Designing the total amount of time spent. Designing labor costs for manual and mechanized processes
Classification of working time costs - this is a combination of working time costs into related groups that have common features in order to study the structure and develop an optimal balance of working time costs, identify irrational costs of working time, and determine a possible increase in labor productivity. For the analysis and rationalization of the labor process, the development of labor costs, it is necessary to carefully study the costs of the contractor's working time and the time of using equipment.
Work time is one of the most important resources of the enterprise. The meaning of working time cost classification is as follows:
Establishment of the cost of working time, which is necessary to perform a given work and should be regulated;
Effective use working hours of the equipment and the performer.
Purposes of classification of working hours are as follows:
Studying the state of labor organization and the use of working time;
The most complete identification of time losses and their causes;
Establishing the degree of necessity and expediency of individual time costs when performing a given work, comparing actual time costs with standard values;
Study and analysis of the time of use of equipment in relation to the working time of the employee;
Designing a rational balance of working time;
Determining the time spent on the performance of a given work and its individual elements;
Comparison of the results of observations carried out both to establish technically justified norms of output and time, and to identify reserves for increasing labor productivity.
Time costs are classified based on the relationship to the elements production process: subject of labor, worker and equipment.
Work time- this is the period of time established by law during which the employee performs the stipulated job responsibilities functions. The working time for the performer of work is divided into the time of work during which the worker performs this or that work provided or not provided for by the production task, and the time of breaks during which the worker does not work. The structure of the classification of the costs of the contractor's working time, shown in the figure, contains the division of time costs into categories and types. This classification is used to establish the correct proportions and absolute sizes. constituent elements standardized time.
Working hours for the implementation production order consists of the following types of labor costs:
1. Preparatory and closing time (T pz) is the time spent by the worker to prepare for the performance of the given work, and the actions associated with its completion. This includes the time: obtaining a production assignment, tools, fixtures and technological documentation; familiarization with the work, technological documentation, drawing; receiving instruction on the procedure for carrying out work; adjusting the equipment for the appropriate mode of operation; trial processing of the part on the machine; removal of fixtures, tools, delivery finished products, technological documentation and drawings.
2. operational time (T op) is the time spent directly on the performance of a given work (operation), repeated with each unit or a certain volume of products or work. It is divided into main and auxiliary time.
2.1. regular time (T o) is the time spent by the worker on actions to qualitatively and quantitatively change the object of labor, its state and position in space.
2.2. Auxiliary time (T in) - this is the time spent by the worker on the actions that ensure the performance of the main work. It is repeated either with each processed unit of production, or with a certain volume of it. Auxiliary time includes: to load equipment with raw materials and semi-finished products; unloading and eating finished products; installation and fixing of parts; detachment and removal of the part; movement of individual mechanisms of equipment; rearrangement of the working tool, etc.
3. Workplace service time (T obs) is the time spent by the worker
to take care of the workplace and maintain it in a condition that ensures productive work during the shift. In machine and automated production processes, it is divided into the time of technical and organizational maintenance.
3.1. Time Maintenance (T tech) - this is the time spent on the care of the workplace, equipment and tools necessary for a specific task. It includes the time spent on sharpening and replacing worn tools, adjusting and adjusting equipment during operation, cleaning up production waste, etc.
3.2. Organizational service time (T org) is the time spent on maintaining the workplace in the required condition during the shift. It does not depend on the characteristics of a particular operation and includes the time spent: on eating and handing over a shift; layout at the beginning and cleaning at the end of the change of tools, documentation and other materials and items necessary for work; movement within the workplace of containers with blanks or finished goods; inspection, testing, cleaning, washing, lubricating equipment, etc.
4. In mechanized and automated production significant specific gravity in operational time takes time spent by a worker observing the operation of equipment . It can be active and passive.
4.1. Time of active monitoring of equipment operation (T a.n) - this is the time during which the worker closely monitors the operation of the equipment, the progress of the technological process, compliance with the specified parameters in order to ensure required quality products and equipment performance. During this period, the worker does not perform physical work, but his presence at the workplace is necessary.
4.2. Time of passive monitoring of equipment operation (T p.n.) - this is the time during which there is no need for constant monitoring of the operation of the equipment or technological process, but the worker does it for lack of other work. This period should be the subject of particularly careful study, since its reduction or use to perform another necessary work is a significant reserve for increasing labor productivity.
5. When analyzing the cost of working time for equipment maintenance and calculating time standards, allocate overlapped And non-overlapping time .
5.1. Overlap time - this is the time for the worker to perform labor methods during the period of automatic operation of the equipment. Overlapping can be the main (active observation) and auxiliary time, as well as time related to other types of work time costs.
5.2. non-overlapping time - this is the time for performing auxiliary work and maintenance work at workplaces with the equipment stopped.
6. Working time also includes hours of work not provided for by the production task (T n.z) - the time spent by the employee on the performance of casual and non-productive work. It is not included in the time limit.
6.1.Chart run time (T s.r.) - this is the time spent on the performance of work not provided for by the production task, but caused by the production need (for example, transportation of finished products, performed instead of an auxiliary worker).
6.2. Unproductive work time (T n.r.) - this is the time spent on the performance of work not provided for by the production task and not caused by production necessity (correction of production defects).
Break times in work it is subdivided into the time of regulated and unregulated breaks.
Scheduled break times includes the time of breaks due to the technology and organization of the production process (T p.t), for example, a break in the work of the crane operator while the workers are slinging the load being lifted. This category also includes time for rest and personal needs (T otd).
Time of unscheduled work breaks- this is the time of interruptions caused by a violation of the normal course of the production process. It includes the time of interruptions caused by shortcomings in the organization of production (T p.n.n.): untimely filing for workplace materials, raw materials, equipment malfunction, power outages, etc., and the time of interruptions in work caused by violations labor discipline(T p.n.d): being late for work, absenteeism from the workplace, leaving work early, etc.
20. Classification of the elements of the time spent using machines.
is the time during which the equipment is in operation, divided by the time it is in operation and the time it is not in operation. The classification structure of the equipment use time is shown in the figure.
Equipment operating time- this is the time during which the equipment is in operation, regardless of whether the main work is performed on it or not.
The components of this time are:
- equipment uptime- the time when the equipment is in operation and the main work for which it is intended is performed;
Time to complete work not provided for by the production task, includes time unproductive operation of equipment(fixing a marriage) char work associated with the manufacture of products that are not due to the task, caused by production needs, and idle work when the equipment is in operation, but the main work is not performed.
Equipment break time- this is the time during which the equipment is inactive for one reason or another. It is divided by time:
- scheduled downtime, related to the performance of preparatory and final works and maintenance of equipment, with the implementation self made requiring a stop of the machine, which is provided for by the technology and organization of production or is associated with the rest and personal needs of the employee;
- unscheduled breaks related to organizational and technical reasons (untimely supply of raw materials, materials and energy), unscheduled repairs of equipment due to a malfunction, violation of labor discipline by workers (lateness, absences in the process of work, premature completion of work).
Equipment use time can be divided into the following types:
- normalized time, which includes the time of productive work; idle work; downtime in connection with the performance of preparatory and final work, downtime in connection with the performance of manual work requiring the machine to be stopped; downtime due to technology and organization of production; downtime associated with rest and personal needs of the employee;
- irregular time, which includes unproductive and random operation of equipment; downtime associated with violation of labor discipline.
(main and auxiliary) frequently repeated elements of operations. Time measurements are carried out with an accuracy of 1 s. The main purpose of timing is the study of the time spent on the performance of individual methods of manual and machine-manual work in order to develop time standards for designing a norm of operational time for the operation as a whole. Time for preparatory and final, random and unproductive work, as well as downtime, is not studied by timing. Timing is usually used to check the norms of time, established by calculation, to find out the reasons for non-compliance with the norms by individual workers or shifts, as well as to study the working methods of leaders and innovators in production with a view to disseminating them.
When timing, monitoring is carried out of the use of working time to perform only the main and auxiliary work (i.e., operational time). In this case, the workflow is divided into work operations, and work operations - into labor practices. With the help of timekeeping, only such work operations are studied, all elements of which are constantly repeated in a certain sequence. Timing provides the initial data for designing operational time standards for work operations and for calculating standards for manual and machine-manual work elements. It also makes it possible to check and clarify the norms of time established by calculations, to study advanced methods and techniques of labor.
The design of standards for mechanized processes consists of studying the degree of use of machines, establishing their estimated productivity and determining the number and qualifications of workers servicing these machines. When studying the cost of machine time, a balance is drawn up to determine the utilization rate of machines during a working day (shift).
A rational cutting mode is understood as a technically and economically feasible combination of depth of cut, feed and cutting speed, at which, for given organizational and technical conditions, the lowest cost of machining a part is achieved. Therefore, the design of norms for turning work is not a simple calculation of machine time according to predetermined parameters (machining allowance, depth of cut, feed), but first of all, the choice of such parameters under which not only the shortest machine time is obtained, but also the shortest duration of the entire operation .
The choice of the scheme for constructing and designing norms. Based on the processing and generalization of the results of normative observations, the norms of the labor costs of workers or the time of using machines are designed. At the same time, they proceed from the previously considered principles and take into account the methodological provisions for technical regulation.
The value of Co - the labor cost of one product during the designing of the machine can be easily represented as E0 T0, where E0 is the amount of socially necessary (live and materialized) labor spent per unit of time (for example, 1 hour) on the production of products at the time of designing the machine, T0 - the technical norm of productivity under these conditions, which is characterized by the quantity of products, for example, in pieces, tons, meters, etc., manufactured in the same unit of time.
In practice, two methods of normalization are used: analytical and summary. The first is the main method of establishing labor standards, it involves the division of the labor process into separate elements (techniques, their complexes, actions and movements), the study, analysis, design of the content, sequence of execution and duration of individual elements, calculation of labor standards based on reasonable standards, development and description of organizational and technical measures and natural conditions that ensure the introduction and development of labor standards, the designed modes of operation of machines and methods of work. If, with total rationing, the method of performing work is determined by the performer himself, then with analytical, methods of execution and means of production are predetermined, that is, it is determined how and by what the work should be carried out. With the analytical method of labor rationing, both the costs of working time necessary to perform a certain amount of work or the production (manufacturing) of products, and the technical indicators of the use of machines (equipment) are substantiated. Hence the third name arose - technical regulation. Labor standards established on the basis of analytical method(element by element) are called technically sound.
The data of chronometric observations are also used as initial data for designing time standards for manual and machine-manual work, as well as for developing time standards (production), checking and clarifying time standards established by standards.
Timing is understood as a kind of studying the cost of working time by observing individual elements of an operation that are repeatedly repeated. Timing is used to determine the normal duration of repetitive manual, manual mechanized and machine-manual elements of the operation (complexes of techniques, techniques, actions and movements) to identify and study advanced methods and techniques for design best structure and the sequence of execution of the elements of the operation and the transfer of these methods of work to a wide range of workers developing time standards, i.e. the calculated values of the duration of individual elements of operational time used in the calculation of technically justified time standards for designing the composition of an operation in mass production of determining time standards for individual operations (mainly in the conditions of mass and large-scale production) checking the reasons for non-fulfillment of the current production standards and clarifying the standards, the established methods of technical calculation according to the standards, the method of comparison, as well as the experimental-statistical way of developing schedules, a plan for organizing work and labor during multi-machine maintenance with the cyclic nature of the processes of determining the necessary the composition of the brigade of workers and the distribution of work between them in the brigade form of labor organization.
All types of losses of working time of workers and machines are not taken into account when designing production standards, which gives production standards an organizing role in ensuring the growth of labor productivity.
Designing the composition of the link of workers working with the machine. The labor input rates of workers operating the machine and engaged in its maintenance (driver, assistant driver, etc.) are established on the basis of the time rates for using the machine and the required number of these workers.
The content of technical and developmental work is the analysis of the production capabilities of workers. places, normalized processes, taking into account all the factors affecting the duration of the constituent elements of these processes, the study of advanced methods and working methods for their implementation among all operators and operator-controllers of SMEs. Technical regulation also includes the design of the optimal structure of the normalized labor process, the best modes of operation of counting machines, methods and techniques for performing specific work, the rational organization of the workplace; norms for calculating the need for pallets (cassettes, containers); norms for calculating the need for charging places for floor electric transport should be adopted according to the All-Union standards for the technological design of warehouses for packaged products (ONTP 01-77).
To determine the value of the norm of labor costs for a given process, it is necessary to determine the labor costs by the elements of normalized costs included in the norm - operational work, rest and personal needs, technological breaks.
Designing labor costs for operational work (t op)
The design of labor cost norms for operational work (main and auxiliary) consists in determining the reasonable costs for the elements of the main and auxiliary work on the basis of normative observation data in accordance with the established normal of the construction process.
Operational time (operational time) is the time spent both directly on changing the shape, properties, dimensions of the object of labor, and on performing auxiliary actions necessary to implement these changes.
Operating time costs are repeated with each unit of production or a certain amount of work.
The amount of time spent on operational work is determined by summing up all the values of labor costs for operations included in the process:
where A is the average value of labor costs for performing the i-th operation, obtained after processing the results of standard observations;
K is the coefficient of transition to the main process meter. The conversion factor shows how many units of output are contained in a unit of output of one process (the main meter).
The synthesis of labor costs for the elements of operational work will be presented in the form of a table.
Table 13 Synthesis of labor costs by elements of operational work
|
Name of operations of operational work |
Unit rev. operation products |
Average operating costs, A, man-min. |
Transfer coefficient K |
Labor costs for the main process meter (A * K) |
|
|
Preparing the panel for slinging |
|||||
|
Slinging |
|||||
|
Mortar bed making |
|||||
|
Panel installation |
|||||
|
Alignment and temporary fixing |
|||||
|
Slinging |
|||||
|
Sealing a horizontal joint |
|||||
|
Removing temporary fasteners |
|||||
|
Total: labor costs for operational work |
Designing labor costs for preparatory and final work
The rate of labor costs for preparatory and final work (hereinafter referred to as PZR) is designed, as a rule, on the basis of established standards as a percentage of the total working time spent (shift or task).
The time of preparatory and final work (N pzr) is the time spent on preparing for the performance of the production task and on the actions associated with its completion. It includes the time to receive a task, tool, fixtures and technological documentation, familiarization with the work, technological documentation, drawings, briefing on the procedure for performing work, installing devices, setting up equipment for the appropriate mode of operation in connection with the implementation of this task, as well as removing, delivery of equipment, tools, technical documentation, finished products.
A feature of the preparatory and final work is that it is spent once per work (a batch of objects of labor) and does not depend on the amount of work performed on this task. In large scale and mass production the amount of preparatory and final work per one part is insignificant and is not taken into account when setting time standards.
When designing production standards, the value of labor costs for PZR, as a rule, is taken according to aggregated standards, which are set as a percentage of the cost rate Zotkina N.S., Frolova O.I. Guidelines to fulfillment term paper on the course "Organization, regulation and remuneration of labor at the enterprises of the industry" for students of specialties 080502 "Economics and management at the enterprise (construction)", 080507 "Management of the organization" full-time and part-time education. / ed.2nd, revised. - Tyumen: RIC VPO TyumGASU, 2008. - With. 8-17 .. The norms are differentiated by type of work.
The standard for PZR during the installation of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures of cranes is 4%.
On the instructions of H pzr \u003d 4 people-min.
The value of the cost of PZR as a percentage is calculated as follows:
where, PZR - the amount of preparatory and final work, in man-min.;
OR - time of operational work, in man-min. (sum of column 6 of Table 6).
Topic 4. Designing production standards
lecture questions:
1. Designing the rate of labor costs of workers.
2. Designing the composition of workers
3. Designing the norm of machine time.
4. Rationing the consumption of building materials.
5. Methods for rationing the consumption of materials.
The design of a technically justified norm begins with the compilation of the normal of the process and the calculation of all normalized costs of working time (for operational work, PZ work, regulated breaks). Normals are formatted as technological maps, which reflect organizational - specifications fulfillment of the norms.
Designing labor cost standards for operational work(main and auxiliary) consists in determining the reasonable values for the elements of work based on the data of normative observations. General costs of labor throughout the work process are determined by bringing the costs of working time by elements to the labor costs for the main meter and summing up the reduced costs.
Bringing the cost of working time to the main meter of the process under study is called synthesis of norms and this conversion is carried out using conversion factor.
The conversion factor is a number that indicates how many units of production in the element meter are contained in a unit of production, expressed in the main meter of the entire process.
Oe - the volume of production of the element.
Op - the volume of production of the process.
The normative value of operational work costs is determined by summing labor costs for each element t i , multiplied by the corresponding conversion factor.
Labor costs for preparatory and final work are designed mainly on the basis of established standards in% of the total working time spent.
If the PZR have a significant proportion (> 7%), their value is determined from observational data and then converted to %.
Designing the norms of time spent on technological breaks.
The value of these costs is determined mainly according to the data of normative observations and then their share in % is determined.
When including the necessary technological breaks in the projected norm, it should be borne in mind that during these breaks the workers partially rest, so the surplus time for rest can be reduced by half the value of the technological breaks included in the norm.
The amount of expenses for short-term rest and personal needs of workers is taken according to the standards.
| Type of work | Norm for Kotdyh % |
| 1. Machinists 2. Structural assemblers 3. Bricklayers | 8 – 10 % 10 – 12 % 10 – 12 % |
The full value of the cost rate is calculated by the formula.
Lecture №21.doc
Lecture #21
Topic: The system of norms and standards in construction.Plan:
The concept of labor organization and NOT.
Basic concepts of labor standards.
Basic production standards, their characteristics and relationship.
Working hours of workers.
Observation standards and their processing.
1. The concept of labor organization and NOT.
Labour Organization- it's a cast labor activity people in certain system.
NOT – scientific organization labor is bringing the labor activity of people into a certain system with a scientific approach.
Organization of labor within labor collective represents organized system of use living labor, which provides the functioning of the labor force in order to achieve the beneficial effect of labor activity.
Any work, regardless of its social form, requires a certain organization within each association of workers.
This organization offers selection and professional training, development of methods, with the help of which one or another type of work can be performed:
A) separation and cooperation of labor in the team;
b) arrangement employees in accordance with the nature of the tasks facing them;
V) organization of jobs for the performance by each employee of the functions assigned to him;
G) creation of working conditions providing the opportunity to work, setting employees certain measure of labor using rationing, which allows you to achieve the necessary quantitative proportions between different types labor in accordance with the nature and volume of work, organization of remuneration, establishment of discipline labor providing necessary order, consistency in work.
^ The task of organizing labor is to rationally use, on the one hand, living labor, and, on the other hand, tools and objects of labor.
The main provisions on the organization of labor are regulated by SNIP 03.01.01-85 * “Organization of construction production”.
1. The organization of labor of workers should ensure the growth of labor productivity, the high quality of construction and installation work performed and safe working conditions.
2. The organization of labor should be based on rational forms of division of labor and cooperation of labor, differentiation of labor processes, application of advanced methods and techniques of labor.
3. The main form of organization of work of workers should be a brigade form with a breakdown of the brigade, if necessary, into specialized units of workers.
4. The organization of labor of workers should ensure:
Application of high-performance methods and methods of labor in accordance with the PPR, technological maps and maps of labor processes;
Timely provision of a scope of work for each brigade with uninterrupted provision of jobs with material and technical resources and necessary quantity technical means equipment;
Expanding the use of team contracting;
Labor protection of workers should ensure the implementation of measures for the individual and collective protection of workers;
Sanitary and living conditions must comply with applicable standards and the nature of the work;
Workers must be created the necessary conditions work, food and rest.
^
2. Basic concepts of labor standards.
2.1. Types of production standards in construction
The system of production standards in construction is made up of unified, departmental, local and standard standards.
Uniform rates and prices(ENiR) are developed for construction, installation and repair and construction work performed at all construction sites in the country using the same (or similar) technology in the same (or similar) working and production conditions. For special construction, installation and repair and construction works not covered by the ENiR collections, performed at the construction sites of individual ministries and departments, departmental norms and prices (VNiR).
For certain construction, installation and repair and construction works not covered by the ENiR and VNiR, as well as for work performed using more advanced technology than provided for by the relevant collection of ENiR or VNiR, local norms and prices (MNIR).
Typical norms and prices (TNiR) are developed for new construction, installation and repair and construction works that are not included in the existing assemblers of the ENiR and VNiR, performed according to standard technology and under standard conditions.
Table
^
Types of norms and standards developed in construction
| Name of norms and standards | Symbol | Dimension and designation |
| Norm of time | Hvr | Hours per unit of finished (final) product |
| Labor cost rate | NRT | Man-hours per unit of finished (final) product |
| Production rate | Nvyr | In physical units per worker (link, brigade) per hour or shift (m / h, m / cm, etc.) |
| The norm of the time of use of construction machines | Machine-hours, per unit of finished (final) product |
|
| Norm of productivity of construction machines | e.g. | In physical units per machine (set of machines) per hour or shift |
^ 2.2. Designing labor cost standards for workers
The design of a technically justified norm begins with the preparation of a process normal and the calculation of various elements of the normalized time costs: for operational work; for preparatory and final work; for scheduled work breaks; for the full value of labor costs; for the design of the composition of the link. The design of the construction process normal consists in the selection of the optimal values of the influencing factors. Normals are drawn up in the form of flow charts, which reflect the organizational and technical conditions necessary to fulfill or exceed the norms.
Designing labor cost standards for operational work (main and auxiliary) consists in determining the reasonable values of the costs for the elements of the main and auxiliary work on the basis of normative observation data in accordance with the established normal of the construction process. The rate of labor costs for preparatory and final work (PZR) is designed, as a rule, on the basis of established standards as a percentage of the total working time spent (shift or task).
The design of the norms of time spent on technological breaks (regulated breaks) consists in determining absolute values costs for technological breaks in work, rest and personal needs of workers. The value of the standard time spent on technological breaks associated with the features of the normalized construction process is usually established as a result of the analysis of standard observations of a properly organized process.
Designing norms for spending time on rest and personal needs is an accounting of surplus time for the natural need for rest. The amount of expenses for rest and personal needs of workers is taken according to the standards that are established as a result of regulatory observations, or according to tables of standards. Standards for rest and personal needs are given as a percentage of the norm of labor costs or the norm of time, depending on the profession of workers and the type of work.
Designing the full value of the labor cost rate . The full value of the labor cost rate includes the following costs: the sum of costs for the elements of operational work, for preparatory and final work, for technological breaks and the cost of rest and personal needs, obtained as a result of processing and analyzing normative observations.
The full value of the labor cost rate (Nzt) is calculated by the formula:
NZT =Nor* 100
* 60
where Nor -
labor costs for operational work, calculated for the main meter of the process, man-min; Npzr -
standard for PZR, percentage of labor costs; But -
the design value of rest, the percentage of labor costs; Ntp -
design value of technological breaks, percentage of labor costs; 60 - conversion factor of 1 man-min to 1 man-hour.
Designing the composition of workers provides for the definition of professions, categories and the number of those workers who must perform building process. When rationing individual work processes performed by one worker, his profession and category are set in accordance with the characteristics of the work given in the current unified tariff and qualification reference book (ETKS). When normalizing processes consisting of work operations, the implementation of which requires different qualifications, and sometimes various professions workers, design the composition of the link indicating the number of workers in each profession and their categories.
^
3. Basic production standards, their characteristics and relationship.
The norm of time Hvr is the amount of time required for the worker to perform the relevant profession and qualification of a unit of good-quality products in normal organizational and technical conditions. Hvr workers and NCT on the respective processes are interconnected:
Hvr =NRT , Nzt = Hvr * nzv.
nstar
For one working Hvr
corresponds to NST.
Example: it takes 0.75 hours to install one panel with a link of 4 people. The rate of labor costs will be: Nzt = Hvr * nv = 0.75 * 4 = 3 (man-hours).
^ Labor cost rate (NZT) - established labor intensity or amount of labor expended people - h
(unit of production)
A worker of the corresponding profession and qualification to perform a unit of high-quality products in normal organizational and technical conditions.
^ Production rate (Nvyr) - the amount of high-quality products that a worker of the corresponding profession and qualifications must produce under normal organizational and technical conditions per unit of time (hour, day, shift).
Distinguish between the rate of output of one worker and the rate of output of a brigade or link. All rules are interconnected.
For one worker Nvyr =t cm.
Hvr
From the formula, you can determine:
Hvr * Hvr = tcm, Hvr =t
cm
Nvyr.
For a link (brigades) Nvyr =t
cm *
n
sv
NRT
Where Nvyr- the rate of production of one worker; tcm- duration of the shift in hours.
Example: determine the rate of production Nvyr for a bricklayer per shift on the laying of external walls made of bricks with jointing at Nzt \u003d 3.7 man-h / m 3, t \u003d 8 h.
Nvyr =t cm * n sv, Nvr in cm =8 * 1 = 2.16 (m 3 /cm),
NZT 3.7
Nvyr in h =1 * 1 = 0.27 (m 3 /h).
3,7
Based on the relationship between NRT And Nvyr you can derive a formula for determining the increase Nvyr (Y 1
)
as a percentage with a decrease NZT (X 1
)
in percentages.
Y 1 = 100X 1
100-X 1,
Example: determine the increase in Hvyr as a percentage with a decrease NRT on 10%. Solution: Y 1
= 100 * 10
= 11%.
100 - 10
^
Determination of the percentage of decrease in Nvyr with an increase in NZT
Y 2 = 100X 2
100+X 2
Where X 2
- the percentage increase in the rate of labor costs; Y 2
- percentage of reduction in the production rate:
X 1 = (Kf - 100), if Kf>100,
X 2
= 100 - Kf, if Kf<100 .
The actual level of compliance with the norms (Kf) of production defined:
Kf =NRT 100%
Where NRT And fzt- normative and actual labor costs.
^
4. Working hours of workers.
4.1. The concept of working time workers
In accordance with Art. 91 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation working hours - the time during which the employee, in accordance with the rules of the organization's labor schedule and the terms of the employment contract, must perform labor duties. Normal working hours may not exceed 40 hours per week. The lunch break is not included in working hours.
^ 4.2. Classification of working hours of workers
Classification of working hours of workers (RVR) is carried out for various purposes. In order to study and study the cost of working time in the economy, a classification has been adopted. The following classification is used.
WITH 
scheme for classifying the elements of the cost of working time in order to establish standards
To identify PBP losses, a classification is used: 
^
Classification of working hours to identify losses
5. Norms of observations and their processing.
5.1. The concept and types of normative observations
^
Regulatory supervision is a one-time (at least half a shift) study of the construction and installation process.
As a result of normative observations, indicators of labor costs per unit of output are obtained, accompanied by a description of the production conditions related to the corresponding indicators. Several types of normative observations are used.
Photo accounting- type of normative observations used for continuous measurements (in current time) of all types of time spent in the implementation of construction installation processes.
Timing- the type of observation used for continuous or selective measurements of time spent in the study of short-term or cyclic processes. Timing is a study of the duration of the repeating elements of the main work of workers and machines.
Technical accounting- visual observation of the enlarged nomenclature of elements (with the division of all costs into two groups - standardized and non-standardized costs) is characterized by a group recording of time and labor with a time recording accuracy of 5 - 10 minutes
Filming- a type of normative observation used to design norms and elemental standards for labor costs and to identify its advanced methods in the most massive jobs, especially with a short duration of operations.
Oscillography finds application in the study of the influence of the labor process on the human body, the state of working conditions, the degree of loading of the working bodies of machines.
^ Instant Observations - are used to study the degree of use of the shift fund of working time. They make it possible to simultaneously cover a large number of objects under investigation and in a short time to obtain reliable data on the degree of loading of machines and workers in time.
^ 5.2. Technical means for carrying out normative observations and analyzes of their results
For the effective and high-quality conduct of normative research, it is of great importance to provide the research group with the necessary instruments and various technical means, which, depending on their purpose, are divided into the following groups: 1) instruments and apparatus for measuring time spent in labor processes; 2) equipment for studying labor processes using cinema and photo tools; 3) instruments for studying the operation of machines, mechanisms and equipment; 4) instruments and apparatus for studying influence factors; 5) instruments for measuring the volume of completed products; 6) organizational and technical means.
^
5.3. Processing of the results of normative observations.
The primary processing of the results of normative observation of a non-cyclic process, performed by the method of mixed, graphic or digital photo accounting, consists of two stages:
^ 1) preliminary calculations of labor costs or time and production for each element during the observation period as a whole (based on forms);2) transferring measurements of labor or time costs, as well as measurements of products for all elements recorded during the observation process, to a special form “Non-cyclic processing” (ON) and counting the amount of products performed by process elements for 60 man-min.
Checking the correctness of filling in the OH form is carried out as follows: “Total costs” for the last line of the form should be equal to the product of the number of observed works and the duration of the observation time. For example, if two workers were observed for 7 hours, then the cost is 840 man-min. Therefore, the form is filled out correctly.
When processing observations of cyclic processes, as a result of sampling labor or time costs, normative series are obtained for each element or cycle. The number of values in the series corresponds to the number of completed cycles in the course of observations.
The method for determining the weighted average is that when processing the normative series, the amount of work performed for each accepted observation is taken into account.
The processing of the normative series contains the following steps: grouping the values obtained from observations according to the type of process; sampling for each element of the series of obtained values; analysis and basic cleaning of the series by excluding values that are not related to the investigated normal. The remaining values of the series fluctuate within certain limits. Checking the series for the equiprobability of values is carried out using mathematical methods of evaluation. For this you need:
1. Order the series, i.e. Arrange all values in the series in ascending order.
3. Decide on the need to check the series.
4. Determine the mean of the observations over the cleaned series.
With additional cleaning of the series from random deviating values, the scatter coefficient of the series Кр is determined by the formula:
TO R = a max /a min ,
Where a max, - the maximum value of the series; a min, - the minimum value of the series.
If TO R < 1,3 , then the row should not be cleared. In this case, all values of the series are equally probable and are suitable for calculating the average value (duration) of this element of the workflow. Without further verification, the arithmetic mean of the series is calculated.
If 1,3< К R < 2 - the series needs further verification for the possibility of the presence of random measurements in it. The verification is carried out by the limit value method.
If TO R > 2 - the series needs further verification, for which the method of relative root mean square error (RSE) of the average value of the series is applied.
^ Checking the series using the limit value method. The essence of the method is to compare the most different values in the series under study with the valid ones and to decide whether it is possible to save the value being checked in the series.
The determination of the permissible maximum and minimum values of the series is carried out according to the following formulas:
a i - a n
an max = + K lim (a n-1 – a 1 ),
a i – a 1
a1 min = - K lim (a n – a 2 ),
n - 1
Where a i- the sum of all values of the series; n- number of values in a row; A n - highest value ordered row; a 1
- the smallest value of the ordered series; TO lim- coefficient depending on the number of values in the series, determined from the table.
Table
Relative Root Mean Square Error (RMS) Series Verification consists in determining the value of the actual relative mean square error of the series and comparing it with the allowable error value. This method is used to evaluate the normative series for TO R > 2.
Actual relative mean square error E f of the tested series is determined by the formulas:
1E f = 
na i 2
- (a i )
2
/ n - 1 * 100,
a i
or
E f =
2
/ n(n - 1) * 100,
a Wed
Where 2 = (a i - a Wed ) 2 - the sum of the squared deviations of each value of the series from its average value.
The value of the allowable root-mean-square error of the simple arithmetic mean of the series, depending on the number of cyclic elements in the work of the production process, is determined from the table.
Table
^ If the error is more than acceptable , then one of the extreme values must be excluded from the series. To determine which one, it is calculated TO 1 And TO n :a i – a 1
K1 = ,
a i – a n
a i 2 – a 1 a i
Kn = ,
a n a i – a i 2
If TO 1 <К n, then it is excluded first (least) ordered series value ( A 1 );
If TO 1 >K n, then it is excluded last (most) the value of the ordered series ( A n).
After cleaning and completing the validation of the series, the average value of the remaining values of the series is calculated.
For ease of calculation, you can use an auxiliary table.
Table
| № | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | … | … | 10 | n-1 | n | |
| a i | a 1 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | a i |
| a i 2 | a 1 2 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | a i 2 |
Example: Check the next row: 18, 23, 27, 16, 23, 13, 25, 22, 32, 21 with seven cyclic elements of the scope of work E add \u003d 10%, K p \u003d 32/13 \u003d 2.46.
Further calculation is given in the table.
Table
| P | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Sum- | Designation Chenia |
| a i A i 2 | 13 | 16 | 18 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 25 | 27 | 32 | 220 | a 1
|
a 1 2 E f = 
=
8% .
Since 8%< 10 %, то ряд очистки не требует.
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