial to the final point of the logistics chain (channel);

single through freight rate;

single transport document;

one responsible for the cargo and execution of the contract of carriage.

The main principles of intermodal and multimodal transportation systems in drugs are the following:

unified commercial legal regime;

an integrated approach to solving financial and economic issues of transportation organization;

maximum use of telecommunication networks and electronic document management systems;

a single organizational and technological principle of transportation management and coordination of actions of all logistics intermediaries involved in transportation;

cooperation of logistics intermediaries;

complex infrastructure of transportation by various modes of transport.

For multimodal transportation outside the country (export-import operations), customs clearance procedures for cargo, as well as transport legislation and commercial and legal aspects of transportation in those countries along which the cargo route passes, become essential. IN international multimodal transportation unity of the commercial legal regime means:

harmonization of overall characteristics of cargo units and vehicles;

simplification of customs formalities;

introduction of standard commercial cargo and transport documents of international standard.

As mentioned above, there is still no agreed terminology for the types of transportation (methods of transportation), and this applies not only to Russia, but also to international practice. This indicates the need to continue the standardization of the terminology of multimodal freight transport and the formation of a legislative framework. Some basic definitions in the field of international transport law regarding modes of transportation are given in Table. 10.2.

Table 10.2

Definitions of modes of transport and related terms,

applied in international practice

Term	Definition	Source
Unimodal transportation	Transportation of goods by one mode of transport by one or more carriers. If only one carrier is involved, it issues its own transport document, such as a bill of lading, waybill, air waybill, etc. If there are several carriers (for example, transportation is carried out from one port through another to a third with transshipment of cargo in an intermediate port), then one of them may issue a through bill of lading for the entire transportation from port to port or only for that part of it that is carried out by its own ship).
Intermodal transportation	Carriage of goods by several modes of transport, with one of the carriers organizing the entire transportation from the point (or port) of departure to the point (or port) of destination through all waypoints(or ports). Depending on how the responsibility for transportation is divided, different types of transportation documents are issued.	UNCTAD rules (UNCTAD)
Segmented transportation	The carrier organizing the transportation takes responsibility only for "its" part. He can issue a bill of lading for intermodal or combined transport.	UNCTAD rules (UNCTAD)
Multimodal transportation	The operator organizing the transport takes responsibility for the entire transport. At the same time, he issues a document for multimodal transportation.	UNCTAD rules (UNCTAD)
Combined transport	Carriage of goods in the same container or vehicle by successive modes of transport (road, rail, etc.) using a through document, such as a bill of lading FIATA.	UNCTAD rules (UNCTAD)
Multimodal transport agreement	One contract for the carriage of goods by at least two different modes of transport.	UNCTAD/ITC Rules for Multimodal Transport Documents
Multimodal transport operator (MTO)	Any person who has entered into a multimodal transport contract. Implies responsibility for the implementation of the specified contract as a carrier.	UNCTAD/ITC Rules for Multimodal Transport Documents
Multimodal transport document	The document certifying the multimodal transport contract may be replaced by electronic data interchange messages: in the form of a negotiable document; in the form of a non-negotiable document indicating the name of the consignee.	UNCTAD/ITC Rules for Multimodal Transport Documents

In recent years, transportation technology, especially for multi- and intermodal transportation, has been associated with the use of cargo terminals and terminal complexes in logistics chains and channels. Therefore, the corresponding transportations are called terminal transportations.

Terminal transportation. One of the main objects of the logistics infrastructure of the ITC are cargo terminals (the definition was given in 9.2).

The transportation of goods organized and carried out through terminals is called terminal transportation. The importance of this type of transportation in modern RTLS has increased enormously, which is predetermined primarily by the integration of a large number of logistics functions. The terminal interacts with carriers, forwarders, clients, intermediaries, customs, banks and a number of other counterparties.

In the general case, the terminal carries out the operations of consolidating / picking cargo and disaggregating cargo lots. In normal mode, goods, returnable packaging and shipping documents go through terminal cargo processing cycles,

The main technological processes are accompanied by a number of supporting processes and additional logistics services, in particular, maintaining the schedule and schedule for the implementation of technological processes; control over the state and preparation of containers; providing a variety of services to customers, calculating payments and monitoring the movement of payments, etc.

cargo unit. One of the key parameters for organizing operations related to transportation and subsequent warehouse processing is cargo unit - a number of goods that are loaded, transported, unloaded and stored as a single mass. The parameters of this mass link technological processes in different parts of the logistics chain into a single whole.

An essential characteristic of a cargo unit is the conformity of its dimensions to the vehicle and the ability to maintain integrity and original geometric shapes in the process of transportation and cargo handling. The coordinated dimensions of cargo units, as well as the parameters of equipment for their processing, make it possible to effectively use the material and technical base of various participants in the logistics process at all stages of the material flow.

Standard euro pallets (euro pallets) are usually used as a base (platform) for forming a loading unit; for vehicles, their size is 1200x800x150 mm or 1200x1000x150 mm. Based on these dimensions, the basic packaging module is determined.

The loading unit maintains its integrity during the execution of logistics operations due to packaging - i.e. linking the load unit and the pallet into a single whole.

There are various methods of packing cargo units: bandaging with steel or polyethylene tapes, ropes, rubber couplings, adhesive tape, etc. One of the most progressive methods of forming cargo units is packing cargo with shrink film.

A properly formed cargo unit allows you to provide:

high degree of cargo safety;

relatively low labor costs;

efficient performance of loading and unloading operations due to their complex mechanization and automation; overload without reshaping;

safe warehouse operations.

10.3. Choice of logistics intermediaries in transport logistics

In the logistics process, the company can use various transportation options, modes of transport, as well as various logistics partners (intermediaries) when organizing the delivery of products to specific points in the logistics chain (supply chain). First of all, the logistics management of the company decides whether to create its own fleet of vehicles or use hired transport (public or private). When choosing an alternative, they usually proceed from a certain system of criteria:

costs for the creation and operation of its own fleet of vehicles (rent, leasing of rolling stock);

the cost of paying for the services of transport, forwarding companies and other logistics intermediaries;

speed (time);

quality (delivery reliability, cargo safety, etc.).

Creating your own fleet is associated with large capital investments in rolling stock, production and technical base for the maintenance and repair of vehicles and infrastructure. Ultimately, it can be justified in the event of a significant gain in quality, reliability and cost with large sustainable traffic volumes. As a rule, it is justified to create one's own fleet of motor vehicles (railway cars, tanks, etc.). The assessment of alternatives should be carried out in a comprehensive manner, taking into account as many criteria as possible.

In most cases, the central company in the supply chain (the firm that produces the product or trade company) turns to the services of specialized transport or forwarding companies.

Logistic selection procedures include:

choice of type of transportation (method of transportation or system of delivery of goods);

choice of type (or several types) of transport;

selection of main and auxiliary logistics intermediaries.

All of these procedures are performed on the basis of one or a system of criteria, subject to the restrictions specified by the LS. These restrictions are due to the goals of the firm's logistics strategy or factors of the surrounding macro- and microeconomic environment. For example, in the distribution system, restrictions may be the delivery time of the GP, the cost of transportation, the safety of the cargo, the location of the ZLS, where the warehousing or transshipment of the cargo to another mode of transport, etc. is carried out.

The choice of transportation method, mode of transport and logistics intermediaries is made on the basis of a system of criteria. The main criteria for choosing a method of transportation and mode of transport include:

minimum transportation costs;

agreed time of transit (cargo delivery);

maximum reliability and safety;

minimal costs (damage) associated with stocks in transit;

capacity and availability of the mode of transport;

product differentiation.

In the foreign practice of choosing carriers, specially developed systems of ranking indicators are often used. From the point of view of the priority of individual criteria (indicators), the ranking procedure when choosing certain types transport when organizing transportation in drugs, serve only for an approximate assessment of the compliance of a particular mode of transport with the conditions of a particular transportation. When choosing the appropriate mode of transport, the logistics manager must take into account the capacity and carrying capacity, technical and operational characteristics and spatial availability of transport. An important condition for the choice is to ensure the safety of the cargo in transit, compliance with the quality standards of the transportation process, international environmental requirements.

At the same time, the procedures for choosing the method of transportation (transportation), mode of transport and carrier are interrelated and, in fact, multi-criteria and must be solved by special methods of vector optimization. The complexity of the multi-criteria approach to the problem of choice under consideration lies in the multidirectionality of the criteria, the different dimensions and the qualitative nature of many indicators.

Central to transportation decisions is the choice of carrier (or multiple carriers). Often, the logistics manager entrusts this choice to the freight forwarding company (forwarder), with which the cargo owner has a long-standing business relationship. At the same time, the freight forwarder is given certain characteristics of the cargo, criteria and restrictions from those listed.

When a logistics manager chooses a carrier on his own, he must follow a certain algorithm (Fig. 5.5). When the method of transportation and mode of transport are determined, an analysis is made of the specific market of transport services, which, as a rule, has a fairly large number of carriers with different organizational and legal forms. The main criteria for the preliminary selection of carriers are the cost of shipping, the reliability of meeting delivery dates, and the safety of the cargo. The selection procedure additionally includes a system of other quantitative and qualitative indicators.

10.4. Forwarding service

Along with the carrier, the main logistics intermediary in transportation is a freight forwarding company (or forwarder). According to Art. 801 of the Civil Code (CC) of the Russian Federation under the contract transport expedition, one party (forwarder) undertakes, for remuneration and at the expense of the other party (client - consignor or consignee), to fulfill or organize the performance of the services specified by the expedition contract related to the transportation of cargo.

The freight forwarding contract provides for the obligations of the forwarder to organize the transportation of cargo by the transport and along the route chosen by the forwarder or the client, to conclude on his own behalf or on behalf of the client a contract (contracts) for the carriage of cargo, to ensure the dispatch and receipt of cargo, as well as other obligations related to transportation.

Forwarder usually provides clients Additional services:

execution of documents for export-import of goods;

fulfillment of customs formalities;

checking the completeness and condition of the cargo;

loading and unloading of vehicles;

payment of duties, fees and other costs associated with transportation;

storage, warehousing, sorting, cargo assembly;

information services, insurance, etc.

As can be seen from the above list of services, freight forwarding firms essentially integrate a large number of logistics operations and functions into the LAN.

Overseas, many large freight forwarding companies and express delivery companies such as Ryder, DHL, Schenker- BTL, Federal Express, UPS, Leasnay, TNT, ASGAB, and others perform a large number of different logistics operations and functions, trying to capture the largest possible number or length of logistics channels, integrating logistics functions in the territorial zone or based on product orientation . This allows GP manufacturing firms and shippers to significantly reduce the costs associated with transportation, cargo handling, storage, and improve the quality of logistics services.

Freight forwarding service begins from the moment the cargo is accepted for transportation and includes following operations :

preparation of cargo for transportation,

its delivery to railway and road transport stations, ports of sea and river transport, airports,

registration of documents of title and delivery of goods to the carrier,

its storage, packaging and labeling.

Forwarding services are also carried out in the process of transportation itself and are associated with the transfer of goods from one mode of transport to another. The latter includes work on finalizing the cargo, bringing it, if necessary, into a transportable state, performing customs formalities in ports and border stations, sending transport documents and shipping notices. Freight forwarding services are also provided at the final destinations of the cargo.

Currently Freight forwarding companies and firms perform the following main operations:

Organization and registration of transportation.

Warehouse operations related both directly to the process of transportation of goods, and with its warehousing.

Bringing goods into a transportable state.

Preparation of documents submitted to the customs authorities for the movement of goods across the customs border.

Freight forwarding companies, as a rule, employ specialists not only in transport issues, customs procedures, international trade and transport customs, but also employees who monitor market conditions transport services, in particular tariffs for sea, rail, road and air transportation. There are special companies involved in collecting additions and changes to transport tariffs, classifying these changes, publishing and sending them to interested customers.

Almost all freight forwarding firms and companies have regular carriers that they trust with cargo. Having received an order to organize the transportation of goods, forwarders establish contacts with transport companies in order to reserve the necessary vehicles for the goods. A modern freight forwarder is often at the same time the owner (or lessee, general contractor) of road trains, sea, river and aircraft. Large forwarding companies usually have various vehicles for the transport of goods: trucks, vans, refrigerated road trains. Forwarding firms often keep these facilities in large specialized trucking companies that provide them Maintenance.

Large freight forwarding companies have their own warehouse facilities, workshops for the manufacture of containers and packaging of goods, sorting centers, their own fleet of vehicles and equipment, including containers, pallets, lighters and wagons. Let's list services of transport-forwarding companies:

consultations of consignors or consignees when choosing the type of vehicle, taking into account the convenience, speed and cost of cargo delivery;

organization of cargo delivery from the sender's warehouse to the railway station or port and from the station or port to the recipient's warehouse;

new packaging, labeling and assembly of loading lots, consolidation of small lots into a combined large shipment to maximize the use of the carrying capacity of a container, wagon or ship;

preparation and execution of documents for concluding a contract for the carriage of goods with a carrier or with its agent, broker;

assistance in customs, sanitary, quarantine and other clearance of shipments;

transfer of cargo to the carrier or his agent (port, station) and execution of acceptance and transportation documents (bills of lading, waybills, etc.);

organization of cargo storage in warehouses and loading and unloading operations at points of reloading and transshipment of goods from one type of transport to another;

assistance in settlements between the seller and the buyer for goods sold by transferring the necessary transport and shipping documents to the bank at the place of shipment of the goods;

acceptance of cargo at the destination from the carrier or its cargo agent (port, station), checking the number of places, cargo mass, the state of its container and packaging;

registration with carriers or their cargo agents of commercial and other acts on the shortage or excess of cargo, spoilage and damage to cargo and containers, regrading, etc.;

settlements for the transportation of goods and loading and unloading operations at the point of departure/arrival;

sorting large consignments of imported cargoes into smaller ones, as well as by grades, sizes, etc., their subsequent repacking and re-labeling;

organization of cargo escort by conductors during its transportation; equipment of wagons and ships for the transportation of special cargoes (citrus fruits, grains, etc.).

It should also be noted that a certain part of the transport and forwarding operations are carried out by suppliers of export and consumers of imported products by their special structural divisions - transport departments or subsidiary auxiliary enterprises.

In addition to the above services, freight forwarding companies help exporters determine the minimum costs for packaging and transportation of goods and make an optimal calculation of the transport component of its export price. In international trade, there is a practice of drawing up a price list, which includes all costs for the delivery of goods to the buyer at the destination, with the help of a forwarder. These costs usually depend on the basic conditions for the delivery of goods, the working conditions of linear conferences, etc. For the convenience of exporters, many freight forwarding companies can provide not individual elements of transportation costs, but a flat rate, which includes all the costs of the international freight forwarder in the process of transporting goods, including the costs associated with issuing documents and maintaining correspondence.

It should also be noted that the freight forwarder often acts as a multimodal transport operator. A modern freight forwarder is often at the same time the owner (or lessee, general contractor) of road trains, sea, river and aircraft. Therefore, having accepted an order for the carriage of goods, he primarily uses his means of transport.

Logistics comes from the Greek word logistike - the art of calculating, reasoning. The history of the emergence and development of logistics goes back to the distant past. The first positions of logisticians appeared in ancient Athens. During the period of the Roman Empire, there were servants of logistics or logistics who were engaged in the distribution of products, the formation of stocks, and the exchange between provinces. In Byzantium in the 1st millennium AD. the tasks of logistics were arming the army, supplying it with military equipment.
First scientific works on logistics appeared in France at the beginning of the 19th century, the author A. Jomini, a military specialist.
Logistics was especially rapidly developed during the Second World War, when logistics was used to solve strategic problems and clear interaction defense industry supplying bases and transport in order to timely provide the army with weapons and food. In the 60s, logistics gradually moves from the military to the civilian, and then to production. At the end of the 20th century, logistics science included purchasing, transport, production, information, and marketing logistics. Thus, logistics seeks to satisfy the needs of the consumer as much as possible with minimal cost for the manufacturer.
Logistics is the science of planning, controlling and managing transportation, warehousing and other tangible and intangible operations performed in the process of bringing raw materials and materials to a manufacturing enterprise, in-plant processing of raw materials and materials, bringing finished products to the consumer in accordance with the interests and needs of the latter, as well as the transfer of storage and processing of relevant information and the corresponding financial flows. Logistics is the science of managing the movement of goods.

Transport logistics

Three secrets to optimal savings

Transport. One of the main issues at the stage of preparing the transportation of goods is the choice of vehicle. There is a simple law here: the heavier the load, the lower the cost per unit of weight. Sending several tons to another continent is much more profitable than sending a box of matches of fifty grams in the same way.

It is logical that from this point of view, sea and rail transport are the cheapest, but cars and aircraft will require much more money. Therefore, sometimes it is much more reasonable to sacrifice time and save money by sending cargo on a cruise by sea or land.

Volume. A considerable amount goes from budget to budget fixed costs. These are all costs associated with the preparation and clearance of cargo, accounting operations, downtime of transport during loading and unloading, operation and, finally, concern for improving service and maintenance. All these costs are evenly distributed over the entire cargo, so the larger its volume, the lower the cost per unit of weight.

Route. The preparation and use of transport initially cost a lot of money, which is then distributed to the entire cargo. Costs decrease with increasing distance - the farther the destination, the lower the cost per unit of distance. That is why it is more profitable to deliver one cargo over a long distance than two - over a short one.

From logic to logistics

In any business, the main thing is to keep a balance and look for the best options in the golden mean. In the process of international cargo transportation, there are indicators and principles that can be sacrificed, there are those for which it is still not worth cutting costs.

Transport logistics does not promise maximum savings and total budget cuts. She teaches to save wisely and professionally. Freight transport can be fast- right on time. quality- Reliable, accurate, with mutual pleasure from communication. budgetary- rational, with a reasonable price and a reasonable balance between cost and efficiency.

Logistics Road transport

Often, road transport is considered as an element of the logistics system with 100% reliability in fulfilling its tasks, functioning under conditions of certainty. However, this is not the case. One of the difficulties in implementing the logistics approach is that the Motor Transport Enterprise (ATP) is a “living” system operating under conditions of uncertainty and risk.
Maintaining the reliability of this system requires large material and labor costs and determines the value of a number of logistics indicators (costs per shipped unit of production; costs per tonne-kilometer of goods transported; loading of the fleet of vehicles, etc.).

When modeling the tasks of transport logistics, it must be taken into account that the development indicators of any production economic system in principle depend on its two interrelated characteristics: state and functioning.
The state of the ATP is characterized as a list number of cars, and their most important property - reliability.
System operation - current implementation in specific conditions external environment the possibilities presented by this state for the implementation of the functions of the system for which it was created. The existence of these two interrelated characteristics of the ATP predetermined the division of mathematical methods into methods used to solve particular problems of functioning, and methods that allow optimizing the state of the ATP.

Functioning tasks include choosing best options organization of the transportation process, types and types of rolling stock, joint planning of transport, production and storage processes, etc.
The concentration of efforts to improve the efficiency of methods and models for solving only functioning problems is a dead end. Theoretically effective management decision adopted for implementation without taking into account the possible state of the car park may not have a real practical effect and creates prerequisites for violating the fundamental principle of logistics - reliability.
When modeling the development of ATP, both its state and functioning, two approaches have been outlined: deterministic-optimal and probabilistic-adaptive.
Deterministic-optimal approach to acceptance management decisions in most cases provides a significant economic effect. With optimal planning, one obtains not just acceptable or feasible variants of plans, but the best ones with respect to the accepted method of their evaluation. At the same time, economic and mathematical models are widely used, which allow choosing variable indicators of the plan from the conditions of the extremum of the adopted measure of its effectiveness (for example, profit maximization, cost minimization, etc.).

Optimization of both the functioning and the state of the system is the main condition for achieving its highest efficiency. Another aspect is that it is impossible to solve the problem of the development of ATP with the help of one model, so it is necessary to divide this problem into a number of local ones included in common system tasks of transport logistics.
The most acceptable approach to modeling the development of ATP as an economic system is a probabilistic-adaptive approach.
As the main characteristics of the probabilistic-adaptive approach to modeling enterprise tasks, the following should be noted:

inclusion of all the advantages of the deterministic-optimal approach;
creation of man-machine planning systems that allow more fully and efficiently use the experience and intuition of specialists in the planning process;
taking into account a known share of uncertainty in our knowledge of the future, which determines the choice of the most adaptive options for plans;
personification of the plan as a system of interrelated decisions;
consideration of organizational problems.

The need to combine the deterministic and probabilistic approaches to solving the problems of transport logistics is predetermined by the characteristic features of the problems of developing the ATP. These include:

significant uncertainty of both future situations in which the object may find itself in the course of its evolution, and the uncertainty of the final effects of decisions made;
incompleteness and significantly low reliability of the initial information, which are sometimes too enlarged, aggregated;
difficulties of a methodological and computational nature (taking into account fundamentally non-formalizable elements), which do not allow achieving full adequacy of the models to the real processes of development of ATP.

At the same time, transport processes that include an element of chance are not purely random. The role of the organizational component is high in them - the technology of TO and TR, the work schedule, etc. Therefore, formulas (models) developed only on the basis of a probabilistic or deterministic approach to transport processes often do not correspond existing system transport.

Adaptive behavior is manifested in various development trends that reflect the evolution of a particular system in the course of its adaptation to environmental influences. The functioning of road transport is predominantly adaptive. Modeling the development of ATP can be provided by a combination of normative and descriptive models that, on the one hand, develop solutions for active influences on the development of ATP, and on the other hand, describe the processes of adaptation of ATP under conditions of uncertainty and incomplete information. The development and implementation of a probabilistic-adaptive approach can ensure the implementation of the main conditions effective use methods and models in transport logistics, as well as methodological principles for the analysis and synthesis of logistics systems, such as consistency, reliability, adaptability, sustainability, etc.
Having determined the place of transport logistics and its relationship with functional and resource logistics, as well as evaluating the level of methodological support and approaches to modeling logistics tasks, it is necessary to draw the following conclusions:
transport logistics from the point of view of the functioning of production systems can be represented by procurement, in-house and distribution logistics of transport;
The most acceptable approach to combining methods and models for solving transport logistics problems is a probabilistic-adaptive approach.
The combination of methods and models for solving problems of transport logistics should be based on the description of the development of the vehicle fleet as a sequence of phenomena in time using the apparatus of the theory of random processes, i.e. stochastic models.

Freight forwarder or carrier? Three secrets and international cargo transportation

Forwarder or carrier: which one to choose? If the carrier is good and the forwarder is bad, then the first one. If the carrier is bad, and the forwarder is good, then the second one. Such a choice is simple. But how to decide when both applicants are good? How to choose from two seemingly equivalent options? The problem is that these options are not equal.

Scary stories of international transportation

BETWEEN THE HAMMER AND THE ANVIL.

It is not easy to live between a transportation customer and a very cunningly economical cargo owner. One day we received an order. Freight for three kopecks, additional conditions for two sheets, the collection is called .... Loading on Wednesday. The car is already in place on Tuesday, and by lunchtime the next day, the warehouse begins to slowly throw into the trailer everything that your forwarder has collected for his customers-recipients.

ENCHANTED PLACE - PTO KOZLOVICHI.

According to legends and experience, everyone who transported goods from Europe by road knows what a terrible place is the PTO Kozlovichi, Brest customs. What chaos the Belarusian customs officers are doing, they find fault in every possible way and tear at exorbitant prices. And it is true. But not all...

HOW UNDER THE NEW YEAR WE CARRIED DRY MILK.

Groupage loading at a consolidation warehouse in Germany. One of the cargoes is powdered milk from Italy, the delivery of which was ordered by the Forwarder .... A classic example of the work of the forwarder-"transmitter" (he does not delve into anything, he only passes along the chain).

Documents for international transport

International road transport of goods is very organized and bureaucratic, a consequence - for the implementation of international road transport a lot of cargo is used unified documents. It doesn’t matter if it’s a customs carrier or an ordinary one – he won’t go without documents. Although it is not very exciting, we have tried to simply state the purpose of these documents and the meaning that they have. They gave an example of filling in TIR, CMR, T1, EX1, Invoice, Packing List...

Calculation of axle load for trucking

Purpose - to study the possibility of redistributing loads on the axles of the tractor and semi-trailer when changing the location of the cargo in the semi-trailer. And the application of this knowledge in practice.

In the system we are considering, there are 3 objects: a tractor $(T)$, a semi-trailer $(\large ((p.p.)))$ and a cargo $(\large (gr))$. All variables related to each of these objects will be superscripted $T$, $(\large (p.p.))$ and $(\large (gr))$ respectively. For example, the unladen weight of a tractor would be denoted as $m^(T)$.

Why don't you eat mushrooms? Customs exhaled sadness.

What is happening in the international road transport market? The Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation has already banned the issuance of TIR Carnets without additional guarantees in several federal districts. And she notified that from December 1 of this year she would completely break the contract with the IRU as inappropriate for the requirements of the Customs Union and put forward non-childish financial claims.
The IRU responded: “Explanations FCS of Russia regarding the alleged debt of ASMAP in the amount of 20 billion rubles is a complete fiction, since all the old TIR claims have been fully settled..... What do we, simple carriers, think?

Stowage Factor Weight and volume of cargo when calculating the cost of transportation

The calculation of the cost of transportation depends on the weight and volume of the cargo. For maritime transport, volume is most often decisive, for air transport it is weight. For road transport of goods, a complex indicator plays an important role. Which parameter for calculations will be chosen in a particular case depends on specific gravity cargo (Stowage Factor) .

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Theoretical foundations of transport logistics

Fundamentals of transport logistics

Transport logistics is the most important component of general logistics, which is responsible for organizing the movement of non-public transport (of a certain enterprise) of material flows or service flows (mainly, of course, these are all kinds of goods, branded products of the enterprise) along a rationally developed route to a certain place of delivery in the shortest possible time. The channel of commodity circulation and cargo flow is determined in the department distribution logistics, and the tasks of transport include:

· Choice of type and type of vehicle;

· Selection of the optimal route for the movement of cargo traffic (selection of the most advantageous option for the delivery of goods and coordination of transport tariffs);

· Determination of the transport process (creation of a transport process that ensures the transportation of goods over certain distances within a given period of time);

· In conjunction with the production, distribution and warehouse departments, the solution of issues related to the dispatch and forwarding of goods, the organization of loading and unloading operations, cargo handling and packaging, warehousing, cargo picking, control over the quantity and condition of cargo, insurance, security and customs clearance cargo;

· Ensuring the technological unity of transport processes.

That is, we can also say that transport logistics helps the enterprise to carry out economic, technical and technological contingency. Technical contingency implies the consistency of all parameters of the company's vehicles, technological contingency - the use of one technology for transporting goods and the possibility of non-transshipment communication, and economic contingency involves the use of a common methodology for market research and building tariff systems in favor of your enterprise.

All of these tasks are solved in the aggregate and are closely interconnected not only among themselves in their department, but also in other departments of the enterprise, too.

The main function of transport logistics is the transportation of the company's products across certain system in the supply chain. This can be seen in problem #1.

Transport logistics also has its own specific goal in the system of the enterprise - it is the minimization of transportation costs. It is known that any enterprise sets itself the goal not only to get as much profit as possible, but also to reduce costs. Transport logistics plays a very significant role in achieving this goal, based on the following rules:

the rule of absolutely full use of the carrying capacity of the rolling stock during transportation;

· the rule of divisibility of the transported consignment, units of the order, dispatch and warehousing;

· the rule of typification of packing/container;

the rule of economies of scale and distance of transportation;

the rule of segregation and rejection of unprofitable goods;

· the rule of delivery of goods just in time.

If you follow these rules and competently manage and organize the transportation of goods, then part of the production costs of the enterprise will definitely be minimized.

Transport logistics, in turn, is divided into two subspecies according to its purpose:

1. External transport logistics, which deals directly with the supply of enterprises and the sale of their products to customer firms or consumers;

2. Internal transport logistics, which is responsible for intra-production transportation (transportation of goods between production units, for example, warehouses or workshops).

Having determined what transport logistics is as a department of an enterprise, it is necessary to study its components, that is, the subjects and objects of transport logistics.

The subjects of transport logistics are individuals or legal entities that organize and manage the transportation of goods.

Where: the shipper is the company that has handed over the goods for transportation and is the sender; carrier is a specialized transport organization(or a transport agency) that organizes the delivery of goods from the sender to the recipient (consumer); freight forwarder is an operator (usually a representative of the company - the carrier), which determines optimal route and generally coordinate transportation; consignee is a natural or entity to which, at the direction of the consignor, the goods must be delivered and issued at the point of destination; auxiliary logistics partners are mainly insurance, security companies, banks, cargo terminals, etc.

The objects of transport logistics include:

· Transported goods;

· Transport and transport services;

· Transportation process.

Transported goods. Their types and characteristics

Considering external transport logistics system, the control object can be called a cargo flow - this is a certain amount of cargo transported in a given direction for a designated period of time.

According to the existing transport classification cargo, all of them can be divided into 3 types:

1. Bulk - these are goods that represent a certain structural mass (bulk, bulk, bulk and timber);

2. General - this is piece cargo, consisting of separate packed and unpacked items (container, bag, box, package);

3. Special regime - these are goods that have special physical and chemical properties and subject to storage and transportation in special transport or container, subject to certain precautions (explosives, perishable food, garbage, livestock);

Also, all transported goods can be divided from a technological point of view into the following types:

by size (small, medium and large-sized cargoes (approximately 2.5 - 3.8 m));

· by weight of one piece of cargo (piece cargo (up to 250 kg), overweight (from 250 kg to 30 tons), heavy (over 30 tons));

· according to the size of shipment (small batch (weighing up to 5 tons), batch (weighing from 5 to 30 tons), large batch (weighing from 30 tons)).

The transport characteristics of goods include the following elements:

linear dimensions of the cargo (length, width, height, diameter of the cargo);

mass (kilogram-tons or displacement for bulk cargoes);

the volume of the cargo or the volume of the 1st place occupied by this cargo.

For various modes of transport and cargo, there are certain transport equipment used for the transportation and temporary storage of the transported cargo. These are, for example: covered wagons, open wagons, platforms, tanks; trucks and trailers; low-tonnage and large-tonnage containers; various pallets (pallets).

Transport and transport service.

The question of choosing the optimal vehicle for the transportation of goods of the enterprise is very important and perhaps the most difficult. Indeed, there are many different ways of delivering goods by various modes of transport, but which one is the most efficient to use is a very controversial issue. The problem of choosing a vehicle is solved in accordance with other logistics tasks of the enterprise, such as creating and maintaining an optimal level of stocks, choosing the type of packaging.

There are five main types of transport: rail, water (sea and river), road, air and pipeline.

The basis for choosing the mode of transport that is optimal for a particular transportation is information about characteristic features different modes of transport, which have both advantages and disadvantages that are significant from the point of view of logistics (Table 1).

Table 1

Characteristics of modes of transport

Kind of transport	Advantages	Flaws
Railway	High carrying capacity and throughput; Independence from climatic conditions, time of year and day; High regularity of transportation; Relatively low rates; Significant discounts for transit shipments; High speed delivery of goods over long distances.	Limited number of carriers; Large capital investments to the material and technical base; High material consumption and energy intensity of transportation; Low availability to end points of sale (consumption); Insufficiently high safety of cargo.
	Possibility of intercontinental transportation; Low cost of transportation over long distances; High carrying capacity and throughput; Low capital intensity of transportation.	Limited transportation; Low delivery speed (long transit time); Dependence on geographical and weather conditions; The need to create a complex port infrastructure.
Inland water (river)	High carrying capacity on deep-sea rivers and reservoirs; Low cost of transportation; Low capital intensity.	Limited transportation; Low speed of cargo delivery; Dependence on the depths of rivers and reservoirs, navigational conditions; seasonality; Insufficient reliability of transportation and cargo safety
Automotive	High availability; Possibility of cargo delivery "from door to door"; High maneuverability, flexibility, dynamism; High delivery speed; Ability to use different routes and delivery schemes; High safety of cargo; Possibility of sending cargo in small batches; Wide choice of suitable carrier.	Low performance; Dependence on weather and road conditions; Relatively high transportation costs.
Air	The highest speed of cargo delivery; High reliability; The highest safety of cargo; The shortest transportation routes.	High cost of transportation; High capital and material and energy intensity of transportation; Dependence on weather conditions; Insufficient geographical accessibility.
Pipeline	Low cost; High performance; High safety of cargo; Low capital intensity	Limited types of cargo (gas, oil products, etc.); Insufficient availability of small volumes of transported goods.

Comparative evaluation of performance indicators for different modes of transport is given in table 2

table 2

Comparison of different modes of transport

Index		Railway		Automotive	Air	Pipeline
Bandwidth	Unlimited			low		Limited
Cost of transportation						High/Low
Transportation speed					Very high	Very high
Regularity of transportation	Sometimes limited	stable	Seasonal	controlled	Limited by pagoda	Unlimited
Transportation distance	Intercontinental	inland	Inside the water basin	small	Unlimited	inland
Traffic volume				Small	Small
The need for a dedicated road network	Not required	Required	Not required	Required	Not required	Required
The need for special terminals	Requires a port facility	Station terminals required	Wharf terminals required	Not required	Airports required	Wanted pumping stations

Table 3 shows the structure of constants and variable costs each type of transport.

Table 3

Cost structure of different modes of transport

Kind of transport	Costs
	Permanent	Variables
Railway	High costs for rolling stock, terminals, rail tracks, etc.	Low level
Automotive	Low costs (highways maintained from road funds)	Average level (fuel, maintenance, etc.)
	Intermediate (vessels and equipment)	Low level (one-time transportation of large tonnage is possible)
Air	Low level (aircraft, missile defense, containers)	High level (fuel, wages, maintenance, etc.)
Pipeline	Most high level(land, construction, pumping stations, monitoring and control system)	The lowest level (labor costs are extremely low)

The main indicators characterizing the place of individual modes of transport in the transport system of Russia are presented in Table 4.

Table 4

The main indicators characterizing the place of certain types of transport in the transport system of Russia

Each of the above types of transport has its own material and technical base, documentation and technical and operational performance indicators.

Having decided on the choice of transport, you must not forget about transport services. It includes not only control over the order of maintenance of vehicles from the point of view of the technical side, but also the process of providing customers or employees of the enterprise with transport services in accordance with established norms and requirements or the contract.

Often at all large enterprises there is such a service as "official transport". Most often, this is a bus that, at a certain time, picks up employees at a designated place and takes them to working enterprise, and at the end of the working day, on the contrary, takes back. You can also call transport service - transport service. That is, every company that has at its disposal transport base, should not forget that the quality of transport service, the efficiency of transport services for servicing customers, shippers and consignees, transportation of goods and the provision of additional and related logistics services, directly affects the quality of the company as a whole and its reputation as well. The more developed the service transport service, topics work more efficiently whole transport system, and, therefore, in relation to the rest of the logistics departments, the enterprise as a whole.

Creation and functioning of the transport process of the enterprise

The organization of the work of internal transport includes the choice of a transportation planning system, the implementation of appropriate preparatory work, the establishment of a certain procedure for the operation of vehicles and the performance of loading and unloading operations.

Currently, enterprises use two types of transportation planning systems: according to standard schedules And on request. The first variety is used with sufficiently powerful and stable cargo flows, the second - with an occasional need for vehicles. When transport operates according to standard schedules, rational routes are identified, standard schedules for the movement of vehicles are developed, the procedure for performing loading and unloading operations, and the technical equipment of loading and unloading places are determined.

The following types of routes are used for the transportation of goods: pendulum, fan, ring.

At pendulum route a vehicle transports goods between two specific points. At fan route- transportation of goods is carried out from several points to one or from one point to several. In case of successive service by a vehicle during the cycle of several points of departure and receipt of goods, circular route. The choice of this or that route is substantiated by economic calculations.

Vehicle hours the procedure for performing loading and unloading operations is determined.

When developing a schedule for the operation of vehicles, they provide for the implementation preparatory work:

the procedure for providing packaging;

· equipment of points of acceptance and departure of cargoes by means of mechanization;

assignment of vehicles and drivers to routes.

Transportation planning consists of three stages:

1. technical and economic planning;

2. scheduling;

3. dispatching.

Technical and economic planning consists in drawing up calendar annual or quarterly transportation plans. These plans include production program(transportation plan), cargo turnover, volume of loading and unloading operations, the required number of vehicles and mechanisms, the number of transport workers and other data characterizing the work of transport in the planned period.

Transportation calendar plans are compiled for shorter periods: shift, day, month. They cover loading and unloading operations, repair of vehicles and communications. The main operational planning document is the timetable for the movement of vehicles. logistics transport cargo

Operational management of the transport work, control over the observance of timetables for the movement of vehicles and shift-daily plans is carried out by the dispatching service of the transport economy. She also organizes scheduled work. Operational accounting is carried out on the basis of daily reports on the work of transport units.

The process of planning the work of vehicles is based on the calculated need for materials, which is additionally specified at the request of the workshops. The planning of the internal cargo turnover of the MR at the request of the production units is carried out taking into account various types of cargo units (table 5).

Planning the internal cargo turnover of the MR at the request of the production units begins with determining the total turnover per shift:

Table 5

Classification of internal material flow by accounting features

accounting sign	Operations	Need
		Motor transport
		Load capacity, (qi), t.	Capacity (Vi), m 3
Nomenclature unit	Loading from one place (homogeneous)		Accommodation	Every shift
	Loading from different places (composite)		Rational use of body volume	As needed
Machine kit	Parallel loading of two or more machines (combined)			Number of vehicle trips
Shop order	Selective loading, according to the requirements of production units (selective)			As shop orders come in

All delivery routes for materials (components) are selected based on requests from the i-th production unit, while the following condition must be met:

In this case, the vehicle performs a cyclic route for the delivery of goods. Knowing the total volume of cargo Qcm that needs to be delivered to all planned points (workshops) along the circular route, and the carrying capacity of a specific i-th type of vehicle, you can calculate the required planned number of trips per shift () for this one type of vehicle:

In practice, this indicator is calculated based on the time of one trip of the i-th type of vehicles along the j-th route

At the same time, in calculating the total number of flights, the weighted average flight time (i) of the i-th type of transport is taken into account:

where n is the total number of routes on the territory of the plant;

Lj - transportation distance along the j-th route, km.

Consequently, the number of motor transport trips (), which are performed by one unit of the i-th mode of transport per shift, are determined by:

i - the average time of the voyage of the i-th type of transport.

Then, the required total number of vehicles of the i-th type () allocated for the shift will be equal to:

By changing the values of the carrying capacity and the coefficient of utilization of the carrying capacity, it is possible to quickly change one vehicle for another. In this case, the above formula will automatically recalculate the required number of vehicles for their different types.

In this case, the number of units of transport required to replace the i-th type of vehicles with the d-th one in the joint operation of their two types (it is possible to determine:

kzami-d=Nmashi/Nmashd,

Nmashi (Nmashd) - the number of cars of the i-th (d-th) type allocated by the auto shop during the scheduled shift, units; l - the actual reduction in the planned need for machines of the i-th type (according to the technical readiness of vehicles or others) per shift (l

Simultaneous operation of vehicles of 3 types () in the transport and warehouse model is determined by the expression

The calculation of the required number of vehicles can be seen in task number 3.

In order for the transport logistics department to function properly, it is necessary, in addition to choosing a rational mode of transport, building an optimal route and providing a high level of transport service, it is necessary to create a whole transport process. The transport process consists of three components: loading, movement and unloading.

Let's start with the fact that before loading the cargo and sending it from the enterprise - the consignor to the customer or consumer, it is necessary to establish, so to speak, external logistics links. These include carriers, freight forwarders, insurance and security companies, cargo packaging companies, etc. Of course, if an enterprise has a whole transport department at its disposal, then it does not need to find carriers and forwarders. Transportation managers know what, when, where, to whom, and in what quantity to send, having the necessary transport, the formed base of consignees, as well as the working staff responsible for loading or unloading the necessary cargo.

So, the consignee has been found, the transport is technically prepared for shipment, there is a person responsible for the delivery of the cargo, now it is necessary to load the cargo onto the vehicle. Loading includes the delivery of a vehicle to a specific place of its dispatch to the consignee, the organization of work on the formation and sorting of cargo, the execution of documents accompanying the transportation. The most important document during the transportation of cargo, without which it is impossible to send a vehicle, is the bill of lading, which indicates what cargo will be delivered, when, in what quantity, who will deliver it, who will have to accept it. In this document, the shipper writes off all liability for the transported cargo, and temporary responsibility for transportation now lies with the person who delivers this cargo.

Then comes the second stage of the transport process - this is movement. It is the main function of transport. When moving, the carrier of the cargo, not being the owner of this cargo, bears full responsibility for its safety to the place of unloading and is financially responsible for it. This stage requires a careful and thorough study of the transportation route, and also requires extreme vigilance from the transportation contractors to reduce travel time and maximize the safety of the cargo during its delivery.

The final stage of the transport process is unloading. The cargo, by means of a vehicle and a carrier, was delivered to the consignee; Unloading operations are performed either by the personnel of the consignee enterprise or by the personnel of the consignor to reduce the time for loading and unloading operations and the total time of the production process. These operations are the most complex and time-consuming, affecting the delay time of the vehicle, and, consequently, reducing its productivity.

In general, the transport process is a very complex and demanding job. After all, the organization and implementation of the transport process is accompanied by a huge flow of information contained in the multitude of documents accompanying the cargo and the vehicle - these are waybills for the vehicle indicating the route and cargo, the bill of lading, information on the organization of traffic, information in case of failure and critical situations.

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History of development

For the first time, mankind got acquainted with the concept of logistics during the development of the Roman Empire, when a logistician was accepted for the position of a traffic controller for the transportation of food products. Transport logistics began to develop widely during the Second World War. This term was often used by the military of the American army, which conducted their military operations in Europe. The soldiers were well equipped with food, weapons and everything necessary. Such reserves characterize a well-established transport supply system. Now the sphere of logistics rises all aspects, except for the production of goods. The main goal is to deliver the goods to their destination with minimal costs of money and time. Transportation costs are subject to the distance between the destination and the final delivery point, as well as the inaccessibility of the final destination.

Appointments and responsibilities of logistics

Delivery by transport is a part of material production. Cargo transportation helps to obtain suitable products from raw materials and deliver them to their destination. When transporting goods, the original price of the goods increases. This is due to the fact that logisticians take into account not only the financial aspect, but also the time of transportation. Also, at the time of transportation of the baggage contents, the goods are not only delivered from the consignor to the recipient, but also stored in the vehicle during this period. At this moment, the territory of the warehouse is not occupied. The main responsibilities of transport logistics include:

Correctly form a route, develop delivery schemes, take into account transport corridors and chains.
Choosing the right route for a mixed type of transportation.
The safety of the goods. The vehicle plays the role of not only a transporter, but is also responsible for the safety of the goods, as in a warehouse.
Correctly form a route for production features.
Choice of vehicle and means of transportation.
Choosing the right route for baggage delivery.

Transport corridor - used for international transportation or delivery to certain regions.

The transport chain is the delivery of goods over well-defined distances, with the correct selection of the time period and using different types of vehicles.

The work of a logistician is to provide transport corridors for international cargo transportation

The choice of logisticians

In order to carry out cargo transportation, the logistician needs to choose the right vehicle. All of them are divided into such categories as automobile vehicle, railway transport, sea delivery vehicles, air transportation, pipeline type of means. Often used for cargo transportation by car, railway transport and sea vessels. When sending the contents of baggage, specialists need to pay attention to such constituent elements as:

How much weight needs to be transported.
What terms will be required, and what terms are provided by the shipper.
Transportation safety.
Number of deliveries.

When determining these constituent elements, the logistician selects the most suitable type of vehicle.

Changes and current trends

Among all types of transportation of goods, a motor vehicle is often used, since this transport can deliver various kinds of luggage, both large and small. The changes that have taken place in the field of logistics have affected delivery by car to a greater extent. Innovations have taken place in the following direction:

The number of companies that provide transportation services has increased. The number of trucks in private fleets has increased. This is due to the fact that a large number of carriers have become interested in this type of transportation. This applies to private companies. From 1993 to the present year, the number of cargo transportation by private enterprises has increased by 63%.
Delivery by railway transport has decreased. This reduction is due to the use by companies of new types of vehicles that can deliver specific cargo, taking into account all the norms, temperature conditions and components of the goods.
Companies that use commercial vehicles for transportation have faded into the background, since such enterprises have no interest in the process of transporting the contents of luggage.

Freight carriers give preference to those companies where cargo delivery is the main activity. Such indicators, innovations increase the need for logistics, since the consignor has the right to choose which vehicle to deliver.

Freight transport by road is gradually replacing rail

Documentary side

The basis of the activities of transport companies is not only the development of schemes and delivery routes, but also the preparation of accompanying documentation. This process requires careful preparation from the shipper, as he is responsible for the documents provided and handed over to the carrier. The measure of responsibility is determined by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and additional regulatory legal acts, the contract. The package of documents is different, it corresponds to the type of delivery - within Russia or abroad. The main supporting documents are:

Transport invoice, bill of lading.
Invoice for the performance of cargo transportation.
Cargo Decree, appeal. Such a document is issued when transportation is carried out by one vehicle, mixed types of baggage are delivered to different destinations (several recipients).

Registration of accompanying documentation in the relevant enterprises is beneficial and convenient because the logistician clearly knows what type of documents need to be prepared and, in case of non-standard deliveries, can notify the consignor of the need to issue an additional package of documents. For international delivery of baggage contents, the number of documents is extended. Such a need has led to the active development of cargo terminals, which exist and are in demand in all large central cities of Russia. The main task of the complexes and logisticians is the acceptance of cargo, loading and unloading, sorting, packaging, legal advice and legal assistance, providing customers.

The logistician is well versed in all types of documentation for cargo transportation

Main stream

To carry out cargo transportation, logisticians set themselves the following tasks:

After determining the contents of the baggage to be delivered, the type of transport.
Kind of transport. It is important to correctly determine which vehicle will be the most profitable to deliver the goods, and it is important to take into account the main properties and characteristics of the contents of the luggage.
At the time of preparing the goods for transportation, take into account the requirements and needs of storage facilities.
Choose the right route, coordinate it with the consignor.

For the customer, the main criteria for choosing companies that specialize in organizing the transportation of luggage are the minimum costs of money and time for the delivery of goods. This is especially true if the sender delivers on an ongoing basis, regularly.

Companies also give guarantees and are responsible for the delivery of the contents of the luggage in integrity. Transport logistics allows you to fully control the goods during the transfer. The customer can also track the cargo at any point of movement along the route, this makes it possible to deliver the goods on time, in complete safety, without damage. This is productive for specific and perishable goods.

In modern conditions, the provision of logistics operations in most cases is carried out not so much by the supplier company itself, as by enterprises and organizations specializing in such operations. Specialized companies can perform part of the logistics operations or all operations in full, performing actions on behalf of and on behalf of the principal - the supplier company (cargo owner).

In this case, most often the execution of logistics operations is carried out, as it were, in a combined version. Some of them are performed by the supplier company. This is storage and inventory management at the supplier's premises, registration of all commodity and shipping documentation, often it is customs clearance and insurance, information support for delivery. In addition, it is the sender who enters into contractual relations with all enterprises participating in the delivery of goods and pays for their services directly or through intermediary organizations.

Enterprises that facilitate the execution by the supplier company of contracts for the sale and supply of goods to recipients are called logistics providers.

Logistics providers include companies that facilitate the organization and implementation of the delivery of goods in international and domestic transport. These can be transport companies, forwarding companies, brokerage (providing chartering of sea tonnage for the client), warehouse, agency (servicing shipping companies), companies carrying out customs operations. In other words, these are all those enterprises and firms that contribute to the organization and implementation of the delivery of goods, their promotion to domestic and international markets.

The main content of transport logistics operations

The delivery of goods from the place of production to the place of consumption can be divided into two types of operations: actual transportation performed by transport companies, and additional operations, covering a complex of various, sometimes complex and labor-intensive work related to the transportation of goods, but beyond the normal functions of carriers.

The most important for cargo owners are freight forwarding operations, since it is the freight forwarding service of goods that is of the greatest interest to organizations and enterprises. In accordance with international practice, forwarding organizations, firms, companies are called upon to represent and protect the interests of cargo owners. The forwarding company, by its status, is obliged to act on behalf of and on behalf of the client (cargo owner), organizing cargo handling during its delivery and performing a number of operations that the client entrusts to it. The term "forwarder" appears in the Middle Ages. The word "forwarder" of Latin origin from expedire accelerate.

At present, in accordance with the terminology of modern management, the term "forwarding company" is increasingly being replaced by the terms logistics provider, logistics, logistics partner. It does not matter what the name of this kind of company is. The bottom line is whose interests it represents and protects, on whose behalf it works and whose instructions it carries out.

Currently, they are conditionally divided into four categories.

Tier 1 Logistics Service Provider - 1PL (logistics provider), a logistics provider company that limits its services to only a narrow part of operations.

For example, a company operates only in one region, is engaged only in warehousing, and works only in trucking.

Second Tier Service Provider - 2PL– a logistics provider providing a wide range of services at home and abroad.

But he works only as an intermediary, as an agent organizing the chain of delivery of goods. The responsibility for the delivery of the goods lies directly with the logistics company that allowed the loss, loss, theft, etc.

Third level logistics provider - 3PL is able to solve the problems of full and integrated logistics services, uses any type of transport, has its own rolling stock, owns terminal complexes in ports or railway stations, owns its own storage facilities, etc.

This logistics provider assumes the general functions of delivering the goods and is responsible to the cargo owner for its actions and the actions of all those subcontractors that were involved in the execution of the delivery. In modern law, this is called the "presumption of guilt."

Tier 4 logistics provider – 4PL – a logistics company capable of doing everything that characterizes a third-level logistics provider plus "management logistics".

That is, a provider of this level is able to optimize the process of product delivery, based on the wishes of the clientele. These optimization criteria, as a rule, are the speed of delivery, safety or the amount of logistics costs.

The most common freight forwarding operations for cargo handling:

advising clients when choosing the type and means of transport in terms of its convenience, speed, cost and safety of cargo delivery;
advising on the route of transportation, type of message, transport conditions of the contract and the basis for the delivery of goods;
organization of cargo delivery from the sender's warehouse to the railway station, port, airport (i.e. to the main transport) or from the station, port, airport to the recipient's warehouse;
packaging and repackaging, labeling and relabeling;
complete set of cargo lots, i.e. Consolidation of small consignments into a combined large consignment (dispatch) in order to make the most rational use of the carrying capacity of vehicles and obtain more favorable rates for cargo owners (in the vast majority of cases, the tariffing of small consignments is unprofitable for the clientele);
mediation in the conclusion by the cargo owner of contracts with carriers, warehouse companies, ports, insurance companies and, in general, any enterprises involved in the delivery of goods;
rendering assistance to cargo owners or performing, on behalf of cargo owners, customs, sanitary, quarantine, veterinary and other operations related to the delivery of goods;
transfer of cargo to the carrier or its cargo agent (port, pier, station) with the execution of acceptance, transportation and other necessary documentation;
organization of cargo storage in warehouses (possibly in our own warehouse);
organization or performance by own means of loading and unloading operations during loading, unloading or transshipment of cargo;
assistance in payments for goods and for the performance of operations related to the delivery of goods;
acceptance of cargo at the destination from the carrier or its cargo agent, checking the number of pieces, weight, condition of tare and packaging, and sometimes the quality of the cargo itself with the involvement of experts (surveyors);
registration of claim documentation (commercial acts on deficiencies, surpluses, damage to cargo and containers, regrading, etc.) together with carriers or their cargo agents;
making payments for transportation and loading and unloading operations at the points of departure and destination of cargo;
sorting large consignments of cargo by lots, grades and sizes;
organization of personal escort of the cargo during the delivery process.

Large forwarding companies are not limited only to intermediary operations and the organization of the delivery of goods, but also take root in the transportation process. Basically, forwarding companies acquire and operate vehicles, and use it both for domestic and international transportation. At the same time, the cargo owner is offered not only freight forwarding services for the cargo, but also its transportation. More rarely, forwarding firms own riverboats, railway platforms, or seagoing vessels. However, this also happens, though not so often.