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Usage factor. Power factor

When designing and operating solar power plants, to characterize the operating modes of power receivers and their load schedules, they often use not the load schedules themselves, but their calculated values and coefficients that characterize these load schedules. When calculating loads, as a rule, active power graphs are used. The remaining load indicators are determined by active power, taking into account correction factors.

Inclusion factor

The switching coefficient is typical for the load curve of an individual EA operating in intermittent mode, and depends on the nature of the technological process.

The switching coefficient according to the active power schedule is the ratio of the EA operation time to the cycle time :

Where
EP operation time, min, h;
cycle time, min, h;
pause time, min, h

Because
, That
. The time of work, pauses and cycles are determined according to the load schedule of the electric power supply. For EP operating in long-term mode with a uniform load schedule,
. In practice, the turn-on factor is set as a passport value, characterized by the duration of the turn-on of the ED (
), %.

Utilization factor

Active power utilization factor of an individual ED (
) or EP groups (
) is the ratio of the average value of the consumed active power by individual ED ( ) or an EP group ( ) for the busiest shift to his (their) active rated power ( or ).

For a separate EP:

Where - the average value of the consumed active power of the EP for the most loaded shift, kW;

Because
, That
. For an EP operating in a long-term mode with a uniform load schedule,
.

For a group of EPs operating in the same mode:

Where - the average value of the consumed active power by the ES group for the busiest shift, kW; - rated active power of the EP group, kW.

For a group of EPs operating in different modes, the weighted average utilization factor for this group is calculated by the formula

Where
the number of EPs in this group.

Because
, That
. For EP operating in long-term mode with a uniform load schedule,
.

If there are individual and group graphs for reactive power and current, the utilization factors for reactive power and current of these graphs are determined similarly by formulas, substituting the values of reactive power or current, respectively.

Load factor

The load factor for the active power of a separate EA (
)or EP groups (
) is the ratio of his (their) average load during the turn-on time during the considered period of time (
or
) to its (their) rated power ( or
).

For an individual EP:

Where
– average load for the time of switching on the electric power supply, kW; - rated active power of the EP, kW.

Because
, That
. The load factor is the same as , depends on the nature of the technological process and changes with a change in the operating mode of the EA. When the EP load is uniform and constant,
. Coefficient ratios

For a group of electrical receivers:

or
,

Where
- average load during the switching on of the EA group, kW;
- rated active power of this EP group, kW.

If there are graphs for reactive power and current, the load factors of these graphs are determined similarly using formulas (3.5), (3.6), substituting the values of reactive power or current, respectively.

EQUIPMENT UTILIZATION RATIO- an indicator characterizing the degree of productive use of the active part of production fixed assets. It is calculated by time, power (productivity) and the volume of products produced or work performed. The coefficient of use of equipment by time is determined by dividing the time of actual operation of the equipment by the planned time fund, i.e., by the number of hours of operation of the equipment provided for by the plan, taking into account the number of calendar days in the period, holidays and weekends, established regime work, shift duration, and time for scheduled preventive maintenance.

If the machine was supposed to work in a given month for 160 hours, and practically due to downtime not provided for by the plan for the loss of working time, it worked for 150 hours, then the coefficient of equipment utilization by time (extensive load factor) is 93.8% (6.2% - loss of machine time). It is important to ensure the operation of equipment not only without downtime, but also with installed capacity and productivity.

If the machine, according to the norms, should process six parts of the same type per hour, and in fact only five are processed, then the equipment utilization factor in terms of power (heavy load factor) is 83.3%. (5: 6=0.833). The use of equipment capacity depends on its condition, timely and high-quality care, on the qualifications and diligence of employees.

The coefficient of use of equipment by volume of work (integral load factor) reflects both the time and the degree of use of its capacity and is equal to the ratio of the volume of products actually produced on it to the planned volume that should be obtained when working without downtime and with installed capacity. If according to the plan it is planned to process 960 parts per month on the machine, and 750 are actually processed, then the generalizing, integral coefficient of equipment utilization is 78.1% (the product of the coefficients of equipment utilization by time and by power: 0.938X0.833). Increasing the utilization rate of equipment is the most important prerequisite for intensifying production, increasing output at existing facilities.

At the XXVII Party Congress it was noted: “Planning and economic bodies, collectives of enterprises need to do everything possible so that the created capacities operate at the design level. Only in heavy industry would it be possible to almost double the rate of production growth” (Materialy of the XXVII Congress of the CPSU, p. 41). An increase in the utilization rate of equipment is achieved by eliminating downtime, increasing the shift ratio, improving preventive maintenance and care of equipment, strengthening labor discipline, and increasing the qualifications of workers. The decommissioning and sale of low-performance, unloaded equipment on the basis of attestation of workplaces also contributes to an increase in the utilization rate of equipment.

Source: Brief economic dictionary, M., 1987

Heavy use factor

equipment (K int.)\u003d Actual output of products (services) per unit of equipment operation time (actually achieved productivity) / Possible volume of products (services) that could be performed with full use power ( bandwidth) for scheduled time or calendar time

Ki \u003d Qf / Qv

The coefficient of intensive use of equipment characterizes the degree of productive use of specific equipment and communication facilities, reflects the reserves that are available at the workplace and can be used. In most cases, it depends on the quality of the organization of work, as well as on the workload at the workplace.

Also, indicators of the use of fixed production assets include:

Equipment Involved Ratio = the ratio of equipment actually used to all equipment (including reserve and in stock)

Kz \u003d Fz / ∑F

1-3- indicators can be calculated both for the enterprise as a whole and for certain types products.

However, using only specific types production equipment and facilities do not give a complete picture of the degree of use of fixed assets in the communications industry (sub-sectors and enterprises) as a whole. Therefore, to characterize the degree of use of fixed production assets on the scale of enterprises, sub-sectors and the entire communications industry, consolidated cost indicators are used. The main cost indicator is the return on assets (Kn), which characterizes the general level of use of fixed assets. It is determined by the enterprise by the ratio of income from core activities for the year (D) to the average annual value of fixed assets (f), i.e.

return on assets

h = D/F or h = D/Q

The rate of return on assets characterizes the value of the volume of services attributable to 1 hryvnia. OF cost.

The inverse indicator of capital productivity is capital intensity. Capital intensity shows how many funds are needed to receive a unit of income:

capital intensity

K \u003d F / D or K \u003d 1 / h

And the last indicator of the use of fixed production assets is the capital-labor ratio - it characterizes the provision of workers with means of labor:

capital-labor ratio

where Ш is the average number of staff (number of employees)

These 3 indicators are calculated for the enterprise as a whole.

Structure and indicators of use working capital

communication enterprises

Collectively, revolving funds in the sphere of production and circulation are called revolving funds. The intangible nature of the products of communication services is reflected in the composition and structure of the working capital of the enterprise. If at industrial enterprises in the composition of working capital the largest share is made up of production stocks of materials and raw materials, and in the composition of circulation - finished products, then in the composition of working capital of communication enterprises there is no work in progress, and stocks of materials are used not for production, but for servicing communication facilities.

The current assets of communication enterprises are divided into:

— normalized (materials, fuel, uniforms), according to which consumption or use standards are approved;

— non-normalized ( cash businesses with bank accounts accounts receivable customers for communication services).

The working capital ratio characterizes the number of days for which the company must have a working capital reserve for uninterrupted operation.

The rate of working capital is established in various relative values(for example, for materials and fuel in days, for spare parts in % of the cost of the corresponding types of OF).

The following types of indicators are used to characterize working capital:

Working capital turnover ratio, determined from the main cost and the average annual value of the working capital of the enterprise:

K about \u003d D / Obf cf

where D is income from core activities, or Q is the volume of products sold

Obf avg - the average annual value of working capital.

Rate of turnover, the coefficient characterizing the duration of one revolution in days:

W = T/Kob or W=360/Kob

Tip 1: How to Calculate the Utilization Rate

What is working capital of a communication enterprise?

16. Give the definition of working capital rationing?

17. What are the indicators of the use of working capital?

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There are 120 machines installed in the workshop of the plant.

Mode of operation of the workshop 2-shift.

The duration of the shift is 8 hours.

The annual output of products is 960 thousand tons.

Calculation of production capacity utilization factors. 1 page

products, the production capacity of the shop is 1100 thousand products.

Determine the shift ratios of machine tools, the coefficients of extensive, intensive and integral loading.

It is known that 100 machines work in the first shift, 90 machines in the second shift.

The number of working days per year is 250, the time of actual operation of 1 machine per year is 3150 hours.

Solution:

We calculate the shift ratio of machine tools (Kcm) as the ratio of the actually worked number of machine tool shifts for the period to the maximum possible number of machine tool shifts on the installed equipment for one shift of the same period:

N i - the number of stankosmen in i-th shift, while the summation is carried out over all shifts of the given period;

n is the maximum possible number of machine shifts on the installed equipment in one shift of the same period.

The coefficient of extensive use of equipment (Kext) is calculated as the ratio of the actual number of hours of operation of the equipment to the number of hours of its operation according to the plan (standard):

T ob.f and T ob.pl - respectively, the actual and planned time of operation of the equipment,

t cm is the duration of the shift.

The coefficient of intensity of use of equipment is calculated by the formula:

В f - the actual production of products by equipment per unit of time;

V n - technically justified normative production of products per unit of time by the equipment (passport data of the equipment).

Let us define an indicator that combines extensive and intensive reserves. Such a generalizing indicator is the integral coefficient of equipment utilization, which characterizes the use of equipment, both in time and in power.

K i \u003d K ext × K int \u003d 0.7875 × 0.873 \u003d 0.687

As a result of calculations, we can conclude that the enterprise has reserves to increase the productivity of equipment and unused time reserves.

Shift factorExtensive load factorIntensive load factorIntegral load factor

Lecture Search

Task 2.

Determine the amount of annual depreciation, if known:

1) The average annual cost of fixed assets is determined on the basis of their initial cost, taking into account the commissioning and liquidation of fixed assets during the year:

Fsr.g \u003d Fo + Fvv * World Cup / 12 - Fvyb * (12-M) / 12

Fsr.g \u003d 8960 + 1000 * 6 / 12 - 760 * (12-8) / 12 \u003d 9206.67 thousand rubles.

where Фср.г – average annual cost OS, thousand rubles

Fo - the initial cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles.

Fvv is the cost of fixed assets introduced during the year, thousand rubles.

FM - the number of months of operation of the introduced OS

Fvyb - the cost of retiring in tech. OS years, thousand rubles

M - number of months of operation of retired OS.

2) Annual depreciation charges:

Ag \u003d Fsr.g * Na / 100 \u003d 9206.67 * 13% / 100 \u003d 1196.87 rubles.

Answer: the average annual cost of fixed assets is 9206.67 thousand rubles, annual depreciation charges - 1196.87 rubles.

Task 4(e)

Determine the coefficient of integral use of equipment, if known:

Turning and milling machines work in two shifts, drilling - in one shift. Turning and milling machines stand idle for repairs during the year 365 hours each, drilling machines - 276 hours each. There are 240 working days a year, the shift duration is 8 hours.

Solution algorithm:

1. Determine the actual operating time of each type of equipment.

2. Determine the operating time of the equipment.

3. Find the coefficient of extensive use of equipment

4. Find the coefficient of integral use of equipment

Solution:

Based on these data, we can calculate the volume of the nominal (regime) and effective funds of the equipment operation time. Then (depending on the purpose of the calculation) we can calculate two types of coefficients for extensive loading of equipment: the coefficient of use of the regime fund of time and the coefficient of the effective fund of time, respectively. The nominal regime fund is calculated by the formula T nom = (D in the year - D days off) * t shift mode), and the effective fund of the equipment operation time: (T eff = T nom - T rem).

F nom (current) = 240*16*25 = 96000

F nom (drills) = 240*8*12 = 23040

F nom (mills) = 240*16*10 = 38400

F eff (current) \u003d 240 * 16 * 25 - 365 * 25 \u003d 96000 - 9125 \u003d 86875

F eff (mills) = 240 * 16 * 10 - 365 * 10 = 38400 - 3650 = 34750

F eff (drills) \u003d 240 * 8 * 12 - 276 * 12 \u003d 23040 - 3312 \u003d 19728

Since there is no information about the actual time worked by the equipment, if we take the volume of the annual production program of the enterprise for the time actually worked, according to the formula we get:

k e e \u003d 68000 / 86875 \u003d 0.78 k e e \u003d 120000 / 141353 \u003d 0.85

k e e \u003d 22000 / 19728 \u003d 1.12

k e e \u003d 30000 / 34750 \u003d 0.86

k and \u003d 0.78 * 0.8 \u003d 0.62 k and \u003d 0.85 * 0.8 \u003d 0.68

k and \u003d 1.12 * 0.8 \u003d 0.90

k and \u003d 0.86 * 0.8 \u003d 0.69

k e e \u003d 68000 / 96000 \u003d 0.71 k e e \u003d 120000 / 157440 \u003d 0.76

k e e \u003d 22000 / 23040 \u003d 0.95

k e e \u003d 30000 / 38400 \u003d 0.78

k and \u003d 0.62 * 0.8 \u003d 0.50 k and \u003d 0.76 * 0.8 \u003d 0.61

k and \u003d 0.90 * 0.8 \u003d 0.72

k and \u003d 0.69 * 0.8 \u003d 0.55

Answer: coefficient of integral use of equipment, excluding time spent on repairs, k and = 0.61 (equipment is used by 61%); and the coefficient of integral use of equipment, taking into account the time spent on repairs, k and = 0.68 (equipment is used by 68%).

Task 6

Determine the change in the duration of the turnover of working capital

Solution:

1. Determine the duration of one turnover of the reporting year.

From the formula we get that T about \u003d (500 thousand rubles * 360 days) / 15 rubles \u003d 12 days.

2. The increase in output amounted to 20%, and the increase in the working capital ratio - 10%. Therefore, the amount of the expected increase in the working capital ratio and finished products can be calculated as follows:

Q g pr 2 \u003d 15 million rubles + 15 million rubles * 0.2 \u003d 18 million rubles

K about 2 \u003d 500 thousand rubles + 500 thousand rubles * 0.1 \u003d 550 thousand rubles

3. Determine the required change in the duration of the turnover of working capital.

T about 2 \u003d (K about 2 * F pd) / Q g pr 2 \u003d (550,000 * 360) / 18,000,000 \u003d 11 days; hence the required change is 12 – 11 = 1 day.

Answer: the change in the duration of the turnover of working capital is 1 day.

ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION….

(Q g pr 2 \u003d 15 million rubles + 15 million rubles * 0.2 \u003d 6 million rubles

K about 2 \u003d 500 thousand rubles + 500 thousand rubles * 0.1 \u003d 100 thousand rubles

3. Determine the required change in the duration of the turnover of working capital.

T about 2 \u003d (K about 2 * F pd) / Q g pr 2 \u003d (100000 * 360) / 6,000,000 \u003d 6 days); hence required change 12 – 6 = 6 days)

Task 9

Determine the reduction in labor intensity, the release of workers and the growth of annual labor productivity due to a number of organizational and technical events in the previous year.

Solution:

1) The time spent on the production of the entire volume of products in the current and planned year, (that is, the labor intensity of production in hours), is equal to:

T e 1 \u003d 56,000 pieces * 29 minutes \u003d 1,624,000 minutes \u003d 27,067 hours (current year)

T e 2 \u003d 56,000 pieces * 22 minutes \u003d 1,232,000 minutes \u003d 20,533 hours (planned year)

2) Since in order to calculate average headcount workers, in the condition of the problem there is not enough data (the number of people (by days) who came to work during the year), we determine the attendance number of workers using the formula .

Ryav 1 \u003d 27067 hours / (1750 hours * 1.2) \u003d 12.89 (number of workers in the current year)

Ryav 2 \u003d 20533 hours / (1750 hours * 1.2) \u003d 9.78 (number of workers in the planned year)

3) Release F of workers = 12.89 - 9.78 = 3.11 ≈ 3 people

4) Output per worker according to the formula:

B 1 = 56,000 / 27067 ~ 2 pcs. parts / per hour (current year)

B 2 = 56,000 / 20533 = 2.7~3 pcs. parts / per hour (planned year)

5) Labor intensity according to the formula:

T e 1 = 27067 / 56,000 = 0.5 hours / per part (current year)

T e 2 \u003d 20533 / 56,000 \u003d 0.4 hours / per part (planned year)

The reduction in labor intensity is calculated by the formula: I tr. = (T current - T plan.) / T plan. * 100%

I tr. = (27067 - 20533) / 20533 * 100% = 31.9%.

6) Growth in annual labor productivity: I pr \u003d Current 1 / Plan 2 * 100%

I pr \u003d 2 / 2.7 * 100% \u003d 74%.

Answer: reduction in labor intensity - 31.9%; release of workers ≈ 3 people; growth of annual labor productivity - 74%.

Task 11

Determine the basic monthly earnings of a worker according to the piecework - progressive wage system. According to the current regulation at the enterprise, an increase in prices for products manufactured in excess of the original base is provided, if it is overfulfilled up to 5% - by 1.5 times, and if it is overfulfilled by more than 5% - by 2 times. 100 is taken as the initial base - the percentage fulfillment of production standards

Hourly value tariff rate the first category - 5 rubles.

Solution:

1) Number of parts made by the worker:

N d (pcs) fact. = H ex. + H ex. * 10% = 240 + 24 = 264

2) The time provided by the norm for the manufacture of all parts:

T all d (pcs) norms = H vyr. * H piece-calc. = 240 * 48 min = 11 520 = 192 hours

3) Actual production time:

11,520 / 264 = 43.6 min

4) The excess was:

264 - 240 \u003d 24 pcs (The percentage excess of the norm was 10%)

5) Worker's earnings at regular rates:

ZP sd \u003d T 1 * k III * H vyr. (hour) = 5 rubles. * 1.8 * 192 hours = 1728 rubles.

6) Products developed in excess of the norm: 24 parts. Since the worker's earnings are formed on the basis of the number of hours worked, let's first estimate the cost of this product in hours: 24 * 48 min = 1152 min = 19.2 hours. According to the condition of the problem, the bonus part of earnings consists of two parts: for overfulfillment of the norm within 5%, an increase in prices by 1.5 times and for overfulfillment of more than 5% - by 2 times. Our worker overfulfilled the norm by 10%, therefore:

Calculation of equipment utilization indicators

1 part \u003d 9 * 24 \u003d 216 rubles.

Basic earnings: ZP sdpr \u003d 1728 + 216 \u003d 1944 rubles.

Answer: the basic monthly salary of a worker under the progressive piecework system of manufacturing products will be 1,944 rubles.

Task 14

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This indicator in NP can be calculated in 2 versions

1. Indicator use of design capacity process unit, representing the ratio of the actual volume of oil refining or semi-finished products in unit of working time to the volume of oil refining or semi-finished products under the project in the same unit of working time(this is non-idle time):

Qf - ϶ᴛᴏ the actual volume of oil refining per unit of working time

Qpr - ϶ᴛᴏ design volume of oil refining.

Such an indicator should be calculated for each technological installation. This indicator cannot always correctly assess the degree of intensive use of OF

2. The indicator of the use of maximum power per unit of working time. Calculated in 2 options:

a. The indicator of maximum power utilization is the definition by dividing the actual volume of oil or semi-finished products refining per unit of working time by the maximum possible volume of oil or semi-finished products refining for the same unit of time:

Maximum productivity is defined as the average daily productivity for the best month of operation in this year. In the same way, the RD calculates the indicator of intensive use of complex oil refining units.

This indicator reflects the degree of intensity of use of equipment for raw materials, however, in some cases it is observed that with an increase in the volume of oil or raw materials processing, the yield of target products decreases.

Equipment utilization rate

But after all, the task of the plant is not only to process oil and raw materials, but also to produce target products, in connection with this this indicator calculated in option b.

b. This is an indicator of the use of maximum power, determined by dividing the actual volume of output of the target product per unit of working time by the maximum possible volume of output of the target product, taking into account the quality of the products obtained, for the same unit of working time:

P - the cost of selling products in rubles

Os - the average balance of working capital for a certain period

C - cost of commercial products

Working capital balance - the amount at the end and beginning of the month, divided by 2. In the amount for the quarter - the amount of monthly reserves, divided by 3. Also for the year.

Time of one turn in days:

In addition to the turnover ratio and the duration of turnover, the indicator of working capital utilization is also used. the load factor is the amount of working capital, which falls on 1 ruble of sold products. The lower this indicator, the more efficient the enterprise.

All these indicators of the turnover of working capital are calculated both for all working capital, and separately for normalized working capital.

NDP and NPP has a fairly high degree of use of working capital. If, in general, in the industry of Russia, working capital makes 5 turnovers per year. Duration 72 days. And in the NDP and NPP - 12-15 turnovers per year. But the rate of turnover of working capital is different not only for individual industries, it is also different for enterprises in the same industry and depends on many factors: on the location of the enterprise, type of transport, types of payment, acceptance forms of payment or letters of credit.

The acceleration of the turnover of working capital leads to a reduction in the duration of one turnover or to an increase in the number of revolutions. In both cases, funds are released. And the enterprise can use them for some other purposes, or it can increase the volume of production without diverting resources from the economic turnover. Accelerating the turnover of working capital throughout the country makes it possible to save the national income accumulation fund and increase the consumption fund. When considering reserves for accelerating the turnover of working capital, the analysis is carried out for individual stages of turnover. At the first stage of the circulation of working capital, that is, when acquiring the necessary material assets, enterprises that are on the acceptance form of payment have insignificant reserves of the turnover fund. You just have to be a conscientious payer. At the second stage of the circulation, at the time of receipt of material reserves by the enterprise and their release into production itself, there are certain reserves. Οʜᴎ are that one should not have excess stocks. This leads to their necrosis and a reduction in the turnover rate. It is necessary to have permanent long-term relationships with consumers and buyers.

In most industries, the greatest opportunities for improving the use of working capital are at the third stage, at the stage of production. This is called the production cycle. And it can be reduced by increasing labor productivity, the use of new equipment and technology.

The fourth stage of the circulation is ϶ᴛᴏ from the moment the finished product is released until the moment money is credited to the current account. You have to be a careful payer.

Productive capacity- the maximum possible annual output with the optimal use of production equipment, is determined for the entire range of products.

The capacity for this type of product is determined by the minimum capacity of the leading workshop, the capacity of the leading workshop is determined by the minimum capacity of the department or section, the capacity of the section is determined by the capacity of the leading equipment. The leading workshops and departments include those in which the main technological processes and operations are performed. Power of the leading equipment:

M =ngT ef

where n is the number of pieces of equipment;

g - hourly productivity of each piece of equipment;

T eff - effect, equipment operation time

Where K n - calendar number days in a year;

B is the number of days off and public holidays in the planned period;

C is the number of shifts per day;

D is the duration of the shift in hours. If necessary, losses for the overhaul of equipment are taken into account.

P r - percentage of planned current downtime

During the planned year, production capacities can be commissioned and retired, therefore, in order to determine the volume of production for the planned year, it is necessary to calculate the average annual capacity:

M srg \u003d M n + M Vv - M vyb 

where M n - power at the beginning of the year;

М Вв - newly introduced power;

М vyb - retiring power;

k - the number of months of work during the year.

23. Capacity Utilization Indicators

General indicators of the use of production capacity are:

Capacity utilization factor (To them), as the ratio of the actual volume of output (gross, marketable) to the average annual production capacity (PM).

To them \u003d Vproducts / PM. (1)

2. Equipment load factor (Kz), as the ratio of the labor intensity of the production program (∑ T) to the planned fund of the operating time of all equipment (Fp * K).

Kz = ∑ T / Fp * K. (2)

3. The coefficient of equipment shift (Ks), as the ratio of the labor intensity of the production program (∑ T) to the planned fund of equipment operation time for one shift (F 1s K).

Ks = ∑ T / F 1s K. (3)

4. Integral indicator of the use of production capacities (Ki), as the product of the coefficients of equipment utilization by time and by power.

Ki \u003d Kv * Km. (4)

5. Coefficient of proportionality of capacities, which is calculated as the ratio of the production capacity of the workshop to the production capacity of the plant (the capacity of the workshop and section).

Analysis of the use of production capacity is carried out using the named indicators, which are calculated according to planned and actual data. The object of analysis should be all units, production sites, workshops and the plant as a whole.

24. Concept and structure of opf

Fixed assets - these are material and material values (instruments of labor), which are repeatedly involved in manufacturing process, do not change their natural-material form and transfer their value to the finished product in parts as they wear out. According to the functional purpose, the fixed assets of the enterprise are divided into production and non-production.

Production funds directly or indirectly related to the production of products. Non-productive funds serve to meet the cultural and everyday needs of workers

Composition and classification of fixed production assets:

Basic production assets

1. Affiliation:

own;

Rented

2. Role in the production process by group

active part a) Machinery and equipment: - power machines and equipment; - working machines and equipment; - measuring and regulating instruments and devices; - laboratory equipment; - Computer Engineering; - other machines and equipment.

b) Vehicles.

c) Tool.

d) Inventory and accessories.

e) Other fixed assets

Passive part a) Earth.

b) Buildings.

c) Structures (bridges, roads).

d) Transmission devices (water pipelines, gas pipelines, etc.)

3. Usage:

in operation;

in stock (reserve);

mothballed

Content:

Increasing the productivity and efficiency of enterprises depends on many factors. Among them, a special role is played by the coefficient of utilization of production capacity. With its help, the actual and theoretical capacity of the enterprise is correlated, showing to what extent the possibilities are involved in the production of quality products in the usual assortment. Thus, the potential of the enterprise, the degree of production efficiency and the availability of reserves are assessed.

Capacity Utilization Factors

At each enterprise, production facilities operate under the influence of extensive and intensive factors. How effectively they are used depends on final results all work.

Extensive use of existing capacities in production is primarily an increase in the operating time of the equipment for a certain calendar period of time. It also takes into account the number of actually operating equipment from the total number of equipment of the enterprise.

In order to keep your equipment running longer, you need to reduce or eliminate intra-shift downtime. In this regard, the repair and maintenance of equipment must be timely and of high quality. Basic production cycle continuously receives the required number of workers, raw materials, materials and energy. As a result, it is possible to significantly increase the shift ratio of equipment operation.

In addition, production capacity becomes more efficient by reducing the amount of idle equipment and putting into operation equipment that was not previously installed and used. This makes it possible to significantly increase the increase in production and reduce the labor losses of workers. However, extensive development has certain limits, upon reaching which it becomes ineffective. The intensive development path has more opportunities.

With intensive use, production capacity is increased by increasing the degree of utilization of the equipment for a certain time. To achieve such an increase, the existing machines and mechanisms are being modernized. At the same time, the most optimal mode for their operation is selected. Optimization technological processes allows you to increase the number of products, leaving the fixed assets and the number of workers unchanged. The output of a unit of production is carried out with lower material costs. To calculate the most efficient use of production capacity, there are special formulas that include the main indicators and coefficients.

Main design factor

A general assessment that allows you to determine the efficiency of equipment use is made using a special indicator, which is the coefficient of production capacity utilization. Its value is calculated by the formula: Kisp \u003d Of: Mr, in which "Of" is the actual product produced, and "Mp" is an indicator of the estimated production capacity.

With more accurate calculations, the use of machines and other equipment is analyzed and evaluated. For this, a special coefficient is applied that takes into account the extensive load of the equipment (Kex). It is applied in three main formulas: 1. Keks \u003d Wf: Fk, 2. Kaks \u003d Wf: Fr, 3. Kex = Vf:Fpl, in which Vf is the actual time worked, and Fk, Fr and Fpl represent the corresponding funds of time - calendar, regime and planned useful.

There is another important indicator, which determines the efficiency of using the installed equipment. This is the shift factor determined by two main methods. In the first case, the total number of machine hours worked during the day and the actual estimated fund of machine operation time during one shift are used. Here the first value refers to the second. In the second method, the worked out machine-shifts are correlated with the number of installed machines and mechanisms. The first method is more accurate because it takes into account the actual hourly hours worked across all shifts.

The use of production capacity is also determined using the indicator of the intensity of the load on the equipment. Characteristics such as the organization of work in the workplace, the quality of equipment and other factors that ensure the use of the full capacity of the equipment for an extended period of time are taken into account. With higher equipment reliability, the intensity factor approaches unity.

the most rational and effective use production capacity is the main task of every enterprise. This allows you to increase production without loss of quality and without increasing its cost.

Production capacity of the enterprise

Better use of production equipment is the source of increased output, the main factor in saving social labor.

There are the following indicators characterizing the use of equipment by type.

1. Equipment utilization ratios by number(otherwise they are called indicators of the use of the fleet of machines) - are determined by the ratio of various categories of the number of equipment. The equipment must be of the same type.

Utilization rate of available equipment

Utilization rate of installed production equipment

These indicators provide an opportunity to approximately judge the use of equipment. The disadvantages of such indicators are that the amount of equipment for the calculation is determined at the end of the period. With an irregular course

production process, when the most equipment is running in the last days of the period, these figures will be overestimated. To eliminate this shortcoming, it is necessary to take fixed assets according to average cost or to compare the machine days of the fleet with the listed machines of the fleet.

Example 2.3 3

There are 25 pieces of equipment installed on the site. During the planned period, the equipment worked as follows:

Solution

We determine the degree of use of equipment without taking into account machine days:

We determine the degree of use of equipment, taking into account machine days:

2. Shift ratio - characterizes the use of intermittent equipment and determines how many shifts the equipment operates on average daily. It occupies an intermediate value between indicators characterizing the use of equipment.

For operating equipment, the shift ratio is determined as the arithmetic weighted average of the number of shifts. The weights are the number of equipment that worked in each shift:

Where Xj - shift number; - the number of pieces of equipment that worked on a given shift.

Example 2.34

During the day, 50 pieces of equipment worked in the shop. 20 units worked in one shift, 25 units worked in two shifts, 5 units worked in three shifts. Determine the shift ratio of the operating equipment.

Solution

Thus, each machine worked on average 1.7 shifts per day.

When determining the shift ratio of the installed equipment, the ratio of the number of worked machine shifts to the number of the maximum possible machine days is taken, i.e.

Example 2.35

Determine the shift ratio of the installed equipment for working week(5 days), if 200 machine shifts were worked in the first shift, 150 machine shifts in the second shift, and 50 machine shifts in the third. The number of pieces of equipment is 30.

Solution

Calculate the shift ratio using the above formula:

3. Equipment utilization by time - these are indicators of extensive use of equipment.

The coefficients of extensive use of equipment are determined by the ratio of various funds of equipment operation time:

For continuous production processes, the most applicable indicators of extensive use of equipment are:

4. Equipment utilization coefficients by power - these are indicators of intensive use of equipment, determined by the amount of production produced per unit of time or per unit of power:

The calculation of the intensity factor in practice is difficult, since it is difficult to take into account the total machine time due to the variety of equipment used.

5. The level of integral use of equipment - the ratio of the quantity of products manufactured in a given period of time to any fund of equipment operation time. The indicator most fully reflects the use of equipment, calculated in relation to the calendar fund of equipment operation time:

This indicator is closely related to indicators of intensive and extensive use of equipment:

Example 2.36

Based on the data below, determine the intensive, integral and extensive coefficients of use of machines.

Solution

Let's calculate the required indicators:

6. Equipment utilization rate by production capacity - those. on the maximum possible output during the planned period.

Production capacity may not match production program. Power is characterized by natural indicators. When producing heterogeneous products, several types of capacities are determined. An indicator of the use of production capacity is the coefficient of its use.

The production capacity utilization factor is determined by the formula

Where - the amount of products manufactured during the year, taking into account bottlenecks; Rishch - average annual power, which is determined by the formula of the arithmetic weighted average:

Pnach - power at the beginning of the year; P input - input power; Рvyb - retired power; P - number of months of work.

-C Example 2.37

At the beginning of the reporting year, the production capacity amounted to 100 thousand units. Since May, a capacity of 30,000 units has been put into operation; since November, a capacity of 50,000 units has been retired.

Determine the production capacity utilization factor for the year, if the production capacity of the first quarter was 21 thousand units, the second quarter - 29 thousand units, the third quarter - 25 thousand units, the fourth quarter - 30 thousand units.

Solution

We determine the average annual and annual production capacity:

Thus, the production capacity is used by 93.75%.

Usage factor. Power factor

Inclusion factor

Utilization factor

Load factor

Heavy use factor

Tip 1: How to Calculate the Utilization Rate

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Calculation of production capacity utilization factors. 1 page

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Calculation of equipment utilization indicators

Equipment utilization rate

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24. Concept and structure of opf

Capacity Utilization Factors

Main design factor

Production capacity of the enterprise

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