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Analytical evaluation of the decision to accept an additional order at a price below the critical level. Solving problems of choosing the best option for the technological process The most cost-effective option

The most profitable business in the world: 3 determining factors + 3 profitable directions business in Russia + Top 7 ideas from around the world.

Every novice businessman at the start is wondering what is the most profitable business in the world?

We will try to answer it by identifying directions entrepreneurial activity, which are considered the most promising.

By what criteria can a business be called the most profitable?

Before determining the main directions, it is necessary to identify factors that indicate that the business idea will be profitable:

    Rapid return on investment.

    This fact plays an important role.

    A profitable business is a project in which investments pay off in the shortest possible time.

    Increased demand.

    The success of a business depends on many factors.

    It is impossible to name ideas that will give a 100% guarantee of success.

    But it is possible to single out such goods or services, the demand for which is initially at a high level.

    Usually, we are talking about essentials.

    Minimum investment in raw materials, production.

    It is logical that the less finance an entrepreneur needs to invest in a business, the more benefits he will receive.

    This is especially important when there is a link to the exchange rate.

If you already have your own business, and it has at least two of these signs, you can rejoice - your business is potentially profitable.

And if you are only taking the first steps and still do not know which direction to go?

An overview of the most profitable ideas V different areas business.

Small Business: An Overview of Profitable Ideas

Almost all newcomers start with a small business.

It requires a relatively small investment, a modest material base (premises, staff, equipment).

It is easy to register such activities - you can handle it on your own, even without a legal education.

Therefore, it is obvious that we should consider the most profitable ideas from this particular area of ​​​​entrepreneurial activity.

a) Essential goods and services – a profitable business even in times of crisis

Let's recall one of the factors that determine the profitability of a business: .

Directions that are associated with the satisfaction of primary human needs remain relevant even in times of financial crisis.

As you can see, food, clothes and shoes are what people spend their income on in the first place.

It is worth adding that the item of expenditure on medicines is small only because in ordinary family they are acquired relatively infrequently (if there are no members with chronic diseases).

However, pharmaceuticals are also essential goods.

In the event of a need, people are ready to “give away the last”, but buy the right pills and the like.

Conclusion: potentially profitable business– grocery store, pharmacy kiosk, clothing and footwear trade.

b) Auto repair shop - a profitable business idea

Each car after some time requires repair or scheduled inspection.

Therefore, repair shops can also be attributed to services, the demand for which is initially high.

Thanks to this, you do not need to convince the client that a visit to the auto repair shop is what he needs by listing the benefits for the person.

Enough to stand out from the competition.

A service station can offer a number of basic services:

  • cleaning injectors;
  • repair and testing of electrical equipment;
  • repair of fuel and brake systems;
  • replacement of candles;
  • headlight adjustment.

And these are just some of the services available.

And if you open a car wash next to the service station, then the business will be doubly profitable.

Among the advantages of the business, it is also worth noting that in addition to a large service station with a large capital investment, you can open a simple mobile tire service.

And such a business will still be profitable and in demand.

Still in doubt? Pay attention to the "age" statistics on cars in Russia:

c) How profitable is the vending business?

There is a lot of controversy regarding the profitability of the vending business.

On the one hand, it exactly corresponds to one of the factors of a profitable business given at the beginning of the text: an entrepreneur is not required to make a large investment - it is enough to spend money on the purchase and installation of a miracle machine, and only replenish consumables from time to time.

Moreover, if earlier they offered a short list of services, now with their help you can do literally anything:

What is the contention that this business is profitable?

Pay attention to the distribution of vending machines across Russia:

As you can see, Moscow and St. Petersburg are open to innovation, the use of automatic machines does not cause rejection among people.

While in other cities, mainly, there is a demand only for payment and coffee machines.

Accordingly, there is high competition in these areas of business.

If you take your place, having successfully chosen the location of the device, it is possible to become the owner of a very profitable business:



Top 7 most profitable business ideas in the world

As already mentioned, it is impossible to determine the most profitable business in the world, which gives a 100% guarantee of success.

However, it is quite possible to conduct a thorough analysis of existing lines of entrepreneurial business in order to be inspired.

That is why we will look at the top 10 business ideas, the implementation of which brought their founders wealth and recognition in the world. Who are these people?

1) Profitable online store "Amazon"

This rating is opened by Jeffrey Bezos, a businessman from the United States, who is considered one of the richest people on the planet.

Its capital is 70.3 billion dollars.

This state brought him under the name "Amazon".

A profitable business was based on the sale of books using the Internet.

Interestingly, only $300,000 of initial investment was invested in the idea.

Unexpectedly for Jeffrey himself, after some time, the project began to bring in huge capital.

This opened up the opportunity to expand activities.

Now this online store is known all over the world: https://www.amazon.com/.

2) The sweet kingdom of Michel Ferrero.

Silver goes to Ferrero, founded by Italian businessman Michel Ferrero.

According to Forbes, Michel Ferrero's capital is 600 billion rubles.

What brought such success to the businessman?

Ordinary chocolate butter, which in that era became something new and magical for the food industry.

On this moment under the leadership of Ferrero, products of no less famous brands are produced:

  • "Ferrero Rochen";
  • "Tic-Tac";
  • "Raffaello";
  • "Kinder Surprise" and others.

Russians can learn more about the business on the website: https://www.ferrero.ru/

3) Idea on billion: storage cells.

"Bronze" goes to a businessman from South America Brad Hughes. He earned his capital (about 200 billion rubles) thanks to a business that now seems commonplace.

It's about keeping things in certain place(along the freeways) for a certain fee.

Thanks to the company "Public Storage" it became possible to store your belongings in specially designated safe places in more than thirty countries around the world.

If you need services of this nature or are interested in the details of the business, visit the official website of the company: https://www.publicstorage.com/.

4) Can toys be profitable?

American businessman Ty Warner earned his capital of 146 billion rubles thanks to a project that can be safely included in the ideas of profitable business in the world.

His fortune is based on making Beanie Babie soft toys.

This product is produced in single copies, and has the status of collectibles, so it is very expensive.

The purchase of one such toy can cost 10,000 - 60,000 rubles, while the cost of creating it does not exceed 600 rubles.

Secret of success?

Exclusivity!

Warner toys are not found in regular stores.

And even more so, you will not find two identical copies.

5) How to become billionaires with one product?

The names of Dietrich Mateschitz and Kaleo Juvidich should be known to nightlife enthusiasts, athletes and young people who like to consume energy drinks from time to time.

The fact is that they are the creators of the world-famous Red Bull energy drink.

The drink has a rather uncomplicated composition:

  • water;
  • glucose;
  • caffeine;
  • vitamin b.

But this turned out to be enough for the idea to be awarded the title of one of the most profitable options business in the world and brought recognition and capital of 110 billion rubles to its creators.

6) Another profitable candy business

The brothers Paul and Hans Reigel invented gummies in various shapes and flavors.

Hans came up with 260 types of these sweets!

Sweets are made almost all over the world.

Each of the founders, thanks to this idea, has a capital of about 1.5 billion dollars.

7) Profitable business on regular coffee

To do this, Schultz opened a line of coffee shops.

At the moment, the Starbucks network consists of 12,000 stores!

The capital earned from this profitable business is $1.1 billion.

Company official website: https://www.starbucks.com/

And to open your own profitable business, use the tips from the video:

How to make your business profitable?

If for some reason the business does not bring the desired income, pay attention to the following ways to make it profitable:

  1. Make a graph of expenses and profits - this will allow you to determine which area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe business "steals" the most. Try to shorten it.
  2. Constantly improve your own qualifications and the interest of subordinates in the work.
  3. Carry out a set of measures to prevent theft at work.
  4. Divide the business into segments, and determine your responsible person in each area.
  5. Run a PR campaign to attract more customers.
  6. Purchase new, better equipment.
  7. Raise the wages of workers - this will help provoke a greater return on their part;
  8. Secure all enterprise data located in in electronic format. This will save you from financial losses in the future.

Summing up, we can say that the most profitable business in the world is the one in which soul and hard work are invested.

Nothing is given just like that, every case should be worked on.

Remember that there is always room for young entrepreneurs!

Therefore, it is worthwhile to implement your bold ideas for a profitable business without any fear.

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It is necessary to determine the economic effect (profit) from the production and sale of wallpaper with sound-absorbing coating.

Economic effect (profit) from the production and sale of wallpaper with sound-absorbing coating for billing period is determined by the following formula:

ET = RT - ST.

Hence ET = 22588 - 8444 = 14144 million rubles.

Example 11.3. Three inventions are proposed for implementation. Determine which one is the most cost effective.

Solution. Let's define the yield index

According to the first invention

.

According to the second invention

.

According to the third invention

.

Conclusion

In conclusion, in accordance with the goal set in the introduction, we will try to draw generalized conclusions.

The results of innovative activity may have a specific material form or an intangible form.

Intellectual property objects can generate income and are included in intangible assets.

Protective documents for inventions are patents, copyrights.

Trademark is a means of product individualization.

"Know-how" is fully or partially confidential knowledge, experience, skills, including technical, economic, administrative, financial and other information.

Commercial transfer of "know-how" is formalized by licensing agreements.

Industrial designs are also a consequence of innovation.

The rights to inventions, trademarks and other results of innovative activity are formalized by a license.

The material results of innovative activity are the created and mastered machines, equipment, devices, automation tools.

Entering the technology market indicates the effectiveness of innovation.

A distinction should be made between cost effectiveness innovative activity manufacturers and buyers of innovations.

The effect of using innovations depends on the results and costs taken into account. Determine the economic, scientific and technical, financial, resource, social and economic effect.

Depending on the time period for accounting for results and costs, there are indicators of the effect for the billing period and indicators of the annual effect.

EXERCISE 1

Four options developed technological process production of slate, ensuring the quality of products in accordance with applicable standards and specifications. Key Usage Indicators various options technological process are given in table 2.1.

Table 2.1

Initial data on the technological process of manufacturing slate

Note:

The given indicators have the following dimensions:

q - annual volume of production, million m²;

s - unit cost of production, thousand rubles/m²;

K - investment by option, million rubles.

The choice of the best variant of the technological process should be carried out by calculating the coefficients of comparative efficiency of additional capital investments and confirm the resulting solution by calculating the reduced costs.

The choice of the best option is carried out by one of the methods:

1) according to the efficiency coefficient add. investment,

The efficiency coefficient is determined by the formula:

where: S1 and S2 - the cost of the annual volume of production for two comparative options;

K1 and K2 - capital investments for two comparative options.

When E > Yen, a more capital-intensive option is introduced, when E< Ен - менее капиталоемкий.

2) by calculating the reduced costs.

The given costs are determined by the formula:

P \u003d S + En * K min, (2.2)

where: S - the cost of the annual volume of production according to the option;

Yong - normative coefficient efficiency of additional investments;

K - investment by option.

The variant with the lowest cost will be implemented.

Let's present the initial information in the form of table 2.2.

Table 2.2

Normative coefficient of efficiency of additional investments

Because E>

Because E>

Because E>

P1 \u003d S1 + En * K1 \u003d 3000 * 76.5 + 0.200 * 115000 \u003d 252500 rubles.

P2 \u003d S2 + En * K2 \u003d 3000 * 78 + 0.200 * 110000 \u003d 256,000 rubles.

P3 \u003d S3 + En * K3 \u003d 3000 * 71 + 0.200 * 116000 \u003d 236200 rubles.

P4 \u003d S4 + En * K4 \u003d 3000 * 85 + 0.200 * 86000 \u003d 272200 rubles.

Thus, the calculation of the reduced costs for the options confirmed that option 3 is the best, since its costs turned out to be the lowest.

TASK 2

For the conditions that are presented in the previous task, it is necessary to determine the best variant of the technological process if investments are made within four years as a share of the total investment (Table 2.3).

Table 2.3

Share of investments by years

Before you start looking for the best process option, you need to prepare information about capital costs ah by years of investment (Table 2.4). Their structure (in percent) is given in the task.

Table 2.4

Investments by years and options (thousand rubles)

Ordinal year

Option 1

Option 2

Option 3

Option 4

Third year

Second year

First year

The figures of the above table were determined as follows:

Option 1:

Year 0: K10 = 40% * 115 = 46 thousand rubles.

1st year: K11 \u003d 30% * 115 \u003d 34.5 thousand rubles.

2nd year: K12 = 20% * 115 = 23 thousand rubles.

3rd year: K13 \u003d 10% * 115 \u003d 11.5 thousand rubles.

The investments for options 2, 3, 4 are calculated in a similar way.

Let's recalculate investments taking into account the time factor.

Option 1:

Thus, taking into account the time factor, capital investments in option 1 will not amount to 115 thousand rubles, but 117.32 thousand rubles.

Similarly, investments are calculated for other options:

In the future, the coefficients of additional capital investments and the reduced costs are calculated according to the options by analogy with the first task, but using the newly obtained values ​​of capital investments:

Since the indicator of the cost of production is set in rubles / thousand. m², then capital investments should be converted into rubles, multiplying them by 1000.

Let's compare options 1 and 2:

Since E>En, then a more capital-intensive option is accepted for implementation, i.e. Option 1. Option 2 is excluded from further analysis as ineffective.

Let's compare options 1 and 3:

Since E>En, then a more capital-intensive option is accepted for implementation, i.e. Option 3. Option 1 is excluded from further analysis as ineffective.

Let's compare options 3 and 4:

Since E>En, then a more capital-intensive option is accepted for implementation, i.e. option 3. It is the most efficient of all the alternatives.

Let's check the obtained conclusion by calculating the reduced costs.

P1 \u003d S1 + En * K1 \u003d 3000 * 76.5 + 0.200 * 117320 \u003d 252965 rubles.

P2 \u003d S2 + En * K2 \u003d 3000 * 78 + 0.200 * 112220 \u003d 256444 rubles.

P3 \u003d S3 + En * K3 \u003d 3000 * 71 + 0.200 * 118340 \u003d 236687 rubles.

P4 \u003d S4 + En * K4 \u003d 3000 * 85 + 0.200 * 87740 \u003d 272548 rubles.

Thus, the calculation of the reduced costs by options confirmed that option 3 is the most economical.

TASK 3

Five variants of the technological process for the manufacture of bricks have been developed, which are characterized by different productivity, but ensure the release of products in accordance with applicable standards and specifications. The selling price of one brick is 0.285 rubles. Determine which of the options for the technological process is economically more profitable if the efficiency standard adopted by the company is En. Other initial data are given in tables 2.5 and 2.6.

Table 2.5

Initial data

Table 2.6

Information on the volume of production of bricks and the standard of efficiency of capital investments

The choice of the best option is carried out according to the given effect. The reduced effect is determined by the formula

E \u003d q * Z - (s + En * Ku) max, (2.3)

where: E is the annual reduced economic effect of the option;

q - annual volume of production in physical terms;

Z - selling price of products;

S - the cost of production of a unit of production according to the option;

En is the standard for the efficiency of capital investments;

Ku - specific capital investments according to the option.

Specific capital investments are determined by the formula:

where: K - investment by option.

Option 1:

Option 2:

Option 3:

Option 4:

Option 5:

Thus, option 5 is the most beneficial of all, since the effect shown is the most significant.

TASK 4

Five variants of the technological process for the manufacture of tiles have been developed, each differing from the others in quality finished products and performance of the equipment used. Determine which of the options is more cost-effective with the following initial data (tables 2.7, 2.8).

Table 2.7

Variants of the technological process for the manufacture of tiles

Table 2.8

Information about the price of tiles and the standard of efficiency of capital investments

According to the given initial data, alternative options differ in the volume of brick production. Therefore, to select the best option for the technological process, the reduced cost formulas should not be used. The solution of such a problem is possible only by applying the reduced effect formula.

In the process of calculations, it is necessary to ensure that the dimensions of the indicators are strictly maintained. With this requirement in mind, we define the reduced effect.

Option 1:

Option 2:

Option 3:

Option 4:

Option 5:

Thus, option 4 is the most beneficial of all, since the effect shown is the most significant.

TASK 5

Designed technical project construction and operation of a brick factory with a production capacity of M (thousand pieces / year). Construction and development period production capacity new venture (? T) is equal to 0.8 years.

It was recognized as expedient to use 10% of the plant's production capacity as a reserve.

According to the project, annual fixed costs the plant is C (thousand rubles / year), and the variables - U (rubles / piece). The market price of a brick at the time of designing the plant is defined as Zr (rubles/piece). Predicted studies show that by the beginning of the operation of the plant, the price of a brick will change: from min = 1.14 to max = 1.2. Capital investments in the creation of the plant are defined as K (thousand rubles). The rate of efficiency of capital investments (En), established by the company, is equal to 0.20. The expected demand for bricks is 1.25 M. The value of inflationary expectations can be neglected. All data are presented in Table 2.9.

Table 2.9

Initial data on the production program

Note:

a - change in the mass of goods supplied by competitors to the market, shares of units;

af - the market share of the new company in relation to the volume of the commodity mass of the base period, shares of units;

Katz - coefficient. price elasticity of demand for goods, shares of units;

D - coefficient. changes in the income of consumers of goods, shares of units;

Cad - coefficient. elasticity of the goods according to the income of consumers, shares of units.

All necessary calculations be done in two ways:

a) at cost pricing;

b) with market pricing.

When calculating, we will assume that the planned production of bricks is 85% of the production capacity of the enterprise, and taxes are defined as = 0.215 of the value fixed costs(conditionally constant annual taxes) and \u003d 0.28 of the balance sheet profit of the enterprise (variable taxes depending on production activities enterprises).

It is necessary to determine the value of the following indicators characterizing the effectiveness of the future business:

Annual production program;

Expected selling price of bricks per unit of production;

Annual revenue from the sale of bricks;

Annual variable operating costs;

Semi-fixed current costs per unit of output;

Cost of production per unit of output;

The cost of production of annual marketable products;

The value of the annual balance sheet profit of the enterprise

Profitability of brick production;

Annual production program of self-sufficiency of the enterprise;

Characteristics and degree of reliability of the future business;

The amount of the annual total tax (in the absence of tax incentives);

The annual production program of self-sufficiency of the enterprise, taking into account its taxation;

The share of revenue remaining at the disposal of the enterprise after paying taxes;

The share of balance sheet profit withdrawn to the budget as taxes (total tax as a percentage of balance sheet profit);

Efficiency ratio and payback period of capital investments (taking into account the risk of entrepreneurship).

After all the calculations carried out, it is necessary to draw a conclusion about the feasibility of the business (the main production indicators are given in the table).

The results of the calculations performed should be presented in a summary table. Build a schedule of costs and results of production, depending on the production program of the enterprise. Compare the results of calculations for various kinds pricing and draw conclusions that explain the discrepancies in these results.

A) Based on cost pricing.

Let's determine the annual production program of the plant by the formula:

q \u003d Km * M \u003d 0.85 * 10,000 \u003d 8500 thousand pieces, (2.6)

where: M is the annual production capacity of the enterprise;

Km - coefficient of utilization of production capacity.

Let's determine the expected price of one brick by the formula:

Z \u003d 0.5 * (1.14 + 1.20) * 0.823 \u003d 0.9629 rubles / piece.

Let's determine the annual revenue from the sale of bricks by the formula:

B \u003d q * Z (2.8)

B \u003d 8,500,000 * 0.9629 \u003d 8,184,735 rubles / year.

Let's define the annual variable costs enterprises according to the formula:

Uper \u003d Y * q (2.9)

Uper \u003d 0.220 * 8,500,000 \u003d 1,870,000 rubles / year.

Let's define semi-fixed costs per unit of production by the formula:

c = C: q (2.10)

c \u003d 2,500,000: 8,500,000 \u003d 0.294118 rubles / piece.

Let's determine the cost of production of a unit of production by the formula:

s = Y + c (2.11)

s \u003d 0.220 + 0.294118 \u003d 0.514118 rubles / piece

Let's determine the cost of annual marketable products by the formula:

S = s * q (2.12)

S \u003d 0.514118 * 8,500,000 \u003d 4,370,000 rubles / year

Let us determine the value of the annual balance sheet profit of the enterprise according to the formula:

Pb = q * (Z - s) (2.13)

Pb \u003d 8,500,000 * (0.9629 - 0.514118) \u003d 3,814,735 rubles / year.

Let's determine the profitability of brick production by the formula:

Pi = (Z - s) : s (2.14)

Pi \u003d (0.9629 - 0.514118) : 0.514118 \u003d 0.8729, or 87.29%

Let's determine the annual production program of self-sufficiency of the enterprise's activities according to the formula:

Qc = C: (Z - Y) (2.15)

Qc \u003d 2,500,000: (0.9629 - 0.220) \u003d 3,365,145 pieces / year.

Let's determine the characteristics and degree of reliability of the future business. The ratio of production capacity to the production program of self-sufficiency is:

M / Qc \u003d 10,000,000 / 3,365,145 \u003d 2.97

The resulting figure indicates that the business takes into account the uncertainty of the future market situation and will be quite reliable, since its risk level is below average, and the correction rate for the efficiency of capital expenditures Ep, taking into account the risk of investments, is:

Ep \u003d Km * En \u003d 0.85 * 0.20 \u003d 0.17.

Let us determine the value of the annual total tax of the enterprise (in the absence of tax benefits) according to the formula:

H \u003d Hpos + Nper \u003d * C + * Pb (2.16)

H \u003d 0.215 * 2,500,000 + 0.28 * 3,814,735 \u003d 1,605,626 rubles / year.

Let us determine the annual production program of self-sufficiency, taking into account taxation, according to the formula:

Qc = = 4 370 015 pieces/year.

The result obtained indicates that, taking into account taxation, the production program of self-sufficiency has increased significantly (from 3,365,145 to 4,370,015 units/year), i.e. increased by 1.3 times. This significantly reduces the amount net profit, increases the risk of investing in this business.

Let's determine the share of revenue remaining at the disposal of the enterprise after paying taxes, according to the formula:

We substitute the initial and calculated data into this formula (18) and get:

This means that almost 27% of all revenue remains at the disposal of the enterprise after paying taxes, or:

On * B \u003d 0.27 * 8,184,735 \u003d 2,209,109 rubles / year.

Let us determine the total tax as a percentage of the balance sheet profit according to the formula:

n = N / Pb (2.19)

n \u003d 1 605 626 / 3 814 735 \u003d 0.4209, or 42%

This is a fairly high result, which allows us to conclude that almost 42% of the balance sheet profit remains for the enterprise for social and industrial development.

Let us determine the efficiency ratio and the payback period of capital investments, taking into account the risk of entrepreneurship, according to the following formulas:

We substitute the available data into formula (2.20) and get:

Consequently, taking into account the risk, the efficiency of capital investments fully satisfies the requirements of the theory and the limitation of the efficiency rate established by the entrepreneur. Now you can determine the payback period for capital investments using the formula (2.21):

The project of the future business provides the entrepreneur with enough high income and can be recommended for implementation, taking into account the uncertainty of the future market situation and the risk of investments. According to the calculated data, we will construct a graph of the dependence of costs and production results on the volume of output (Fig. 2.1).



Fig.2.1.

B) Based on market pricing.

1) First of all, it is necessary, according to the initial data and taking into account the adopted production program, to determine the price of one brick according to the following formula:

2) Since the value obtained does not represent the price of a brick itself, but its index, then in order to finally determine the desired value of the price, it is necessary to carry out the following calculation operation:

Z \u003d Z * d \u003d 0.9629 * 0.8194 \u003d 0.789 rubles / pc.

3) Determine the revenue of the enterprise according to the formula:

B \u003d q * Z \u003d 8,500,000 * 0.789 \u003d 6,706,572 rubles / year.

4) The cost of one brick remains unchanged, i.e. the same as with cost pricing, and is:

s \u003d 0.514118 rubles / piece

5) The cost of annual commodity output also remains unchanged:

S = 4,370,000 rubles/year.

6) Determine the annual balance sheet profit by the formula:

Pb \u003d q * (Z - s) \u003d 8,500,000 * (0.789 - 0.514118) \u003d 2,336,572 rubles / year.

7) Let's determine the profitability of brick production by the formula:

Pi \u003d (Z - s) : s \u003d (0.789 - 0.514118) : 0.514118 \u003d 0.5346.

8) Determine the amount of the annual total tax according to the formula:

H \u003d * C + * Pb \u003d 0.215 * 2,500,000 + 0.28 * 2,336,572 \u003d 1,191,740 rubles / year.

9) Let's determine the share of revenue remaining at the disposal of the enterprise according to the formula (2.18):

0.1251 or 13%

Thus, after the settlement with the budget, approximately 13% of the revenue will remain at the disposal of the enterprise, or:

B * On \u003d 6,706,572 * 0.1251 \u003d 838,832 rubles / year.

10) Determine the total tax as a percentage of the balance sheet profit according to the formula:

H \u003d H / Pb \u003d 1,191,740 / 2,336,572 \u003d 0.5100, or 51%.

11) Let's determine the efficiency ratio and the payback period of capital investments according to the formulas (2.20) and (2.21):

In the conditions of market pricing, the business is not sufficiently profitable and reliable.

Let's compare the estimated results for cost and market pricing with each other and present all the information in Table 2.10.

Table 2.10

Results of cost and market pricing calculations

Name of indicator

Indicator value

at cost pricing

at market pricing

1) Annual production program, thousand pieces

2) Price per unit of production, rub./pc.

3) Annual revenue of the enterprise, rub./year

4) Annual variable costs, rub./year

5) Semi-fixed costs, rub./pc.

6) Cost of a unit of production, rub./pc.

7) Cost of commercial products, rub./year

8) Annual balance sheet profit, rub./year

9) Profitability of brick production,%

10) Manufacturing program self-sufficiency, pieces/year

11) Efficiency correction rate for investment risk

12) Annual total tax, rub./year

13) Production program of self-sufficiency, taking into account taxation, units/year

14) The share of revenue remaining at the disposal of the enterprise,%

15) Aggregate tax in relation to balance sheet profit, %

16) The coefficient of efficiency of capital expenditures, taking into account the risk (with En + Ep = 0.37)

17) Payback period of capital investments, years

Conclusion

The result obtained indicates that under market pricing conditions, production efficiency indicators with fixed initial data are worse than under costly pricing conditions. This is explained by the fact that the price of a product decreases with an increase in the total mass on the market, therefore, all indicators formed on the basis of the price of a product deteriorate (revenue, balance sheet profit, profitability of production, etc.).

At the same time, it can be stated that with market pricing after taxes, the company has less Money For further development. It should be emphasized that in this case, in the conditions of market pricing, an entrepreneurial project cannot be considered expedient, the future business is not sufficiently effective and reliable.

Problem 7.1. There are investments in the amount of 5 million rubles. Banks offer to place capital for two years, but one offers to invest money at 20% per annum, taking into account the accrual of simple interest at the end of each year, the second - at 20% per annum, but with quarterly compound interest. Determine the future cost of capital and choose the best option.

1. Determine the future value when calculating simple interest:

TO t= K(1+E t) = 5 (1+0.2∙2) = 7.0 million rubles.

2. Determine the coefficient of growth (capitalization):

3. Determine the future value when calculating compound interest:

Conclusion: the second option is more profitable.

Problem 7.2. The depositor has 100 thousand rubles free throughout the year. The bank offers three options for investing money for a period of two years at 24% per annum: with capitalization of interest after the next month, next quarter, next half year. Determine the best investment option.

1. Determine the future value of money with monthly capitalization:

2. Determine the future value of money with quarterly capitalization:

3. Determine the future value of money with a semi-annual capitalization:

Conclusion: the first option is the best.

Problem 7.3. The initial amount is 100 thousand rubles, the final amount is 121 thousand rubles. Determine at what percentage you need to put money in the bank for 2 years.

Let's determine the percentage that will make it possible to receive 121 thousand rubles:

Problem 7.4. Determine how much you should deposit in the bank today at 10% per annum so that in 2 years you have 121 thousand rubles.

Determine the current amount of money:

Problem 7.5. The depositor has a free amount of 100 thousand rubles. He wants to receive 121 thousand rubles. The bank offers to invest money at 10% per annum with capitalization of interest after the next year. Determine how many years the depositor will be able to receive the desired amount?

Determine the number of years to obtain the desired amount.

We derive from the formula:

Problem 7.6. The bank offers 25% per annum. Determine the discount factor and the initial contribution in order to have 100 thousand rubles in the account in 3 years.

1. Define the discount factor:

2. Define the initial contribution:

Problem 7.7. Two options are proposed for making capital investments for the construction of a new workshop, corresponding to various technologies. Construction period - 3 years. The amount of costs for the options is the same - 450 million rubles. Investments are made at the beginning of each year. According to the first option, the sequence of depositing funds is 150 million rubles. annually. According to the second option, the procedure for investing funds by year is 200, 150, 100 million rubles. Profitability is 10% per year. Determine the current value of the options and choose the most preferable among them.

1. Let's determine the current value of funds according to the first option:

2. Let's determine the current value of cash investments according to the second option:

Conclusion: Option I is the best, it requires a smaller initial amount.

Problem 7.8. The amount of invested capital is 900 thousand rubles, the duration of the investment is 4 years, the annual cash inflow is 300 thousand rubles, the interest rate is 10%. Determine the net present value.

Problem 7.9. The amount of invested capital is 900 thousand rubles, the duration of the investment is 4 years. Cash inflow by years: 100, 200, 300, 400 thousand rubles. Interest rate - 10%. Determine the net present value and decide whether it is worth investing in this project.

Determine the net present value of invested capital:

Conclusion: an investor should not invest money, because. the project is inefficient.

Problem 7.10. The organization is installing new equipment. The discount rate is 10%. Define clean discounted income from its use according to table. 7.1.

Table 7.1

Let's determine the NPV from the use of equipment:

NPV \u003d (14260 - 996) 0.909 + (15812 - 4233) 0.826 + (16662 - 10213) 0.751 + (18750 -

–11650)0.683+(26250 - 18400)0.621+(28750 - 20150)0.564 = 41050.30 thousand rubles.

Problem 7.11. The amount of capital investment is 900 thousand rubles, the duration of the investment is 4 years, the annual cash inflow is 300 thousand rubles, the interest rate is 10%. Determine the internal rate of return on capital and conclude whether the investment is effective.

1. Determine the calculated value of the discounted multiplier:

2. Let's determine the value of the discounted multiplier at E VNR = 12%:

3. Let's determine the value of the discounted multiplier at E VNR = 13%:

4. Define the internal rate of return:

Investments are effective because their internal rate of return (12.6%) is higher interest rate (10%).

Problem 7.12. The reduced integral effect is 3,792 thousand rubles, and the reduced capital investments are 2,212 thousand rubles. Determine the net present value and the yield index.

1. Define the net present value:

NPV = IE ref. - To bring. = 3792 - 2212 = 1580 thousand rubles.

2. Define the yield index:

Problem 7.13. The discount rate (interest rate) at which the bank issues loans is 25%. Values ​​of net present value and yield index.

Table 7.2

1. Define the reduced effect:

2. Let us determine the reduced investments, taking into account their depreciation:

3. Determine the net present value:

NPV \u003d 884.81 - 328.73 \u003d 556.08 thousand rubles.

4. Define the yield index:

Conclusion: the value of NPV is positive, ID>1; project is efficient.

Problem 7.14. According to the first option, the total construction period is 4 years, the estimated cost is 40 million rubles; sequence of investment of funds - 10 million rubles. annually. According to the second option, construction starts a year later and is carried out for three years. The estimated cost is 42 million rubles, the procedure for investing funds by year is 6, 10, 26 million rubles. Investments are made at the end of each year. The standard for bringing over-time costs is set at 10%. Determine the most efficient option.

1. Let's determine the amount of capital investments according to the first option, reduced to the fourth year, i.e. by the year of completion of construction:

K 4 \u003d 10 (1 + 0.1) 3 + 10 (1 + 0.1) 2 + 10 (1 + 0.1) 1 + 10 \u003d 46.41 million rubles.

2. Let's determine the amount of capital investments according to the second option, reduced to the third year, i.e. by the year of completion of construction:

K 3 \u003d 6 (1 + 0.1) 2 + 10 (1 + 0.1) 1 + 26 \u003d 44.26 million rubles.

Despite the higher cost, the second option is the best.

Problem 7.15. The loan amount is 200 million rubles, the duration of the loan is 4 years, the annual interest rate is 20%, the share of capital investments by years is 0.25. Two options for repayment of a long-term loan are offered: at the end of its advance period; annually, subject to the interest rate. Determine the repayment amount for the loan and choose the best repayment option.

1. Determine the amount of the loan repayment for the option that provides for its payment at the end of the advanced period:

2. Determine the loan repayment amount for the option that provides for the annual payment of a part of the loan:

Conclusion: the second option is the best, as it gives a smaller return amount.

Problem 7.16. The contractor commissioned the facility under construction on September 1, with a contractual deadline of December 1 and a contractual price of 1,000 million rubles. The expected efficiency of the facility is 0.12 rubles / rub. in year. In accordance with the contract agreement, the contractor must receive an additional payment of 0.5% of the earned investment for each month of accelerated commissioning. Determine the economic effect of the early commissioning of the facility for the investor and contractor.

1. Let us determine the additional profit that the investor should receive for the additional operating time of capital investments:

2. Determine the amount of additional payment that the investor is obliged to transfer to the contractor in connection with the early commissioning of the facility:

In order to create economic interest, the investor transfers to the contractor half of the profit received in connection with the early commissioning of the object.

Problem 7.17. Overhead costs according to the estimate - 60 million rubles. The share of semi-fixed costs is 0.5. The firm can reduce the construction period of the facility from 12 to 10 months. Determine the savings from reducing construction time.

Determine the savings from reducing the construction period:

Problem 7.18. Three options for capital investments in the construction of a plant are compared with different investments by years (Table 7.3). Choose the most effective option for investing money if the rate of return on invested capital is 20%.

Table 7.3

Let us determine the amounts of discounted capital investments by options:

The third option is the best, it requires a smaller initial one.