Characteristic features of the production potential of the enterprise. Theoretical aspects of the production potential of the enterprise and the mechanisms for its renewal

Production potential- this is a combination of cost and natural-material characteristics of the production base, expressed in the potential to carry out products of a certain composition, technical level and quality in the required volume.

Despite the fact that "ability", "set of characteristics", "potential capabilities" are again listed, this is already a more complete definition, because the requirements are indicated not only for the quantity but also for the quality of products, no less, the first definition says nothing - which means the necessary amount of work, besides, if the market needs something, then it is difficult to change it. In the second, of all the components of the carrier, why only the production base was chosen. If the authors include personnel, material support, a management system, etc., in this concept, then this is no longer a production base, but an enterprise.

In our opinion, the considered definitions are incomplete, since even all of them do not give the necessary characteristics at all:

Production volumes can be determined in natural, conditionally natural, cost measurement, as a percentage or fraction of a unit when compared, then the desired units should be selected;

Qualitative characteristics of products determine the demand in the market, they must be taken into account in determining the potential;

Finished products are produced only by the enterprise as a system, then it is impossible to tie the production potential only to the production base;

The essence of the potential should be expressed by a single category, and not by a list of heterogeneous characteristics.

If, for example, a competitor is interested in the volume of production of the enterprise, then of course, in natural units, in order to measure its market share. As for the owner of the enterprise, in the value form of the volume of production, he is only concerned about the presence of profit there, that is, the economic potential. Thus, it is not advisable to measure the production potential in terms of value. If market prices for products have fallen, this does not mean that the production potential has fallen. The economy has just gone down.

Regardless of the level of the carrier being evaluated, according to our concept, its overall potential is differentiated into production and economic. Another thing is that according to the internal assessment, only these two types of potential are considered, and in the external (market) one, depending on the composition of the subjects of the assessment.

If we consider the existing ideas on this issue, then at the level of society it is usually believed that the economic potential characterizes, first of all, the level reached in the system of social production.

Achieved potential as a set of fixed assets and the value of the gross output of industries or the gross social product of the country, created at the actually achieved organizational level of development of the productive forces and the degree of use of the potential capabilities of the production apparatus;

Prospective economic potential, reveals the maximum opportunity economic system, determines the maximum possible volume of production of material goods and services that can be achieved under ideal conditions of production and optimal use of resources .

As you can see, these definitions of economic potential do not differ much from the definitions of production potential provided above. But a new term should be introduced only when it is needed to determine some significant difference, without which the characterization of the object will be incomplete.

When a competitor that has a certain market share is interested in the property of another enterprise to ensure a certain volume of production of the same product, then this property really needs to be singled out according to its assessment and then called, for example, production potential. But the owner of the enterprise will also determine this. If the owner evaluates the property of this enterprise to provide stable income through the sale of those products, this is already another, for example, economic potential. But the shareholder of this campaign also needs to know this. We will return to this issue in the next section, which deals with the formation of productive capacity. It follows from this that the production and economic potential is assessed by various subjects of assessment, while the type of potential does not change.

An enterprise, as an object of assessment and diagnostics, on the one hand, is an integral part of a more large systems such as the state, industry, industry, region, city, which impose certain restrictions on its potential, but also take part in its formation. On the other hand, the enterprise consists of elements of different levels interconnected in the process of production and sale of products. In the previous section, functional and private elements were identified as such elements. Each of them has its own properties, which together make up their potential. The enterprise can be broken down into elements of pa different levels and in a wide range of components, but for the purposes of this analysis, it is enough to single out the functional and partial levels of the enterprise and consider each element according to its properties.

According to this approach, it is possible to distinguish between internal and external assessment of the object. External assessment is based on the system of goals of external subjects of assessment and therefore takes into account their interests and functions, for which the enterprise is involved as an object of assessment. Internal - reflects the owner's system of goals and takes into account his interests in obtaining profit from the sale of the enterprise as an integral object, or from its operation as a system of constituent elements. The properties of these elements need to be evaluated, adjusted among themselves and developed. That is why there is a need to allocate classification types of potential depending on the level of the carrier.

The most element in the system for assessing the potential of an enterprise is a holistic carrier, which, with respect to smaller elements, acquires a new property due to the synergy effect - to manufacture finished products. It is this property, in our opinion, that should be assessed in terms of economic impact on the environment and quantitative natural-material pressure on the market. Summing up, it can be argued that the overall potential of a holistic carrier, regardless of who is the subject of the assessment, is divided into the economic and production potential of the enterprise, although the results of internal and external assessment may not coincide.

Economic potential of the enterprise- this is the property of the carrier to ensure the maximum level of stable profit for a certain period (year, industry average payback period, average useful life, etc.), or maximum price sales.

With this approach, it is necessary to highlight the economic potential of the enterprise in operation, and the economic potential of the enterprise in the price of its sale. Moreover, the sale price, according to the existing practice of valuation activities on an income approach, to the valuation, taking into account the results of the operation of the facility for previous years.

Production potential of the enterprise- this is the property of the carrier to ensure the manufacture of products of a certain nomenclature that meets the requirements of the market in terms of initial characteristics, quality, assortment, to the maximum, with a focus not on demand, but on the total market capacity of this or alternative (which production is provided with the functional potential of the corresponding system) products.

The smallest element in the system for assessing the potential of an enterprise is a partial element, which, accordingly, is the carrier of a partial potential.

The partial potential of the carrier element is an individual property of the carrier element, measured in the corresponding natural, conditionally natural or cost indicators, which ensures the carrier's ability to satisfy the requirements for the performance of the necessary partial functions, depending on the specific conditions of use of the carrier as part of a functional element.

The partial potential of an element appears either as a potential use or a selling price.

The potential of the direction of use of a partial element is a property that ensures the performance of individual specific operations for the manufacture, marketing, information or other support of the production process. It is displayed by the existing technical characteristics and the range in which they can be expanded or created with a change in the element itself, as a carrier of partial potential. This range is subject to technical or economic restrictions, since changing the media may become impossible due to physical laws or design features, although more often it just doesn't make sense from an economic point of view. It should be added that the same object can be used in different functional systems, where the direction of use will be different. So, for example, a computer in an enterprise control system will be used differently than in a process control or warehouse system. Therefore, its potential will be assessed in the relevant areas.

The potential use of a partial element is the basis for determining the potential of its price as an object of sale [+1781.

The potential sale price of a separate object reflects the property of the object of assessment, is not a partial element of the carrier of the potential of a larger object (enterprise), to bring profit to the owner from the sale. So, for example, a machine tool can be an integral part of the product that the enterprise produces or its main production assets and, accordingly, have different properties. But if the enterprise ceases to be an integral object, or the machines are taken out of service by a change in technology, their properties are equated with the finished product, with the exception of the level of wear of the machine that was in operation. In addition, while the machine was part of the product, it was produced by the enterprise, it was covered by the terms of the warranty period, after-sales service, it had such properties as the potential for development in production, where its design, materials from which it is made, technology, according to which it was manufactured, output parameters such as productivity, quality, energy consumption.

To this it should be added that the machine, as such a product, had the potential for development in sales, since it could be advertised, accompanied additional services in use after the sale, have a warranty like. If the enterprise is disbanded, all this is no more. The machine from the warehouse of finished products, when sold as a separate carrier, will not differ in any way from the same machine that was put into operation as part of the OPF, but did not work for an hour. The market price of such an object will deviate from the ratio of supply and demand calculated according to the conditions, as well as taking into account the factors that prompt the owner to sell such an object as soon as possible, since its property is to cause losses during non-production storage (aging of the object, its protection, heating, conservation, land tax etc.) is starting to materialize.

A partial element is included in the current carrier of the enterprise's potential only as an integral part of a functional element and provides its properties for performing certain functions. It should be added that the result of the combination of private elements in a functional one is the appearance of such properties of a functional element that a separate partial did not exist. For example, a separate machine performs a given three-dimensional series of operations in the amount of a possible fund of machine-hours of work, but combined technology with other equipment, it is part of a functional element (production system) that acquires the ability to produce finished products. The manufacture of finished products is already a function of a functional element, which has its own potential.

The full potential of a functional element- these are the properties of the system that was created as part of the enterprise in order to ensure the requirements of all elements of the carrier for their replenishment due to external environment through relevant markets, or to realize the properties of the enterprise in relation to the external environment.

The full potential manifests itself either as a functional potential or as a market one.

The functional potential is the property of the corresponding element to provide certain functions, without which all other functional elements do not have the opportunity to show their properties, as a result of which the enterprise, as a carrier of the general potential, loses it and cannot ensure the achievement of the goal of its creation (it is able to provide profit from the operation or selling it as a complete object).

For example, a shortage of jobs limits the full use of labor potential, or vice versa, a lack of specialists can completely stop production certain types products. Unlike private, functional potential does not have such a wide range of possible areas of use, it provides only one internal function - energy or raw material supply, product manufacturing or enterprise management.

The market potential of a functional element provides only one function: communication with the external environment through the appropriate markets - for example, energy, raw materials or the market for manufactured products. It should be noted that according to the nature of the functional element, its position in the exchange changes. The energy and raw materials market act as a supply side, and the element provides demand. But the market for products relative to the enterprise is a party that provides demand, and the corresponding element of the enterprise is supply. Production, as already mentioned, is a partial element, since it has the ability to develop and it is possible to establish the economic equivalent of the result of the realization of this element's development potential. If it is shoes, the period of its use can be extended due to physical wear or obsolescence in the fashion world, if it is a machine, it is possible to reduce energy costs, reduce losses from marriage with an increase in rigidity and accuracy of the structure, etc.

The market potential of a functional element is of interest not only to the owner of the enterprise. This potential is the main factor in the planning of production at the supplier, which ensures the replenishment of the corresponding properties of the element that are lost during production, but this will be discussed below when the influence of the subject of assessment on the type of potential is examined.

The totality of the market potentials of all functional elements, combined with the property of the enterprise to act as an object of evaluation in the stock market, constitutes its overall market potential. Thus, the transition from individual market functional potentials of each element to the overall potential of an integral object is realized, in which the functional potentials of the elements are indicated will be considered in more detail,

The overall potential of a holistic object is its properties that make up for the subject of assessment (owner or external appraiser) the desired final result, reflecting the purpose of creating an enterprise (or a threat that needs to be neutralized for competitors).

As already mentioned, the overall potential of an integral object, according to an internal assessment, manifests itself for its owner either as the economic potential of the enterprise (provides profit from operation, external investment or sale), or as a production potential (provides a certain type of product, its assortment, quality, volume). For other subjects of evaluation (external, market valuation) - as a general property of the enterprise being valued to be a benefit or a threat to the interests of the appraiser in all possible aspects. This means that for other subjects there may in any case be a different kind of potential, given subject evaluates as an interested party.

A separate element has limited properties that may be of interest to the appraiser not from the point of view of sale and purchase, but as a property that requires evaluation in other aspects: technical - as the ability of the system to achieve a certain accuracy, speed, power; production, reflecting the ability of the object to provide a certain, under given conditions, productivity, production volume, nomenclature; economic, characterizing the ability of an object to provide a given economic result from operation. At the same time, the difference is obvious both in the units of measurement of each type of potential, and in the range of changes, because, for example, in the process of realizing the production potential, which cannot be a negative value, a negative economic result may well be obtained, that is, the object is capable of causing losses , although it will provide the applied volume of production.

It is important that while a functional or partial element is part of an integral object, it is a diagnostic object only for the owner. A partial element can become an object of assessment of an external subject when it ceases to be a component of an integral object. But the overall potential of an integral object requires additional differentiation by type, depending on the fence of the subject of assessment and the goals of such an assessment. It follows from this that, first, it is necessary to classify the full potentials of functional elements as part of an integral object, and then supplement this classification with types of general potential, depending on the goals of each subject of the external assessment of the enterprise (for example, the tax potential of an enterprise for the state or production for a competitor) .

The full potentials of each functional element are specific. As properties of carriers (systems), they provide quantitative and qualitative characteristics that other elements are unable to provide. Thus, the staffing system forms the necessary fund of working time in terms of quality and quantity of labor for all systems and departments of the enterprise. The energy supply system receives, transforms, distributes input energy between all functional elements. The same can be said about the supply system, the financial system and the development and support system. The exception is the systems of production and sale of products combined into one block. The production system directly provides products only to the sales system, and all other systems provide only indirectly, through the sales system and the financial system, which is replenished by selling products and making a profit. The production system provides the necessary set of processing sizes in terms of the number and quality of machine hours. This system does not have direct access to other systems within the carrier, but to the market only through the product sales system. However, it affects the market property to provide a certain volume of products in the nomenclature and assortment. that lie may not be taken into account by a competitor, as this limits its market segment. Sometimes such a property is referred to as the production potential of an enterprise, but one should not forget that finished products are not yet a commodity, in order for it to become a commodity, a holistic sowing, an enterprise in the system of market relations, is needed.

In general, most enterprises of material production are connected with the external environment through the corresponding markets: products that are produced on them; work force; raw materials, materials and components: energy carriers; means of production; finance and credit; real estate: information.

The flows of goods from these markets to the enterprise and vice versa pass through all functional elements, replenishing their properties to ensure the integrity and viability of the enterprise according to the functions assigned to them. With this approach, it is easy to single out systems that are provided with all the necessary material and non-material resources. personnel, their own organizational structure of management and their inherent ability to perform a certain function: a block of systems for the production and sale of products (which do not make sense without each other) a supply system (which marketing cannot replace, because such a function is not characteristic of it) a system of finance and credit: staffing system; power supply system; system of development and support of all elements; control system for all other elements and the object as a whole.

The marketing system does not have a direct influence on one of these systems (although it ensures the promotion of goods on the market, changes the range of raw materials in the field of supply, etc.), therefore, it can be defined as part of the management system, since it is through it that market information is received, which is needed to manage the IAS less than technical or some other. The peculiarity of the production system is that only it does not have a direct or feedback connection with the external environment, but only through the medium of production through the marketing (sales) system. But it is precisely on this system that everything is closed internal functions all elements.

Another feature of such a scheme is that the real estate market as an object of evaluation and sale should come from an integral object - an enterprise, and this is its integral function, providing an appropriate overall potential. The function of production and sale of products is impossible without all the elements, therefore, it is the final integral function of the carrier as a whole, which ensures the manufacture of products of a certain assortment and quality according to market needs (and thus production potential). The feedback of the finance system also performs an integral function that ensures not only the current production and the enterprise's own development, but also profit by investing in external objects (the investment potential of the enterprise). A partial element can enter the market only by separating from the enterprise.

Thus, each functional element is realized in one way or another not only within the system, but also in interaction with the external environment through markets (Fig. 1.11), due to which it replenishes its properties and thereby creates demand. .Hence there is a need to differentiate the functional and market potentials of these elements. Elements, as carriers of market or functional potential, differ from each other, since they not only provide various functions, but also act in relation to the market either as a buyer (in the market of raw materials, labor resources, energy carriers), or as a seller (in the market of finished products, the real estate market as an integral part of the enterprise - the object of sale). Therefore, for the analysis of market potential, for example, the entire production system is singled out, and for the functional one, it was desired to single out the structure of production, the active and passive part of fixed assets, the technology used by type of processing, individual workplaces and equipment for them.

Thus, starting the analysis on a functional element, it is necessary to extend it at the level of a set of private elements (such as fixed assets or a fleet of equipment) with a transition to a separate partial unit (such as a machine, a line). In addition, each functional element of the carrier consists of many partial elements. For example, fixed assets consist of individual machines, buildings and structures. and each of them has its own partial potential, which can be realized within the system by its functions or, in the case of decommissioning or retail sale of the enterprise, have its own selling price potential in the relevant market.

In mechanical engineering, as the most difficult industry to analyze, eight main markets can be distinguished, for which carrier elements have corresponding market potentials, they can be considered as components of the overall market potential, which can be evaluated both by the owner and by the corresponding buyers (who buy products or the entire enterprise ), sellers (who are interested in the purchasing power of the enterprise in terms of the volume and quality of the raw materials, energy carriers, means of production it needs), as well as competitors on both sides. On the other hand, each of these elements provides the functional properties of the object, then at the same time, in addition to the market, it is also the carrier of the functional potential (Table 1.1):

1. Potential of the block of systems for production and sale of products- the ability to perform the required technology volume of three world operations of the production cycle and sales of products (according to production functions }