Presentation on the topic of radiation by obzh. Presentation on obzh "radioactivity and radiation-hazardous objects"

slide 1

PROJECT FOR SECONDARY SCHOOL TOPIC: RADIATION AROUND US SUBJECT: OBZH AUTHOR OF THE PROJECT: TEACHER OF OBZH SELOYADRINSKY SOSH Savelyev A.V s.DRINO-2006.

slide 2

FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION: Is radiation beneficial or harmful? PROBLEM QUESTIONS: NATURE OF RADIATION NATURAL SOURCES ARTIFICIAL SOURCES APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION FOR PEACEFUL PURPOSES NEGATIVE SIDES OF RADIATION

slide 3

The nature of radiation RADIOACTIVITY (from Latin radio - I emit rays and activus - effective), spontaneous transformation of unstable atomic nuclei into nuclei of other elements, accompanied by the emission of particles or g-quantum. 4 types of radioactivity are known: alpha decay, beta decay, spontaneous fission of atomic nuclei, proton radioactivity (two-proton and two-neutron radioactivity predicted, but not yet observed). Radioactivity is characterized by an exponential decrease in the average number of nuclei over time. Radioactivity was first discovered by A. Becquerel in 1896.

slide 4

Some information... RADIOACTIVE WASTE, various materials and products, biological objects, etc., which contain high concentrations of radionuclides and are not subject to further use. The most radioactive waste is spent nuclear fuel- before processing, they are kept in temporary storages (usually with forced cooling) from several days to tens of years in order to reduce activity. Violation of the storage regime can have disastrous consequences. Gaseous and liquid radioactive waste, purified from highly active impurities, is discharged into the atmosphere or water bodies. Highly active liquid radioactive waste is stored in the form of salt concentrates in special tanks in the surface layers of the earth, above the groundwater level. Solid radioactive waste is cemented, bituminized, vitrified, etc. and buried in stainless steel containers: for decades - in trenches and other shallow engineering structures, for hundreds of years - in underground workings, salt layers, at the bottom of the oceans. Until now, there are no reliable, absolutely safe methods of disposal for radioactive waste due to the corrosive destruction of containers.

slide 5

Natural Sources As already mentioned, the population receives the main part of the radiation dose from natural sources. Most of them are simply impossible to avoid. A person is exposed to two types of radiation: external and internal. Radiation doses vary greatly and depend mainly on where people live. Terrestrial sources of radiation in total amount to more than 5/6 of the annual effective equivalent dose received by the population. In concrete terms, it looks something like this. Irradiation of terrestrial origin: internal - 1.325, external - 0.35 mSv / year; cosmic origin: internal - 0.015, external - 0.3 mSv/year. External exposure Internal exposure

slide 6

Artificial Sources Over the past decades, man has been intensively occupied with the problems of nuclear physics. He created hundreds of artificial radionuclides, learned to use the possibilities of the atom in various industries - in medicine, in the production of electrical and thermal energy, in the manufacture of luminous watch dials, many instruments, in the search for minerals and in military affairs. All this, of course, leads to additional exposure of people. In most cases, the doses are small, but sometimes man-made sources are many thousands of times more intense than natural ones. Home Appliances Uranium Mines and Concentrators Nuclear Explosions Nuclear Power

Slide 7

Units of measurement of radiation Units of physical quantities, which provide for mandatory use international system SI. In table. Table 1 lists some of the derived units used in the field of ionizing radiation and radiation safety. Also given are the ratios between systemic and non-systemic units of activity and radiation doses, which were supposed to be withdrawn from use from January 1, 1990 (roentgen, rad, rem, curie). However, the need for significant costs, as well as economic difficulties in the country, did not allow a timely transition to SI units, although some household dosimeters are already calibrated in new measurements (back-vrel, evert

Slide 8

APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION Medical procedures and treatments involving the use of radioactivity make a major contribution to the dose received by man from man-made sources. Radiation is used for both diagnosis and treatment. One of the most common devices is an x-ray machine. Radiation therapy - main way fight cancer. Of course, radiation in medicine is aimed at healing the patient. IN developed countries 300 to 900 examinations per 1000 inhabitants Other applications

Slide 9

RADIATION - one of the damaging factors of nuclear weapons Penetrating radiation - invisible radioactive radiation (similar to x-rays), propagating in all directions from the zone of a nuclear explosion. As a result of its exposure, people and animals can get sick with radiation sickness.

slide 10

Small doses of ionizing radiation and health According to some scientists, radioactive radiation in small doses not only does not harm the body, but has a favorable stimulating effect on it. Adherents of this point of view believe that small doses of radiation, always present during external environment radiation background, played an important role in the development and improvement of life forms existing on Earth, including man himself.

slide 11

WAYS OF PROTECTION AGAINST RADIATION A feature of radioactive contamination of the area is a relatively rapid decrease in the level of radiation (degree of contamination). It is generally accepted that the level of radiation after 7 hours after the explosion decreases by about 10 times, after 49 hours - by 100 times, etc. For protection in hazardous areas, it is necessary to use protective structures - shelters, anti-radiation shelters, basements, cellars. To protect the respiratory system, use means personal protection- respirators, anti-dust fabric masks, cotton-gauze bandages, and when they are not available - a gas mask. The skin is covered with special rubberized suits, overalls, raincoats, and a little more

slide 12

Conclusions: Radiation is really dangerous: in large doses it leads to damage to tissues, living cells, in small doses it causes cancer and promotes genetic changes. However, the sources of radiation that are most talked about are not at all dangerous. Developmental radiation nuclear energy, is only a small fraction, the largest dose a person receives from natural sources - from the use of X-rays in medicine, during an airplane flight, from hard coal, burned in countless quantities by various boiler houses and thermal power plants, etc.

slide 13

CONTACT INFORMATION 429070, Chuvash Republic, Yadrinsky district, Yadrino village, secondary school. Teacher of life safety and computer science Saveliev A.V. Email: [email protected]

Radiation

Slides: 13 Words: 1018 Sounds: 0 Effects: 44

Project for high school. FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION: Is radiation beneficial or harmful? The nature of radiation. Radioactivity is characterized by an exponential decrease in the average number of nuclei over time. Radioactivity was first discovered by A. Becquerel in 1896. A bit of information… Violation of the storage regime can have catastrophic consequences. natural sources. External exposure Internal exposure. artificial sources. Over the past decades, people have been intensively occupied with the problems of nuclear physics. Radiation units. Units of physical quantities”, which provides for the mandatory use of the International SI system. - Radiation.ppt

radioactive radiation

Slides: 6 Words: 250 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

Radioactivity. Discovery of radioactivity. The nature of radioactive radiation. radioactive transformations. Isotopes. Uranium salt spontaneously radiates. For the discovery of the phenomenon of natural radioactivity, Becquerel was awarded the Nobel Prize. Alpha - particle (a-particle) - the nucleus of the helium atom. Alpha contains two protons and two neutrons. A beta particle is an electron emitted during beta decay. Gamma - radiation - short-wave electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength less than 2 × 10-10 m. Displacement rules for a- and b- radioactive decay. The time it takes for half of the initial number of radioactive atoms to decay. - Radioactivity.ppt

Radiation according to life safety

Slides: 26 Words: 898 Sounds: 0 Effects: 8

Accidents at radiation hazardous facilities. Types of radiation hazardous objects. radiation dangerous object. Atom stations. Research And design organizations. The scheme of the CHP. Scheme of NPP operation. Radioactivity. Chain reaction. The impact of radiation on humans. Unit of measure for radioactivity. Radiation, or ionizing radiation. Change in the strength of natural cosmic radiation. Possible consequences of irradiation of people. Consequences of a single radiation exposure. The effect of radiation on the body. Carrying out iodine prophylaxis. Protective effect of iodine prophylaxis. - Radiation by life safety.ppt

radioactive radiation

Slides: 10 Words: 130 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

radioactive radiation. Comparison of the penetrating power of different types of radiation. Radioactive radiation can play a cruel joke against their own founders, who can and must take all actions to weaken the influence of nuclear weapons on global politics and economy. - Radiation.ppt

Radiation and public health

Slides: 18 Words: 1068 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

Radiation and public health. Natural radiation background of the biosphere. Characteristics of radiation pollution. Natural radiation background. Technical sources of penetrating radiation. Stockpiles of nuclear weapons. Radioactive air pollution. Radioactive contamination of the aquatic environment. Radioactive contamination of the soil. Radioactive contamination of flora and fauna. Consequences of the use of nuclear weapons. Inadmissibility of nuclear war. Nuclear pollution. role in pollution. A person receives some doses of radiation. Questions for self-preparation. - Radiation and public health.ppt

Accidents at nuclear power plants

Slides: 7 Words: 429 Sounds: 0 Effects: 1

Nuclear power plants. The world's first industrial nuclear power plant with a capacity of 5 MW was launched on June 27, 1954 in the USSR. History of creation. It seemed that everything was fine, but an emergency happened. The radioactive cloud from the accident passed over European part USSR, Eastern Europe and Scandinavia. Approximately 60% of radioactive fallout fell on the territory of Belarus. The approach to interpreting the facts and circumstances of the accident has changed over time, and completely consensus no so far. After the explosion. - Accidents at nuclear power plants.pptx

Nuclear accidents

Slides: 56 Words: 1816 Sounds: 1 Effects: 2

"Plague of the 20th century". The history of the splitting of the atom. Start. In 1905, Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity. A very small amount of matter is equivalent to a large amount of energy. The start of hostilities is scheduled for August 10, 1945. The beginning of the atomic era. A characteristic cloud of radioactive dust, resembling a mushroom, rose to 30,000 feet. This was the beginning of the atomic era. On the morning of August 6, 1945, there was a clear, cloudless sky over Hiroshima. One of the planes dived and dropped something, and then both planes turned and flew away. It was dropped over the city of Nagasaki. - Nuclear accidents.ppt

Disasters at nuclear power plants

Slides: 26 Words: 724 Sounds: 0 Effects: 4

Overcoming the consequences of the catastrophe at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Republic of Belarus. Contamination of the territory of Belarus with iodine-131, 1986. Contamination of the territory of Belarus with strontium-90, 1986. Contamination of the territory of Belarus with transuranium elements, 1986 Contamination of the territory of the republic with cesium-137 (01.01.2011). Financing State programs to overcome the consequences of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The area of ​​agricultural land contaminated with cesium-137 is more than 1 Ci/km2. Quantity settlements, in private household plots of which the production of milk with a content of cesium-137 above the permissible level is registered. - Catastrophes at nuclear power plants.ppt

Radiation accidents

Slides: 26 Words: 707 Sounds: 3 Effects: 50

Accidents at nuclear power plants. Plan. Specifications. Nuclear power plant accident. Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Terrible echoes of the past. Radiation hazard factors. Assessment of radiation hazard. Assessment of the radiation situation in the event of an accident at a nuclear power plant. Therapeutic and preventive work in the outbreaks. Stage 1 - up to 15 minutes after the accident. There is a shift staff at the workplace. Health care renders to the victims in the order of self- and mutual assistance. The evacuation of victims to the health center is carried out along predetermined routes. A first aid kit and a stretcher are used to provide assistance. The nature of the accident is specified. Trained personnel localize the accident zone and open arcs for evacuation. - Radiation accidents.ppt

radioactive accidents

Slides: 11 Words: 630 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

Accidents with the release of radioactive substances. Beta radiation is an electronic ionizing radiation emitted during nuclear transformations. Beta particles propagate in the air up to 15 m, in biological tissue - to the depth up to 15 mm, in aluminum - up to 5 mm. Gamma particles propagate in. Sources of radioactive (ionizing) radiation. Chemical accident. Consequences of accidents at chemically hazardous facilities. The radioactive threat comes from seabed. However, Russia has a reliable technology for isolating hazardous facilities. The bottom of the seas and oceans is becoming more and more like a giant dump. Moreover, serious claims are made primarily to Russia. - Radioactive accidents.ppt

Radiation accidents in Russia

Slides: 26 Words: 2262 Sounds: 0 Effects: 7

Academician of the International Informatization Academy. Types of OPS pollution. Atomic weapons. Field tests. Ground testing of nuclear weapons. The most powerful field test. radioactive waste. dose of radiation. Center for the production of nuclear materials. Reactor fire. active zone reactor. Nuclear tests foreign countries. Retraining people. Minutes of local time. Troops. The biggest accident The total level of radioactivity. People's health. Deviation from the regulated modes of operation of the PDA. Typification of radiation accidents in the South Urals. Analysis and summary classification of accidents. - Radiation accidents in Russia.ppt

Radiation hazardous accidents

Slides: 26 Words: 1020 Sounds: 0 Effects: 12

RI security. Consequences of the accident. Radiation sickness. consequences of irradiation. The main way to protect the population. Protection measures. Actions of the population on a warning signal. Version of the message about the accident at the nuclear power plant. Preparing for a possible evacuation. When an evacuation message is received. - Radiation hazardous accidents.pptx

Radiation hazardous objects

Slides: 12 Words: 468 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

radiation accident. Content. ROO is a radiation-hazardous object. Actions in case of notification of a radiation accident. When outdoors, immediately protect your respiratory organs and hurry to cover. Do iodine prophylaxis. If your house is in a zone of radioactive contamination. Movement in areas contaminated with radioactive substances. When driving through areas contaminated with radioactive substances, it is necessary. Tests. - Radiation hazardous objects.ppt

Accidents at radiation facilities

Slides: 17 Words: 876 Sounds: 0 Effects: 112

ACCIDENTS AT HOO and ROO (chemically hazardous facilities) (radiation hazardous facilities). Dangers of accidents and catastrophes (beginning). Accidents at chemically hazardous facilities. Accidents at radiation hazardous facilities. Terms, abbreviations, warning signs. HOO - chemically hazardous objects. emergency technogenic nature subdivided. HOO accidents. ROO accidents. Accidents at fire and explosive facilities. Accidents at hydrodynamic hazardous facilities. Transport accidents. Accidents on communal-energy networks. 2. Accidents at chemically hazardous facilities. Chemically dangerous object. - Accidents at radiation facilities.pptx

Radiation accidents and disasters

Slides: 18 Words: 652 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

radiation accidents. Loss of control of the source of ionizing radiation. Classification. Human. Prevention measures. Iodine prophylaxis. Examples of radiation accidents. Serious radiation accident. local accidents. local accidents. Regional accidents. regional accidents. Federal accidents. cross-border accidents. - Radiation accidents and disasters.ppt

Accidents with the release of radioactive substances

Slides: 18 Words: 1127 Sounds: 0 Effects: 71

Rules of conduct in case of radiation accidents

Slides: 25 Words: 315 Sounds: 0 Effects: 17

Rules safe behavior. Actions of the population in case of notification. Turn on the radio. Protect your respiratory system immediately. Close windows and doors. Do iodine prophylaxis. Protect food. Wait for information from the civil defense authorities. Protection of the population from radioactive fallout. Rural population. Evacuation of the population. Movement in areas contaminated with radioactive substances. Actions in case of notification of an accident at the ROO. Urban population. Types of protective structures. Making a cotton-gauze bandage. Dosimetric control of the population. - Rules of conduct in case of radiation accidents.ppt

Radiation and chemical reconnaissance devices

Slides: 26 Words: 1184 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

Modern devices for radiation and chemical reconnaissance. Formation of knowledge. Damage factors of nuclear weapons. damaging factors. dosimetric devices. The principle of detection of ionizing (radioactive) radiation. Methods. photographic method. scintillation method. Chemical method. ionization method. Devices operating on the basis of the ionization method. Classification of dosimetric instruments. X-ray radiometers. Dosimeters. Household dosimetric devices. Instruments for chemical reconnaissance. The principle of operation of the device. VPHR device. Determination of RH in the air. -

The word radiation comes from the Latin word radiatio - radiation. In the modern language of the natural sciences, radiation is radiation (ionizing, radioactive) and propagation in the form of a stream of elementary particles and quanta electromagnetic radiation. The word radiation comes from the Latin word radiatio - radiation. In the modern language of the natural sciences, radiation is radiation (ionizing, radioactive) and propagation in the form of a stream of elementary particles and quanta of electromagnetic radiation.

Ionizing radiation is one of many types of radiation and natural factors environment. It existed on Earth long before the birth of life on it and was present in space even before the emergence of the Earth itself. All life on Earth arose and developed under the influence of ionizing radiation, which became a constant companion of man. Radioactive materials have been part of the Earth since its inception.

There are several types of radiation: * Alpha particles are relatively heavy particles, positively charged, are helium nuclei. * X-rays are similar to gamma rays but have lower energy. By the way, the Sun is one of the natural sources of such rays, but the Earth's atmosphere provides protection from solar radiation. * Beta particles are ordinary electrons. * Neutrons are electrically neutral particles that occur mainly near a working nuclear reactor, access there should be limited. * Gamma radiation is of the same nature as visible light, but much more penetrating.

The effect of radiation on the human body is called irradiation. During this process, the energy of the radiation is transferred to the cells, destroying them. Irradiation can cause all sorts of diseases: infectious complications, metabolic disorders, malignant tumors and leukemia, infertility, cataracts and much more. Radiation is especially acute on dividing cells, so it is especially dangerous for children. The body reacts to the radiation itself, and not to its source. Radioactive substances can enter the body through the intestines (with food and water), through the lungs (during breathing) and even through the skin in medical diagnostics with radioisotopes. In this case, internal radiation occurs. In addition, a significant effect of radiation on the human body is exerted by external exposure, i.e. The radiation source is outside the body. The most dangerous, of course, is internal exposure.

The most dangerous for humans is Alpha, Beta and Gamma radiation, which can lead to serious illness, genetic disorders and even death. Charged particles are very active and interact strongly with matter, so even one alpha particle can be enough to destroy a living organism or damage a huge number of cells. However, for the same reason, any layer of solid or liquid material, such as ordinary clothing, is sufficient protection against this type of radiation.

To protect against alpha radiation, a simple sheet of paper is sufficient. Effective protection against beta particles will be provided by an aluminum plate with a thickness of at least 6 mm; Gamma radiation has the highest penetrating power. To protect against it, a screen made of lead plates or thick concrete slabs is needed.

1 slide

2 slide

Due to their small penetrating power, alpha and beta radiation usually do not pose a great danger in external exposure. Tight clothing can absorb a significant amount of beta particles and does not let alpha particles through at all. However, when ingested with food, water and air, or when the surface of the body is contaminated with radioactive substances, alpha and beta radiation can cause serious harm to a person. Alpha and beta radiation

3 slide

Fluxes of gamma quanta and neutrons are the most penetrating types of ionizing radiation, therefore, with external irradiation, they pose the greatest danger to humans. Gamma quanta

4 slide

A universal measure of the impact of any type of radiation on a substance is the absorbed dose of radiation, which is equal to the ratio of the energy transferred by ionizing radiation to the substance to the mass of the substance: D=E/m Absorbed dose of ionizing radiation Individual device for measuring the absorbed dose

5 slide

Gray (Gy) is taken as the unit of absorbed dose in SI. 1Gy is equal to the absorbed dose of radiation, at which the irradiated substance with a mass of 1kg is transferred with the energy of ionizing radiation 1J: 1Gy=1J/1kg=1J/kg An off-system unit is used: 1rad=0.01Gy. The ratio of the absorbed radiation dose to the time of exposure is called the radiation dose rate: D = D / t The unit of the absorbed dose rate in SI is gray per second (Gy / s) The unit of the absorbed dose

6 slide

The physical effect of any ionizing radiation on matter is associated primarily with the ionization of atoms and molecules. A quantitative measure of the action of ionizing radiation is the exposure dose, which characterizes the ionizing effect of radiation on air. An off-system unit of exposure dose is used - roentgen (R): 1R = 2.58 10-4 C/kg When irradiating the soft tissues of the human body with X-ray or gamma radiation, the exposure dose 1R corresponds to an absorbed dose of 8.8 mGy. Exposure dose

7 slide

Biological influence various kinds radiation on organisms of animals and plants is not the same with the same absorption of the radiation dose. For example, an absorbed radiation dose of 1 Gy from alpha particles has approximately the same biological effect on a living organism as an absorbed dose of 20 Gy of X-ray or gamma radiation. The difference in biological action different types radiation is characterized by the coefficient of relative biological effectiveness (RBE), or quality factor k. Relative biological effectiveness

8 slide

The absorbed dose D, multiplied by the quality factor k, characterizes the biological effect of the absorbed dose and is called the equivalent dose H: H=Dk The equivalent dose unit in SI is the sievert (Sv). 1Sv is equal to the equivalent dose at which the absorbed dose is 1Gy and the quality factor equal to one. A non-systemic unit of the biological equivalent of the roentgen is used: 1rem=0.01Sv Equivalent dose Clock measuring the equivalent dose

9 slide

The basis of the physical impact of nuclear radiation on living organisms is the ionization of atoms and molecules in cells. When a person is exposed to a lethal dose of gamma radiation equal to 6Gy, energy is released in his body, approximately equal to: E=mD=70kg 6Gy=420J The body of a mammal consists of approximately 75% of water. At a dose of 6 Gy, approximately 1015 water molecules are ionized in 1 cm3 of tissue. Biological effect of ionizing radiation

10 slide

An acute lesion is a damage to a living organism caused by the action of large doses of radiation and manifesting itself within a few hours or days after irradiation. The first signs of a general acute lesion of the body of an adult are detected starting from about 0.5-1.0 Sv Acute lesion

11 slide

A significant part of the exposures caused by radiation in living cells is irreversible. The probability of developing cancer increases in proportion to the radiation dose. Equivalent exposure to 1Sv on average leads to 2 cases of leukemia, 10 cases of cancer thyroid gland, 10 cases of breast cancer in women, 5 cases of lung cancer per 1000 exposed. Cancer diseases of other organs under the influence of radiation occur much less frequently. Long-term effects of radiation

12 slide

The problem of the biological effect of ionizing radiation on living organisms and the establishment of values ​​for relatively safe radiation doses is closely related to the fact of the existence of a natural background of ionizing radiation on the Earth's surface. Radioactivity was not invented by scientists, but was only discovered by them. Natural background irradiation

13 slide

The essence of the matter lies in the fact that in any place on the surface of the Earth, underground, in water, in atmospheric air and in outer space, there is ionizing radiation of various types and different origins. This radiation was there when there was no life on Earth, is now and will be when the Sun goes out. Natural background irradiation

14 slide

Under the conditions of the existence of a natural radiation background, life arose on Earth and went through the path of evolution to its present state. Therefore, it can be said with confidence that radiation doses close to the level of the natural background do not pose any serious danger to living organisms. Natural background irradiation

15 slide

In addition to external radiation, every living organism is exposed to internal radiation. It is due to the fact that various chemical elements with natural radioactivity enter the body with food, water and air: carbon, potassium, uranium, thorium, radium, radon. The most significant contribution to the internal dose in most places on Earth is made by radioactive radon and its decay products that enter the human body through breathing. Radon is constantly formed in the soil everywhere on Earth.

16 slide

At present, all people on Earth are exposed to ionizing radiation, not only of natural, but also of artificial origin. Man-made sources of radiation include X-ray and therapeutic facilities, various means automatic control and management using radioactive isotopes, nuclear power and research reactors, charged particle accelerators and various high-voltage electrovacuum devices, waste heat and nuclear power plants, products of nuclear explosions. Chernobyl nuclear power plant

18 slide

The maximum allowable dose (MAD) of exposure for persons professionally associated with the use of sources of ionizing radiation is 50 mSv per year. Sanitary standards set the permissible level of single emergency exposure for the population -0.1 Sv. As the maximum allowable dose of systematic exposure of the population, an equivalent exposure dose of 5 mSv per year has been established, i.e. 0.1 traffic rules. For the entire lifetime of a person (70 years), the permissible radiation dose for the population is 350 mSv = 0.35 Sv = 35 rem. Maximum allowable doses

19 slide

Good luck with your life. Take care of yourself and your loved ones! May your life become more beautiful without RADIATION. The presentation was made by a student of grade 8a Timofeev Ruslan

 Presentation on the topic: Radiation around us Togliatti Cherkasov K.P.

Purpose: Is there radiation around us

 Some may mistakenly believe that radiation is something far away, for example, Chernobyl. But we encounter radioactive radiation quite often, if not constantly.

 Radon is a radioactive inert gas that is odorless, tasteless and colorless. It usually concentrates underground and comes to the surface as a result of mining or cracks in the earth's crust. We encounter radon because it comes to us along with household gas, tap water (if it is extracted from fairly deep wells), through cracks in the soil. This gas is 7.5 times heavier than air and tends to accumulate in basements, so its concentration on the lower floors will be higher than on the upper ones.

X-ray radiation has allowed medicine to advance significantly, but still it has its drawbacks. For example, X-rays are not recommended for pregnant women and children under 14 years of age. And if there is an urgent need for this, then all organs of the child sensitive to radiation should be protected with special aprons and collars. Of course, if X-rays are taken infrequently, then the risk of its negative impact is negligible. A lethal dose of radiation is approximately 1 sievert.

At modern airports, special scanners are now actively used, through which a passenger must pass. As a result of this inspection, he, of course, receives a dose of radiation, albeit a small one. Of course, such scanners make it possible to more effectively assess which of the prohibited things a passenger is trying to bring on board. Manufacturers claim that they cannot cause any harm to health, although studies proving this have not yet been conducted. But scientists do not share this opinion. So a biochemist from the University of California, David Agard, said that during an inspection, a person receives a dose of radiation 20 times greater than the manufacturers report. Experts concluded that a person can pass through such scanners a maximum of 20 times a year. So take note.

Back in 2008, the World Health Association announced the presence in cigarettes of the radioactive element polonium-210, which has much more toxic properties than any cyanide.

Of course, everyone knows that radiation comes to us from the Cosmos, but the Earth's atmosphere protects us from it. But only partially. And when a person makes a flight, he, of course, receives a slightly increased dose of radiation, which, on average, is 5 μSv per one hour of flight. Therefore, you should not fly more than 72 hours a month.

A substance such as potassium-40, according to scientists, has a half-life of more than a billion years. But in the banana itself (of medium size), about 15 half-lives of potassium-40 occur every second. Of course, bananas do not pose a great danger to humans. A person already receives, together with food and water, a dose of radiation in the amount of about 400 μSv per year.

It is rather dangerous to store some old things at home due to the fact that earlier they were often covered with a radioactive composition in order to make the devices glow at night. As a rule, such things are kept at home in sideboards as souvenirs, but if you are wondering if your souvenir is safe, call the special services involved in radioactive safety.