Who came up with the Internet name. What year did the Internet appear

Do you know at what speed I went online for the first time? 32 kilobits per second. Those who are younger probably will not even be able to imagine this. I downloaded one song in MP3 for an hour; to go online, I waited a minute until the computer through the phone with a creak (in the literal sense there was a creak) would reach the World Wide Web; popular search engines were not Yandex or Google. In general, we plunge into history.

World Wide Web: common or draw?

The Internet is a world space, an association of a system of computer networks. There are countless computers connected to it all over the world. Communication in social networks and online games have become commonplace. So familiar that we consider them not worthy of attention.

Meanwhile, the history of the Internet is an amazing thing. And immediately the discovery: the age of the first website is twenty-five years! (for 2016), look at it info.cern.ch. The Internet is a global network, this is understandable: everyone uses it, from teenagers in Washington to shamans in Alaska.

The second amazing fact: the Internet does not belong to anyone! Separate local networks are connected by a worldwide network, and network providers maintain networks in working order. The bandwidth of the World Wide Web is limited, and the constant increase in the growth of media traffic, according to experts, can lead to its collapse.

It is “no one's” that has become a problem for many states: it is not possible to introduce censorship in the global network. True, the Internet has recently been equated with the media, but ... With the help of the Internet, information is transmitted. It turns out that the World Wide Web is something similar to paper or a telephone.

And how to apply censorship to paper? Sanctions can only be applied to individual sites. And no leader in the world is capable of limiting the Internet. So, the worldwide network is global freedom!

Birth

And the history of the Internet began in 1957 with the launch of an artificial satellite by the Soviet Union. In response, America decided to develop a computer network as a reliable data transmission system: in the event of a war, the United States decided to secure itself.

Leading universities of the country took up the development. The network they created was given the name ARPANET, short for Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. The computers of that time were too far from perfect, and the development progressed with great difficulty. The project was financed by the Ministry of Defense of the country. Scientific institutions-developers united in a network in 1969.

The first communication session took place between the Stanford Research Center and the University of Los Angeles, separated by a distance of 640 kilometers. True, only the second attempt was successful, but on this day, October 29, 1969, the Internet was born. The time of the first attempt is 21 hours, the second one is an hour and a half later.

Only in 1971 did the Pentagon manage to launch the exchange of information with scientists from the country's universities using e-mail. By 1973, ARPANET became international, and in 1983 the name given to the project became the prototype of the modern Internet. 1984 is known as the year of the introduction of domain names, and with the introduction of IRC, Internet Relay Chat or "irki", from 1988 real-time chatting became possible.

This file transfer protocol was developed in the 80s of the last century. Then the notorious Usenet was born. There was a semblance of a modern forum.

It took another ten years for the World Wide Web to cross the oceans. The idea of ​​creating a global network appeared in Europe in 1989. The ARPANET project spread across industries. 1991 - creation of the first program for transmission over the e-mail network.

Tim John Berners-Lee: creator of web tools

And then came the time of the abbreviation www, World Wide Web. It is impossible to imagine the modern Internet without these letters. The world owes the appearance of the super-popular abbreviation to Tim Berners-Lee. The brilliant Englishman took hypertext with countless hyperlinks as the basis for organizing the storage and placement of information. After the transfer of developments to the global network, the success was tremendous: the first five years of work - the registration of more than fifty million users!

The invention led to the creation of the HTTP data transfer protocol and HTML hypertext markup. It became possible to store, transfer information and create websites. And again the problem: how to refer to documentary data? The solution was to develop URIs and URLs, Uniform Identifiers and Resource Identifiers.

Finally, a program was born for displaying network requests on a computer, that is, a browser: the old familiar Internet Explorer, the proven Mozilla Firefox, the reliable Google Chrome, the beloved, albeit aging Opera - there are not so many well-known and well-deserved "names". But the main assistants meet all our requirements. But there are more and more programs with which we access the worldwide network.

Timothy John Berners-Lee is the author of the grandiose creation, the main tools of the modern World Wide Web. The NCSA Mosaic browser for transmitting graphic information appeared later, in 1993. Thanks to the openness of the Internet standard, the browser has retained independence from commerce. And the global network with photos, videos and pictures immediately became a favorite delicacy of mankind. By 1997, approximately ten million computers were connected to the Internet!

Berners-Lee didn't make millions from his creation. Finances literally poured into this area much later. Billions are in the hands of the creators of Google and Yandex. About their history of creation, I wrote here.

I wonder if it occurred to the creators of the World Wide Web when they started working on the project that it would be possible to connect to the network through communication satellites, mobile phones and electrical wires, and even TVs, that the term Runet would appear as part of the Internet?

Now there are national domains su, ru and rf. The birth of Russian networks occurred in 1990 thanks to domestic programmers and physicists. April 7, 1994 - registration of the first Russian domain ru. On May 12, 2010, the rf domain appeared. So Cyrillic entered the modern web.

The modern network cannot even be compared with what it used to be. And many of us are grateful to the creators of the Internet from the bottom of our hearts.

Pavel Yamb was with you, subscribe to updates, write comments. Until we meet again, and a fair wind in sailing through the expanses of the Internet!

The Internet can be compared to the global information space, it is like a unified system of computer networks. An incredible number of computers all over the world are connected to the Internet. And who could create such a basis for a certain "information society"? Who Invented the Internet?

Who Invented the Internet

It all started with the fact that the Soviet Union launched an artificial Earth satellite in 1957. As a result, America decided to secure itself in case of war and find a reliable system for transmitting information. There was a proposal to develop a computer network. Its development was entrusted immediately to the University of California at Los Angeles, the University of Utah, the University of California at Santa Barbara and the Stanford Research Center. That's who invented the Internet, it turns out. The created computer network was named ARPANET. This abbreviation in English means Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. And already in 1969, these 4 scientific institutions united in the network. Funding for the project came from the US Department of Defense. The first communication session was held between the University of California Los Angeles and the Stanford Research Institute, which were located at a distance of 640 km from each other. The first attempt was not completely successful, but after the connection was restored on the same day, the second attempt was successful! If you're ever asked what year the internet was invented. You can safely name the date of his birth: October 29, 1969. The time of the first attempt was at 21:00, and the second - at 22:30.

The development of the ARPANET computer network has already extended to scientists in various fields of science. And in 1971, the first program for sending e-mail over the network was created. The popularity of such a program immediately increased. In 1973 ARPANET became international. 1983 was a significant year. The ARPANET transitioned from NCP to TCP/IP. This protocol is still used today to connect networks. And it was in 1983 that the Internet was invented as the name of the ARPANT network. Domain names were introduced in 1984. Real-time chatting on the Internet became possible in 1988 with the invention of the Internet Relay Chat (IRC) protocol.

It was only in 1989 that the idea of ​​creating the World Wide Web appeared in Europe. We should be grateful to the scientist Tim Berners-Lee, who later created the HTTP protocol, developed the HTML language and URI. The researcher Robert Kaillialu worked with this scientist, the World Wide Web project was in development. The Internet became public in 1991. The famous NCSA Mosaic browser appeared in 1993. The open technical standards of the Internet made it independent of commercial companies and businesses. In 1997, there were about 10 million computers connected to the Internet. The exchange of information via the Internet has become very polarized.

Did those who invented the Internet think that by now it will be possible to connect to the network through communication satellites, cell phones, TVs, radio channels, electrical wires. Now many simply cannot imagine life without the Internet. At the moment, you can hear the term Runet, which is the Russian-speaking part of the World Wide Web. That is, there are national domains su, ru and rf. Modern Russian networks were born by programmers and physicists in 1990. The first Russian domain ru was registered on April 7, 1994. Cyrillic, namely the rf domain, first appeared quite recently on May 12, 2010. To date, there are many browsers, that is, web programs with which we access the Internet. Today's web is certainly not comparable to what it was before, but many of us are grateful to those who invented the Internet.

He can no longer imagine his existence without communication on the Internet. Social networks, chat rooms, forums, instant messaging programs, e-mail, video calls and much more - all this is united by a single network. But not everyone knows about when the Internet appeared.

Significance of the global network

The World Wide Web has spread all over the world, connecting even the most remote parts of the world and allowing people to communicate despite distances, as well as overcoming language barriers and other difficulties that arise in the real world. The global network has taken root in our lives and has become necessary for each of us. But not everyone thinks about where and when the Internet appeared and what contributed to its emergence. It develops and spreads at a tremendous speed, and now we have the opportunity to use it at work, at home, on the street, in land transport and even in the subway.

When was the first internet

In order to be able to urgently transmit information in case of war, an international system was developed that works on IP protocols and their routing. It was then that this system was called - "Internet". The global network quickly entered people's lives. And the day when the Internet appeared, marked a new round in the world and is imprinted in the history of the worldwide network.

At a meeting of a number of universities of the US National Science Foundation (NSF) and DARPA, which took place in 1979, it was decided to create a Computer Science Research Network (CSnet in short).

How the Internet has evolved

A year after that meeting, CSnet was bound to the ARPANET, allowing CSnet networks to access the ARPANET gateway using TCP/IP protocols. ARPANET became the first global network within military technology. The best scientists worked on it, investing only modern technologies in it. Subsequently, others began to join this network. Thus was born the Commonwealth of Independent Networks, which came to an agreement on the method of internet communication.

Next, the Bitnet network arose, which allowed the exchange of news and messages through the mechanization of Listsery mailing lists. In action, it looked like this: the user selected suitable mailing lists from the lists that came to him and subscribed to them, after which the messages and news that he had chosen were sent to him.

Distribution of the global network

The popularity enjoyed by the Internet has contributed to the emergence of new developments and technologies for the convenience and greater conquest of users. So, in San Francisco, the FidoNet network, which appeared in 1984, acquired no less importance. Its origin is due to the fact that in 1983 Tom Jennings, using his own program, was able to implement the BBS system on a personal computer. He called this system FidoBBS. Before the advent of the Internet, FidoBBS had already gained its popularity and spread all over the world. The invention of the FidoNet network package made it possible to link two FidoBBS networks together using a telephone line and modem, after which users could create discussion groups and send messages to each other.

In 1987, the IBM PC was bundled with the UUCP package, which was originally designed for use in a UNIX environment. This made it possible to combine FidoNet and Usenet.

Today, one of the largest networks in the Internet community is NSFNET, developed by American scientists. This high-speed network supports call quality standards.

Later, a document was released, according to which anyone could use the NFS backbone system of high-speed highways until such time as this use was not directed to personal or commercial purposes.

The history of the emergence of the Internet in Russia

Computer communications and all developments related to it were used in the USSR only within the framework of the military-industrial complex to strengthen the country's defense capability. The main mention of this dates back to 1952.

In 1990, the first network of the allied scale was developed, which was given the name Relcom. When the Internet appeared, it was used only by scientific organizations in Leningrad, Kyiv, Moscow and Novosibirsk. In the same year, scientists made the first communication session via a modem, connecting a Soviet computer with a foreign one. The purpose for this was the need to establish a channel through which users could regularly transmit messages over the Internet.

In 1991, in the Soviet Union, when browsers had not yet been invented, the first network appeared with the .su domain. It was used mainly by technicians. But when the Internet appeared, the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bcreating a browser arose. The first was WorldWideWeb, which made the web more user-friendly due to its colorfulness and visibility.

Creating a domain.ru

The Relcom network in 1992 was officially fixed in a large organization of commercial networks EUnet, which made it possible to access Internet services. And in 1993, the administrative zone RU was registered, after which the domain.ru was created. Russian-language sites began to appear.

When the Internet appeared, in Russia the number of users was limited to a narrow circle of scientists and the military. But after the allocation of IP addresses to computer networks, the number of ordinary users began to increase exponentially. The mass use of the network began, which gave impetus to its subsequent development.

Since 1994, the era of the Russian Internet began. It was then that domain.ru was officially registered with InterNIC, and the administration rights were transferred to RosNIIROS.

Spread of the Russian Internet

Here is a chronology of events from the moment when the Internet appeared in Russia and became available to most users:

1994 - the first hackers appeared;

1995 - the first web design studio was opened;

1997 - the first online magazines appeared, the Yandex search engine was launched, and for the first time a natural language search for the Russian language was carried out;

1998 - the free Russian service Mail.ru was opened, which in just a few months took a leading position in terms of the number of users and managed to maintain this position to this day;

2002 - a law came into force, according to which an electronic digital signature in electronic documents is considered equivalent to a signature on paper;

2003 - the opening of the.su domain, which was closed after the collapse of the USSR;

2006 - an office of the American company Google Inc, which owns the famous Google search engine, was opened in Moscow;

2007 - recognition by the largest wireless network in the world of the GoldenWiFi project, which provided wireless Internet access services to Moscow residents;

2011 - more than 3.447 million names were marked in the .ru domain, and more than 894 thousand in the ".rf" domain.

Nowadays, the Internet is available in almost every family. We use it for entertainment, work, communication, online shopping and more. Therefore, the story that tells about when the Internet appeared is of great importance for each of us. And we are obliged to preserve this information for our descendants.

We can name the creators of the steam engine, the airplane, or the cinema. However, many brilliant scientists and teams of entire universities took part in the creation of the Internet. The technology developed rather slowly, so in different years a variety of people contributed to the formation of the “global web”.

Like most other advanced technologies for its time, the Internet appeared as a military development. The first attempts to create a wireless communication tool began at the height of the Cold War. The US leadership was concerned about the success of the USSR in space exploration. According to a number of American military experts, space technologies would make the Soviet Union absolutely invulnerable in the event of an armed conflict. Therefore, immediately after the successful launch of the Soviet Sputnik-1 in 1957, the development of a new system for data transmission began in America. All research was carried out under the auspices of the US Department of Defense and was kept in the deepest secret. The technical departments of the best universities in the country took part in the creation of the new technology.

In 1962, an employee of the University of Massachusetts, who part-time worked in the US Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), Joseph Licklider, proposed his solution to the problem. Licklider believed that communication could be done through computers. Under his leadership, in the 1960s, work began on a project called ARPANET. It was planned that messages in such a network would be transmitted in their entirety, but such a transmission had several serious flaws: the impossibility of interaction of a large number of users, high cost, inefficient use of network bandwidth, inability to function normally when individual network components were destroyed.

To eliminate these shortcomings, a scientist from the University of California, Paul Baran, began to work. The result of his work was a new way of transmitting information - packet switching. In fact, each message was divided into several packets, each of which went to the addressee through its own channel. Thanks to this technical solution, the new data transmission network became practically invulnerable.

At the end of 1969, a historic event took place - the first message was transmitted over the ARPANET. The communication session was carried out between the California and Stanford universities and was crowned with success only on the second attempt. It took an hour and a half to transmit the short word "login" over a distance of 640 km. At that time, only 4 computers were connected to the network, located at different universities in America. By the early 1970s, e-mail was established, allowing messages to be exchanged within the network. And at the same time, the Internet ceased to be exclusively an American system. Universities of Hawaii, Great Britain and Norway have joined the network. As the number of computers on the network grew, their interaction became increasingly slow and out of sync.

Another scientist who worked at ARPA, Winston Cerf, took up the integration of computers into a single network. Cerf developed two protocols:

• transmission control protocol (TCP);
• and an optional internet protocol (IP).

Thanks to the joint work of the two protocols, it became possible to establish communications between many computers located around the world.

Internet before WWW

In the 1980s, ARPANET was already a fairly convenient tool with which universities, research laboratories and institutes could communicate with each other. In 1984, the domain name system came into being. Each of the computers included in the network was assigned its own domain name. Over time, this system has changed: the domain has become just an integral part of many email addresses, and not the name of a specific device. For convenience, user and domain names began to be separated from each other by the @ symbol. Later, a new way of communicating on the network appeared: computer owners could not only send files to each other, but also communicate in real time in special chat rooms.

In order to simplify the exchange of e-mail in 1991, the first corresponding program appeared. However, all this time the Internet remained only a set of channels for transmitting data from one computer to another, and only leading scientists in Europe and the USA used it. The revolutionary decision that made the Internet available to all computer owners was the emergence and further development of the WWW system.

The advent of the WWW

In the early 1990s, the English physicist and programmer Tim Berners-Lee began work on an open system that would allow various data to be placed on the network in such a way that any user could have access to them. It was originally planned that this system would allow physicists to exchange the necessary information. Thus, the well-known global network, the World Wide Web (WWW), appeared. To place and search for data in the digital network, it was necessary to create additional tools:

• HTTP data transfer protocol;
• the HTML language, thanks to which it became possible to design websites;
• The URI and URL that could be used to find and link to a particular page.

The very first website in the world was created in August 1991 by Berners-Lee himself. On the page with the address info.cern.ch, the creator of the global network described the new data placement system and the principles of its operation.

Netscape Browser

Over the next five years after the creation of the WWW, 50 million users joined the network. To facilitate Internet surfing, a browser was developed - Netscape, which already had the functions of scrolling and following hyperlinks. The first search engine was Aliweb, which was later replaced by Yahoo!. Because the speed of the Internet was very slow, the site creators could not use a large number of pictures and animations. The first sites were predominantly text-based and were rather inconvenient for users. For example, in order to follow a hyperlink, the user had to type on the keyboard the serial number of this hyperlink, indicated in square brackets.

In 1992, America passed a law allowing the use of the Internet for commercial purposes. After that, all large companies began to acquire their own websites. Pages sprang up with the help of which it was possible to reserve a table in a cafe, order food or buy something from consumer goods. Many major magazines and newspapers began posting their issues on the Internet. To get access to such an electronic publication, one had to buy a subscription.

A new milestone in the digital revolution was the emergence of social networks that allowed people from all over the world to communicate.

In Russia, the introduction of Internet technologies began in 1990, and in 1994, the domain.ru appeared. Initially, Russian sites, as well as American ones, were mainly devoted to advanced technological developments and news from the world of science. The very first domestic site was a catalog of English and Russian-language resources located at 1-9-9-4.ru.

The Internet is, without exaggeration, the main technological breakthrough of the last decades. But by whom and when was it invented? In fact, the invention of the Internet is a rather complicated story, and we will deal with it in this post.

The first projects of the Internet

For the first time, ideas and projects for a global computer network appeared in the early 1960s. In 1962 in the USA, Joseph Licklider, who was then working at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, published a series of notes in which he described the concept of the "Galactic Network". The name was a joke, and Licklider saw the main purpose of this network in the convenient exchange of data and program code, but his concept did describe some of the principles of a global computer network that resembled the modern Internet. Soon Likladyer became the head of the information technology department of DARPA, and largely thanks to his efforts, after some time, this agency begins to implement the project of one of the first computer networks ARPANET.

V. M. Glushkov

In the same 1962, an article by academician Kharkevich was published in the Soviet Union, in which he wrote about the need to create a nationwide computer network that would allow all institutions to exchange information and become the basis for planning and management in various industries. Soon, Academician Glushkov came up with an even more detailed project, called OGAS (National State Automated System for Accounting and Processing Information). The project envisaged the creation of a single computer network in the USSR, within the framework of the project it was planned to create 6,000 computer centers and train 300 thousand IT specialists. Khrushchev approved the plan and its implementation began, but after Brezhnev came to power, the Soviet bureaucracy began to openly sabotage the project. Instead of a single network, the Soviet ministries began to build their own computer centers, not connected to each other, and attempts to integrate them into a network did not go beyond experiments. So the USSR missed the opportunity to overtake the West in the field of information technology.

OGAS Glushkova

ARPANET

In 1964, two years later than in the USSR, the implementation of the ARPANET network project was launched in the USA. But, unlike the USSR, this project was brought to an end there. In 1969, this network began to work, although at first there were only 4 nodes in it.

ARPANET in 1969

Later, many began to consider this year the year of the Internet. But in fact, the ARPANET network was quite far from the modern Internet. The main problem that they tried to solve with the help of this network was the problem of optimal use of computer power. Computers were still quite expensive, and if someone could remotely connect from another computer and use its power during idle time, it would turn out to be a big savings. Due to various difficulties, this task was never realized, but ARPANET continued to develop.

Larry Roberts

In 1972, Larry Roberts, one of the developers of ARPANET, who by that time had succeeded Licklider as director of the DARPA IT department, organized an international conference on computer communications in Washington. At this conference, a demonstration of ARPANET was held, during which those who wished could connect to 20 computers from different US cities and execute various commands on them. At the time, the demonstration made a big impression on skeptics who did not believe in the reality of computer networks.

In 1972, e-mail appeared on the ARPANET. E-mail messaging soon became one of ARPANET's most popular features. Some even believe that e-mail "saved" ARPANET, making this network really useful and in demand. Then other ways to use the network began to appear - file transfer, instant messaging, bulletin boards, etc. However, ARPANET was not yet the Internet. And the first obstacle to the further development of the network was the lack of a universal protocol that would allow computers of different types and with different software to exchange information.

TCP/IP protocol

The variety of hardware and software made it difficult to network computers. To overcome them, in 1973 Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn decided to create a universal information exchange protocol that would allow connecting a variety of computers and local networks.

Vinton ("Vint") Cerf

Robert ("Bob") Kahn

The protocol was named TCP (Transmission-Control Protocol, or Transmission Control Protocol). Later, the protocol was divided into two parts and was called TCP / IP (IP - Internet Protocol). By the way, at the same time, around the mid-70s, the word “Internet” itself appeared.

The development of the protocol took quite a long time. Initially, many doubted that small computers were even capable of supporting such a complex protocol. Only in 1977 was the first data transmission using this protocol demonstrated. And ARPANET switched to the new protocol only in 1983.

And in 1984, the first DNS server was launched, which allowed using domain names instead of poorly remembered IP addresses.

Development of computer networks and the end of ARPANET

In the late 70s, the first personal computers designed for home use appeared. In the 80s, more and more such computers began to appear, and computer networks also developed at the same time. Along with state and scientific networks, commercial and amateur networks appeared, to which it was possible to connect via a modem through a telephone line. However, the functions of computer networks were still rather limited and were limited mainly to sending e-mail and exchanging messages and files via bulletin boards (BBS). It was still not the internet we were used to.

ARPANET, which at one time served as an impetus for the development of computer networks, fell into decay, and in 1989 this network was closed. The Pentagon, which financed DARPA, did not really need it, and the military segment of this network was separated from the civilian one in the early 80s. At the same time, the alternative global network NSFNET, created in 1984 by the US National Science Foundation, was actively developing. This network originally united American universities. In the mid-80s, this network began to use high-speed data lines for the first time with a data transfer rate of 1.5 Mbps instead of 56 Kbps, which was the standard for modems and telephone lines. In the late 80s, the remnants of ARPANET became part of NSFNET, and NSFNET itself in the early 90s will become the core of the global Internet. This will happen, however, not immediately, since the network was originally focused on use only for scientific and educational purposes, but then these restrictions were nevertheless removed. In 1994, NSFNET was effectively privatized and fully open to commercial use.

www

But in order for the Internet to become the way we know it, in addition to computer networks and a universal protocol, something else had to be invented. That something was site organization technology. It was she who made the Internet truly popular and massive.

Tim Berners-Lee

In 1989, British scientist Tim Berners-Lee was working on a document viewing system at CERN (the famous international center for nuclear research in Switzerland). And then it occurred to him to implement a large-scale project based on the hypertext markup that he used in documents. The project was given the name World Wide Web ("World Wide Web").

For 2 years, Tim Berners-Lee worked hard on the project. During this time, he developed the HTML language for creating web pages, a way to set page addresses as URLs, the HTTP protocol, and the first browser.

August 6, 1991 Tim Berners-Lee posted the first website on the Internet. It contained basic information about WWW technology, how to view documents, how to download a browser.

So the first users saw the world's first website

In 1993, the first browser with a graphical interface appeared. In the same year, CERN issued a statement announcing that WWW technology would not be protected by any copyright and its free use was allowed to anyone. This wise decision led to an explosion in the number of sites on the web and the emergence of the Internet as we know it today. As early as 1995, the WWW became the most used service of all (e-mail, file transfer, etc.), and for today's users it is almost synonymous with the Internet.

So who invented the internet? The Internet was not invented by one person. But of those who made the greatest personal contribution to its appearance, the following people can be distinguished.

1. The initiators and developers of ARPANET. Among them are such people as Joseph Licklider, Larry Roberts, and Paul Baran And Bob Taylor.
2. Creators of the TCP/IP protocol: Screw Surf And Bob Kahn.
3. WWW Creator Tim Berners-Lee.

The emergence of Runet

The first computer networks in the USSR appeared long ago, even earlier than in the West. The first experiments in this area date back to 1952, and in 1960 a network was already deployed in the USSR that united computers within the framework of an anti-missile defense system. Later, specialized civil networks appeared, designed, for example, to account for railway and air tickets. Unfortunately, there were big problems with the development of general purpose networks due to pervasive bureaucracy.

In the 1980s, Soviet scientists for the first time began to connect to foreign networks, at first only occasionally, for example, to hold some kind of conferences on scientific topics. In 1990, the first Soviet computer network "Relcom" appeared, uniting scientific institutions from different cities of the USSR. Its creation was carried out by employees of the Institute of Atomic Energy. Kurchatov. In the same year, the su zone was registered - the domain zone of the Soviet Union (the ru zone appeared only in 1994). In autumn 1990 Relcom establishes the first connections with foreign countries. In 1992, Relcom implements the TCP/IP protocol and establishes a connection to the European EUnet network. Runet becomes a full-fledged part of the Internet.