Analysis of the state and efficiency of the use of fixed assets is recommended to be carried out in four stages:

• 1) structural and dynamic analysis of fixed assets;
• 2) calculation and evaluation of general performance indicators for the use of fixed assets;
• 3) calculation and evaluation of private indicators of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets;
• 4) preparation of conclusions and recommendations to improve the efficiency of fixed assets management.

We emphasize that the use of a typical methodology for the analysis of fixed assets presented above does not exclude the use of original methods and methods of analysis. When conducting an analysis, one should take into account the industry specifics of the organization under study.

Structural and dynamic analysis of fixed assets of a conditional organization is carried out in Table. 7.1.

Table data analysis. 7.1 allows us to formulate a number of conclusions. In 2012-2014 there was an increase in the cost of buildings. In 2013, the cost of buildings increased by 2507 thousand rubles. compared to 2012, and in 2014 - by 7902 thousand rubles. compared to 2013

The cost of working machines and equipment in 2012-2014 decreased, but slightly, which may reflect the natural wear and tear of equipment.

Structural and dynamic analysis of fixed assets

Vympel LLC, thousand rubles

Table 7.7

Indicators							Change
							2013 to 2012		2014 to 2013
Workers and power machines and equipment
Vehicles
Production and economic inventory
Other types of fixed assets
Total (excluding unfinished capital investments)

Negative dynamics of cost changes is observed for vehicles. It can be associated with both depreciation and disposal of vehicles. Since vehicles belong to the active part of fixed assets and their condition, appearance is part of the brand of the organization, it is necessary to update them periodically or purchase new fixed assets.

Increase in the cost of production and household inventory for 2012-2014. indicates the renewal of these fixed assets.

In 2012-2014 in the organization there was a decrease in the value of other fixed assets, which is explained both by their depreciation and disposal.

In general, the volume and structure of fixed assets in Vympel LLC are satisfactory. However, an increase in the passive part of fixed assets (buildings) and a decrease in the active part (equipment, vehicles) is a negative trend, since in order to accelerate turnover and increase profits, it is necessary to modernize equipment, vehicles (periodically update the fleet), office equipment.

Important to remember

Industry specifics should be taken into account when assessing the structure of fixed assets. For example, in trading organizations, the ratio of the active and passive part of fixed assets should be 70/30 (some experts believe that 60/40). IN production organizations the share of buildings and structures in the volume of fixed assets may be higher subject to the expansion of production and renovation of these facilities. We must not forget about the internal specifics of the organization, which affects the structure, volume of fixed assets, depreciation and investment policies.

To find out the reasons for the increase or decrease in the value of fixed assets by groups and types, it is necessary to analyze their receipt and disposal for each analyzed period. Information base will serve as an appendix to the balance sheet, data on accounting accounts, accounting and tax registers, management reporting, acts of revaluation of fixed assets.

At the second stage of the analysis of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets, the calculation and evaluation of its general indicators are carried out. These include:

• (works, services)
• 1) Return on assets =-.

fixed assets

The average annual cost of fixed assets is calculated using the arithmetic or chronological average. The coefficient characterizes the share of revenue attributable to 1 rub. fixed assets. The growth of the coefficient reflects the increase in the efficiency of the use of fixed assets, the decrease - the reverse situation;

Average annual cost

fixed assets

2) capital intensity =-.

Net income from the sale of products

(works, services)

The coefficient characterizes the impact of the use of fixed assets on the receipt of proceeds from the sale of products (works, services) and is inverse to the return on assets. The growth of the coefficient reflects the increase in the passive part of non-current assets - fixed assets, which reduces the mobility of the organization in the event of a decrease in revenue. If the capital intensity ratio decreases, then the organization increases the efficiency of the use of fixed assets;

Average annual cost of fixed assets

3) capital-labor ratio =-.

Average headcount

employees

The coefficient characterizes the level of provision of employees with fixed assets. In other words, it reflects how many fixed assets account for one employee. A number of economists suggest using the value of the active part of fixed assets in the numerator of the capital-labor ratio, as well as the inverse indicator - capital-equipment 1. However, employees of organizations use all fixed assets related to both the passive part (buildings, structures) and the active part (equipment, vehicles, office equipment, etc.). It should be noted that the growth of capital-labor ratio is a positive trend only in the case of modernization or reconstruction of fixed assets, i.e. their quality improvement. If the organization acquires fixed assets with a constant number of employees, then this will lead to equipment downtime;

Economic analysis/ ed. N.V. Parushina. M.: KnoRus, 2013.

This is interesting

The quantitative growth of the capital-labor ratio without increasing labor efficiency characterizes the example of the acquisition by hospitals of tomographs or other equipment that requires special training when working with it. The hospital may purchase expensive equipment, but if medical staff does not know how to work on it, then the growth of capital-labor ratio can cause a false idea about the modernization of economic processes. Therefore, an economist must take into account, first of all, the qualitative side of phenomena and processes, not limited only to quantitative measurements (analysis).

before tax

4) Profitability =-.

Average annual cost

fixed assets

The coefficient reflects the amount of profit received from the use of fixed assets.

Sales profit can be used as the numerator of the formula. The question arises: which indicator more accurately reflects the efficiency of the use of fixed assets: profit from sales or profit before tax? If we look at the profit from sales, we will see that this indicator does not take into account the result of operations with fixed assets. Operations with fixed assets (letting or leasing, selling, sharing, etc.) form other income and expenses of the organization. Thus, the profit from sales is reduced or increased by the amount of other income and expenses, forming profit before tax. Therefore, it seems legitimate to use the indicator "profit before tax".

Let's analyze the performance indicators for the use of fixed assets of a conditional organization (Table 7.2).

Table data evaluation. 7.2 indicates a negative trend in revenue and profit before tax. The average annual cost of fixed assets for the analyzed period changed slightly, which may be due to their depreciation. In 2012-2014 there is a decrease in capital productivity and return on assets and an increase in capital intensity, which indicates a decrease in the efficiency of the use of fixed assets. The growth of the capital-labor ratio is associated with a decrease in the number of employees. As a result of the reduction in the number of personnel and the reduction in the amount of proceeds from the sale, the profitability of property, plant and equipment decreased.

Analysis of the efficiency of using fixed assets of Vympel LLC

Indicators				Change
				2013 to 2012	2014 to 2013
Proceeds from the sale of products (works, services), thousand rubles
Profit before taxation, thousand rubles
Average annual cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles
Number of employees, people
Return on assets, thousand rubles
Capital intensity, thousand rubles
Capital-labor ratio, thousand rubles
Capital return, %

Quantitative analysis of the use of fixed assets is recommended to supplement them quality assessment, which will identify the reasons for the decrease in sales proceeds and profit before tax, as well as the reduction in the number of personnel of the organization. It should be noted that in many organizations there is a tendency to reduce staff. However, this is a dead-end approach to management strategy, since the remaining employees will not perform better in their previous working conditions. In the event of a decrease in profit from sales, the management of the organization needs changes in the commodity and financial policies, and the reduction of unproductive expenses. Reduction of staff can be resorted to if all the possibilities of minimizing other expenses of the enterprise have been exhausted.

After evaluating the overall performance indicators for the use of fixed assets, it is necessary to calculate indicators related to the state and updating of these objects. These indicators include:

1) The coefficient of receipt (renewal) of fixed assets

The cost of received fixed assets

Initial cost of fixed assets at the end of the year

The ratio reflects the share of acquired fixed assets in their total value at the end of the year; it is associated with the modernization of fixed assets, the renewal of equipment, fleet, office equipment;

2) Retirement rate of fixed assets

Cost of retired fixed assets

Initial cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year

The ratio reflects the share of retired fixed assets for reporting period(year). This indicator is associated with depreciation policy organization, which must take into account the factor of modernization of fixed assets. Typically, the retirement rate is compared with the acquisition rate of fixed assets, while the latter indicator should exceed the first indicator. In the event that the disposal of fixed assets exceeds their receipt, the structure of assets deteriorates and the efficiency of their use decreases. A commercial organization that does not update fixed assets runs the risk of falling behind in development from innovative oriented organizations actively introducing new technologies and new equipment;

Important to remember

Innovation and depreciation policies of organizations have a significant impact on the volume and structure of sales, profitability. A prime example is companies Apple And samsung, constantly developing technologies in the production and sales of their products, or Toyota, which spends billions of dollars on the development and implementation of innovations.

3) Coefficient of cost of depreciation of the main

depreciation _ funds at the beginning of the year

major initial cost

fixed assets at the end of the year

The coefficient reflects the degree of depreciation of fixed assets for the reporting period. Accordingly, the growth of the indicator is a negative trend, and its decline is a positive trend. As a rule, when using new equipment, the wear coefficient will be low. Its growth is a signal for the organization to review the policy of repair or modernization of fixed assets;

4) The coefficient of usefulness of fixed assets

1 - Wear factor.

The ratio reflects the share of fixed assets that can be used in economic activity.

To calculate the given coefficients, the data of the appendix to the balance sheet are used. These coefficients should be calculated in dynamics, at least for three years.

The initial data and calculations of private coefficients of efficiency in the use of fixed assets are given in Table. 7.3 (data for 2014 were analyzed to simplify calculations).

Table 7.3

Efficiency ratios for the use of fixed assets of Vympel LLC

The end of the table. 7.3

Index	Meaning
The cost of retired fixed assets, thousand rubles.
The amount of depreciation of fixed assets at the beginning of the year, thousand rubles.
The amount of depreciation of fixed assets at the end of the year, thousand rubles.
The coefficient of receipt of fixed assets,%
Fixed assets retirement ratio, %
Depreciation coefficient of fixed assets at the beginning of the year, %
Depreciation coefficient of fixed assets at the end of the year, %
Availability coefficient at the beginning of the year, %
Expiration rate at the end of the year, %

Table data analysis. 7.3 shows that in 2014 the fixed asset acquisition rate exceeds the retirement rate, although not significantly. In the reporting year, the amount of depreciation of fixed assets increased, and, accordingly, the depreciation coefficient increased - from 10% at the beginning of the year to 23.6% at the end of the year. Due to the increase in depreciation of fixed assets, their usefulness ratio decreased to 76.4%. For a detailed analysis of the use of fixed assets, it is necessary to identify the reasons for the increase in depreciation and the low rate of receipt (renewal) of fixed assets. If an increase in depreciation of fixed assets is associated with an increase in production or sales, then this is a natural tendency of economic activity. An increase in depreciation may be due to the obsolescence of equipment, as well as to the careless operation of fixed assets.

The last stage of the analysis reflects the formulation of conclusions and recommendations based on the results of analytical calculations.

In general, we can conclude that the efficiency of using fixed assets has decreased, given the negative dynamics of capital productivity, capital intensity, and capital profitability. The analysis of private indicators also revealed a trend towards an increase in the depreciation of fixed assets and a decrease in their usefulness. The low rate of renewal of fixed assets (3.08%) reflects the ineffectiveness of the organization's innovation policy. To improve the efficiency of fixed assets, it is necessary to update them, modernize them in a timely manner, introduce new technologies and new equipment.

Control questions and tasks

• 1. Expand the concept of "fixed assets".
• 2. Name the information sources for the analysis of fixed assets.
• 3. What stages are allocated in the process of analysis of fixed assets?
• 4. List the general performance indicators for the use of fixed assets.
• 5. How is the return on assets calculated?
• 6. Expand the economic meaning of the capital-labor ratio.
• 7. What indicator characterizes the renewal of fixed assets?
• 8. What factors affect the depreciation of fixed assets?
• 9. Explain how innovation policy affects the efficiency of the use of fixed assets.
• 10. List ways to improve the efficiency of fixed assets.

Analysis of the state and use of fixed assets and intangible assets is of key importance in assessing the financial and economic activities of the organization. The efficiency of the use of fixed assets affects several main components of business development at the same time: the volume of production and sales, productivity and labor intensity of production, the cost of a unit of production, net profit, profitability of activities, business activity and financial stability of the organization.

The problem of increasing the efficiency of the use of fixed assets is of particular relevance at the present stage in the conditions of economic crisis. The search for reserves to increase it helps the organization to increase its competitiveness in modern conditions management. It is impossible to identify reserves for the return of fixed assets without the correct formulation of economic analysis.

The purpose of the analysis of fixed assets is to identify reserves for increasing the efficiency of their use, to justify the need for investment in technical re-equipment, updating and expanding the technical base, and to provide an economic justification for choosing a depreciation method to ensure financial stability organizations .

The study of methodological and methodological aspects of the economic analysis of fixed assets is contained in many works of domestic and foreign scientists. Special attention deserves the methodology of economic analysis Savitskaya G.V., where objects, tasks, sources of information, methods of analysis of fixed assets are defined.

To find on-farm reserves, it is necessary to evaluate indicators characterizing the technical condition of fixed assets and the efficiency of their use.

Of great importance is the analysis of the composition, structure and dynamics of fixed assets, which is carried out according to the appendix to the balance sheet form No. 5.

To determine the changes occurring in the composition of fixed assets, we analyze their structure in table 3.5.

It is possible to evaluate the business activity of an enterprise by the ratio of the growth rates of the main indicators - total assets(), sales volume () and profit () presented in table 3.3.

Table 3.3 - Calculation of indicators for evaluation business activity"KKP Klichevsky Raipo" for 2007-2009.

Note - Source: own development based on enterprise data.

As the data in Table 3.3 show, profit from the sale of products (services) tends to increase: in 2008 - by 22 million rubles. or by 32.35%, and for 2009 - by 66 million rubles. or by 73.33%. These changes indicate an improvement financial condition Private Unitary Enterprise "KKP Klichevsky Raipo"

Table 3.5 - Structure and dynamics of fixed assets of Time OJSC for 2010

Indicators	As of 01/01/2010	As of 01.01.2011	Deviation (+;-)	Rate of change, %
amount, thousand rubles	specific gravity, %	amount, thousand rubles	specific weight, %	by amount, thousand rubles	by specific weight, %
1. Fixed assets:
1.1. Buildings and constructions
1.2. Transfer devices
1.3. cars and equipment
1.4. Vehicles
1.5. Other types of fixed assets
3. Total fixed assets

Table 3.5 shows that in the structure of fixed assets, the group "Buildings and structures" occupies the largest share, the share of which amounted to 69.01% as of 01.01.2010 and 70.42% as of 01.01.2011. The share of this group in 2010 compared to 2009 increased by 1.41%. The share of the Machinery and Equipment group in the total amount of fixed assets increased by 0.01%. In the group "Vehicles" there was a decrease in the share in the total amount of fixed assets by 0.06%. The smallest share in the structure of fixed assets is occupied by the group "Transmission Devices". In the dynamics of fixed assets, significant changes occurred in the groups "Buildings and structures", "Machinery and equipment", they increased by 1.41%, 0.01%, respectively. total amount fixed assets increased in 2010 compared to 2009 by 559,575 thousand rubles. or by 24.2%.

Let's consider the structure of fixed assets in LLC World of Billiards as a percentage as of 01/01/2010 in the form of a diagram (Figure 3.2).

Figure 3.2 - Structure of fixed assets of World of Billiards LLC as of 01.01.2011

The role of fixed assets in the production process is different. Some of them directly affect the object of labor and are active. The other part is passive. Let's group the fixed assets operating in LLC World of Billiards into active and passive ones. The calculation will be made in table 3.6.

Table 3.6 - The structure of fixed assets in the context of the active and passive parts of World of Billiards LLC for 2010

Indicators	As of 01.01.2010	As of 01.01.2011	Deviation (+;-)	Rate of change, %
amount, million rubles	specific weight, %	amount, million rubles	specific weight, %	by amount, million rubles	by specific weight, %
Buildings and constructions
Transfer devices
Computing and organizational technology
Total liabilities of property, plant and equipment
Working machines and equipment
Vehicles
Total active part of property, plant and equipment
Total Fixed Assets

Table 3.6 indicates that as of 01.01.2011, the largest share in the composition of fixed assets in LLC World of Billiards is occupied by the passive part of fixed assets (87.73%). The main share in the passive part of fixed assets is occupied by buildings (78.70% and 80.26%, respectively, at the beginning and end of 2010). The active part of fixed assets is represented by working machinery and equipment (96.22% and 96.77%, respectively, at the beginning and end of 2010) and vehicles (3.78% and 3.23%, respectively, at the beginning and end of 2010). G.). The increase in the share of working machinery and equipment, from the point of view of ensuring production efficiency, is a positive factor, since the availability of these fixed assets directly affects the growth in production volumes.

We can visualize the structure of fixed assets in the context of the active and passive parts of World of Billiards LLC in Figure 3.2.

Figure 3.2 - The structure of fixed assets in the context of the active and passive parts of World of Billiards LLC for 2009-2010

The next stage in studying the availability, structure and dynamics of fixed assets is the analysis of the movement of material objects for 2009-2010. The movement of fixed assets of World of Billiards LLC will be considered in Table 3.7 (Appendix C).

As can be seen from Table 3.7, the balances of fixed assets increased both at the beginning of the period by 903 million rubles, and at the end of the period - by 560 million rubles. This happened due to a decrease in income by 354 million rubles. and reducing the disposal of funds by 11 million rubles.

The change in the balances of fixed assets occurred at the expense of fixed assets of the main activity. Including in the “Buildings” group, the balance at the beginning decreased by 660 million rubles, the balance at the end increased by 422 million rubles. There was a decrease in the receipt of buildings by 238 million rubles. and the absence of their disposal during the analyzed period. The balances at the beginning and at the end of the period in the group "Constructions" increased by 1 million rubles. and 4 million rubles, respectively. This change occurred due to an increase in the receipt of facilities in 2010 by 4 million rubles. and the absence of their disposal in 2009-2010. There was also an increase in fixed assets in the Machinery and Equipment group both at the beginning of the period and at the end (by 242 million rubles and 130 million rubles, respectively). In the group "Vehicles" there was an increase in the balance of fixed assets at the end of the period by 1 million rubles. In 2010, there was a receipt of tools and inventory for 3 million rubles.

Indicators technical condition fixed assets will be analyzed on the basis of the data in Table 3.8.

Table 3.8 - Indicators of the technical condition of fixed assets of World of Billiards LLC for 2009-2010.

Indicators			Deviation (+.-)
The cost of received fixed assets, thousand rubles.
Initial cost of fixed assets:
At the beginning of the period, thousand rubles
At the end of the period, thousand rubles
The cost of retired fixed assets, thousand rubles.
The amount of increase in fixed assets, thousand rubles.
The amount of accrued depreciation of fixed assets:
At the beginning of the period, thousand rubles
At the end of the period, thousand rubles
Residual value of fixed assets:
At the beginning of the period, thousand rubles
At the end of the period, thousand rubles
Refresh rate
Update period, years
Retirement rate
growth rate
Depreciation factor:
At the beginning of the period
At the end of the period
Technical suitability coefficient:
At the beginning of the period
At the end of the period

As can be seen from Table 3.8, the renewal coefficient, which characterizes the share of new funds in their total value at the end of the period, decreased by 0.2 points. This means that the share of new fixed assets in their total cost at the end of the period decreased by 20%. The renewal period, showing how many years the fixed assets will be renewed, increased by 2.594 years. This indicates that the replacement of old equipment has become less frequent. Therefore, under the conditions scientific and technological progress this is a negative point.

The decrease in the disposal ratio by 0.008 points was due to the absence of disposal of fixed assets in 2010. The growth rate of fixed assets decreased by 39%. The depreciation ratio of fixed assets at the end of 2010 compared to 2009 increased by 0.047 points. The shelf life coefficient decreased by 0.047 points. In general, the information in Table 3.4 shows that during the reporting period the technical condition of fixed assets has deteriorated.

On the whole, it can be concluded that in 2010 the technical condition of the fixed assets of Mir Billiards LLC deteriorated.

The main problem in the area under study is the need to improve the efficiency of the use of fixed assets due to modern requirements for the level of organization and intensification of the economic activity of enterprises. Consequently, enterprises must promptly seek reserves to improve the efficiency of the use of their fixed assets.

Efficiency of use of fixed assets- is evaluated by a number of indicators to identify reserves for its increase in order to increase the profitability of the enterprise.

In general, before improving efficiency, it is necessary to evaluate it. You can conduct a comprehensive analysis of the performance of fixed assets and draw the appropriate conclusions.

Measures to improve the efficiency of the use of fixed assets occupy a central place in the period of intensification of economic growth and are especially relevant in the context of the implementation of the import substitution policy. Given in manufacturing process and factors affecting the efficiency of their use in the enterprise, it is necessary to identify reserves for its increase and identify specific measures that increase the efficiency of the use of fixed assets. As additional criteria, you can also specify cost reduction and productivity growth.

It should be noted that in the case of unfavorable macroeconomic conditions, the negative dynamics of post-crisis phenomena, the aggravation of crisis processes, it becomes one of the key aspects of management activity for enterprises.

In this regard, it is possible to single out the most important task that the enterprise must solve for the full use of on-farm reserves. Rationalization of the use of fixed assets should contribute to improving the efficiency of the economic activity of the enterprise as a whole.

Depending on the goals of the enterprise, it can be carried out due to 3 main factors:

1. Commissioning of new fixed assets
2. Improving the use of existing fixed assets
3. Identification of reserves production capacity

Improving the efficiency of the use of fixed assets

The implementation of these opportunities to improve the efficiency of the use of fixed assets makes it possible to achieve an increase in the volume of industrial production.

Improving the efficiency of the use of fixed assets

	Factors for increasing the efficiency of fixed assets use	Characteristic
	The commissioning of new fixed assets ensures an increase in the scale of economic activity.	This direction is implemented in the form of an increase in fixed assets of enterprises in various industries and fields of activity, as well as reconstruction and expansion operating enterprises. Thus, the most important direction of improving the efficiency of the use of fixed assets is the timely commissioning of new fixed assets and production facilities, and their rapid development.
	Improving the use of existing fixed assets is achieved through their modernization, renewal, repair, etc.	This direction provides the prevailing part of the increase in production volumes for the whole enterprise, since the existing fixed assets usually exceed the new fixed assets put into operation annually by several times. As a result, this allows you to quickly get the products you need for the market from technically more advanced fixed assets and increase production efficiency in general.
	Identification of reserves of production capacity allows you to use unused opportunities.	One of the main reasons that worsen the rate of return on assets is insufficient full use fixed assets available to enterprises, as well as the slow development of fixed assets of enterprises put into operation. Together, this leads to the presence of unused reserves of production capacities in enterprises. Improving the efficiency of the use of fixed assets, associated with the identification of reserves of production capacity, involves an increase in the intensity of the use of existing fixed assets without improving (modernization, renewal, etc.) the fixed assets themselves.

The figure below shows a logical algorithm for analyzing the reserves of production capacities of an enterprise. Using this algorithm allows you to identify the available reserves and improve the efficiency of the use of fixed assets of the enterprise.

Algorithm for evaluating all the capacities of the enterprise and establishing free from execution production program includes the following procedures:

1. Analysis of the availability of reserves of production capacities:

• yes, if there are reserves, go to procedure 2;
• no, if there are no reserves, go to procedure 3.

2. Study of the nature and degree of use of production capacities.

• yes, go to procedure 2.1

2.1 Analysis of the possibility of compaction and the formation of reserves:

• no, not possible – go to procedure 3.

3. Assessment of the degree of intensity of use of capacities and equipment.

• yes, go to procedure 3.1

3.1 Analysis of the possibility of releasing capacities due to the intensification of the use of production capacities:

• yes, it is possible – go to procedure 4;
• no, not possible - no reserve of this kind - transition to procedure 5.1 with the identification of additional options for improvement production activities.

4. Redistribution of capacity utilization and equipment.

• yes, go to procedure 4.1

4.1 Analysis of the possibility of releasing capacities due to regrouping, reloading:

• yes, it is possible – go to procedure 5;
• no, not possible - withdrawal of intra-production reserves cannot be used - transition to procedure 5.1 with the identification of additional options for improving production activities.

5. The total reserve of capacities and the possibility of their use are determined.

• yes, the reserve is defined - end the process.
• no, no internal reserves – go to procedure 5.1.

5.1 Identification of additional options for improving production activities.

• yes, additional reserves are determined - complete the process.
• no, the reserves are not determined - the conclusion is to re-analyze.

Directions for increasing the efficiency of the use of fixed assets

Improving the use of existing fixed assets of enterprises, including newly commissioned ones, can be achieved through two areas:

1. Increasing the intensity of use of fixed assets;
2. Increasing the extensiveness of their workload, while more efficient use of fixed assets is achieved primarily through their technical improvement.

The result of the implementation of both directions should be the growth of capital productivity.

One of the criteria for the effectiveness of measures to improve the efficiency of the use of fixed assets is the excess of the growth rate of revenue over the growth rate of capital productivity.

At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the increase in the unit capacity of fixed assets, which leads to an increase in the intensity of their use.

Increasing the intensity of use of fixed assets

The key points in the intensive path to improve the efficiency of the use of fixed assets are:

• improvement of the technological process;
• concentration of production of homogeneous products;
• integration of pre-production and technical operations;
• ensuring uniform, rhythmic work of production sites.

As a result, an increase in production per unit of time, per unit of equipment or per 1 square meter should be achieved. m of production area.

Naturally, the possibility of an extensive path should not be discarded either. An extensive way to improve the efficiency of the use of fixed assets involves increasing the operating time of existing equipment within a calendar period and increasing the share of existing equipment in the composition of fixed assets available at the enterprise and in its production link. Accordingly, it is required to maintain proportionality between the production capacities of individual groups of equipment, improve the maintenance of fixed assets, prevent accidents, carry out timely repairs, reduce equipment downtime, etc., as well as implement measures that increase the share of basic production operations in the cost of working time.

Conclusion

Grade current state, efficiency of use and subsequent improvement in the use of fixed assets of the enterprise solves a wide range of economic issues related to this area of ​​economic activity of the enterprise. First of all, they should be aimed at increasing the efficiency of production: increasing the return on assets, the volume of output, increasing labor productivity, increasing profits and profitability of the enterprise's capital.

Let's consider this conclusion on a practical example and we will first analyze the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets.

For example, the confectionery industry enterprise Yenisei JSC, which produces a wide range of confectionery(marshmallows, sweets, soufflé, cookies, gingerbread, etc.) based on natural products and without the use of preservatives. The confectionery industry is an industrial production with a high level of technology and technology. For this enterprise, the issue of increasing the efficiency of using fixed assets to obtain an additional competitive advantage is relevant.

Analysis of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets

A detailed analysis of the state of fixed assets should begin with an assessment of their dynamics in the context of classification groups.

Analysis of fixed assets of the enterprise in the context of classification groups

Classification group					Growth rate, %
cars and equipment

The table shows that in 2016-2017 there were no major changes in fixed assets in Yenisei JSC. Among fixed assets, buildings account for 35.6%, and machinery and equipment for 64.4%. The cost of equipment increased by 807 thousand rubles. or by 10.24%. In general, fixed assets increased by 807 thousand rubles. or by 6.36%. All fixed assets belong to the manufacturing sector.

Now let's analyze the dynamics of indicators of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets of JSC "Yenisei".

Analysis of performance indicators for the use of fixed assets

INDICATORS			Changes
Sales proceeds, thousand rubles
Average annual cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles
Return on assets, thousand rubles
capital intensity
Number of personnel, pers.
Labor productivity, thousand rubles/person
Capital-labor ratio, thousand rubles/person

At the enterprise there is an increase in the volume of manufactured products by 18238 thousand rubles. or by 33.08% for the analyzed period, and the average annual cost of fixed assets at the enterprise increased by 807 thousand rubles. or by 6.36%, which naturally led to an increase in the capital-labor ratio.

A generalizing indicator of the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets is capital productivity. The growth of capital productivity at the enterprise amounted to 25.12%. The increase in the volume of output occurred due to an increase in the efficiency of the use of the main production assets. At the same time, the growth of labor productivity by 30.83% is also largely due to the growth of capital productivity with the number of personnel practically unchanged. Accordingly, the increase in capital productivity will also contribute to the growth of the company's profits.

A decrease in the capital intensity of products by 0.05 indicates a small relative savings in funds invested in fixed assets. The increase in capital-labor ratio by 4.56% is also due to the increase in the cost of fixed assets during this period.

Thus, it can be judged that JSC "Yenisei" effectively uses the fixed assets at its disposal, which is confirmed by the dynamics of indicators of the effectiveness of their use over the analyzed period.

Analysis of the use of fixed assets of the enterprise also includes determining the state of fixed assets in terms of their potential. The state of fixed assets, that is, the state production potential, measured by the permanent asset index, the coefficient of the real value of the property, the depreciation coefficient and the serviceability coefficient.

Fixed asset index - ratio of the ratio of fixed assets and non-current assets to own sources of financing.

The coefficient of the real value of the property determines what proportion of the value of the property is the means of production, and is calculated by dividing the total value of fixed assets by residual value, inventories, work in progress by the value of the company's assets. It characterizes the level of provision of the production process with the means of production. The coefficient value should be 0.5 V normal conditions the functioning of the enterprise.

Depreciation coefficients (Ki) and service life (Kt) characterize, respectively, the share of the worn-out and the share of the part of the fixed assets fit for use:

From - depreciation of fixed assets;

F is the initial (replacement) cost of fixed assets;

These indicators are measured as a percentage and can be calculated both at the beginning and at the end of the reporting period. The growth of the wear rate means a deterioration in the condition of the company's fixed assets, and the growth of the service life coefficient means an improvement in their condition.

The values ​​of the listed indicators of JSC "Yenisei" are presented in the table.

The data in the table show that the technical condition of the fixed assets of JSC "Yenisei" is quite favorable for ensuring the main activity, since the degree of their suitability at the end of the year is 82.93%. Accordingly, the degree of wear is 17.07%. However, compared to last year, the situation has worsened somewhat.

The real value coefficient significantly exceeds the standard of 0.5 and is equal to 0.85 in 2017.

Therefore, it can be judged that the fixed assets of JSC "Yenisei" are largely formed from their own sources of financing, and the company demonstrates high level management and efficient use of fixed assets.

So in this example we conducted an analysis of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets, it seems that everything is quite good at the confectionery enterprise. However, even if things are going well, this is not a reason to refuse to find reserves to increase the efficiency of using fixed assets. An immortal recipe for a profitable enterprise:

You have to run as fast just to stay in the same place, and to get to another place, you need to run twice as fast - Lewis Carroll.

Ways to improve the efficiency of the use of fixed assets

The analysis of the use of fixed assets of JSC "Yenisei" showed that the enterprise is functioning efficiently and demonstrates a positive development trend. In order to increase the efficiency of the use of fixed assets of JSC "Yenisei", it is necessary to identify the reserves available to the enterprise.

The available reserves are not always obvious.

By availability, three levels of reserves can be distinguished:

1. Free reserves - unused areas in industrial and auxiliary buildings, idle equipment, unclaimed design facilities, etc.;
2. Hidden reserves - not fully used areas, equipment, etc.;
3. Unused reserves are insufficiently intensively used material elements of the production process.

In JSC "Yenisei" there is an opportunity to more fully use part of the production space by organizing the production of new products. Based on the assessment carried out in accordance with the algorithm for analyzing production capacity reserves presented in the article, it is possible to determine the following ways to increase the efficiency of using fixed assets in JSC "Yenisei":

• use the available production areas and the availability of skilled labor to introduce new equipment for the production of new types of products;
• increase production capacity by introducing new equipment, thus increasing the volume of production and expanding the range through the introduction of new products.

JSC Yenisei proposes to introduce a new line of dietary crackers into production. The products are aimed at women who are watching their weight. This is a dietary product that replaces regular cookies, with a reduced calorie content. Diet crackers are a hot trend in the diet food industry, are easy to manufacture and easily replace regular crackers and biscuits. Through the introduction of a new product line into production, Yenisei JSC will be able to master a new market segment and create additional competitive advantages compared to competitors.

The introduction of the production of diet crackers will require the acquisition of a production line to organize a new production site within the existing technological structure. This requires conveyor equipment.

Cost of fixed assets

Name of main production assets	Need for fixed assets
	Quantity, pcs.	price, rub.	Total, rub.
Horizontal mixer RBT-250
Transportation and loading unit TL-500 (receiving tank, cut-off knife, conveyor)
Laminator LTR-200
Dough sheeter TRZ-1100
Rotary punching machine
Divider and return mechanism
Sprinkling mechanism with salt, sugar TDU-500
Tunnel kiln TRL-400
TLU-600 processing unit
Cooling line and systematizer

The projected sales volume of new products is set at 7.5% of the total sales volume for last year:

73364 * 0.075 = 5502.3 thousand rubles

Return on sales in 2017 amounted to:

3986 / 73364 * 100% = 5,43%

Profit with the forecast volume of sales of new products will be:

5502.3 * 0.0543 = 298.8 thousand rubles

The cost of the project will amount to 632 thousand rubles. Funding for the acquisition of a new product line is proposed to come from own funds JSC "Yenisei". The enterprise for the last year received a profit of 3986 thousand rubles, has retained earnings in the amount of 3225 thousand rubles, so we can conclude that the company has enough own funds to purchase a new line of equipment.

Economic efficiency of implementation this project can be estimated using a pure discounted income(NPV). When assessed by this method, the payback period should be about 42 months from the start of the project.

Thus, having identified the reserves for increasing the efficiency of the use of fixed assets and proposing a project for their use, in this example we have described the methodology of such an approach, in which the goal is to solve the most important task of each enterprise. As a result, this will help to improve the efficiency of the economic activity of the enterprise as a whole.

is carried out at enterprises in order to assess the possibilities for increasing output while saving capital investments. This analysis will also reveal the reasons for the decline in output, if this was due to the productivity of fixed assets. Let us dwell on these indicators in more detail in our article.

How is the analysis of the condition and use of fixed assets

Analysis of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets will allow you to determine how productively the equipment / mechanisms are used and what is the degree of provision of production with machinery and equipment.

This analysis is a component of management accounting and provides answers to the following questions:

• how the state of fixed assets affected labor productivity and what are the dynamics;
• what is the degree of equipment loading;
• whether repairs to fixed assets are required and how economically justified additional investments will be.

For financial analysis, you can use data from such statistical reporting as:

• appendix to the balance sheet (form according to OKUD 0710005, p. 4, 6);
• form 11 report;
• form 1-nature-BM;
• balance;
• inventory cards for fixed assets (OS).

Features of accounting and analysis of fixed assets in order to assess their effectiveness

Accounting and analysis of the use of fixed assets have their own characteristics depending on the classification of fixed assets. Whether non-financial assets are of a production or non-production type, what is the ownership of fixed assets (own or leased), the period of use - all these factors affect the amount and period of depreciation. And this, in turn, is reflected in the cost of production.

Analysis of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets allows you to make strategic decisions:

• on the increase/reduction of the equipment fleet (purchase, conservation, sale, leasing/lease);
• carrying out repairs (with a definition of its scale), modernization;
• change in the number of service personnel and the need for their training.

Analysis of the use of fixed assets of the enterprise

Indicators of the use of fixed assets of the enterprise- This:

1. Equipment load factor, which reflects how efficiently the equipment is loaded in terms of time and output. This coefficient is often used when calculating production capacity to establish synchronous operation. various types equipment.

There are coefficients of extensiveness and intensity of loading of industrial equipment at the enterprise, which we denote as Kez and Kiz, respectively. The load extensiveness coefficient indicates a quantitative factor, and the intensity factor indicates a qualitative one. Formulas are used to calculate them:

Kiz \u003d Vsrf / Pmo,

where: Kiz - load intensity factor;

Vsrf - actual average output per 1 machine-hour;

Pmo - design capacity of industrial equipment (planned production) per 1 machine-hour.

Case \u003d Vrf / FROpl,

where: Kez - load extensity factor;

Vrf - time (actual) of equipment operation, measured in hours;

FROpl - fund planned work equipment, measured in hours.

The product of both load factors (extensiveness and intensity) forms an integral coefficient (Ki) for the use of industrial equipment at the enterprise:

Ki = Kez × Kiz.

2. The component in the calculation of the overall profitability of production, which, with an increase in the average cost of equipment for the year and the invariance of the profit received, directly proportionally affects the decrease in profitability. So, the overall profitability (OR) is calculated by the formula:

RR \u003d 100% × Prb / (SOPFsg + SobSg),

where: Prb - balance sheet profit;

SOSsg - the cost (average annual) of fixed assets;

SobSsg - the cost (average annual) of working capital.

In this regard, we can conclude that the indicator indicating the profitability of production demonstrates, in particular, how expediently the fixed assets are used.

Key performance indicators for the use of fixed assets

Fixed asset performance indicators clearly demonstrate the relationship between the profit received and the cost of fixed assets used to achieve this financial result. Efficiency indicators are also the ratio of productivity growth rates and the cost of industrial equipment.

For such basic indicators as:

• capital productivity;
• capital intensity;
• capital-labor ratio (energy and mechano-labor ratio).

Let us dwell in more detail on the methods of their calculation, as well as their significance in the overall analysis of the enterprise's activities:

1. The coefficient of return on assets (KFO) indicates how much output falls on each ruble spent on equipment. This indicator most accurately indicates in economic terms whether the OS is being used effectively in the enterprise.

To calculate the coefficient, the formula is used:

Kfo \u003d Ovp / SOSsg,

where: Ovp - the volume of products released per year;

COSsg - cost (average annual) fixed assets.

The formula gives a fairly accurate result, but obliges to consider this indicator in dynamics. In most cases, the residual value of fixed assets is used in the denominator to obtain a one-time value. And also, depending on the goals of the analysis, the numerator may take into account the volume of products sold, if previously released on this equipment stuck in a warehouse.

When calculating the return on assets, own and leased fixed assets are taken into account, with the exception of mothballed / leased and therefore not participating in the production process. For the calculation, the replacement or initial cost of fixed assets is taken. When analyzing the indicator in dynamics over several years, the numerator should be adjusted for the coefficient of price changes and structural shifts in the product range, and the denominator - for the revaluation factor of fixed assets.

2. The capital intensity ratio (Kfe), on the contrary, will indicate how much money was spent on fixed assets for output per 1 ruble. This coefficient is the reciprocal of the return on assets and can be determined by a simple formula:

Kfe = 1 / Kfo.

The capital intensity ratio most fully indicates the need for equipment and other fixed assets. Thus, it is quite clearly seen how much money should be spent on industrial equipment in order to get the planned volume of output. The coefficient is determined by the formula:

Kfe \u003d SOSsg / Ovp.

The more efficiently the fixed assets are used, the higher the return on assets and the lower the capital intensity.

3. The last among the main indicators of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets is the capital-labor ratio (Kfv). It will clearly indicate how the employees of the enterprise are provided with machinery, equipment necessary for work and other fixed assets. To calculate the indicator, the formula is used:

Kfv \u003d SOSsg / ChRsp,

where: CRsp is the number of employees employed in production (average payroll).

The relationship between the indicators of capital-labor ratio and capital productivity is carried out through the calculation of the labor productivity coefficient (Kprt), which is calculated by the formula:

Kprt \u003d Ovp / ChRsp.

That is, between all 3 main coefficients there is such a relationship:

Kfo \u003d Kprt / Kfv.

In order to increase the efficiency of using the fixed assets, it is necessary to ensure that the growth in the volume of output outpaced the growth in the funds spent on fixed assets.

Also, when calculating the total capital-labor ratio, it is possible to single out the coefficients of energy and mechanical-labor ratio of an industrial enterprise - Kev and Kmv, respectively. They are calculated using the following formulas:

Kev \u003d MO / CRsp,

where: MO is the capacity of the installed equipment;

Kmv \u003d SPMsg / ChRsp,

where: CPMsg is the cost (average for the year) of working mechanisms.

Results

For analysis of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets indicators are used that clearly indicate how busy the equipment is, how equipped the workers are, and whether the capital investments are being spent economically.

The calculation of these indicators is necessary for the implementation of management accounting at the enterprise and is indispensable for planning production activities.

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Course work

in the discipline "Comprehensive economic analysis of economic activity"

on the topic of: « Analysis of the state and efficiency of the use of fixed assets of the enterprise» (on the example of CJSC named after Sh.Aliyev)

Plan

Introduction

1. General economic characteristics of ZAO im. Sh.Aliyeva

2. The economic content of fixed assets, their assessment, types, tasks and directions of analysis, sources of information

3. Analysis of the security and movement of fixed assets

4. Analysis of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets

5. Analysis of the impact of fixed assets on the volume of production

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

In this course work, issues related to the state and efficiency of the use of fixed assets are considered. Fixed assets are an integral part of any enterprise and important performance indicators of the enterprise depend on the increase in the efficiency of their use, such as financial position, market competitiveness.

Fixed assets play a huge role in the labor process, they together form the production and technical base and determine the production capacity of the enterprise. Over a long period of use, fixed assets enter the enterprise and are transferred to operation; wear out as a result of operation; are repaired, with the help of which their physical qualities are restored; move within the enterprise; are retired from the enterprise due to dilapidation or inexpediency of further use. One of the indicators of the best use of fixed assets is an increase in their operating time by reducing downtime, increasing the shift ratio, increasing productivity through the introduction of new equipment and technology, increasing capital productivity, i.e., increasing output per ruble of fixed assets. Under the new business conditions, the enterprise was granted the rights to own, use and dispose of fixed assets: to transfer or sell to other enterprises free of charge, write off the balance sheet if they are worn out or obsolete, regardless of whether they are fully depreciated or not.

The problem of increasing the efficiency of the use of fixed assets and production capacities of enterprises occupies a central place in the period of Russia's transition to market relations. Having a clear understanding of the role of fixed assets in the production process, the factors affecting the use of fixed assets, it is possible to identify methods, directions by which the efficiency of using fixed assets of an enterprise is increased, ensuring a reduction in production costs and an increase in labor productivity. These reasons confirm the relevance of the chosen topic. term paper.

The purpose of this work is to study and analyze the state and efficiency of the use of fixed assets of CJSC them. Sh.Aliyeva.

Based on the goal of this work, the following tasks can be defined:

1. give a general economic description of the object of analysis;

2. determine the economic content of fixed assets, their assessment, types, tasks and directions of analysis, as well as sources of information;

3. to analyze the security, movement and use of fixed assets;

4. to analyze the impact of fixed assets on the volume of production and the cost of production.

The main sources of information for the analysis of the state and efficiency of the use of fixed assets ZAO im. Sh.Aliyeva serve as the accounting balance sheet, income statement, income statement Money, on the availability and movement of fixed assets and other reporting forms that decipher and detail individual balance sheet items.

1. General economic characteristics of ZAO im. Sh.Aliyeva

As an object of analysis, I chose ZAO im. Sh.Aliyeva. The objectives of this enterprise are profit, expansion of the market for goods and services.

The main activities of the company are:

Production, processing and sales of agricultural products industrial complex;

Carrying out activities for trade and procurement of food and non-food items, products for industrial purposes, including those under exchange transactions;

Organization of work on the construction and repair of industrial, housing, cultural, social and other purposes;

Provision of transport and maintenance services to legal entities and individuals;

Commercial and trade-intermediary activity in the market of goods and services;

Rendering paid services population;

Implementation of the international exchange of scientific and technological achievements, the implementation of scientific and technical products, the acquisition of new technologies and products;

Foreign economic activity, export-import operations;

Production and sale of consumer goods and products for industrial purposes, including through its own network;

Trade and intermediary services for the promotion of goods for export and import purchases, innovative activities;

Other activities permitted by law.

The Company independently plans its production and business activities. Society is commercial organization and is intended to make a profit. It is legal entity and owns separate property recorded on its balance sheet.

Consider general characteristics activities of the enterprise (see table 1).

Based on the analysis of general economic indicators of CJSC im. Sh. Aliyev and based on the data in Table 1, the following conclusions can be drawn.

Profit from sales decreased by 5578 thousand rubles. (or by 46.092%), which is estimated negatively for the enterprise. This may be due to an increase in the cost of 843 thousand rubles. (or by 1.53%) and with a decrease in sales proceeds by 4,731 thousand rubles. (or by 7.04%).

Profit before tax increased by 6690 thousand rubles. (or 65.85%), while net profit increased by 7300 thousand rubles. (or by 76.44%), which is positive for the enterprise.

The cost of the property of the enterprise increased by 9732 thousand rubles. (or 5.093%), which may be caused by an increase in the cost of fixed assets by 3281 thousand rubles. (or by 4.245%).

Accounts receivable decreased by 51991 thousand rubles. (or by 8.09%), which is positive for the enterprise. Decrease accounts receivable reduces the additional costs of the enterprise for the amount of work with debtors (communication, business trips, etc.), for the period of turnover of receivables, for losses from bad receivables.

Accounts payable compared to 2009 decreased by 10,821 thousand rubles. (or by 71.99%), which is positive for the enterprise. The increase indicates a reduction in the amount of debts to creditors.

The profitability of property increased by 3.393%, and the profitability of production increased by 12.787%, which is positive for the enterprise.

economic fixed asset

Table 1 General economic indicators of ZAO im. Sh. Aliyev for 2009 - 2010

Index			Change (+,-), thousand rubles	Rates of growth, %
The cost of goods sold, products, works, services, thousand rubles.
Profit (loss) from sales, thousand rubles
Profit before taxation, thousand rubles
Net profit, thousand rubles
The value of the property of the organization, thousand rubles.
The cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles.
Accounts receivable, thousand rubles
Accounts payable, thousand rubles
Profitability of property (Rim), %
Profitability of production (Rpr), %

Rim \u003d NPR / Property value * 100%

Rim previous year = 9550 / 191072 * 100% = 4.998%

Rim fiscal year = 16850 / 200804 * 100% = 8.391%

Rpr \u003d (NPR / S / s + UR + CR) * 100%

Rprev. year = 9550 / 55103 * 100% = 17.331%

Rpr fiscal year = 16850 / 55946 * 100% = 30.118%

2. The economic content of fixed assets, their assessment, types, tasks and directions of analysis, sources of information

The successful functioning of the enterprise is largely determined by the efficiency of the use of all factors of production and, first of all, fixed assets. It should be defined in terms of fixed assets and fixed assets.

Fixed assets are means of labor that repeatedly participate in the production process, while maintaining their natural form. They are intended for the needs of the main activity of the organization and must have a period of use of more than a year. As fixed assets wear out, the value of fixed assets decreases and is transferred to cost using depreciation.

Fixed assets - tangible assets that the enterprise contains for the purpose of using them in the process of production or supply of goods, provision of services, leasing to other persons or for the implementation of administrative and socio-cultural functions, the expected useful life (operation) of which is more than one year (or operating cycle if it lasts longer than a year).

The cost of fixed assets less accumulated depreciation is called net fixed assets. Fixed assets are accepted for accounting at their original cost, however, in the future, fixed assets are reflected in the balance sheet at their residual value. The residual value of fixed assets is determined as the difference between the original (replacement) cost and depreciation.

The essence of fixed assets can be characterized as follows:

They are materially embodied in the means of labor;

Their cost is transferred in parts to the products;

They retain their natural shape for a long time as they wear;

Reimbursed on the basis of depreciation at the end of the service life.

The valuation of fixed assets is the determination of the value of fixed assets of an enterprise for the purposes of accounting and analysis, economic calculations and forecasts, the formation of generalizing industry and national economic indicators.

Valuation of fixed assets is necessary in the following cases:

For transactions of sale, exchange;

In case of occurrence and resolution of property disputes;

When restructuring the company's debt;

When determining the contribution to the authorized capital;

When issuing a loan secured by property;

During bankruptcy proceedings, etc.

Today, there are five groups of indicators that can be used to characterize the company's activities:

Indicators of business activity of the company;

Profitability indicators;

liquidity indicators;

Indicators of the capital structure;

Indicators market value company capital.

The valuation of fixed assets ultimately has a direct impact on all of these indicators.

The change in profit due to an increase in the cost of the company, which occurs as a result of an increase in depreciation, affects the profitability of the enterprise. An increase in equity reduces the need for borrowed capital to finance existing assets. This increases the liquidity of the company and its financial independence. In the case of an increase in depreciation, it is likely that the amount of income per share will decrease, but if the valuation of fixed assets coincides with the strategic objectives of the enterprise, then it provides a significant exchange rate growth of shares. As a result, the cost of equity increases.

Also, the valuation of fixed assets allows you to more effectively manage and identify, as well as take into account, fixed assets that are not yet or are no longer used in the organization. Reducing costs, reducing costs - these are the main goals pursued by the valuation of fixed assets of the enterprise.

Fixed assets are very diverse, and therefore there is a need to classify them according to certain criteria. And, it can be argued that all those assets that participate in the main classification are subject to the assessment of the fixed asset.

According to the standard classification proposed by PBU 6/01 "Accounting for fixed assets", fixed assets are divided as follows:

1. buildings;

2. structures;

3. working and power machines and equipment;

4. measuring and regulating instruments and devices;

5. computer technology;

6. vehicles;

7. tools;

8. production and household inventory and accessories;

9. working, productive and breeding stock;

10. perennial plantations;

11. on-farm roads;

12. other relevant objects.

It should be borne in mind that when assessing fixed assets, fixed assets are also divided on the basis of ownership - leased or owned. The former are received from other organizations for temporary use for a certain fee, the latter belong to the company itself and are on its balance sheet.

By the nature of participation in production activities, fixed assets can be active and inactive (which are in stock), and according to their purpose, production and non-production. The last category includes the fixed assets of the housing and communal base, objects of consumer services, social and cultural purposes.

Fixed assets also include: capital investments for radical improvement of land (drainage, irrigation and other reclamation works); capital investments in leased fixed assets; land, objects of nature management (water, subsoil and other natural resources).

The objectives of the analysis of fixed assets are as follows:

1. determine the security of the enterprise and its structural divisions fixed assets and the level of their use according to general and particular indicators, as well as to establish the reasons for their change;

3. to study the degree of use of the production capacity of the enterprise and equipment;

4. to identify reserves for increasing the efficiency of the use of fixed assets.

To conduct an analysis of fixed assets, as well as to conduct any economic analysis, appropriate data is required. The sources of data for the analysis of fixed assets are: economic and social development enterprises, technical development plan, form No. 1 "Balance sheet", form No. 11 "Report on the availability and movement of fixed assets", form No. BM "Balance of production capacity", form No. 2-KS "Report on the implementation of the plan for commissioning facilities fixed assets and the use of capital investments ", inventory cards of fixed assets, data on the revaluation of fixed assets, synthetic and analytical accounting data, etc.

Based on these data, an analysis of fixed assets is carried out in the following main areas:

Analysis of the presence, structure and movement of fixed assets in the enterprise;

Analysis of the main indicators of the use of fixed assets;

Analysis of the use of equipment and production capacity of the enterprise;

Analysis of the security of the enterprise with fixed assets.

In order to analyze the activities of the enterprise for a certain period of work, an analysis is made for several years of the enterprise's activities. For the reporting year, one of the years (base) of the enterprise is taken, and the remaining years of its activity are called analyzed. The analysis carried out at the same time allows you to clearly identify the factors that influenced the results of work and identify reserves for improving the main performance indicators.

3. Analysis of security and movement of fixed assets

One of the factors for increasing the volume of production is the availability of fixed assets in required quantity and assortment and their effective use.

Since the provision of an enterprise with fixed assets (more precisely, their availability) is closely related to their movement (input, disposal) and physical and moral condition, the analysis usually begins with a study of the volume of fixed assets, their dynamics and structure, both in general and in individual units.

Of great importance is the analysis of the movement and technical condition of fixed assets, which is carried out according to the financial statements, in particular form No. 5. For this, the following indicators are calculated:

1) refresh rate (Cobn):

Cobn = Basics / OScon

The ratio shows the share of new fixed assets introduced in the reporting year in the total cost of all fixed assets. Its growth in dynamics indicates an active policy in the field of improving the material and technical base of production.

2) retirement rate (Kvyb):

Kvyb \u003d OSvyb / OSnach

Characterizes the share of retired fixed assets due to write-off, sale and other reasons in the total value of fixed assets at the beginning of the year. With a high value of the coefficient, it is necessary to establish the reasons and assess the appropriateness of the disposal of fixed assets.

The age composition has its own specifics associated with the features of the current state of the technical potential of Russia. To characterize the age composition and obsolescence, the funds are grouped by the duration of operation (up to 5 years, 5-10, 10-20 and more than 20 years), the average age of the equipment is calculated. The characteristics of the age composition are given by the following coefficients.

1) wear factor (Kizn):

Kizn = ? OS wear/ OSperv

Shows the degree of depreciation of fixed assets. The calculation is made at the beginning and at the end of the year.

2) shelf life (Kgod):

Kgod \u003d OSres / OSperv

It characterizes the share of unworn fixed assets. This indicator is the reciprocal of the wear factor and is also calculated at the beginning and end of the year.

3) the period of renewal of fixed assets in days (Tobn):

Tobn \u003d OSnach / Basics

The level and dynamics of renewal and retirement rates characterize the pace of renewal and are studied in dynamics for a year or another period.

The level and dynamics of wear and tear coefficients characterize the technical condition of fixed assets. A high value of the depreciation coefficient indicates the need to replace fixed assets due to their physical or obsolescence.

As part of the analysis of these indicators, the implementation of the plan for the introduction of new equipment, the commissioning of new facilities, and the repair (modernization) of fixed assets is checked. The share of progressive equipment in its total quantity and for each group of machines and equipment, as well as the share of automated equipment, is determined.

Enterprise security certain types machines, mechanisms, equipment, premises is established by comparing their actual availability with the planned demand necessary to fulfill the production plan.

Let us analyze the indicators of security and the movement of fixed assets on the example of ZAO im. Sh.Aliyeva. The source of information for the analysis of fixed assets is financial statements ZAO im. Sh. Aliyev for 2010.

Let's analyze the movement and technical condition of fixed assets (see table 2).

1) Kobn = 8380 / 187853 = 0.045

This indicator indicates that new fixed assets introduced in the reporting year account for 4.5% of the total value of all fixed assets. Also, this indicator reflects the implementation of an active policy in the field of improving the material and technical base of production.

2) Ksp = 378 / 179851 = 0.002

Meaning this indicator indicates that the share of retired fixed assets due to write-off, sale and other reasons is 0.2% in the total value of fixed assets at the beginning of the year.

table 2 Analysis of the movement and technical condition of fixed assets ZAO im. Sh.Aliyeva

Name	For the beginning of the year	Received		At the end of the year
Structures and transmission devices
cars and equipment
Vehicles
Production and household inventory
working cattle
productive livestock
Perennial plantations (vineyards)
Land plots and nature management objects

Let us analyze the indicators characterizing the age composition of fixed assets. The initial data for the analysis are presented in Table 3.

1) Kizn initial = 102568 / 179851 = 0.5702

Kizn con = 107289 / 187853 = 0.571

DKizn \u003d 0.571 - 0.5702 \u003d 0.0008

The values ​​of the depreciation coefficients show that during the year the degree of depreciation of fixed assets increased by 0.08%, because at the beginning of the year fixed assets were depreciated by 57.02%, and by the end of the year - by 57.1%.

2) Kyear start = 77283 / 179851 = 0.4397

Kgod con \u003d 80564 / 187853 \u003d 0.4289

DKyear \u003d 0.4289 - 0.4397 \u003d - 0.0108

The value of the coefficients of validity shows that during the year the suitability of fixed assets decreased by 1.08%, which is negative for the enterprise. At the beginning of the year, the value of the indicator reflects that fixed assets are suitable for 43.98%, and at the end of the year - for 42.89%.

3) Tobn = 179851 / 8380 = 21.46

This indicator indicates that it takes 21.46 days to update fixed assets.

Table 3 Initial data for the analysis of the age composition of fixed assets of CJSC im. Sh.Aliyeva for 2010

After analyzing the indicators of security and the movement of fixed assets of CJSC them. Sh. Aliyev, we can say that the enterprise is pursuing an active policy in the field of improving the material and technical base of production. However, the analysis also indicates an increase in the depreciation of fixed assets by 0.08% and a decrease in their suitability by 1.08%, which is negative for society.

4. Analysis of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets

Improving the use of fixed assets largely depends on the availability of a sound system of indicators characterizing the level of efficiency of their use.

Evaluation of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets involves the calculation of the following general indicators and their analysis in dynamics.

return on equity (ratio of profit to average annual cost fixed assets) characterizes the efficiency of the use of fixed assets. Its increase characterizes positively financial results, since it shows the amount of profit per unit cost of fixed assets:

Ros = (Pr / OSav) * 100

A generalizing indicator of the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets is the return on assets (RO), i.e. the ratio of proceeds from the sale of products to the average annual cost of fixed assets:

FD \u003d Vr / OSr

When calculating the indicator, own and leased fixed assets are taken into account; fixed assets that are on conservation and leased are not taken into account.

An increase in capital productivity leads to a decrease in the amount of depreciation deductions per ruble finished products or buffer tank.

Capital intensity is the inverse indicator of capital productivity. Reflects specific capital investments per ruble of production growth:

FE = OS / Vr

One of important indicators efficiency of use of fixed assets is the average annual cost of fixed assets.

The calculation of the average annual cost, not taking into account the month in which the fixed assets were commissioned or retired, is made according to the following formula:

OSav = OSnach + OScon / 2

Given that the input-output of fixed assets during the year is uneven, you can find the average annual cost in another way:

OSav = OSnach + (M 1 / 12) * Basics - (M 2 / 12) * OSvyb,

M 1 - this is the number of full months from the date of commissioning of an object (group of objects) of fixed assets until the end of the year;

M 2 - this is the number of full months from the date of disposal of the object (group of objects) of fixed assets until the end of the year.

The average annual cost of fixed assets of CJSC im. Sh. Aliyeva in 2009 amounted to 179851 thousand rubles, and at the end of the year the value of the indicator was 187853 thousand rubles.

We will carry out a factorial analysis of indicators of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets and determine the degree of influence on them by profit, the average annual cost of fixed assets and proceeds from the sale of products.

The initial data for the analysis of indicators of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets are presented in Table 4.

1) Roc bases = (9550 / 179851) * 100 = 5.31%

Ros otch \u003d (16850 / 187853) * 100 \u003d 8.97%

DRoc \u003d 8.97 - 5.31 \u003d 3.66%

Ros cond. = (Prot otch / OSav bases) * 100 = (16850 / 179851) * 100 = 9.37%

DRos (Pr) \u003d R osl - R os base \u003d 9.37 - 5.31 \u003d 4.06%

DRos (OSav) \u003d Ros otch - Ros conv \u003d 8.97 - 9.37 \u003d - 0.4%

DRos total = 4.06 + (- 0.4) = 3.66%

The conducted factor analysis shows that under the influence of an increase in profits by 7300 thousand rubles. profitability of fixed assets increased by 4.06%, which is positive for the company. Under the influence of an increase in the average annual cost of fixed assets by 8002 thousand rubles. return on equity decreased by 0.4%, which is estimated negatively, but is not significant. In general, the return on equity of fixed assets increased by 3.66%, which indicates the efficiency of the use of fixed assets. An increase in this indicator positively characterizes the financial result, as it shows the amount of profit per unit of the value of fixed assets.

2) FOOS bases = 67201 / 179851 = 0.374

FOOS otch \u003d 62470 / 187853 \u003d 0.333

DFOos = 0.333 - 0.374 = - 0.041

FOos conv \u003d Wr otch / OSav base \u003d 62470 / 179851 \u003d 0.347

DFOos (Vr) \u003d FOos cond - FOos base \u003d 0.347 - 0.374 \u003d - 0.027

DFOos (OSav) \u003d FOos otch - FOos conv \u003d 0.333 - 0.347 \u003d - 0.014

DFOos total = - 0.027 + (- 0.014) = - 0.041

The analysis showed that under the influence of a decrease in revenue by 4731 thousand rubles. capital productivity of fixed assets decreased by 0.027, and under the influence of an increase in the average annual cost of fixed assets by 8002 thousand rubles. return on assets decreased by 0.014. The general change in capital productivity is its decrease by 0.041. The main reason for the decline in capital productivity is shortcomings in the use of fixed production assets. The decrease in capital productivity leads to an increase in the amount of depreciation deductions per one ruble of finished products.

3) Feos bases = 179851 / 67201 = 2.676

FFeos otch \u003d 187853 / 62470 \u003d 3.007

DFEos = 3.007 - 2.676 = 0.331

FFEos conv \u003d OSsr base / Vr otch \u003d 179851 / 62470 \u003d 2.879

DFEos (Vr) \u003d FFeos cond - FFeos base \u003d 2.879 - 2.676 \u003d 0.203

DFEos (OSav) \u003d FEos otch - FEos conv \u003d 3.007 - 2.879 \u003d 0.128

DFEos total = 0.203 + 0.128 = 0.331

After analyzing the capital intensity of fixed assets ZAO them. Sh. Aliyev, we can say that under the influence of a decrease in revenue by 4731 thousand rubles. capital intensity increased by 0.203, and under the influence of an increase in the average annual cost of fixed assets by 8002 thousand rubles. capital intensity increased by 0.128. The general change is in the direction of increasing the capital intensity indicator by 0.331, which is estimated negatively for the enterprise, because. increasing the capital intensity is an important direction of reducing the efficiency of production, reducing its intensification, and also means the absence of labor savings.

Table 4 Analysis of the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets ZAO im. Sh. Aliyev for 2009 - 2010

Index			Change (+,-)
Proceeds from the sale of goods, products, works, services (net of VAT, excises and other mandatory payments), thousand roubles.
Profit (loss) of the reporting period, thousand rubles
Profitability of fixed assets, %
return on assets
Capital intensity of fixed assets

Factor analysis of indicators of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets characterizes a fairly effective use of fixed assets, however, at the same time, there is a decrease in the efficiency and intensity of production, as well as a lack of labor savings.

5. Analysis of the impact of fixed assets on the volume of production

Regardless of the profile of the activity of the analyzed enterprise, its main functions include the production and sale of manufactured products. It is these aspects of the activity that are most important for all stakeholders - the owners of the enterprise, the state, the employees of the enterprise, since the successful implementation of production programs, stable and wide sales of products allow all participants in production activities to ultimately achieve their financial goals.

The purpose of the analysis of output is to find ways to increase sales volumes compared to competitors, expand market share while maximizing the use of production capacity and, as a result, increase the profit of the enterprise.

Main task complex analysis output is: analysis of the competitive position of the enterprise and its ability to flexibly maneuver resources when market conditions change. This general task is realized by solving the following particular analytical problems:

1) assessment of the implementation of the production plan and production program;

2) assessment of the dynamics of output;

3) assessment of the fulfillment of contracts in terms of volume, rhythm of delivery, quality and complexity of products;

4) establishing the reasons for the decline in production and the irregularity of output;

5) quantification reserves for growth in output.

The volume of production can be expressed in natural, conditionally natural and cost indicators. The main indicators of production volume are commodity, gross and sold products.

Gross output is the value of all manufactured products and work performed, including work in progress.

Marketable output differs from gross output in that it does not include the remains of work in progress and on-farm turnover.

Sold products are the cost of products shipped and paid for by buyers.

The information base for the analysis of production volumes can be:

1) forms of financial statements;

2) operational reports;

3) production schedules;

4) plans for the economic and social development of the enterprise;

5) different kinds accompanying documentation.

The following factors influence the change in the volume of production:

1. change in the production program of the enterprise;

2. change in demand for products;

3. change in sales prices for products;

4. security and efficient use of production resources (fixed assets, material and labor resources and etc.);

5. change in the quality and competitiveness of products;

6. change in the range and structure of products;

7. change in the rhythm of production;

8. change in the balance of work in progress;

9. change in the balance of unsold products.

Let's carry out a factorial analysis of changes in the volume of production under the influence of fixed assets. The influence of factors is determined by the following factorial model:

Vpr \u003d OSav * FO

The change in the volume of production occurs due to:

1. changes in the average annual cost of fixed assets;

2. changes in capital productivity of fixed assets.

The initial data for the analysis of the impact of fixed assets on the volume of production are shown in table 5.

Table 5 Initial data for the analysis of the impact of fixed assets on the volume of production of CJSC im. Sh.Aliyeva

Index			Change (+,-), thousand rubles
Average annual cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles
return on assets
Volume of production, thousand rubles

Let's calculate the influence of these factors:

1. change in the average annual cost of OPF:

DVpr (OSav) \u003d DOSav * FOos bases \u003d 8002 * 0.374 \u003d 2992.748

As a result of an increase in the average annual cost of fixed assets by 8002 thousand rubles. the volume of production increased by 2992,748 thousand rubles.

2. change in capital productivity of fixed assets:

DVpr (FO) \u003d OSav report * DFOos \u003d 187853 * (- 0.041) \u003d -7701.973

As a result of a decrease in the return on assets of fixed assets by 0.041, the volume of production decreased by 7701.973 thousand rubles.

The total change in output under the influence of both factors will be:

DVpr total = 2992.748 + (- 7701.973) = - 4709.225

Having analyzed the volume of production under the influence of changes in capital productivity and the average annual cost of fixed assets, we can say that the volume of production decreased by a total of 4709.225 thousand rubles, which is negative for the enterprise, since it indicates a decrease in profits.

Decrease in the volume of production of CJSC them. Sh.Aliyeva indicates a decrease in the volume of marketable products, a decrease in the balance of unsold products at the beginning of the year and a decrease in the balance of unsold products at the end of the year.

Conclusion

So, in the course of writing the term paper, tasks and questions were revealed and posed. In the first part of the work, issues related to the definition of fixed assets, their classification and methods for analyzing the use of fixed assets were studied.

The definition of fixed assets was given as part of the production assets that participate in the production process for a long time, while maintaining its natural form, and their value is transferred to the manufactured product gradually, in parts, as it is used.

It was shown that the analysis of fixed assets in the enterprise is necessary in order to identify factors affecting the inefficient use of fixed assets, and find ways to overcome or mitigate these negative factors.

At the enterprise, due to a more rational use of fixed assets, it is possible to increase the volume of production and sales of products, but for this it is necessary to increase labor productivity.

For more efficient use of fixed assets, the company can take the following measures:

Commissioning of uninstalled equipment, its replacement and modernization;

Reduce day-to-day and intra-shift downtime. The elimination of this shortcoming can be achieved by introducing progressive organizational and technological measures;

Increase in the shift ratio, which can be achieved by using the optimal schedule of the enterprise, including an effective plan for repair and adjustment work;

More intensive use of equipment;

Implementation of measures of scientific and technological progress;

Improvement of qualification of the working personnel, which ensures more efficient and careful handling of the equipment;

Economic incentives for key and auxiliary workers, providing for dependence wages from the output and quality of products, the formation of incentive and incentive funds for workers who have achieved high performance indicators;

Holding social work providing for advanced training of workers, improvement of working and rest conditions, recreational activities and other activities that positively affect the physical and spiritual condition of the worker.

Improving the efficiency of the use of fixed assets has great importance and in everything national economy. The solution of this problem means an increase in the production of products necessary for society, an increase in the return on the created production potential and a more complete satisfaction of the needs of the population, an improvement in the balance of equipment in the country, a reduction in the cost of production, an increase in the profitability of production, and the savings of the enterprise.

List of used literature

1. PBU 6/01 “Accounting for Fixed Assets” (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 27, 2006 No. 156-n).

2. Bakanov M.I., Melnik M.V., Sheremet A.D. Theory of economic analysis - M.: Finance and statistics, 2006. - 213 p.

3. Basovsky L.E., Luneva A.M., Basovsky A.L. Comprehensive economic analysis of economic activity - M.: Infra-M, 2006. - 315 p.

4. Bachurin A.A. Analysis of the production and economic activities of organizations / Ed. Z. I. Aksenova. - M.: Academy, 2006. - 310 p.

5. Vasil'eva L.S., Petrovskaya M.V. The financial analysis- M.: Knorus, 2006. - 544 p.

6. Volkov O.I. Economics of enterprises. - M.: Infra-M, 2007. - 520 p.

7. Volkova O.N., Kovalev V.V. Analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise. - M.: Prospekt, 2007. - 295 p.

8. Voloshin D. Fixed assets in a new way // Glavbuh. - 2006. - No. 8, 15 p.

9. Ginzburg A.I. Economic analysis. - M.: Piter, 2010. - 109 p.

10. Gubina O.V., Gubin V.E. Analysis of financial and economic activity. - M.: Infra-M, 2007. - 172 p.

11. Dybal SV Financial analysis: theory and practice. - St. Petersburg: Business Press, 2009. - 336 p.

12. Melnik M.V., Gerasimova E.B. Analysis of the financial and economic activity of the enterprise. - M.: Infra - M, 2007. - 192 p.

13. Nehorosheva L.N. Economics of enterprises. - Minsk: New knowledge, 2008. - 164 p.

14. Pilovets A. Analysis of the state and efficiency of the use of fixed assets at the enterprises of the industrial complex // Tekhnika. Economy. Organization. - 2004. - No. 2, 20 p.

15. Plaskova N.S. Economic analysis. - M.: Eksmo, 2010. - 345 p.

16. Pozdnyakov V.Ya. Analysis and diagnostics of financial and economic activity of enterprises. - M.: Infra-M, 2008. - 415 p.

17. Savitskaya G.V. Analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise. - Minsk: New knowledge, 2005. - 304 p.

18. Savitskaya G.V. Methods of complex analysis of economic activity. - M.: INFRA M, 2005. - 146 p.

19. Skamay L.G., Trubochkina M.I., “Economic analysis of the enterprise”, Moscow, “Infra-M”, 2007. - 258 p.

20. Sklyarenko V.K. Economics of the enterprise (in schemes, tables, calculations) / Ed. prof. VC. Sklyarenko, V.M. Prudnikov. - M.: Infra - M, 2008. - 256 p.

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