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Filatov V.A. Social work technology - file n1.doc

The term "technology" is best known from material and production practice, and, above all, from the industrial application of technology. Initially, technology meant not only the activity of transforming natural objects, but also a general technical discipline that studies the interaction of means of labor and raw materials. At the same time, this term never meant the concept of technology in the sense of the totality of artificial material means of human activity, and since ancient times it has meant art, skill, skill.

A fairly broad interpretation of the concept of "technology" was given by the Bulgarian philosopher N. Stefanov, who noted: "Where a person actively and purposefully relates to the processes surrounding him, where he seeks to consciously and systematically change the natural and social environment, there, in principle, technology is possible ".

In the general sense of the word, technology is “a set of knowledge about the methods and means of conducting production processes, as well as the processes themselves, in which there is a qualitative change in the processed object. Thus, technology is not just a set of knowledge about methods and means, not just a set of tools, but an ordered set, rooted in some methodology, in some systemic principle, including an indication of a general and specific goal.

The technology algorithmizes activity, therefore it can be reused, reproduced and replicated to solve similar problems and is created, among other things, for further “transfer” to other areas. The creation of technology guarantees the specified properties of the product, ensures the rationality of the process of activity itself. Such a reading of the term, which came from the sphere of material production, initially focuses on its transformative nature (as opposed to purely cognitive). But at the same time, the fact that the object of technologization is not so much a system of instrumental technical means how much the person carrying out the activity. In this case, technology becomes an integral element of management culture and, to a certain extent, a measure of human development. This can be explained by the fact that technology acts in the form of standards-prohibitions, rules, norms, as well as proven means, methods and techniques of expedient human activity that allow achieving the desired results.

Technology embodies the social form of practice, methods of regulation, control and management of the interaction between the object of labor and the tool of labor, its technological content. Moreover, if the objective natural prerequisite for technology is natural processes that determine its “material frame”, then the corresponding social analogue of technology is collective social practice, where the material components show their technological power and reveal their social significance. Social practice combines them into a certain whole, which forms a technological way of mastering social space.

During the deployment of scientific, technological and information revolutions, attention to the social components of technology has increased significantly and it has become possible to extend the technological approach to all sides. public life: economy, social management, education, upbringing, politics, etc. Moreover, in each of them, the development of technology is based not only on the generalization of empirical experience, but on the latest achievements modern science and technology.

Social technology is a set of methods and techniques that allow achieving results in the tasks of interaction between people, that is, in fact, social technology is a structure of communicative influences that change social systems or situations. Also, social technology can be defined as a sequence of stages of social interaction, during which each subject participating in the interaction implements its own management strategy in relation to others and forms social reality. Social technologies are a way of organizing and streamlining the expedient practical activities, a set of techniques aimed at determining or transforming (changing the state) of a social object, achieving a given result.

Social technologies in the broad sense of the word is a special area of scientific knowledge that raises and substantiates the question of how and in what sequence specific operations with the results of cognitive activity are possible.

In the narrow sense of the word, the concept of "social technologies" has two meanings.

First, social technologies are, first of all, the process of purposeful influence on a social object, due to the need and need to obtain a given result. In this regard, the manufacturability of the impact is filled with such concepts as stages, procedurality, operationality. Based on this vision, social technologies can be characterized as a certain pragmatics, lining up in one row: 1) goal, 2) means, 3) result. Coordination and subordination of goals, means, results involve variability and taking into account many factors, modeling and design, a system of criteria and assessments, meaningful versions and scenarios, diagnostic methods, etc.

Secondly, social technologies are a theory that studies the processes of targeted impact on social objects, develops and substantiates effective methods and techniques for such impact. It does not matter what is meant by a social object. It can be social relations, social interaction, social group, social institution, social organization.

But there are many definitions and interpretations of the very term "social technologies". The most fundamental characteristics are the following:

1. Social technologies are a scientific discipline from a diverse cycle of managerial and sociological disciplines. This is a specially organized field of knowledge about the methods, procedures and methods for optimizing human life in the face of ever-increasing interdependence, dynamics and renewal of social processes.

2. On the other hand, social technologies are a way of carrying out activities based on its rational and optimal division into procedures, operations with their subsequent coordination and synchronization of the choice of fixed assets, methods and techniques for their implementation.

3. Social technologies are a method of managing social processes and phenomena, which provides a system for their reproduction in certain parameters - properties, qualities, volumes, integrity of activity.

Social technologies are an element of human culture, depending on the mentality of the people and their language. Social technologies arise in the process of evolution of human society or are created artificially. Social technology is a set of methods and techniques that allow achieving results in the tasks of interaction between people, that is, in essence, social technology is a structure of communicative influences that change social systems or situations. Social technologies are distinguished in close dependence on the areas social activities in which they are used.

Social technologies can be:

Actually social (achievement social justice"who does not work shall not eat"; protection of unprotected segments of the population);

Economic (assessment of a person's abilities; intellectual optimization of an employee's work; "an ordinary person becomes a manager", in other words, the staff receives power and responsibility);

Managerial (development of management systems and the order of collective activity of organizations; allocation of personal strategy);

Political (guarantees of foresight and balanced political decisions);

Spiritual sphere (cultural needs and interests of people; response to trends related to social and cultural life; availability of economic prerequisites for solving existing problems).

Social technologies, which are increasingly paid attention at the state level, can be associated with work with society as a whole, with the family, the younger generation, women, pensioners, with technologies of social foresight, adaptation, creative development, preventive value and economic support for people, and also socio-pedagogical, socio-psychological, socio-medical.

The essence of social technologies can be understood as an innovative system of methods for identifying and using the hidden potentials of social systems, obtaining a socially useful result at the lowest cost. Social technologies, being a link between sociological theory and methodology, on the one hand, and social practice, on the other hand, provide a scientifically based choice of the optimal ways of influencing subjects of management on an object in order to create favorable conditions the life of people.

object social technology are: workers, with their social qualities, behavioral motives, social roles, goals and values, small and large social groups, various organizations and social institutions of society, as well as social reality (as a "snapshot" constructed by the participants in accordance with their mutual expectations).

Subject are social processes:

Intrapersonal processes (for example, the process of self-education);

Processes occurring directly between two or more individuals (for example, the process of leadership);

Processes occurring in the relationship between an individual and a group (for example, processes of adaptation or maladaptation);

Processes occurring within the group (for example, processes of organization or disorganization);

Processes occurring in relations between groups (for example, processes of national self-determination or internationalization);

Processes occurring within a particular society (for example, processes social mobility, differentiation and assimilation);

Processes occurring within humanity or global society (for example, processes of demilitarization or interstate integration).

As you can see, the lower boundary is formed by intrapersonal processes that are in direct contact with mental and psychophysiological processes, while the upper one is formed by global social processes.

Thus, it can be stated that the term "social technology" has not yet completed its formation. Various approaches to its definition reflect the relevant significant aspects of social engineering activities.

The use of social technologies determines the effectiveness of the process of managing small groups, large teams, societies, and allows you to effectively influence the development of social processes, the stability of a social organization and the entire social space. Social technologies are determined by the type of social development, the dominance of evolutionary and revolutionary processes in it, the national mentality represented by linguistic concepts, types of teams, socio-psychological groups of objects of social technologies.

Social technologies should be considered from different angles.

On the one hand, as a means of practical achievement of the set goals, as a systematic and directed goal-setting based on a sociological analysis of the material, ordered by the imperatives of manufacturability. Here the incompleteness of the phenomenon of multifactorial sociological ordering, optimization and organization is revealed, the process and object are not only transformed in the right direction, but also show the researcher new facets, properties, qualities and relationships. And this means a real process of transformation of social and sociological knowledge.

However, this process of transformation of knowledge is not exhausted. It continues with the application of the results of social modeling, efficiency analysis, accounting for various forms of feedback making adjustments and amendments. The further process associated with the generalization of models, their expression in the language of mathematics, computer science, logic, gives a new level of transformation of knowledge, characterizing the initial social and sociological information about the object from a new angle of view. The achieved explication of the characterological features of the object "launches" new round. And so round after round there is a layering of new information.

On the other hand, social technologies are the activities of people, the realization of their social energy, intelligence, the expression of abilities, skills, and even the desire to do something in a certain way. These social actions are carried out in specific social conditions, implementation - through specific social institutions and social organizations. Here, social technologies act as a kind of social management, a form of expression of social management.

On the third hand, social technologies are a kind of operational social consciousness. A sort of operational-pragmatic social reflection. It is expressed in the comprehension of those technological laws that allow society to find the internal social dimension of the optimality of metamorphoses. We can say that social technologies are a social institution of innovation and social creativity, organization and self-organization, diagnostics, tactics and development strategies.

Social technologies act as an intellectual science-intensive resource, the use of which allows not only to study and predict various social changes, but also to actively influence practical life through regulation wages, increasing labor motivation, as well as obtaining an effective predictable social result.

Introduction ................................................ ................................................. ................3

Chapter 1. Social technologies in social work.......................................................6

1.1. The concept and essence of social technologies .............................................................. ..6

1.2. The specifics of social technologies in social work .............................................. 9

Chapter 2

2.1. The essence of scientific methods and their role in the practice of social work ................................................. ...........................19

2.2. Classification of social methods ............................................................... ............23

Chapter 3. Experience in the application of technology on the example of the rehabilitation center “Nadezhda” ................................................................ ................................................. ...........33

3.1. The target program of the rehabilitation center “Nadezhda” in the city of Moscow.................................................................. ................................................. ................................33

3.2. The main social technologies of the Rehabilitation Center............................................... ................................................. .......................34

3.3. Adaptation, acquiring labor skills and results of working with children with disabilities ............................................................. ................................................. ...................37

Conclusion................................................. ................................................. ..........40

Bibliography................................................ ...................................................43

Introduction

Social technologies are very diverse, which is due to the diversity of the social world, social life.

The classification of social technologies can be carried out on various grounds: types, levels, areas of application, etc.

According to the scale of the object that is affected, one can distinguish technologies of a global nature, social technologies in relation to society as a whole, various areas social life, social structure, social institutions, processes, phenomena.

According to the areas of application, social technologies are divided into specific social technologies of regulation, solving problems in the sphere of production, economic, socio-political, spiritual, cultural and social relations. In statistics, branches (areas) are usually distinguished National economy- transport, agriculture, science, healthcare, communications, education, etc. This also differentiates social technologies, first of all, of course, technologies of management, control, regulation of economic and economic relations.

Abroad, and in recent years in Russia, such a variant of spheral division of social technologies into various types has become widespread: the specifics of social technologies used mainly in such areas as business, public administration and the third sector, i.e. area of activity of non-profit non-governmental organizations. The interpretation of the diversity of social technologies, differentiated by subject and object, the result obtained with the help of certain social technologies, is widely spread. For example, technologies for obtaining new information, cultural values, individual household services, etc.

No less characteristic and useful is the division of social technologies on the basis of the characteristic properties of the development and functioning of society.

Particularly important and valuable is the differentiation of social technologies according to the most important tasks, problems of social protection, differing in the ways of providing assistance to those in need. In essence, at the same time, the entire practice of social assistance is differentiated according to special models. social work bringing together various ways to help those in need.

Finally, we can talk about the differentiation of social technologies that are formed under the influence of various theories of social work, primarily psychological and sociologically oriented, as well as complex. This grouping of social work concepts stimulates the development of social technologies of various types.

By the nature of the tasks to be solved, universal and private social technologies are distinguished. It is also advisable to highlight the technologies of social development of individual countries, regions, territories, labor associations. There are technologies for training, implementation, self-realization and self-development of the individual, etc.

It can be concluded that the classification of social technologies is based on the differentiation of both applied knowledge, methods of methods, and objects (phenomena, processes, groups of people, and communities, etc.), since certain methods of influence can be applied to each of them in order to optimal functioning, development and improvement.

The object of this course work are the types of social technologies.

The subject is the characteristic features of social technologies.

The purpose of this work is to study the features of social technologies and their role in social work.

1. Define the concept of social technologies

2. Highlight the essence and features.

3. Describe the main methods and technologies of social work with youth.

4. Analyze the use of technology on the example of the Nadezhda rehabilitation center.

The work consists of an introduction, three chapters, each of which contains two paragraphs, a conclusion and a list of references.

The methods of system analysis and generalization were used in the work; a study of scientific literature was carried out, an analysis of existing legal documents in the field of youth policy was carried out.

Chapter 1. Social technologies in social work

1.1. The concept and essence of social technologies

In the narrow sense of the word, the concept of "social technologies" has two meanings.

First, social technologies are, first of all, the process of purposeful influence on a social object, due to the need and need to obtain a given result. In this regard, the manufacturability of the impact is filled with such concepts as stages, procedurality, operationality 1 . Based on this vision, social technologies can be characterized as a certain pragmatics, lining up in one row: 1) goal, 2) means, 3) result. Coordination and subordination of goals, means, results involve variability and taking into account many factors, modeling and design, a system of criteria and assessments, meaningful versions and scenarios, diagnostic methods, etc.

The nature of the impact, its manufacturability are determined by the system of targeted impact operations, which is based on the social and sociological knowledge of the object - this is the first level of technological impact.

The second level of technological impact is predetermined by the fact that this social object is inextricably linked with other social objects, moreover, it is part of the social system, organically integrated into the social whole. And any change in this social object inevitably entails a chain of changes in other objects. In such a social scenario, social technology must take into account all possible changes.

In accordance with the above, it makes sense to distinguish between basic and private social technologies.

Basic - technologies of strategic (long-term) design of a social facility. The meaning of basic technologies is 2:

1) harmonization of individual, personal and social;

2) putting forward such goals of social technologies that are humanistic in nature;

3) development creativity and activity of the social subject.

Private - a variety of forms of tactical and operational (short-term) impact on a social object. This is social construction, practical-subject settlement of relations and operations, optimization of social interaction at different levels.

Thus, social technologies personify different hypostases of social self-organization.

Today it is possible to formulate two main points of view on the essence of social technologies.

The first point of view (J. Thomas) is that social technologies make sense only if they introduce social innovations into various areas of social practice. The number of innovations, according to this point of view, includes social research, the development of research programs, the development of models, social experiment, the creation of new methods, technologies for developing criteria for evaluating effectiveness. Innovations include special tools to make them a reality. The implementation of social technology is 3:

1) analysis of social reality, social object;

2) development of social technology for changing the object;

3) distribution (implementation) of social technology;

4) study of the development of the object of technological impact;

5) evaluation of the results obtained during the impact.

The need to use social technologies is due to the fact that a practical action is always preceded by some model, layout, project of this action, i.e. possible implementation. Social technology rationalizes the sequence of possible practical actions, streamlines them. The essence of social technology is not what to do, but in what sequence. Finally, according to this point of view, the essence of social technologies also lies in the fact that it is necessary to design and predict not only the practical actions themselves, but also their possible consequences. Thus, according to this point of view, social technologies are necessary as a tool for introducing social innovations in various areas of social practice.

The second point of view (N.S. Danakin) is that the existence of social technologies is connected with the very social reality (reality). The fact is that social technologies determine the flow of social processes, because if we consider social technologies as a sequence of operations, then they are a social process. However, the identification of these concepts would be wrong. The essence of social technology, according to this point of view, is to design the optimal development of the social process, taking into account all objective and subjective conditions. To do this, the process is analyzed from the point of view of its type, type, characteristic features, internal mechanism, accompanying conditions, intensity, direction. Thus, through social technologies, an exhaustive "registry" of social processes is formed.

In the analysis of social processes, their carriers are subjects, and in connection with this, subjective and objective prerequisites. Organizational forms of social processes are also subject to establishment. The solution of these issues directly raises the problem of the need for design, since any social technology that aims to design and implement is focused on the technologization of the corresponding process. At the same time, the meaning of the technologization of social processes is as follows.

SOCIAL WORK TECHNOLOGY

Literature:

1. Kuznetsova L.P. The main technologies of social work: Tutorial.- Vladivostok: Publishing House of the Far Eastern State Technical University, 2002.- 92 p.

2. Pavlenok P.D., Rudneva M.Ya. Social work with individuals and groups of deviant behavior: Proc. allowance / Resp. ed. P.D. Peacock. - M.: INFRA-M, 2007. - 185 p..

3. Technologies of social work in various spheres of life / Ed. prof. P. D. Pavlenka: Textbook. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Publishing and Trade Corporation "Dashkov and K", 2006. - 596 p.

4. Technologies of social work: textbook / ed. IN AND. Zhukov. Moscow: RSSU Publishing House: Omena-L Publishing House, 2011. – 388 p.

5. Technologies of social work: a textbook for bachelors / ed. ed. E.I. Kholostova, L.I. Kononova - M.: Yurayt Publishing House, 2011. - 503 p.

6. Technologies of social work: Textbook under the general. ed. prof. E.I. Single. - M.: INFRA-M, 2001. - 400 p.

7. Technological management of social processes. Tutorial. Ufa, 1997

8. Technology of social work: Proc. allowance for students. higher textbook institutions / Ed. I.G. Zainyshev. - M.: Humanit. ed. center VLADOS, 2002. - 240 p.

9. Technology of social work: Textbook / A.A. Chernetskaya and others - Rostov n / a: "Phoenix", 2006. - 400 p.

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12. Technology of social work: Textbook for universities (Materials of seminars and practical classes) / Under. ed. P.Ya, Tsitkilova. - Novocherkask - Rostov-on-Don: Pegasus, 1998.

13. Technology of social work: textbook for universities / M.V. Firsov. - M.: Academic Project, 2007. - 432 p.

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15. Encyclopedia SR. Translation from English. In 3 vols., M., 1994

16. Russian Encyclopedia social work. M. 1997

17. Social technologies. Dictionary. M. - Belgorod, 1995

Essence and classification of social technologies

In conditions modern world which poses tasks of varying degrees of complexity to a person and society, one of the conditions for their effective solution is the possibility of organizing human activity in such a way as to achieve the maximum possible outcome With minimal cost resources, funds and time. Such an organization of activity forms such a phenomenon as technology.

The meaning and purpose of any technology is to optimize the management process, to exclude from it all types of activities and operations that are not necessary to obtain a social result. Use of technology - main resource to reduce management costs.

Term "technology" comes from the Greek words "techne" - art, skill, skill and "logos" - teaching, science. Initially, it was used in the system of technical knowledge.

Initially, the definition of technology was focused mainly on activities in the manufacturing sector, when the object of technology was natural materials. In the modern language, the content of the concept has been significantly enriched due to the inclusion of technologies of social processes in the object.

In Russian, the concept of technology is used in 2 meanings:

1. Technology is a means of materialization labor functions a person, his knowledge, skills and experience into activities to transform social reality.

2. Technology is a practical activity that is characterized by a rational sequence of using tools in order to achieve high-quality final results.

The ambiguity of the term "technology" has led to the fact that some researchers technology is understood as the science of methods, processes and methods for obtaining the final result repeatedly; other focus on the organization and purpose of the activity; third consider technology to be the use of scientific knowledge to determine effective ways and how to get the job done. In the modern scientific literature, there are over 40 definitions this concept.

Technologization of activity modern man, development and functioning of society, the entire social space has actualized the issue of defining the essence of social technologies as a social phenomenon. As a separate area of management theory and social engineering, social technologies began to develop at the beginning of the 20th century.

The concept of "social technology" began to be used in science only in the 40s. 20th century This led to the emergence in the second half of the 20th century of a new term - "social technology", which was introduced into scientific circulation by an English sociologist. Karl Popper.

The basis of this concept is the term "technology", but technology is not in the traditional sense associated with machines, mechanisms, but in a broader sense, affecting the social sphere as well.

The ambiguity of the interpretation of the term "social technology" is even greater, since there are various definitions of the category "social". In the narrow sense of the word, this concept covers only those technologies that relate exclusively to social sphere society. In the broad sense of the word, this concept includes not only social technologies themselves, but also economic, political, sociocultural, informational, managerial, etc.

The very term "social technologies" entered the system of social knowledge in the 70s of the twentieth century. Initially, it denoted a system of specialized tools and methods used in social engineering and creating opportunities for rational activity.

By the beginning of the 80s. the problem of development and implementation of social technologies is being actively discussed, although the first social technologies appear in the mid-70s.

characteristic feature This period is the desire of scientists to understand the essence of the very concept of "social technology", its content and implementation mechanisms. At the same time, different approaches to determining the essence of this social phenomenon have arisen.

Since the II half of the 70s. intensive scientific development of problems related to social technologies continues. The starting point of the scientific study of social technologies is the definition of its essence.

The first monograph on the problems of technology in the social sphere "Social Sciences and Social Technology" was published in 1976. It was written by the Bulgarian scientist N. Stefanov, who initiated the socio-philosophical study of social technologies. N. Stefanov offers a broad interpretation of the term. He argues that wherever an active and purposeful relation of a person to the social environment is possible, technology is in principle possible. Another Bulgarian scientist - M. Markov - understands the sequence of social technology technological operations aimed at improving the social object. Proponents of the opposite point of view, such as VG Afanasiev, reduce social technology to social management.

A. Zaitsev defines them as "a set of knowledge about the ways and means of organizing social processes, these actions themselves, which allow achieving the goal."

V. Ivanov presents social technologies as an innovative system of methods for identifying and using the hidden potentials of the social system, obtaining the optimal social result at the lowest management costs. “They can also be considered as a set of operations, procedures of social impact on the way to obtain the optimal social result (strengthening social organization, improving people's living conditions, conflict prevention, etc.). Social technology is the most important element of the management mechanism.”

It is the broad semantic context of social technologies that gives every reason to present the concept of "social technology" in the following provisions.

1. Social technology- this is a certain way of carrying out human activity to achieve socially significant goals. The essence of this method is the rational division of activities into procedures and operations with their subsequent coordination and synchronization. This division is carried out preliminary, consciously and systematically on the basis of and using scientific knowledge, best practices, and also taking into account the specifics of the area in which human activity is carried out.

2. Social technology acts in two forms: as a program containing procedures and operations (methods and means of activity), and as the activity itself, built in accordance with this program. The specificity of the program lies in the fact that it essentially predetermines the direction and content of the technologized activity.

3. Social technology is an element of culture and arises in two ways: it grows in the socio-cultural environment in an evolutionary way or is built according to its laws as an artificial formation.

SOCIAL TECHNOLOGIES - 1) a specially organized area of knowledge about the methods and procedures for optimizing human life in the context of increasing interdependence, dynamics and renewal of social processes;

2) a way of carrying out activities based on its rational division into procedures and operations with their subsequent coordination, synchronization and selection of optimal means, methods for their implementation (Danakin's definition)

3) The method of managing social processes, providing a system for their reproduction. Social technologies are an element of culture. Arises evolutionarily or is created artificially.

4) A set of ways, methods, means, techniques for organizing human activity in order to influence social processes and social systems.

5) area of knowledge, considering the issues of creation, use, dissemination of appropriate methods and procedures for transformative activities, i.e. being a scientific discipline. For example, the social sciences are primarily concerned with the solution practical tasks conditioned by the functioning and improvement of social objects.

6) Herself activity for purposeful transformation social subjects. Optimization of the development and functioning of objects, subjects, phenomena, social processes urgently requires the use of a technological approach to the management of social activities.

The development of social technologies is a special scientific and applied direction management activities, expressed in the transformation of knowledge in order to diagnose the state of social phenomena and processes, prepare and implement decisions on their change and development.

The conditions necessary for the technologization of any process, and the features of any technology were thoroughly considered by a famous Bulgarian scientist M. Markov. In his opinion, the technologization of any process is possible, at least if two conditions are met.

Firstly, the process itself must have such a degree of complexity that it can (and should) be divided into relatively separate parts. Consequently, the need to create technology is dictated, first of all, by the object itself, by the degree of its complexity. Secondly, there must be means that would allow to systematize the actions of the subject in such a way as to achieve maximum effect with a minimum of effort.

The first sign any technology is the delimitation, division, dismemberment of this process into internally interconnected stages, phases, operations.

Second sign- coordination and phased actions aimed at achieving the desired result.

Third sign, which is very significant, lies in the fact that each technology assumes the uniqueness of the implementation of the procedures and operations included in it. This is a decisive, indispensable condition for achieving results that are adequate to the goal.

From this follows the definition - social technology- a way for people to implement a specific complex process by dividing it into a system of sequentially interconnected procedures and operations that are performed more or less unambiguously and are aimed at achieving high efficiency.

object social technologies and technologies of social work are people, their interaction, small and large social groups, as well as various institutions and organizations.

Main characteristics of social technologies are:

versatility, suggesting the possibility of using social technology at objects of various sizes and specifics to solve particular homogeneous problems;

constructiveness, those. focus on solving specific problems in proven and validated ways;

performance, those. focus on the final, verifiable result;

efficiency, those. the ability to implement the technology in the optimal time frame;

relative simplicity, those. social technology should contain intermediate stages, operations and be accessible to a specialist of a certain qualification;

reliability, those. the presence of a certain margin of safety, a backup mechanism;

flexibility, or the ability to adapt to changing conditions;

economy, or economic feasibility, since the technology may be efficient but not economical; -

convenience in operation.

Principles of social technologies

The theoretical problems arising in connection with the design of social technologies include the substantiation of its principles:

I. The principle of variation and adaptability of social technologies to changing conditions.

II. the principle of self-regulation expresses the ability of social technologies to self-adjust, self-correct.

III. The principle of complementarity means that social technologies do not exclude, but complement each other.

IV. The principle of moderation is directed against the tradition of counting on the best combination of circumstances, i.e. the least likely.

Thus, social technologies- this is a system of knowledge about the best ways to transform and regulate social relations and processes in people's life, as well as the very practice of algorithmic application of the best ways to transform and regulate social relations and processes.

The diversity of social life and social objects, constantly emerging social problems and the possibilities for their solution form the conditions in which the emergence and existence of a wide variety of social technologies becomes possible. To order this set, their classification can be carried out.

The variety of social technologies is due to:

The vastness of social relations and types of social action;

The systemic, complex nature of social technologies

A variety of means, methods and forms used in the process of social action;

Different levels of professionalism of developers and performers of social technologies.

In real life, a wide variety of technologies are used. Practice and theory of development for each type of human activity, for each social process, different technologies.

The following six main types of social technologies can be distinguished:

technologies for ensuring the social functioning of society (technologies of social work);

political technologies;

technologies information support the functioning of society;

technologies for the economic functioning of society and the development of property;

technologies of legal support for the functioning of society;

technologies of spiritual and cultural development.

The analysis shows that in modern sociological science there is no systematic vision of the whole variety of social technologies. Therefore, we can propose such a classification of social technologies (Table 1).

Classification of social technologies ( Surmin Yu.P )

Basis of classification	Varieties of social technologies and their characteristics
By type of social process	- Economic, modeling economic activity - environmental, focused on modeling the interaction of man with nature - proper social regulating the social sphere of society; - political operating political processes; - cultural representing phenomena and processes in the sphere of culture - spiritual and ideological, modeling ideological and spiritual processes; - information, reflecting information processes; - managerial, focused on optimization management processes; - complex reflecting phenomena in all spheres of their manifestation
By the scale of the technologization object	- Global e, aimed at regulating the global problems of modern civilization; - continental, focused on solving the problem of the continent; - national , problem solving within the country; - technologies for updating the social system, focused on changing the socio-economic system of society; - technologies for transforming subsystems of society, modeling the change of specific subsystems; - technology labor association regulating various aspects of the life of the labor collective; - human capital technologies oriented towards personal development, human resources
By degree of novelty	- Innovative (innovative), representing innovations; - traditional, which are well-known proven and well-established forms of activity; - retro (routine), i.e. borrowed from the past
By type of function performed	- cognitive, which are some cognition algorithms; - diagnostic providing diagnostics of social problems; - informational, focused on receiving, transmitting, storing and processing information; - educational, carrying out the learning process in the aspect of a particular pedagogical doctrine; - gaming e, which are a means of simulating real activity; - managerial, carrying out the management process; - activity, which are models of certain types of activities; - confrontation technologies that ensure victory in the struggle; - peacekeeping focused on the peaceful solution of social problems.
By the nature of the impact	- Formative aimed at the formation of certain social processes; - stimulating, focused on the maintenance or development of social processes; - restraining, or obstructing, setting certain boundaries of social processes; - destructive, or destructive, aimed at undermining and eliminating certain processes
According to the degree of rigidity and ability to self-development	- Rigid, deterministic, whose schemes seem to be single-valued; - adaptive, i.e. adapting to changing conditions; - developing, i.e. having the ability for self-development, cardinal renewal of structures and functions
By type of target orientation	- Strategic, focused on achieving distant goals at relatively long stages of development; - tactical, focused on achieving short-range goals in specific situations; - operational, focused on achieving current goals and solving the problems that arise in this case

Thus, social technologies are an ambiguous and diverse phenomenon. Any solution social problem implies the use of a number of technologies in their interconnection and interdependence.

The main instrument of practical social work is the so-called social technologies.

Technology(from Greek. techne- art, skill, skill + logos - teaching) - the science of methods and means of processing and qualitative transformation of an object.

Technology is understood as a set of processes for the processing or processing of materials. At the same time, technology can be defined as a set of basic characteristics and elements (components) of the production process of a particular product.

Technology can also be defined as the optimal sequence of using the means of influencing the object of labor in order to achieve results within a certain period of time.

Technology is the final link in the activity, the practical embodiment of what was conceived and implemented. This is a feature of the functioning of technology and significance for any type of activity, including social work. Today, the concept of "technology" has been widely used, thanks to which it is used in all spheres of human life and is firmly established in the social and spiritual sphere.

We live in an era technologization all spheres of human life, which, on the one hand, is the result of the penetration of technology into all elements professional activity and everyday life, and, on the other hand, the result of the strengthening of the influence of science and scientific exact knowledge on social reality, on the system of social communications. Consequently, voluntarily or involuntarily, we are faced with the need to technologize social processes, which boils down to: delimitation, separation, dismemberment of the process into internal interrelated stages, phases, operations; coordination and phased actions aimed at achieving the desired result; unambiguous execution of procedures and operations included in the technology.

Technologization is a process, i.e. a stable, repetitive, time-sequential change in the content of an activity with a single plan. The concept of "process" is considered in the same way as a synonym for the concepts of "change", "development", "transition of objects from one state to another". It is important to emphasize the difference between social processes and economic, political and other social processes. It consists in the fact that the subject of movement here is the social quality of man and society. The peculiarity of social processes lies in the fact that they permeate all the processes of social life, since a change in personality, family, class, other social groups (from the point of view of their social position realization of needs and interests) affects all aspects of their life.

The basis of the technological process consists of three components: 1) the algorithm of actions (operations), i.e. exact correspondence of the sequence of operations that transform the object (including the object of social work) and transfer it to the desired state; 2) operations as the simplest actions aimed at achieving a specific goal; a set of operations united by a common goal, constitute the procedure of the technological process; 3) tools as an arsenal of means that ensure the achievement of the goal of influencing an individual, a social group, a community.

The technological process is characterized by the following main procedural stages: 1) formulating the goal of the impact based on the collection of information and the definition of the problem; 2) development and choice of methods of influence; 3) organization of impact; 4) evaluation and analysis of the results of the impact

Currently, the concept of "social technology" is being used more and more actively.

The theoretical basis of social technologies is the empirical experience and patterns discovered by the social sciences. K. Popper interprets social technology as a way to apply the theoretical findings of sociology for practical purposes . According to K. Manheim, social technology is a system of scientifically based socio-political actions designed to rationally regulate specific social processes. The object of influence of social technology should be mainly social groups, group consciousness, group relations, values, norms.

Gerasimova E. Yu. defines social technology as:

· a specially organized area of knowledge about the methods and procedures for optimizing human life in the context of increasing interdependence, dynamics and renewal of social processes;

· a method of carrying out activities based on its rational division into procedures and operations with their subsequent coordination and synchronization and the choice of optimal means and methods for their implementation;

a method of managing social processes that provides a system for their reproduction in certain parameters of quality and properties; volumes; the integrity of the activity.

Zainyshev I. G. identifies two aspects of understanding social technology. First, in a broad sense - as a system of theoretical knowledge and practice, which is an organization, algorithm and the totality of means, methods and techniques of influencing various objects of social work. Secondly, as a set of private technologies, the specificity of which is determined by a specific subject and object of social work.

Thus, social technology should be interpreted as a set of methods for determining, diagnosing and transforming a social object in order to achieve a given result. A feature of social technology is the possibility of its repeated use for solving similar problems.

Social technologies can be interpreted in two ways: firstly, as ways of applying the theoretical conclusions of a particular science in solving practical problems; secondly, as a set of techniques, methods and influences that are used to achieve the set goals in the process of social development, solving certain social problems.

There are two components of social technologies: 1) programs containing procedures and operations (as methods and means of activity); 2) the activity itself, built in accordance with these programs.

Social technologies can be considered as concretization, a kind of consequence of technologization in the social sphere. In this case, they can be interpreted as ways to carry out activities based on its rational division into procedures and operations with their subsequent coordination and synchronization and the choice of optimal means and methods for their implementation.

Social technologies can be classified in a number of ways. The most significant reasons include:

By the scale of the social problems being solved:

Universal social technologies;

Private social technologies.

2. By level social activities:

Global social technologies used on a scale of all mankind; - regional social technologies that have an effect in solving problems in a particular region;

National social technologies based on the peculiarities of national traditions, mentality psychology, etc.;

State technologies that allow solving a social problem within a particular state;

municipal, etc.

3. By the nature of the tasks to be solved:

Functional social technologies designed to ensure the optimal and efficient functioning of existing social systems in various areas of public life;

Innovative social technologies aimed at ensuring the optimal transition of various social systems to a different quality;

Technologies for resolving social contradictions and conflicts, which make it possible to find and implement the most optimal ways and methods for solving such problems.

4. By the nature of the impact on social processes:

Formative social technologies that allow creating a new social object;

Stimulating social technologies, the subject of which are separate aspects of the process of functioning of this object;

Restraining social technologies that in a certain way regulate the process of functioning of a social object;

Destructive social technologies, the result of which is the disappearance of a social object as a whole or any part of it.

5. By the nature and content of the means used:

Organizational-administrative and administrative social technologies;

Socio-legal technologies;

Medico-social technologies

Psychological technologies;

Pedagogical technologies, etc.

It is social work as a systemic labor activity that acts as a purely specific area for the implementation and application of social technologies.

2. Technologies of social work: their content, components, types

The literature most often considers "practical" technologies of social work, i.e. technologies applied to the practice of social work. This applies, among other things, learning activities and technologies of the educational process. However, it must be borne in mind that these technologies (practical and educational) are based on accumulated experience, the systematization of knowledge in this area.

In accordance with this approach, it is possible to classify the technologies used in social work. This refers to three aspects of social work, in which technologies act mainly in the form of knowledge (science), knowledge and skills (training), as well as knowledge, skills, experience and practice (practical activity). Social work technologies can be divided into three large groups:

1) general and private technologies (often referred to in the literature as functions, areas of social work). These are social diagnosis, social therapy, social rehabilitation, social prevention, social control, social insurance, social service in the sphere of everyday life, social mediation, social guardianship. Each of them includes both scientific (theory) and practical and educational components.

2) technologies of social work with different groups, layers, communities, as well as with an individual. Their theoretical content is reduced to identifying the features of the application of technologies of the first group, taking into account knowledge of the specifics of this group of objects of social work;

3) technologies of social work in various spheres of life, which are a system of knowledge of the use of general and particular technologies, taking into account the characteristics of each sphere of life of a social orientation (education, healthcare, etc.) and the structure of these areas.

There is a classification of technologies taking into account the levels of social work: individual-personal, social-group and societal (local, regional, federal, as well as continental and global). Undoubtedly, the theoretical component in each of them is different.

The technologies of social work in professional and non-professional activities are defined differently. The component of interest to us - theory - is presented here, of course, primarily in professional social work.

Technologies of social work (taking into account all three of its components) are classified depending on the predominance of certain aspects. So, in socio-economic, socio-legal, socio-pedagogical, socio-psychological, socio-medical technologies, there is a combination of theoretical knowledge of social work in general and knowledge in the field of economics, law, pedagogy, psychology and medicine.

The technology of social work and its theoretical component are connected in the most organic way with social technologies in general: global (knowledge of the global problems of our time and the "exit" of technologies beyond the framework of national-state formations); innovative and routine (knowledge of new and old methods of solving problems); historical (knowledge of solving social problems at different stages of the history of one's own country and other countries), etc. The theoretical component of technologies in social work is especially clearly presented and expressed in information social technologies. This is due to the importance of information in modern society called informational.

A specific technology of social therapy with an individual is developed at the level of individual interaction, and subsequently, group work. Methods of social therapy involve a certain technology for building interaction between a social worker (psychosocial therapist) and a client.

In practice, a social work specialist constantly encounters somatic and psychological problems of clients. Knowledge of social therapy methods helps to identify internal factors human development, causes and motivation of his behavior.

Exist various options technological solution problems in individual social work: Thus, as early as 1928, at the Milford Conference, the factors causing right choice technological solutions to social problems: knowledge of typical deviations from generally accepted norms of social life; familiarization with the details of the life of a particular person who finds himself in a difficult situation; application of generally accepted methods of studying and helping people who need social support; use of funds and resources local authorities (public organizations); application of knowledge and accumulated experience in combination with the requirements of an individual approach; understanding theoretical foundations defining the goals, ethics and features of targeted assistance in social work.

Social technologies used in the practice of social work are fixed knowledge and skills expressed, stored and transmitted in verbal or written form, so that they can be passed on from generation to generation, from one society to another.

However, practice shows that in many respects the social work of professionals is based, in essence, on the method of "trial and error", intuition, perseverance, endurance, readiness to understand the problems of the individual, to make a certain self-sacrifice. That's great, but today it's not enough.

Any social technology, being specifically aimed at solving a particular social problem, always has certain modifications. This is due to the specific conditions for its implementation: the state of material, political, financial and human resources, historical conditions, traditions, etc.

All this taken together determines the content of social technology, gives it unambiguity and determines the manifestation of general requirements for technological process. Technologization of any process is possible under the following conditions: firstly, the process must have a certain structure of complexity, which allows it to be divided into relatively separate parts; secondly, there must be means to optimize actions in such a way social worker in order to achieve the maximum effect with a minimum of effort and time.

Despite the fact that in social technologies the range of differences, differentiation can be quite large, which is defined as the complexity individual object social work, and its creative nature, in fact, these differences do not affect the general algorithm that fixes the limiting boundaries of differentiation, the transition beyond which is fraught with ignoring experience, consistency, patterns and rules, which leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of social action.

Social technology, as a rule, is a response to some urgent social need, so the creation of new social technologies acts as an objective and natural process.

In the process of implementing social technologies, the object of influence may change, which, in turn, predetermines the need for a constant search for new technologies. Social impact on the same object in various conditions Depending on its state and the goal, it objectively requires the development and application of new technologies.

Complication public relations predetermines not only the diversity of social technologies, but also the dialectical unity of stereotypical repetitive and creative actions. This ratio depends on the types of social technologies. If the stereotype of procedures is preferable in production technologies, then in social technologies it is applicable mainly only at the organizational level, while in private technologies, under specific conditions, it is impossible and even harmful.

Social technologies are very diverse, which is due to the diversity of the social world, social life, its relationship with natural phenomena.

The classification of social technologies can be carried out on various grounds: types, levels, areas of application, etc. By the scale of the object that is affected, one can single out global social technologies, social technologies in relation to society as a whole, various spheres of public life, social structure, social institutions, processes, phenomena.

Specialists-managers single out technologies for searching for management strategies, personal management, social modeling and forecasting. It is possible to single out technologies of information and implementation, training, innovation, technologies of past experience. By the nature of the tasks to be solved, technologies are universal and particular. It is also advisable to highlight the technologies of social development of individual countries, regions, territories, labor associations; there are technologies for teaching, implementation, self-realization and self-development of the individual, etc.

In other words, the classification of social technologies is based on the differentiation of both the applied knowledge, methods, methods, and objects (phenomena, processes, groups of people, their communities, etc.), since certain methods of influence can be applied to each of them in order to achieve their optimal functioning, development and improvement.

Naturally, social technologies differ significantly in their content. Let us briefly define the content of the most important social technologies - this will help to consider in more detail and in detail the specifics of technologies in social work.

In terms of scale, there are global social technologies, the purpose of which is the solution of universal human problems. These technologies mean such tasks, methods, methods that contribute to the understanding and solution of not only internal, but also global development trends, the connection between society and nature. Consequently, their implementation directly or indirectly has a positive impact on people's livelihoods, increases their social security.

One of their varieties is the technology of global modeling (research and solution of issues of preserving the world, nature, providing the growing population of the Earth with food, energy, material resources, etc.).

Regional social technologies study and implement the patterns of territorial social life and its planned changes.

Local social technologies are used to solve local problems, which may contain both typical and unique features.

Technologies can also be classified according to the degree of novelty. Innovative social technologies - are methods and techniques innovation activities aimed at the creation and materialization of innovations in society, the implementation of innovations that lead to qualitative changes in different areas social life, to the rational use of material and other resources in society.

Example innovative technologies- innovative social technologies for vocational training of the unemployed as a system for organizing their vocational training, the basis of which is the active use of scientific achievements in order to obtain a new quality of knowledge of trainees, its means and characteristics.

Unlike innovative routine social technologies characterized by such methods of influencing social processes that are based on past experience, are characterized by low science intensity, do not motivate the social object, social system to change, change.

Information social technologies represent the optimization of the information process itself, its reproduction and functioning. Intelligent Social Technologies aimed at developing and stimulating the mental activity of people, the development of their creative abilities. Historical technologies presuppose comprehension of historical experience according to the laws of social technologization, i.e. technologization of historical knowledge as a condition for political, economic, spiritual and social diagnosis (experience of reforms). Demographic technologies study and develop methods for the mechanism of population reproduction, changes in its size, composition and distribution, etc.

Social technologies of consent are methods for reaching the consent of the majority of the population regarding the solution of the most pressing issues of public life, their mutual action. This type of technology includes social technologies conflict resolution, in particular socio-ethnic. In the latter case, it is important to take into account the internal structuring of these technologies used as figurative ways to relieve tension and solve problems:

1) positional confrontation; counterclaims to resolve trade-offs while maintaining the status quo;

2) demarcation of borders due to changes in administrative status;

3) compromise, mutual concessions;

4) unilateral concessions, satisfaction of all claims;

compensation (financial, economic, etc.);

5) liquidation of the object or subject of the conflict in national-territorial formations.

Political technologies as a type of social technologies are methods of solving political problems, policy making, implementation, implementation political activities.

With good reason, one can also single out social technologies in the social sphere proper, spiritual and economic fields.

In structure management technologies occupy a special place administrative and management technologies as ways of direct (direct) operational impact on the controlled object. It is clear that the latter type of technology (like many others) is closely related to the implementation of social work tasks. Such technologies can also include psychological technologies as ways of influencing psychological processes, properties, phenomena, relationships, attitudes, character, reactions, the will of the individual, interpersonal relationships.

In addition, for the classification of social technologies, the most valuable are their systematization, based on the knowledge of significant links between certain types technologies.

Starting to consider the classification of social technologies, it should be noted that even the simplest of them have a complex external and internal structure(micro and macro levels, etc.), as a result of which any of their classification cannot be unilinear and is a complex branching.

The following features can become the basis of the typology of social technologies:

- the degree of association of the object of influence (personality, society, social groups, labor collective);

– scale and hierarchy of impact (global, continental, regional, etc.);

- the sphere of socialization and life of people (industrial, political, social, spiritual spheres);

- the degree of maturity of social objects;

- tools, methods and means of influence used to solve the tasks;

– area of public life: economics, education, healthcare, scientific activity;

- the level of development of social technologies (theoretical, concrete-applied);

Filatov V.A. Social work technology - file n1.doc

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