Designing the total amount of time spent. Features of rationing the organization and remuneration for various types of production
Topic 4. Designing production standards
lecture questions:
1. Designing the rate of labor costs of workers.
2. Designing the composition of workers
3. Designing the norm of machine time.
4. Rationing the consumption of building materials.
5. Methods for rationing the consumption of materials.
The design of a technically justified norm begins with the compilation of the normal of the process and the calculation of all normalized costs of working time (for operational work, PZ work, regulated breaks). Normals are formatted as technological maps, which reflect organizational - specifications fulfillment of the norms.
Designing labor cost standards for operational work(main and auxiliary) consists in determining the reasonable values for the elements of work based on the data of normative observations. General costs of labor throughout the work process are determined by bringing the costs of working time by elements to the labor costs for the main meter and summing up the reduced costs.
Bringing the cost of working time to the main meter of the process under study is called synthesis of norms and this conversion is carried out using conversion factor.
The conversion factor is a number that indicates how many units of production in the element meter are contained in a unit of production, expressed in the main meter of the entire process.
Oe - the volume of production of the element.
Op - the volume of production of the process.
The normative value of operational work costs is determined by summing labor costs for each element t i , multiplied by the corresponding conversion factor.
Labor costs for preparatory and final work are designed mainly on the basis of established standards in% of the total working time spent.
If PZR have a significant specific gravity(> 7%), their value is determined from observational data and then converted to%.
Designing the norms of time spent on technological breaks.
The value of these costs is determined mainly according to the data of normative observations and then their share in % is determined.
When including the necessary technological breaks in the projected norm, it should be borne in mind that during these breaks the workers partially rest, so the surplus time for rest can be reduced by half the value of the technological breaks included in the norm.
The amount of expenses for short-term rest and personal needs of workers is taken according to the standards.
| Type of work | Norm for Kotdyh % |
| 1. Machinists 2. Structural assemblers 3. Bricklayers | 8 – 10 % 10 – 12 % 10 – 12 % |
The full value of the cost rate is calculated by the formula.
NOT solves 3 main tasks: economic, psychophysical, social. Solution economic task involves the introduction of NOT contributes to the most complete execution of material and technical resources, and ensures an increase in the efficiency of human labor. Ultimately, NOT is aimed at increasing labor productivity. Psychophysiology: creations of the most favorable conditions maintaining human health and performance. Social - education in the process of labor of a creative active worker.
1-development and implementation of rational forms, division and cooperation of labor (this direction provides for the improvement of the technical and professional qualification development of labor, taking into account the current level of technological development, the cultural and technical level of work, as well as the introduction of rational forms of labor organization, combining professions, etc.).
2-Improving the organization of the selection of training and advanced training of personnel (vocational guidance, professional selection and adaptation of employees at the enterprise. Providing training in accordance with the needs of the enterprise, completing the form and methods of training).
3- Improving the organization and maintenance of work places. It seems to be a rational layout of the work places providing them with the necessary equipment.
4- Improvement of labor rationing, introduction of labor standards.
5- Improving wages and incentives, development and implementation of progressive wage systems, bonuses and forms of moral encouragement.
6- Improvement of working conditions. Mechanization of heavy handmade elimination of industrial hazards, loads. The use of rational modes of work and rest.
7-Strengthening labor discipline and educating a creatively active worker in the labor process.
Designing labor costs for manual and mechanized processes
General concept for the design of labor standards:
1- the basis for the development of labor standards is the general qualification of the elements of the cost of working time, while the labor norm includes only normalized, standard costs of working time for the work done, technological breaks and rest, personal needs.
2- The main source for draft labor standards is regulatory observations.
The 3-end result of the design is the draft of a separate production standard for the workflow, which is drawn up in the form of a paragraph new norm or as an addition to the paragraph of the current norm, all calculations and justifications are explained in the form explanatory note which consists of an introductory part and a number of sections corresponding to the sequence of development stages of the norms.
In the introductory part:
Characteristics of the enterprise where the study is being conducted - the purpose of the study, the date of its conduct
Methods and accuracy of accounting, time spent, the number of necessary observations and their total duration.
The main measure of this process is a brief description of process under study
Nomenclature of its elements.
Description of the factors of influence with the necessary diagrams, drawings, sketches.
Design Norm:
Calculations of indicators environments by elements of operational work.
Transfer factor to the main measurement process.
The synthesis of labor costs by elements of operational work is carried out, the rationale for all other elements of standard costs and the numerically qualified staff of the contractor. Conclusion The results of testing the new norm in production conditions are given.
Designing elements of standard costs. The development of NT is carried out on the basis of the scheme
Labor costs for the implementation of elements of operational work can be determined on the basis of two methods, analytical studies and analytical calculations
Synthesis of labor costs of operational work is labor costs for the elements of operational work for the workflow.
The design of norms (time and labor costs) is carried out by calculation and research or calculation and analytical methods.
The first method is used in the design of standards based on regulatory observations, and the second - on the basis of the technical data of machines, materials technical documentation etc.
When designing by the calculation and research method, the data of field observations during the performance of individual elements are determined as average values for all measurements taken, the materials of which are preliminarily processed and analyzed. Further design of the norms of time and labor costs is carried out in five stages.
1. refinement and improvement of the previously designed normal;
2. determination of the costs for the main and auxiliary work;
3. designing costs for preparatory and final work;
4. calculation of costs for regulated breaks;
5. designing the total cost of labor or time.
Designing costs for the main and auxiliary work of the construction and installation process begins with determining the amount of costs for each element of the workflow and the amount of production per element meter in 60 minutes. Then the average amount of production in the element meters per 1 man-hour is calculated, after which the transition coefficients from the element meters to the product meter of the work process as a whole are established. Finally, summing the costs of each element, multiplied by the appropriate conversion factor, yields normative value costs for the main and auxiliary works.
The design of costs for preparatory and final work on completely new construction and installation processes is carried out based on the results of observations in the same way as the design of costs for the main and auxiliary work. However, in the vast majority of cases, the cost standard for preparatory and final work is determined by the standards or by analogy with the standards for work that is similar in content and execution.
The design of time spent on technological breaks, rest and personal needs has its own characteristics. Technological breaks appear during the work of several members of the link and are the result of technological inconsistency of construction and installation processes, which manifests itself in the content of the processes, and not because of their unsatisfactory organization. There are no technological breaks in individual processes.
The duration of technological breaks is determined according to the results of observations as an arithmetic mean value for the main indicator of the process
Technological breaks in many cases are the rest time of workers. Therefore, in the practice of technical regulation, a provision is widespread on the possibility of taking into account 50% of the time of technological breaks for rest, provided that at least 5% of the total cost of the process is spent on rest.
Time for rest is determined depending on the category of severity of work based on tabular standards.
Breaks for personal needs of workers are due to the physiological characteristics of the human body and slightly depend on the severity of the work performed, as a result of which they are taken in the amount of 5% of the main time costs.
When designing a full norm, the costs of the main, auxiliary and preparatory and final work, technological breaks and the costs of personal needs of workers and rest are added up.
Production testing and approval of standards - the final work on the development of standards. They also include the design of materials, which consists in the presentation of draft norms. The latter should contain: the name of the norm, its number and product meter; composition and instructions for the production of work; composition of employees (profession, quantity, qualifications) and requirements for the quality of work; notes to the norm.
The presented draft norms require production testing, which should be under the constant control of the leaders of the construction organization, and its progress should be carefully analyzed. The testing includes familiarization of the line engineering and technical personnel and workers with the conditions that ensure compliance with the standards. In addition, preliminary training of workers in advanced techniques and methods of work is carried out in accordance with the normal process with the organization of their demonstrations at the workplace. The beginning of the testing of the norms is determined by a separate order indicating the objects, teams and conditions for economic incentives, especially in the initial period of testing and implementation.
If during the testing process it turns out that some of the workers do not comply with the new norms, then a photograph of the working day is taken, on its basis, measures are developed to comply with the norms. In some cases, it may be necessary to adjust the norms, and after that the testing continues.
After testing and mastering the norms, the workers issue an order to approve the norms and their use in the construction and installation work.
Tariff rationing
Salary is the monetary value of the part public product, coming into the personal use of workers, and a powerful lever of influence on workers.
For development construction industry both state incentives and labor incentives carried out by a construction organization are used.
The main task of tariff regulation is the correct, scientifically based organization wages, which consists in the assessment and payment various kinds labor depending on the conditions of its implementation, quantitative and qualitative indicators.
The tariff scale
tariff rates,
tariff-qualification guide
· Various correction factors (regional, professional, etc.).
The pay scale is a scale that establishes a certain number of categories and the corresponding number of tariff coefficients, which show how many times the wages for a higher category are higher than those for the first category. The tariff scale provides an opportunity to pay differentially for the work of employees.
For employees of the public sector, for the remuneration of workers and specialists of construction organizations, the government has established an 18-digit grid, shown below.
Construction workers are charged according to this grid from the 1st to the 8th category.
The category of wages (tariff category) determines the degree of qualification of the employee, and the tariff coefficient shows the ratio between the official salaries of this and the first categories. For example: official salary of the 10th category employee is 2.047 times more than the salary of the 1st category employee.
Some construction organizations use a six-digit grid with their own tariff coefficients. This is contrary to current legislation.
Tariff rates are accepted in monetary form the amount of wages per unit of working time, taking into account the qualifications of the employee, the complexity of the work and the peculiarities of its implementation. Rates can be hourly, daily and monthly (salaries) and express the absolute amount of wages in monetary terms. The tariff rate of the 1st category is the lowest. By multiplying it by the tariff coefficient of any other category, the rates of all other categories are determined.
In construction and in repair and construction organizations, the determination of wages is carried out on the basis of time standards expressed in man-hours, and hourly tariff rates are the same for piecework and time workers. On the basis of tariff rates, piece rates are determined per unit of measure of work in physical terms (m 3, pieces, etc.). These rates are calculated by multiplying tariff rate to the norm of time.
Rates are individual and collective (the average tariff rate of a link, brigades, etc.).
The average tariff rate is defined as the quotient of the sum of the tariff rates of the members of the link (team) by their number.
The minimum monthly wage rate (salary) for an employee of the first category is set by the government and is periodically reviewed depending on the current economic situation. Thus, the minimum wage determined tariff category or salary, guaranteed by the state to every worker working on the terms of employment. In state organizations and enterprises, workers earn additional payments and bonuses themselves, for example, by combining positions or subject to the development of additional volumes of construction and installation work. In organizations of all forms of ownership minimum size wages can be increased and differentiated depending on the complexity and intensity of labor in the presence of funds from enterprises and organizations. Many joint-stock and private construction organizations introduced the rate of the 1st category, significantly higher than that established by the government.
Topic: The system of norms and standards in construction.
Plan:
3. Basic production standards, their characteristics and relationship.
4. Work time workers.
1. The concept of labor organization and NOT.
Labour Organization- it's a cast labor activity people in certain system.
NOT – scientific organization labor is bringing the labor activity of people into a certain system with a scientific approach.
Organization of labor within labor collective represents organized system of use living labor, which provides the functioning of the labor force in order to achieve the beneficial effect of labor activity.
Any work, regardless of its social form, requires a certain organization within each association of workers.
This organization offers selection and professional training, development of methods, with the help of which one or another type of work can be performed:
A) separation and cooperation of labor in the team;
b) arrangement employees in accordance with the nature of the tasks facing them;
V) organization of jobs for the performance by each employee of the functions assigned to him;
G) creation of working conditions providing the opportunity to work, setting employees certain measure of labor using rationing, which allows you to achieve the necessary quantitative proportions between different types labor in accordance with the nature and volume of work, organization of remuneration, establishment of discipline labor providing necessary order, consistency in work.
The task of organizing labor is to rationally use, on the one hand, living labor, and, on the other hand, tools and objects of labor.
The main provisions on the organization of labor are regulated by SNIP 03.01.01-85 * “Organization of construction production”.
1. The organization of labor of workers should ensure the growth of labor productivity, the high quality of construction and installation work performed and safe working conditions.
2. The organization of labor should be based on rational forms of division of labor and cooperation of labor, differentiation of labor processes, application of advanced methods and techniques of labor.
3. The main form of organization of work of workers should be a brigade form with a breakdown of the brigade, if necessary, into specialized units of workers.
4. The organization of labor of workers should ensure:
Application of high-performance methods and methods of labor in accordance with the PPR, technological maps and maps of labor processes;
Timely provision of a scope of work for each brigade with uninterrupted provision of jobs with material and technical resources and necessary quantity technical means equipment;
Expanding the use of team contracting;
Labor protection of workers should ensure the implementation of measures for the individual and collective protection of workers;
Sanitary and living conditions must comply with applicable standards and the nature of the work;
Workers must be created the necessary conditions work, food and rest.
2. Basic concepts of labor standards.
2.1. Types of production standards in construction
The system of production standards in construction is made up of unified, departmental, local and standard standards.
Uniform rates and prices(ENiR) are developed for construction, installation and repair and construction work performed at all construction sites in the country using the same (or similar) technology in the same (or similar) working and production conditions. For special construction, installation and repair and construction works not covered by the ENiR collections, performed at the construction sites of individual ministries and departments, departmental norms and prices (VNiR).
For certain construction, installation and repair and construction works not covered by the ENiR and VNiR, as well as for work performed using more advanced technology than provided for by the relevant collection of ENiR or VNiR, local norms and prices (MNIR).
Typical norms and prices (TNiR) are developed for new construction, installation and repair and construction works that are not included in the existing assemblers of the ENiR and VNiR, performed according to standard technology and under standard conditions.
Table
Types of norms and standards developed in construction
|
Name of norms and standards |
Dimension and designation |
|
|
Norm of time |
Hours per unit of finished (final) product |
|
|
Labor cost rate |
Man-hours per unit of finished (final) product |
|
|
Production rate |
In physical units per worker (link, brigade) per hour or shift (m / h, m / cm, etc.) |
|
|
The norm of the time of use of construction machines |
Machine-hours, per unit of finished (final) product |
|
|
Norm of productivity of construction machines |
In physical units per machine (set of machines) per hour or shift |
2.2. Designing labor cost standards for workers
The design of a technically justified norm begins with the preparation of a process normal and the calculation of various elements of the normalized time costs: for operational work; for preparatory and final work; for scheduled work breaks; for the full value of labor costs; for the design of the composition of the link. The design of the construction process normal consists in the selection of the optimal values of the influencing factors. Normals are drawn up in the form of flow charts, which reflect the organizational and technical conditions necessary to fulfill or exceed the norms.
Designing labor cost standards for operational work (main and auxiliary) consists in determining the reasonable values of the costs for the elements of the main and auxiliary work on the basis of normative observation data in accordance with the established normal of the construction process. The rate of labor costs for preparatory and final work (PZR) is designed, as a rule, on the basis of established standards as a percentage of the total working time spent (shift or task).
The design of the norms of time spent on technological breaks (regulated breaks) consists in determining absolute values costs for technological breaks in work, rest and personal needs of workers. The value of the standard time spent on technological breaks associated with the features of the normalized construction process is usually established as a result of the analysis of standard observations of a properly organized process.
Designing norms for spending time on rest and personal needs is an accounting of surplus time for the natural need for rest. The amount of expenses for rest and personal needs of workers is taken according to the standards that are established as a result of regulatory observations, or according to tables of standards. Standards for rest and personal needs are given as a percentage of the norm of labor costs or the norm of time, depending on the profession of workers and the type of work.
Design full size labor costs . The full value of the labor cost rate includes the following costs: the sum of costs for the elements of operational work, for preparatory and final work, for technological breaks and the cost of rest and personal needs, obtained as a result of processing and analyzing normative observations.
The full value of the labor cost rate (Nzt) is calculated by the formula:
NZT = Nor* 100
* 60
where Nor - labor costs for operational work, calculated for the main meter of the process, man-min; Npzr - standard for PZR, percentage of labor costs; But - the design value of rest, the percentage of labor costs; Ntp - design value of technological breaks, percentage of labor costs; 60 - conversion factor of 1 man-min to 1 man-hour.
Designing the composition of workers provides for the definition of professions, categories and the number of those workers who must perform building process. When rationing individual work processes performed by one worker, his profession and category are set in accordance with the characteristics of the work given in the current unified tariff and qualification reference book (ETKS). When normalizing processes consisting of work operations, the implementation of which requires different qualifications, and sometimes various professions workers, design the composition of the link indicating the number of workers in each profession and their categories.
3. Basic production standards, their characteristics and relationship.
The norm of time Hvr is the amount of time required for the worker to perform the relevant profession and qualification of a unit of good-quality products in normal organizational and technical conditions. Hvr workers and NCT on the respective processes are interconnected:
Hvr = NRT, Nzt = Hvr * nzv.
For one working Hvr corresponds to NST.
Example: it takes 0.75 hours to install one panel with a link of 4 people. The rate of labor costs will be: Nzt = Hvr * nv = 0.75 * 4 = 3 (man-hours).
Labor cost rate (NZT) - established labor intensity or amount of labor expended people - h
(unit of production)
a worker of the corresponding profession and qualification to perform a unit of high-quality products in normal organizational and technical conditions.
Production rate (Nvyr) - the amount of high-quality products that a worker of the corresponding profession and qualifications must produce under normal organizational and technical conditions per unit of time (hour, day, shift).
Distinguish between the rate of output of one worker and the rate of output of a brigade or link. All rules are interconnected.
For one worker Nvyr =tcm.
From the formula, you can determine:
Hvr * Hvr = tcm, Hvr = tcm
Nvyr.
For a link (brigades) Nvyr = tcm *nsv
NRT
Where Nvyr- the rate of production of one worker; tcm- duration of the shift in hours.
Example: determine the rate of production Nvyr for a bricklayer per shift on the laying of external walls made of bricks with jointing at Nzt \u003d 3.7 man-h / m3, t \u003d 8 h.
Nvyr = tcm *nsv, Nvr in cm = 8 * 1 = 2.16 (m3/cm),
NZT 3.7
Nvyr in h = 1 * 1 = 0.27 (m3/h).
Based on the connection between NRT And Nvyr you can derive a formula for determining the increase Nvyr (Y1) as a percentage with a decrease NZT (X1) in percentages.
Y1 = 100X1
100-X1,
Example: determine the increase in Hvyr as a percentage with a decrease NRT on 10%. Solution: Y1 = 100 * 10 = 11%.
Determination of the percentage of decrease in Nvyr with an increase in NZT
Y2= 100X2
100+x2
Where x2- the percentage increase in the rate of labor costs; Y2- percentage of reduction in the production rate:
X1 = (Kf - 100), if Kf>100,
X2 \u003d 100 - Kf, if Kf<100 .
The actual level of compliance with the norms (Kf) of production defined:
Kf = NRT 100%
Where NRT And fzt- normative and actual labor costs.
4. Working hours of workers.
4.1. The concept of working time workers
In accordance with Art. 91 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation working hours - the time during which the employee, in accordance with the rules of the organization's labor schedule and the terms of the employment contract, must perform labor duties. Normal working hours may not exceed 40 hours per week. The lunch break is not included in working hours.
4.2. Classification of working hours of workers
Classification of working hours of workers (RVR) is carried out for various purposes. In order to study and study the cost of working time in the economy, a classification has been adopted. The following classification is used.
Scheme for classifying the elements of the cost of working time in order to establish standards
To identify PBP losses, a classification is used:
Classification of working hours to identify losses
5. Norms of observations and their processing.
5.1. The concept and types of normative observations
Regulatory supervision is a one-time (at least half a shift) study of the construction and installation process.
As a result of normative observations, indicators of labor costs per unit of output are obtained, accompanied by a description of the production conditions related to the corresponding indicators. Several types of normative observations are used. Photo accounting- type of normative observations used for continuous measurements (in current time) of all types of time spent in the implementation of construction installation processes.Timing- the type of observation used for continuous or selective measurements of time spent in the study of short-term or cyclic processes. Timing is a study of the duration of the repeating elements of the main work of workers and machines.
Technical accounting- visual observation of the enlarged nomenclature of elements (with the division of all costs into two groups - standardized and non-standardized costs) is characterized by a group recording of time and labor with a time recording accuracy of 5 - 10 minutes Filming- a type of normative observation used to design norms and elemental standards for labor costs and to identify its advanced methods in the most massive jobs, especially with a short duration of operations. Oscillography finds application in the study of the influence of the labor process on the human body, the state of working conditions, the degree of loading of the working bodies of machines.Instant Observations- are used to study the degree of use of the shift fund of working time. They make it possible to simultaneously cover a large number of objects under investigation and in a short time to obtain reliable data on the degree of loading of machines and workers in time.
5.2. Technical means for carrying out normative observations and analyzes of their resultsFor the effective and high-quality conduct of normative research, it is of great importance to provide the research group with the necessary instruments and various technical means, which, depending on their purpose, are divided into the following groups: 1) instruments and apparatus for measuring time spent in labor processes; 2) equipment for studying labor processes using cinema and photo tools; 3) instruments for studying the operation of machines, mechanisms and equipment; 4) instruments and apparatus for studying influence factors; 5) instruments for measuring the volume of completed products; 6) organizational and technical means.
5.3. Processing of the results of normative observations.
The primary processing of the results of normative observation of a non-cyclic process, performed by the method of mixed, graphic or digital photo accounting, consists of two stages:
1) preliminary calculations of labor costs or time and production for each element during the observation period as a whole (based on forms); 2) transferring measurements of labor or time costs, as well as measurements of products for all elements recorded during the observation process, to a special form “Non-cyclic processing” (ON) and counting the amount of products performed by process elements for 60 man-min. Checking the correctness of filling in the OH form is carried out as follows: “Total costs” for the last line of the form should be equal to the product of the number of observed works and the duration of the observation time. For example, if two workers were observed for 7 hours, then the cost is 840 man-min. Therefore, the form is filled out correctly. When processing observations of cyclic processes, as a result of sampling labor or time costs, normative series are obtained for each element or cycle. The number of values in the series corresponds to the number of completed cycles in the course of observations. The method for determining the weighted average is that when processing the normative series, the amount of work performed for each accepted observation is taken into account. The processing of the normative series contains the following steps: grouping the values obtained from observations according to the type of process; sampling for each element of the series of obtained values; analysis and basic cleaning of the series by excluding values that are not related to the investigated normal. The remaining values of the series fluctuate within certain limits. Checking the series for the equiprobability of values is carried out using mathematical methods of evaluation. For this you need: 1. Order the series, i.e. Arrange all values in the series in ascending order. 2. Calculate the scatter coefficient of the series. 3. Decide on the need to check the series. 4. Determine the mean of the observations over the cleaned series. With additional cleaning of the series from random deviating values, the scatter coefficient of the series Кр is determined by the formula:Kp \u003d amax / amin,
Where amax, - the maximum value of the series; amin, - the minimum value of the series.
If Cr < 1,3 , then the row should not be cleared. In this case, all values of the series are equally probable and are suitable for calculating the average value (duration) of this element of the workflow. Without further verification, the arithmetic mean of the series is calculated.
If 1,3< Кр < 2 - the series needs further verification for the possibility of the presence of random measurements in it. The verification is carried out by the limit value method.
If Kp > 2- the series needs further verification, for which the method of relative root mean square error (RSE) of the average value of the series is applied.
Checking the series using the limit value method. The essence of the method is to compare the most different values in the series under study with the valid ones and to decide whether it is possible to save the value being checked in the series. The determination of the permissible maximum and minimum values of the series is carried out according to the following formulas: ai - an anmax = + Klim (an-1 – a1), n - 1 ai-a1 a1min = - Klim (an - a2), n - 1Where ai- the sum of all values of the series; n- number of values in a row; An- highest value ordered row; a1- the smallest value of the ordered series; TOlim- coefficient depending on the number of values in the series, determined from the table.
Table
|
Number of values in a row (n-1) |
Number of values in a row (n-1) |
||
Eph \u003d nai2 - (ai) 2 / n - 1 * 100,
Eph \u003d 2 / n (n - 1) * 100,
Where 2 = (ai - aср)2- the sum of the squared deviations of each value of the series from its average value.
The value of the allowable root-mean-square error of the simple arithmetic mean of the series, depending on the number of cyclic elements in the composition of works production process determined by the table.
Table
If the error is more than acceptable, then one of the extreme values must be excluded from the series. To determine which one, it is calculated K1 And TOn:
ai-a1
ai-an
ai2-a1ai
anai-ai2
If K1<К n, then it is excluded first (least) ordered series value ( a1);
If K1>Kn, then it is excluded last (most) the value of the ordered series ( An).
After cleaning and completing the validation of the series, the average value of the remaining values of the series is calculated. For ease of calculation, you can use an auxiliary table.
Table
Lecture №21.doc
Lecture #21
Topic: The system of norms and standards in construction.Plan:
The concept of labor organization and NOT.
Basic concepts of labor standards.
Basic production standards, their characteristics and relationship.
Working hours of workers.
Observation standards and their processing.
1. The concept of labor organization and NOT.
Labour Organization- this is bringing the labor activity of people into a certain system.
NOT- the scientific organization of labor is bringing the labor activity of people into a certain system with a scientific approach.
The organization of labor within the labor collective is organized system of use living labor, which provides the functioning of the labor force in order to achieve the beneficial effect of labor activity.
Any work, regardless of its social form, requires a certain organization within each association of workers.
This organization offers selection and professional training, development of methods, with the help of which one or another type of work can be performed:
A) separation and cooperation of labor in the team;
b) arrangement employees in accordance with the nature of the tasks facing them;
V) organization of jobs for the performance by each employee of the functions assigned to him;
G) creation of working conditions providing the opportunity to work, setting employees certain measure of labor with the help of rationing, which makes it possible to achieve the necessary quantitative proportions between different types of labor in accordance with the nature and volume of work, organization of remuneration, establishment of discipline labor providing the necessary order, consistency in work.
^ The task of organizing labor is to rationally use, on the one hand, living labor, and, on the other hand, tools and objects of labor.
The main provisions on the organization of labor are regulated by SNIP 03.01.01-85 * “Organization of construction production”.
1. The organization of labor of workers should ensure the growth of labor productivity, the high quality of construction and installation work performed and safe working conditions.
2. The organization of labor should be based on rational forms of division of labor and cooperation of labor, differentiation of labor processes, application of advanced methods and techniques of labor.
3. The main form of organization of work of workers should be a brigade form with a breakdown of the brigade, if necessary, into specialized units of workers.
4. The organization of labor of workers should ensure:
Application of high-performance methods and methods of labor in accordance with the PPR, technological maps and maps of labor processes;
Timely provision of a scope of work for each brigade with uninterrupted provision of jobs with material and technical resources and the necessary amount of technical equipment;
Expanding the use of team contracting;
Labor protection of workers should ensure the implementation of measures for the individual and collective protection of workers;
Sanitary and living conditions must comply with applicable standards and the nature of the work;
Workers must be provided with the necessary conditions for work, food and rest.
^
2. Basic concepts of labor standards.
2.1. Types of production standards in construction
The system of production standards in construction is made up of unified, departmental, local and standard standards.
Uniform rates and prices(ENiR) are developed for construction, installation and repair and construction work performed at all construction sites in the country using the same (or similar) technology in the same (or similar) working and production conditions. For special construction, installation and repair and construction works not covered by the ENiR collections, performed at the construction sites of individual ministries and departments, departmental norms and prices (VNiR).
For certain construction, installation and repair and construction works not covered by the ENiR and VNiR, as well as for work performed using more advanced technology than provided for by the relevant collection of ENiR or VNiR, local norms and prices (MNIR).
Typical norms and prices (TNiR) are developed for new construction, installation and repair and construction works that are not included in the existing assemblers of the ENiR and VNiR, performed according to standard technology and under standard conditions.
Table
^
Types of norms and standards developed in construction
| Name of norms and standards | Symbol | Dimension and designation |
| Norm of time | Hvr | Hours per unit of finished (final) product |
| Labor cost rate | NRT | Man-hours per unit of finished (final) product |
| Production rate | Nvyr | In physical units per worker (link, brigade) per hour or shift (m / h, m / cm, etc.) |
| The norm of the time of use of construction machines | Machine-hours, per unit of finished (final) product |
|
| Norm of productivity of construction machines | e.g. | In physical units per machine (set of machines) per hour or shift |
^ 2.2. Designing labor cost standards for workers
The design of a technically justified norm begins with the preparation of a process normal and the calculation of various elements of the normalized time costs: for operational work; for preparatory and final work; for scheduled work breaks; for the full value of labor costs; for the design of the composition of the link. The design of the construction process normal consists in the selection of the optimal values of the influencing factors. Normals are drawn up in the form of flow charts, which reflect the organizational and technical conditions necessary to fulfill or exceed the norms.
Designing labor cost standards for operational work (main and auxiliary) consists in determining the reasonable values of the costs for the elements of the main and auxiliary work on the basis of normative observation data in accordance with the established normal of the construction process. The rate of labor costs for preparatory and final work (PZR) is designed, as a rule, on the basis of established standards as a percentage of the total working time spent (shift or task).
The design of the norms of time spent on technological breaks (regulated breaks) consists in determining the absolute values of the costs for technological breaks in work, rest and personal needs of workers. The value of the standard time spent on technological breaks associated with the features of the normalized construction process is usually established as a result of the analysis of standard observations of a properly organized process.
Designing norms for spending time on rest and personal needs is an accounting of surplus time for the natural need for rest. The amount of expenses for rest and personal needs of workers is taken according to the standards that are established as a result of regulatory observations, or according to tables of standards. Standards for rest and personal needs are given as a percentage of the norm of labor costs or the norm of time, depending on the profession of workers and the type of work.
Designing the full value of the labor cost rate . The full value of the labor cost rate includes the following costs: the sum of costs for the elements of operational work, for preparatory and final work, for technological breaks and the cost of rest and personal needs, obtained as a result of processing and analyzing normative observations.
The full value of the labor cost rate (Nzt) is calculated by the formula:
NZT =Nor* 100
* 60
where Nor -
labor costs for operational work, calculated for the main meter of the process, man-min; Npzr -
standard for PZR, percentage of labor costs; But -
the design value of rest, the percentage of labor costs; Ntp -
design value of technological breaks, percentage of labor costs; 60 - conversion factor of 1 man-min to 1 man-hour.
Designing the composition of workers provides for the definition of professions, categories and the number of those workers who must carry out the construction process. When rationing individual work processes performed by one worker, his profession and category are set in accordance with the characteristics of the work given in the current unified tariff and qualification reference book (ETKS). When normalizing processes consisting of work operations, the implementation of which requires different qualifications, and sometimes different professions of workers, design the composition of the link indicating the number of workers in each profession and their categories.
^
3. Basic production standards, their characteristics and relationship.
The norm of time Hvr is the amount of time required for the worker to perform the relevant profession and qualification of a unit of good-quality products in normal organizational and technical conditions. Hvr workers and NCT on the respective processes are interconnected:
Hvr =NRT , Nzt = Hvr * nzv.
nstar
For one working Hvr
corresponds to NST.
Example: it takes 0.75 hours to install one panel with a link of 4 people. The rate of labor costs will be: Nzt = Hvr * nv = 0.75 * 4 = 3 (man-hours).
^ Labor cost rate (NZT) - established labor intensity or amount of labor expended people - h
(unit of production)
A worker of the corresponding profession and qualification to perform a unit of high-quality products in normal organizational and technical conditions.
^ Production rate (Nvyr) - the amount of high-quality products that a worker of the corresponding profession and qualifications must produce under normal organizational and technical conditions per unit of time (hour, day, shift).
Distinguish between the rate of output of one worker and the rate of output of a brigade or link. All rules are interconnected.
For one worker Nvyr =t cm.
Hvr
From the formula, you can determine:
Hvr * Hvr = tcm, Hvr =t
cm
Nvyr.
For a link (brigades) Nvyr =t
cm *
n
sv
NRT
Where Nvyr- the rate of production of one worker; tcm- duration of the shift in hours.
Example: determine the rate of production Nvyr for a bricklayer per shift on the laying of external walls made of bricks with jointing at Nzt \u003d 3.7 man-h / m 3, t \u003d 8 h.
Nvyr =t cm * n sv, Nvr in cm =8 * 1 = 2.16 (m 3 /cm),
NZT 3.7
Nvyr in h =1 * 1 = 0.27 (m 3 /h).
3,7
Based on the relationship between NRT And Nvyr you can derive a formula for determining the increase Nvyr (Y 1
)
as a percentage with a decrease NZT (X 1
)
in percentages.
Y 1 = 100X 1
100-X 1,
Example: determine the increase in Hvyr as a percentage with a decrease NRT on 10%. Solution: Y 1
= 100 * 10
= 11%.
100 - 10
^
Determination of the percentage of decrease in Nvyr with an increase in NZT
Y 2 = 100X 2
100+X 2
Where X 2
- the percentage increase in the rate of labor costs; Y 2
- percentage of reduction in the production rate:
X 1 = (Kf - 100), if Kf>100,
X 2
= 100 - Kf, if Kf<100 .
The actual level of compliance with the norms (Kf) of production defined:
Kf =NRT 100%
Where NRT And fzt- normative and actual labor costs.
^
4. Working hours of workers.
4.1. The concept of working time workers
In accordance with Art. 91 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation working hours - the time during which the employee, in accordance with the rules of the organization's labor schedule and the terms of the employment contract, must perform labor duties. Normal working hours may not exceed 40 hours per week. The lunch break is not included in working hours.
^ 4.2. Classification of working hours of workers
Classification of working hours of workers (RVR) is carried out for various purposes. In order to study and study the cost of working time in the economy, a classification has been adopted. The following classification is used.
WITH 
scheme for classifying the elements of the cost of working time in order to establish standards
To identify PBP losses, a classification is used: 
^
Classification of working hours to identify losses
5. Norms of observations and their processing.
5.1. The concept and types of normative observations
^
Regulatory supervision is a one-time (at least half a shift) study of the construction and installation process.
As a result of normative observations, indicators of labor costs per unit of output are obtained, accompanied by a description of the production conditions related to the corresponding indicators. Several types of normative observations are used.
Photo accounting- type of normative observations used for continuous measurements (in current time) of all types of time spent in the implementation of construction installation processes.
Timing- the type of observation used for continuous or selective measurements of time spent in the study of short-term or cyclic processes. Timing is a study of the duration of the repeating elements of the main work of workers and machines.
Technical accounting- visual observation of the enlarged nomenclature of elements (with the division of all costs into two groups - standardized and non-standardized costs) is characterized by a group recording of time and labor with a time recording accuracy of 5 - 10 minutes
Filming- a type of normative observation used to design norms and elemental standards for labor costs and to identify its advanced methods in the most massive jobs, especially with a short duration of operations.
Oscillography finds application in the study of the influence of the labor process on the human body, the state of working conditions, the degree of loading of the working bodies of machines.
^ Instant Observations - are used to study the degree of use of the shift fund of working time. They make it possible to simultaneously cover a large number of objects under investigation and in a short time to obtain reliable data on the degree of loading of machines and workers in time.
^ 5.2. Technical means for carrying out normative observations and analyzes of their results
For the effective and high-quality conduct of normative research, it is of great importance to provide the research group with the necessary instruments and various technical means, which, depending on their purpose, are divided into the following groups: 1) instruments and apparatus for measuring time spent in labor processes; 2) equipment for studying labor processes using cinema and photo tools; 3) instruments for studying the operation of machines, mechanisms and equipment; 4) instruments and apparatus for studying influence factors; 5) instruments for measuring the volume of completed products; 6) organizational and technical means.
^
5.3. Processing of the results of normative observations.
The primary processing of the results of normative observation of a non-cyclic process, performed by the method of mixed, graphic or digital photo accounting, consists of two stages:
^ 1) preliminary calculations of labor costs or time and production for each element during the observation period as a whole (based on forms);2) transferring measurements of labor or time costs, as well as measurements of products for all elements recorded during the observation process, to a special form “Non-cyclic processing” (ON) and counting the amount of products performed by process elements for 60 man-min.
Checking the correctness of filling in the OH form is carried out as follows: “Total costs” for the last line of the form should be equal to the product of the number of observed works and the duration of the observation time. For example, if two workers were observed for 7 hours, then the cost is 840 man-min. Therefore, the form is filled out correctly.
When processing observations of cyclic processes, as a result of sampling labor or time costs, normative series are obtained for each element or cycle. The number of values in the series corresponds to the number of completed cycles in the course of observations.
The method for determining the weighted average is that when processing the normative series, the amount of work performed for each accepted observation is taken into account.
The processing of the normative series contains the following steps: grouping the values obtained from observations according to the type of process; sampling for each element of the series of obtained values; analysis and basic cleaning of the series by excluding values that are not related to the investigated normal. The remaining values of the series fluctuate within certain limits. Checking the series for the equiprobability of values is carried out using mathematical methods of evaluation. For this you need:
1. Order the series, i.e. Arrange all values in the series in ascending order.
3. Decide on the need to check the series.
4. Determine the mean of the observations over the cleaned series.
With additional cleaning of the series from random deviating values, the scatter coefficient of the series Кр is determined by the formula:
TO R = a max /a min ,
Where a max, - the maximum value of the series; a min, - the minimum value of the series.
If TO R < 1,3 , then the row should not be cleared. In this case, all values of the series are equally probable and are suitable for calculating the average value (duration) of this element of the workflow. Without further verification, the arithmetic mean of the series is calculated.
If 1,3< К R < 2 - the series needs further verification for the possibility of the presence of random measurements in it. The verification is carried out by the limit value method.
If TO R > 2 - the series needs further verification, for which the method of relative root mean square error (RSE) of the average value of the series is applied.
^ Checking the series using the limit value method. The essence of the method is to compare the most different values in the series under study with the valid ones and to decide whether it is possible to save the value being checked in the series.
The determination of the permissible maximum and minimum values of the series is carried out according to the following formulas:
a i -a n
an max = + K lim (a n-1 – a 1 ),
a i – a 1
a1 min = - K lim (a n – a 2 ),
n - 1
Where a i- the sum of all values of the series; n- number of values in a row; A n- the largest value of the ordered series; a 1
- the smallest value of the ordered series; TO lim- coefficient depending on the number of values in the series, determined from the table.
Table
Relative Root Mean Square Error (RMS) Series Verification consists in determining the value of the actual relative mean square error of the series and comparing it with the allowable error value. This method is used to evaluate the normative series for TO R > 2.
Actual relative mean square error E f of the tested series is determined by the formulas:
1E f = 
na i 2
- (a i )
2
/ n - 1 * 100,
a i
or
E f =
2
/ n(n - 1) * 100,
a Wed
Where 2 = (a i -a Wed ) 2 - the sum of the squared deviations of each value of the series from its average value.
The value of the allowable root-mean-square error of the simple arithmetic mean of the series, depending on the number of cyclic elements in the work of the production process, is determined from the table.
Table
^ If the error is more than acceptable , then one of the extreme values must be excluded from the series. To determine which one, it is calculated TO 1 And TO n :a i – a 1
K1 = ,
a i – a n
a i 2 – a 1 a i
Kn = ,
a n a i – a i 2
If TO 1 <К n, then it is excluded first (least) ordered series value ( A 1 );
If TO 1 >K n, then it is excluded last (most) the value of the ordered series ( A n).
After cleaning and completing the validation of the series, the average value of the remaining values of the series is calculated.
For ease of calculation, you can use an auxiliary table.
Table
| № | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | … | … | 10 | n-1 | n | |
| a i | a 1 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | a i |
| a i 2 | a 1 2 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | a i 2 |
Example: Check the next row: 18, 23, 27, 16, 23, 13, 25, 22, 32, 21 with seven cyclic elements of the scope of work E add \u003d 10%, K p \u003d 32/13 \u003d 2.46.
Further calculation is given in the table.
Table
| P | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Sum- | Designation Chenia |
| a i A i 2 | 13 | 16 | 18 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 25 | 27 | 32 | 220 | a 1
|
a 1 2 E f = 
=
8% .
Since 8%< 10 %, то ряд очистки не требует.
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