Stepnyaki where settlements are located. Placement of settlements

the location of settlements has an impact on the specialization of production, the form and number of production units, the placement of their land masses, the location of production centers and the improvement of villages. Improving the location of settlements that meet the production tasks of the economy should be carried out taking into account the existing long-term prospects and the use of land resources and the location of productive forces, creating the best conditions for the life of the population in order to ensure long-term continuity of the population in the production process and reduce the cost of new construction. When placing settlements, the existing forms of settlement are taken into account, which are very diverse depending on the natural and economic conditions.

When placing settlements, it is required to thoroughly, taking into account the local natural and economic conditions of the entire network of existing locations, to select those settlements that have the greatest prospects for development both in terms of the state of the residential, cultural, household and industrial building stock, and in terms of their placement in relation to serving land t .e determine the prospects for the development of settlements, for this they use materials, a land management scheme of the municipality. Settlements are divided into developed, preserved and resettled.

When placing settlements, the economic purpose of each settlement is simultaneously established (which of the villages will be with the central estate and which of the villages will be the centers of production units). The center of the economy and the mornings of the production units are the largest developed settlements with a good housing stock, cultural and household buildings, landscaping and are located near the main agricultural lands. In order to save capital investments for the construction and improvement of settlements, it is advisable to combine the center of the economy with the center of one or more brigades. At settlements that are not the central estate and the centers of brigades, separate production centers can be located, taking into account the use of existing equipped production buildings. The methodology for locating settlements largely depends on the location area and types of settlement. Under the system of resettlement is understood - a set of settlements located in a certain territory and connected by a common organization of management, maintenance of transport and participation of the population in labor. Of the many different conditions, 6 main types of resettlement can be distinguished that affect the content of the project and the methodology for its preparation. 1) farms in which there is one large settlement, therefore the settlement will be developed by the central estate and centers of production units. In these cases, the issue of the location of the production area is decided. 2) several large and medium-sized settlements are located on the territory of the economy. In these cases, it is required to determine which of them will be the central homestead and which will be the centers of brigades, and the location of production centers is specified. 3) the farm has several large settlements. 4) all settlements are small. 5) the holding retains the farm settlement system. In these cases, the site is removed. 6) settlements are subject to demolition. The site for a new settlement is being removed.

The choice of a site for a new settlement is drawn up by a commission consisting of a land surveyor, an architect, a representative of the fire department, a farm manager, chaired by a representative of the village administration. For the correct choice of site, as well as for the assessment of existing economic centers, it is necessary to take into account the basic requirements, which are divided into: economic, sanitary and aesthetic, construction and planning, environmental. The economic requirements include: a) the central location of the settlement in relation to the main land. b) the availability of convenient communication points for the sale of products and the acquisition of various types of goods and materials (fertilizers, fuels, consumer goods, etc. c) objects of cultural and community construction should be located on lands not suitable for agriculture or less suitable. Sanitary and hygienic and aesthetic include: a) a place in the natural landscape must meet cultural and aesthetic requirements. b) settlements should be located away from wetlands, harmful and noisy industries and at a distance of no closer than 300-500 m from existing cemeteries. But a certain distance from the rivers, on one side of highways and railways and at a distance not closer than 10 m from them. c) transportation of products from fields and manure to fields, as well as the transfer of animals along the streets of a populated city, should not be carried out. The construction and planning requirements include: a) the site must be of sufficient size to accommodate all types of construction. b) Favorable conditions for the treatment system must be provided. c) soils suitable for growing vegetable crops on personal plots and the growth of fruit and berry plantations. d) relief with slopes providing surface water drainage and at the same time acceptable for the construction of buildings and structures, the construction of a communications road with the least amount of excavation. e) the level of groundwater, if possible, should be lower than cellars, cellars, trenches. f) soils must be suitable for the construction of buildings and structures without the construction of expensive foundations. Environmental requirements include: correct placement of residential and industrial areas in relation to water sources, terrain, winds.

table 2

Characteristics of the settlement

In a rural settlement, as can be seen from the table, a significant part of the inhabitants is employed in production in agricultural enterprises.

The location of settlements and production units primarily concerns the organization of production, the resettlement of people and the economy of agricultural enterprises.

The settlement of the rural population is influenced by various factors:

1. Natural - the presence of fertile land, terrain, climate, location, hydrography, vegetation, watering, and many others.

2. Economic - placement of consumers of agricultural products (cities, industrial centers, resorts), large enterprises for the processing of agricultural raw materials, the availability of railways and highways;

3. Social - planning, building, landscaping.

Rural settlements are used in different ways, depending on the population, composition and value of residential, cultural, production funds, the state of improvement and location in relation to agricultural land, markets for sales and processing of products, highways, regional centers.

Some of them are the central estates of households, others are the estates of departments, brigades, workshops, and thirdly, livestock farms or processing enterprises are located. Many settlements are used for other purposes - railway stations, recreation centers, marinas.

According to the number of population, they are divided into: very small - the number of inhabitants is up to 50 people; small - up to 200; medium - up to 1000; large - from 2000 to 5000 people.

Modern conditions life in the countryside should be equal and even better than in the city. Only in this case the further successful development of agricultural production is possible.

In the process of on-farm land management: the prospects for the development of each settlement are specified based on its importance for the economy as a whole and for this production unit; issues of on-farm specialization, placement of industries, especially livestock farms, complexes in settlements or near them are being resolved; the prospective number of households and population is determined; the size of the areas of settlements and their boundaries are determined; a site is selected for the construction of a new settlement; the volume of capital investments for housing, cultural and household and engineering equipment of settlements is determined; measures are being developed to use the released land plots and bringing them into a condition suitable for agricultural production; household land use is regulated.

Sites for settlements are located in a healthy area, protected from harmful natural phenomena, in a clean air pool, near clean water sources. Soil, hydrological conditions and the nature of the water supply should be favorable for planting home gardens, flower beds, gardens, and street gardening near the houses.

The street network is designed in such a way that it is connected with the entrances to the village, combined with the routes of the residents to the places of work and does not coincide with the directions of the prevailing winds. Kindergartens and nurseries are located away from noisy streets, roads and cattle drives, on green areas, along the route of residents to work from the residential area to the production area. The site for the school is located on a separate array of the central part of the village, in the best sanitary conditions. The school building must be located in the back of the site.

Cultural buildings are placed on a site where you can beautifully decorate the surrounding area, using reservoirs, green spaces. Parks and sports grounds are laid out near them.

The specificity of a rural settlement, in contrast to an urban one, lies in the fact that its architecture is in close connection with the surrounding landscape. The level of improvement largely determines the image of the village, originality and originality.

On the territory of this farm there is a settlement - the village of Voskresenka, which is the central estate. The village of Voskresenka is located in a clean airspace, near a clean source of water. Administrative and cultural buildings form the community center of the village. Kindergarten, school, clinic are located away from noisy streets and roads.

Most of the able-bodied population is employed in agricultural production; proper organization production, labor and management.

With further land management, we determine the population and personal livestock for the future (tables 6.7).

Table 3

The prospect of development of the settlement

Table 4

Livestock Development Perspective

This video lesson is intended for self-acquaintance with the topic "Population and economy of the forest-steppe and steppe zones." From the lecture of the teacher you will be able to learn about what features of nature are characteristic of the forest-steppe and steppe zones. Discuss how they affect the population and economy of these regions, how people change and protect them.

Topic: Natural and economic zones of Russia

Lesson: Population and economy of the forest-steppe and steppe zones

1. Introduction

The purpose of the lesson: to learn about the peculiarities of the nature of the steppes and forest-steppes and how they affect the life and economic activities of people.

2. General information

Natural zones of forest-steppes and steppes are the most developed and modified natural zones of Russia. Forest-steppes and steppes are distinguished by the most comfortable conditions for human life.

Rice. 1. Map of the comfort of natural conditions

Real forest-steppes and steppes can currently only be seen in nature reserves, all other territories have been heavily modified by humans and are used mainly for agriculture due to fertile soils.

Rice. 2. Rostov Reserve

3. Inhabitants of the steppes. economy

Representatives of the peoples of the steppe zone - the steppes, led a nomadic lifestyle, were engaged in cattle breeding. The steppe peoples include Kalmyks, Tuvans, Kazakhs, Buryats, Kazakhs and others.

Steppes are open flat or hilly landscapes where herbs, cereals, and flowers grow.

Rice. 3. Steppe

In the steppes and forest-steppes, people are actively engaged in animal husbandry and agriculture. Goats and sheep, horses and camels are bred in the steppes, a large cattle. Some farms breed fish, fur-bearing animals, poultry.

Rice. 4. Breeding poultry

Rice. 5. Herd of sheep in the steppe

On the top of the Urals Orenburg region famous goats are bred, their wool is so thin that an Orenburg scarf knitted from this wool can be threaded into a wedding ring. Actually, this is how some people check the authenticity of the Orenburg shawl.

In Buryatia and the foothills of the Caucasus, yaks are bred.

One of the main problems of the steppes and forest-steppes is overgrazing. Animals only eat certain plants, which in turn disappear. In addition, when overgrazing, the vegetation is trampled down.

Farming is practiced in the northern part of the steppes and forest-steppes. Steppes and forest-steppes are the main breadbaskets of Russia; wheat, corn, sunflower, sugar beets, vegetables and fruits are grown here. Windbreaks are planted along the perimeter of the fields to protect them from the wind. In some places, the steppes are plowed up by 85%!

Rice. 6. Sunflowers at sunset

4. Disturbance of steppes and forest-steppes

Due to active economic activity Many steppe species of plants and animals disappear, the soil loses its fertility, and the land is polluted with chemical fertilizers. Also Negative influence the nature of the steppe and forest-steppe zone is affected by mining (for example, iron ore, coal), construction of roads, expansion of cities, towns. Therefore, steppes and forest-steppes need protection. To this end, nature reserves and sanctuaries are being created, and measures are being taken to rationally use the nature of these landscapes.

Rice. 7. Reserve "Chernye zemli"

The traditional dwelling of the peoples of the steppes is the yurt, which is a wooden frame lined with felt.

Homework

Section 36.

1. Give examples of human economic activity in forest-steppes and steppes.

Bibliography

Main

1. Geography of Russia: Proc. for 8-9 cells. general education institutions / Ed. A. I. Alekseeva: In 2 books. Book. 1: Nature and population. Grade 8 - 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2009. - 320 p.

2. Geography of Russia. Nature. Grade 8: textbook. for general education institutions / I. I. Barinova. - M.: Bustard; Moscow textbooks, 2011. - 303 p.

3. Geography. Grade 8: atlas. - 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, DIK, 2013. - 48 p.

4. Geography. Russia. nature and population. Grade 8: Atlas - 7th ed., Revised. - M.: Bustard; Publishing house DIK, 2010 - 56 p.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

1. Geography. Modern Illustrated Encyclopedia / A.P. Gorkin - M.: Rosmen-Press, 2006. - 624 p.

Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination

1. Thematic control. Geography. Nature of Russia. 8th grade: tutorial. - Moscow: Intellect-Centre, 2010. - 144 p.

2. Tests in the geography of Russia: grades 8-9: textbooks, ed. V. P. Dronova “Geography of Russia. Grades 8-9: textbook. for general education institutions”/ V. I. Evdokimov. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 109 p.

I don’t know why, but for me, the presence of large areas of fields around the settlement always meant that it belonged to rural settlements. But economic geography has a different opinion on this matter. The whole question is whether these lands are used and how.

Rural settlements in the steppe and forest-steppe zones

Science defines a city as a settlement where at least 12,000 people live, and in which 95% of the inhabitants are workers or employees. Accordingly, contrary to this definition, the bulk of the inhabitants of a rural settlement should be employed in agriculture. Thus, a large rural settlement should be formed on the basis of factors favorable to agriculture. And where is it possible to do this in full, if not in the zones of steppes and forest-steppes, where the adjacent territories (as a rule) are fertile land areas? Therefore, the emergence of a large rural settlement depends on:

• the size and remoteness of arable land from the center of human settlement;
• favorable local climate;
• provision of water resources.

In ancient times, these factors could be more decisive for the creation of a rural settlement. But nowadays when transport system reached certain heights, the factor of remoteness of fertile lands is not the main one.

Where are large rural settlements located?

The formation of large rural settlements depends very much on the opportunities natural areas. It is in the forest-steppe and steppe zones that the location of large agricultural settlements is characterized by the so-called “long chain” method. These zones have vast land areas that do not have sufficient irrigation. Therefore, settlements are formed along the banks of nearby rivers for their entire possible length, which allows irrigating arable land. So there are chains of agricultural settlements. As an example, you can give:

• Ryazan Oblast- by Oka.
• The Volga region - along the Volga.
• Altai - along the Katun.

This shows that irrigation for an agricultural settlement is still of paramount importance.

Aimak- a large administrative formation among some Turkic and Mongolian peoples, a district, as a rule, coinciding with the territory of the clan's settlement.

Arban- a small administrative entity in Tuva and Mongolia, originally consisting of ten households. 15 arbans were combined into one sumon, and two or more sumons - into a khoshun.

Aul, aal- a small nomadic or settled settlement among the Caucasian, Turkic and some other non-Slavic peoples.

booth- a temporary building, a barrack or barn, erected for trade, housing, storage of goods, crafts, crafts or organizing performances of a traveling theater, circus.

deanery- a small church district, uniting several neighboring parishes.

gang- a temporary settlement of fishermen with residential and outbuildings adapted for seine fishing.

Whole- the annalistic name of small rural settlements, villages without a church, but with an owner's (landlord's) yard.

Army- large territorial association Cossack communities, which had autonomy in civil administration and a certain autonomy in mobilization issues. Its size was comparable to the province and was divided into districts (departments or regiments). The army chieftain was at the head of the army, but his jurisdiction extended only to the Cossack population. For the rest of the estates, a parallel non-Cossack administration could exist on the same territory.

parish- an administrative entity that unites several settlements (rural communities) located close to each other (or united according to the nationality of their inhabitants). The center of the volost, in which local self-government and judicial power were concentrated, could be either a village or a city.

Votchina- significant land plot or several plots of land located next to each other and in the hereditary possession of a private person or a monastery. Initially, the estate was opposed to the estate (conditional non-hereditary land ownership), but at the beginning of the 18th century, the differences between them were erased. Estates could be ancestral, bought and served. One and the same owner (person, family, monastery) could have several fiefdoms.

Settlement, settlements, exhibitions- a small settlement in the countryside, located next to a larger settlement and clearly separated from it by a natural barrier (river, swamp, forest).

Howl- a small plot of arable land with land, a limited place for fishing or beekeeping. The size of the vyti could vary greatly depending on the region, the quality of the land, and other characteristics. Until the 18th century, the howl was a fiscal unit that was used to determine the amount of tax.

City, hail- a large settlement, the bulk of the inhabitants of which are employed outside of agriculture and are not in serfdom from landowners (votchinniks). Often in the city there were long-term defensive structures. The city was an administrative, religious, commercial and cultural center of the surrounding territory. At the same time, some cities could have a special administrative status and be governed separately from the region in which they were located.

Gorodets- a small settlement with defensive structures or a very large village.

Settlement- an abandoned city or its ruins, or a settlement that arose on the site of a disappeared city.

Town- a new fortified settlement, surrounded by a defensive rampart, a tyn and a moat. Inside the fence were a church, barns, siege huts, courtyards. Contrary to the name of the settlement, its inhabitants mostly lived agriculture.

Lip- a territorial entity in the Pskov and Novgorod lands, about the same as the parish. The center of the lip was a churchyard. In another meaning - a settlement in the north of Russia or in Siberia, located on the shore of an elongated bay - lips.

Province- a large administrative district, a region that was ruled by a governor or governor general. The highest unit of the territorial division of Russia from the beginning of the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century. Approximately corresponded to the current concept of "region".

Country house- a land surveying unit in a rural area, a land plot with clearly defined boundaries or a detached rural house with surrounding lands, a farm.

yard- a fenced area near a residential building or outbuildings (animal yard, horse yard). As a rule, the concept of "courtyard" did not include a garden and a kitchen garden (in this respect, a courtyard differs from a manor). A residential yard could combine a complex of various structures (sheds, workshops, baths, a barn, etc.) and have a very different configuration, depending on who it belonged to - a boyar, merchant, priest, peasant or artisan. In one courtyard there could be several separate living quarters, in which relatives or servants of the owner of the courtyard lived. Until 1719, the yard was the main fiscal unit, and the "yard" was considered the entire fenced area behind one gate.

Courtyard- the place where the yard used to be or a new building erected on the site of the destroyed yard. In another meaning - a small agricultural community leading a joint household. It was made up of relatives living in one or more neighboring houses (smoke). The community could also be called a stove, fire, zadruga, and community members - syabry.

Village- an agricultural settlement without a church, consisting of more than one yard.

share- a fiscal territorial unit in Russia in the 18th century, designed to collect taxes from 5536 households. At the head of the share was the landrat (voivode) appointed by the government, who also exercised control over the organs local government.

Road- a large administrative entity in the regions inhabited by Tatars, Bashkirs or Chuvashs. It included several volosts (kinds).

Diocese- a territorial unit in the system of government of the Russian Orthodox Church, uniting parishes and deaneries in an area comparable to a province or region (secular and religious administrative boundaries sometimes do not coincide). A diocese is headed by a bishop (bishop or archbishop).

borrowing, borrowing- a settlement from one yard with a land plot in a rural area, located far from other settlements. As a rule, the zaimka was built on ownerless lands by their self-capture. Alternative naming - cottage, farm, farm, manor.

notch- a settlement located at the notch line - a defensive barrier made of felled and specially laid trees.

Outpost- a military or police facility with residential and utility buildings, erected to control the exit / entrance to the city, to an important road or to a protected area. At the outpost, in addition to the people serving, members of their families and other civilians could live.

Outback- a quiet and sparsely populated place, located away from highways, cultural and political centers. A depressive, out-of-date region, settlement or part of a city.

Earth- a large territory subject to one ruler or co-rulers, principality.

winter house- a Cossack farm, a dwelling in the steppe, where the Cossacks could farm in the winter or between campaigns. The Cossacks who were in the winter quarters were called sidneys or nests.

Zimovye- secluded residential buildings hard-to-reach terrain. Usually they were intended for temporary residence of people (hunters, mine workers, coachmen). Winter quarters could also be called inns on postal routes or new, just founded, settlements in Siberia.

Estate- a significant land plot in the possession of a landowner, a single palace, a state, a monastery or a Cossack army. As a rule, it was processed by serfs, tenants or hired workers.

Inspection- an alternative name for the military district.

Canton- a large administrative entity on the territory of the Ufa, Orenburg and Perm provinces, which was controlled by the military administration and mobilized a certain amount of irregular troops. The cantons could be Bashkir, Mishar, Kalmyk and Cossack. The cantons in which the non-Russian population lived were divided into yurts, the Cossack cantons into regiments. In the first years of Soviet power, the canton was an alternative name for the county in some regions - Bashkiria, Tataria, Dagestan, the Mari Republic, in the commune of the Volga Germans.

End- an area or street of the city outside the defensive walls. Also, the ends could be called different parts of a large territorial entity, for example, a camp.

Cordon- a remote settlement in the forest, the house of a huntsman or forester with outbuildings.

Nomadic- a temporary camp of a nomadic tribe, a place chosen by nomads for parking during seasonal migrations, a territory within which a particular tribe (genus, clan) roams.

Kosh- an alternative name for a Cossack village, or a Cossack camp, temporary camp or convoy.

Kremlin, cream, silicon, chrome- a fortress inside the city, enclosing the most important buildings and usually being the residence of the local ruler.

Fortress, stronghold- a capital defensive structure equipped with walls, firing positions, as well as autonomous life support systems. If necessary, it could hold back superior enemy forces for a considerable time, and also serve as a stronghold for offensive or punitive operations. The fortress housed a permanent military garrison and the civilian population.

Maidan- an open space free from buildings in a settlement, a square, a park or a market.

Place - small town in the western regions of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and neighboring countries. Craftsmen and merchants (often of Jewish origin) usually lived in shtetls, but this settlement did not have capital defensive structures and city privileges in self-government and taxation.

Metropolis- a large territorial unit in the management system of the Russian Orthodox Church. It may include several dioceses (or, in fact, be a diocese, only with a higher status). The head of the metropolis is the metropolitan.

Allotment- a land plot provided free of charge or for a fee to an individual, family or community for agricultural work.

governorship- several provinces or vassal territories under the control of the governor - an official with emergency powers, who is personally appointed to his post by the monarch (church head or ruling council) and can act on their behalf.

Abode- a monastic community, a monastery, the main territory of the monastery, without sketes, farmsteads and estates.

Region- a large administrative entity, the highest unit of territorial structure modern Russia(along with republics and territories). In tsarist Russia, oblast was an alternative name for provinces on the outskirts of the country and in the Cossack regions. The head of the region was also the commander of the troops stationed on its territory.

Okolotok- a small urban or suburban area that belonged to a particular police station, as well as the name of this station. In a broader sense - any nearby area.

county- a territorial entity created for administrative, military, judicial or economic purposes. Districts can differ significantly from each other in size and status - depending on their purpose.

Districts- an area near geographical feature(most often - the settlement). In the Cossack regions - an alternative name for the department.

Ostrog, trench- a fortified settlement surrounded by a fence of logs pointed upwards and / or surrounded by a moat. Most often, the fort was erected by the first settlers as a temporary fortress and a stronghold in new territories. Both military and civilians could live in the prison.

Department- a small territorial military unit, a mobilization area, approximately corresponding to a civilian county (on Sakhalin - regions). Departments mainly existed in the Cossack or in the outlying lands.

palanka- a small town, a suburban settlement in Ukraine. In another meaning - a military territorial formation among the Cossacks, uniting several departments. Alternative name for the Cossack territorial unit "regiment" or "okrug".

Chambers- large stone structures, palaces. The offices (halls) in these buildings were also called chambers.

Povet- an administrative unit in Ukraine and Poland, an alternative name for the county.

Pogost- the name of the volost, which existed in the Pskov and Novgorod lands, as well as in the northern regions of Russia. In addition, a churchyard could be called a village with a church near which a court was held, the center of local self-government of the guberna (volost). In another meaning - a rural cemetery located near the church.

Compound- permanent representation of the monastery in major city or in a holy place. Other meanings are an inn, or a whole quarter in which out-of-town and foreign merchants stop.

Regiment- a territorial formation among the Cossacks, capable of equipping a significant armed detachment (a thousand or more people). Military and civil power was concentrated in the hands of the regimental commander (ataman). The regiment usually included from 5 to 20 smaller mobilization units - hundreds.

Estate- a significant land plot with a manor, which is in the hereditary possession of the landowner and cultivated by his serfs. Initially, the estate was granted for carrying state or military service- it could not be sold or inherited and this differed from the hereditary patrimony. But at the beginning of the 18th century, the differences between the estate and the patrimony were erased.

Port- in a broad sense, a settlement on the shore of a navigable reservoir, which has facilities for parking floating craft. In a narrow sense - an urban area with an adjacent water area where ships, their crews and cargoes are serviced. The port may contain marinas, docks, shipyards, lighthouses, warehouses, inns, markets, etc. The water area of ​​the port may have a protected harbor, piers and breakwaters, as well as a roadstead for anchorage remote from the coast.

Posad, hem, forshtat - business part a city located outside the defensive walls, or a small urban-type settlement.

Village- a small settlement (as a rule - recently built), located near a village or city.

Pochinok- a new rural settlement, consisting of one yard.

jetty- a small port, a settlement that arose near the parking lot of ships.

award- an alternative name for the county in the Novgorod lands, the territory subordinate to the Novgorod governor.

Coming- a Christian church community created around one temple and including clergy and laity (parishioners). In Russia, this community was entrusted with some functions of local self-government - in particular, for registering acts civil status. The parish was also called the territory, which was assigned to a particular temple.

Shelter- a secluded dwelling in a remote mountainous area, intended for a temporary stop of shepherds, hunters or travelers. Usually the shelter does not have people who live there permanently, but sometimes the shelter is an alternative name for a mountain hotel with outbuildings.

Provinces- a large territorial entity. In the XVIII century in Russia, the provinces were the prototype of the districts - an intermediate link between the province and the county.

Wasteland- an area that was first mastered by people, and then abandoned.

Deserts- a monastic monastery (monastery or skete), built in a sparsely populated area, as well as the area around this monastery.

Pyatina- a large territorial entity in the Novgorod lands. Pyatina united several awards (districts), and each award included several churchyards (volosts). Initially, each pyatina was assigned to one of the five districts (ends) of Novgorod.

Discharge- a territorial formation in the outlying regions, which is under the control of the voivode and intended for the rapid mobilization of troops.

junction- a small settlement that arose at the fork of the road.

Row- a village whose inhabitants, along with agriculture, were also engaged in crafts and trade. Usually rows arose on trade routes and did not have capital defensive structures inherent in cities.

Settlement- a land plot in a city or in a village, built up with residential buildings.

Settlement- an agricultural settlement destroyed as a result of a fire or hostilities. Also, this word could mean a very large village.

Village- an agrarian settlement with a church (sometimes with two or even three), the center of a rural Orthodox parish, often having a name (or one of the names) associated with the name of its temple.

village- a settlement without a church (sometimes with a chapel), having a landlord or monastery courtyard, often a former village that lost its former status along with the closure of the temple.

Skit- a small monastic settlement located outside the main monastery and far from settlements. It may be the place of residence of one or more hermits and be a cave, a hut or a house. The Old Believers call a skete any small monastery.

Sloboda- a settlement located near a city or monastery, whose inhabitants practically do not engage in rural labor and are not serfs from landowners. As a rule, the inhabitants of each specific settlement were united according to their occupation (artisans, merchants, coachmen, military). In the 19th century, a village with a large fair or industrial production could also be called a settlement.

Slobodka- a working or craft settlement located within the city or large village, or immediately outside its outskirts.

sokha- a small plot, a measure of cultivated arable land, which served as a fiscal unit. The size of the plot depended on the region and soil fertility. In the Novgorod lands, one plow included three obzhi - a plot that one person with one horse can plow in one day.

Mill- a geographical community or territorial unit that united several volosts (sometimes several dozen), estates and wastelands. The camps were part of the districts and were governed by governors (governors), who performed administrative, police and judicial functions. In another meaning, a camp is a temporary camp for people engaged in field work or some kind of trade, a mine. A temporary camp set up during a campaign by troops, merchants, or travelers. An inn or post station with its surrounding buildings outside the settlement.

Stanets, machine- a small settlement, a small camp on a transport highway, usually having a postal station or an inn.

village- a large Cossack settlement in the countryside, usually capable of equipping a significant armed detachment (from a hundred horsemen or more).

Camp, camp- temporary settlement of nomads. In the Amur region and on Sakhalin - a permanent settlement.

Camp- a portable village, a temporary camp among nomadic peoples (most often among gypsies). Also, a camp with a convoy could be called a camp.

Marketplace, marketplace- a place for trade, a bazaar, a market with adjacent buildings.

Slum- a poor area of ​​the city with chaotic buildings and an unfavorable criminal situation.

Tyuba- an administrative entity in Bashkiria and Tatarstan, uniting several nearby auls and villages, in which, as a rule, representatives of the same clan lived.

tax- a plot of arable land cultivated by one family or one community. As a rule, it was in state, monastic or landlord (patrimony) property. Under serfdom, the tax was the basis for the taxation of the families or communities that worked on it.

corner, corner- a place remote from major transport routes, located at the end of a dead end road.

lot- the territory given in management to a member of the family of the Grand Duke. In another meaning - real estate landed property of a member of the imperial family.

county, district- a territorial formation, which included several neighboring volosts or camps, united around one administrative center (county town). Counties were the prototype of modern districts. Several districts made up the province.

Ulus- an alternative name for the volost among the Turkic and Mongolian peoples. In another meaning - a temporary settlement, a camp among nomads. Initially, an ulus was also called a vast territory, within the boundaries of which a tribal union, a horde ruled by one khan, roamed.

tract- an abandoned village or, in general, any observable part of the area that can be clearly separated from the surrounding landscape using any landmarks (rivers, forests, mountains, etc.).

manor- a detached residential building belonging to one owner with adjoining service and outbuildings, as well as land (garden or kitchen garden). It could be peasant, landlord or merchant and located both in the countryside and in the city.

homestead- an abandoned estate or its ruins, or a settlement that arose on the site of a destroyed estate.

Usolye- a settlement associated with the extraction of salt.

outpost- the forward line of defense of the fortress, a fortified position built outside the main walls in a dangerous direction.

Fort- a small long-term defensive structure, which is part of the fortress, or built separately to protect the highway. There was a military garrison in the fort, but the civilian population was almost completely absent.

Khanate, Khaganate- a territory with a Turkic or Mongolian population, headed by a khan.

Mansions- a large wooden structure, a palace. They could consist of living quarters of the lower tier (cages, rooms, svetlitsy), residential superstructures (towers), offices (canopy, troughs) and outbuildings (cellars, baths, barns, etc.).

Farm- a small secluded village in the countryside, consisting of one or more courtyards. In the Baltic States, a farm roughly corresponds to the concept of a "farm". Among the Cossacks of southern Russia, a farm is a settlement located next to the village and administratively subordinate to it.

Citadel, detinets- a fortified area inside the city fortress, covering the residence of the prince or other dignitaries. The citadel was considered the last line of defense, it could have autonomous defensive structures or partially adjoin the walls of the outer fortress. The citadel was sometimes also used to quell civil unrest within the city.

Yurt- the territory controlled by any nomadic Turkic tribe, ulus, as well as the headquarters of the leader of this tribe. For the Cossacks, yurt is a land allotment belonging to the village community. For Chechens, Nogais and Crimean Tatars, the word "yurt" means a village.

Yurt- a territorial formation among the Tatars and Mishars (Meshcheryak), under the control of the military administration and capable of fielding up to a thousand armed fighters. The yurt included several auls or villages, as a rule, having tribal ties with each other.