The share of services in the GRP of Mordovia. General characteristics of the region and regional policy in the Republic of Mordovia

The Republic of Mordovia belongs to the industrial-agrarian type of regions of the Russian Federation. It has significant production, economic, scientific and intellectual potential. Her competitive advantages are: favorable geographical position, proximity to the main centers of product consumption; developed production and social infrastructure, as well as systems information technologies and communications.

The volume of the gross regional product (GRP) is currently 98.9 billion rubles, per capita - 112 thousand rubles. In the total volume of GRP, the share of manufacturing industries accounts for 20.7%, Agriculture, hunting and forestry - 17.4, wholesale and retail- 13.3%, construction - 9.4%, transport and communications - 8.3%. The leading sectors of the economy are industry and agriculture, which mainly ensure the growth of value added.

Currently, three cluster structures are being formed in the economy of the republic:

• production "locomotives", which primarily include the production of electrical products, industry building materials(cement production) and transport engineering (car building);
• an innovative cluster associated with the production of science-intensive and high-tech products;
• cluster in the field of agro-industrial complex.

INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER

The industry of the region specializes in the production of electrical products (including lighting production, electronic, optical equipment), a wide range of cable products, transport engineering products (car building), production of building materials, as well as products of the agro-industrial complex. The largest enterprises of the Republic of Moldova are the Optic-Energo holding, Saranskkabel-optics LLC, Elektrovypryamitel OJSC, Saransk Plant, Rezinotekhnika OJSC, Saransk Television Plant OJSC, Ruzaevsky Glass Plant CJSC, Orbita OJSC , JSC "Biochemist", etc.

In the area of ​​the building materials industry, one of the largest producers of packaged and bulk cement in Russia is OJSC Mordovcement, and the manufacturer of slate, asbestos-cement and chrysotile-cement pipes is OJSC Lato. The largest enterprise in the field of transport engineering is OJSC Mordovia Carriage Building Company.

INNOVATIVE CLUSTER

At present, a unique cluster structure is being formed in the republic innovative development, which includes AU "Technopark-Mordovia", the national research Mordovian State University them. N. P. Ogaryova, Nanotechnology Center, two venture and other innovative business support funds, Business Incubator, Republican Lyceum - a center for gifted children.

AU "Technopark-Mordovia" specializes in the fields of energy-saving lighting technology, electronic instrumentation, optoelectronics, fiber optics and information technology. On its basis, a high-tech center for processing, protecting and storing data DATA-center operates. The participants of the Skolkovo Innovation Center project are Optic-Fiber LLC, Polycomponent LLC.

Particular attention within the framework of the emerging innovation cluster is paid to the development of a network of small and medium-sized innovative businesses.

Such enterprises as OpticEnergo LLC, SARMAT LLC, Leader-Compound CJSC were put into operation. Together with JSC RUSNANO, a project is being developed to create the first domestic production optical fiber. It is focused on import substitution of components and materials required for the cable industry.

Together with the A.F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the project “Creation of high-power high-voltage field-effect transistors based on silicon carbide” is being implemented, which has the status of a Skolkovo project. 12 agreements have been concluded with the largest research centers, with Russian Academy Sciences for the implementation of a number of projects in the field of electronic instrumentation and fiber optics.

The cluster policy implemented in the Republic of Mordovia contributes to the preservation of the region's stable position in the domestic and international markets.

BUILDING MATERIALS INDUSTRY

The mineral resource base of Mordovia ensures the production of cement, asbestos-cement products, roofing materials, reinforced concrete products, wall materials, building ceramics, facing and other materials.

One of the largest cement manufacturing companies in Russian Federation JSC "Mordovcement" It accounts for more than 60% of the total production of building materials in Mordovia. The enterprise carried out work on the reconstruction of existing and commissioning of new production facilities using modern technologies and imported materials, which allows to steadily increase production volumes. General productive capacity association is 5.54 million tons of clinker and 6.1 million tons of cement per year. Six types of cement were certified in the Tsemiskon test center for compliance with Russian and European standards. Grade 400 and 500 cement is certified as class 42.5H (normal setting) according to the new international standard.

According to the results of 2016, Mordovia was among the ten regions with the highest economic growth rate. The size of the gross regional product (GRP) amounted to 209.6 billion rubles, an increase of 5.2% compared to the previous year, reported IA REGNUM in the republican government.

20:10 — REGNUM According to the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, in general, growth was observed in 51 subjects. The first place in terms of economic growth rates belongs to the Jewish Autonomous Region, which added 7.1% over the year. Mordovia, the only region of the Volga Federal District in the top ten, ranks fifth in the ranking.

“Despite serious challenges, in 2016 we managed to achieve notable success. All sectors of the economy ended the year with positive dynamics, and investment investments remained at the level of the previous year. The strategy of our work was determined not just by overcoming the crisis, but, above all, by the development of the economy and social sphere", - said the acting head of Mordovia Vladimir Volkov.

The head of the republic noted that in 2017 Mordovia also plans to ensure the growth of GRP by at least 5%. “Each year, the growth of wages should be one and a half times higher than in the country, and twice the rate of inflation. A 10% increase in the minimum wage and a 5% increase in real wages is the minimum that we plan to achieve,” Volkov said.

According to the results of a study by the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, according to the updated forecast for the development of the Russian economy, in the next two months, Mordovia, along with Chuvashia, is expected to have the largest increase in household incomes. The so-called "short" index, which reflects the prospects for income growth and, accordingly, consumer activity for the next month or two, amounted to 4.8 in the republic. According to this indicator, Mordovia ranked third in the country, sharing it with the Primorsky Territory.

Among the reduced regional economies- such large industrial regions as the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions. The regions with the largest economic decline also included the Kirov region, where the GRP fell by 1.5%, and the Perm Territory, where the GRP decline was 2.1%.

Background

World economic crisis 2008 and the sharp depreciation of the ruble in 2014-2015 had an extremely negative impact on the economy of Russian regions. Moreover, the regions with developed metallurgy, in particular, the Urals, as well as the centers of mechanical engineering, suffered the most. Regions with underdeveloped industries and the country's agricultural "breadbaskets" suffered less, as their budgets are more dependent on transfers from the federal budget. However, here, too, the stagnation in the construction industry and the bankruptcy of some enterprises exacerbated problems with the payment of employee salaries.

The Republic of Mordovia is part of the Volga Federal District of the Russian Federation, located in the center of the European part of Russia, in the Volga River basin, at the crossroads of the most important transport routes from the Center to the Urals, Siberia, the Volga region, Kazakhstan and Central Asia. The length of Mordovia from west to east is about 280 km, from north to south - from 55 to 140 km. The republic borders: in the west with Ryazan, in the north - Nizhny Novgorod, in the east - Ulyanovsk, in the south - Penza regions and in the northeast - with the Chuvash Republic. The area of ​​the Republic of Mordovia is 26.1 thousand sq. km. The capital of Mordovia - Saransk is located 642 km. from Moscow. Over the past three years, Saransk has been the winner of the competition for the title of "The most comfortable city in Russia."

Most of the Republic of Mordovia is occupied by the Volga Upland, in the west - by the Oka-Don Lowland.

The bowels of Mordovia contain non-metallic minerals, used mainly in construction, and groundwater (ground and artesian). 120 deposits of raw materials for the production of building materials have been discovered and used: 5 types of clay, loam, sand, chalk, marl, flask, tripoli (diatomite), etc.

Deposits of sand and gravel mixture were discovered (approximate reserves of 0.8 million cubic meters). One of the main resources of the subsoil of the Republic of Mordovia is raw materials for the production of cement. Other minerals include phosphorite, oil shale, peat, raw materials for mineral paints, black bog oak, etc.

Of the rivers flowing in the republic, the largest are the Sura and Moksha, belonging to the Volga river basin, however, they are not of great economic importance. Several sections of the rivers Moksha, Vad, Sura, where there are deposits unique look fossil - bog oak.

There are significant reserves of sulfate-chloride mineral water Khilovsky type, which due to its properties can be used to treat chronic gastritis, colitis, liver diseases, metabolic diseases.

The forests of the republic are located in the basins of the rivers Vad, Satis, Sivin, in the valleys of Moksha, Sura and Alatyr. The predominant species are pine, birch, oak, linden and aspen. As of January 1, 2009, the area of ​​forest fund lands amounted to 680.7 thousand hectares, including the area of ​​protective forests - 208.4 thousand hectares, the area of ​​commercial forests - 472.3 thousand hectares.

The Republic of Mordovia belongs to a densely populated and well developed zone of the Russian Federation. The attractiveness of the geographical position of the republic significantly increases the developed infrastructure potential, in which transport communications are of particular importance. The most important railways, pipelines and highways pass through the territory of the republic, connecting European part countries with the Urals and northern Russia with the Volga region.

The length of motor roads is 5.7 thousand km. Main highways: access to the city of Saransk from the highway M5 "Ural", 1R 178 "Saransk - Surskoe - Ulyanovsk", 1R 158 " Nizhny Novgorod- Arzamas - Saransk", Saransk - Cheboksary.

The operational length of railway networks is 550 km. The railway line Moscow - Samara passes through the territory of the republic, the eastern part is crossed by the railway line Nizhny Novgorod - Penza. The republic has railway communication with all regions of Russia. The city of Ruzaevka (25 km from Saransk) is a major railway junction station of the Kuibyshev railway.

There is an airport in Saransk with a 2.8 km long runway of class 2, equipped with everything necessary for servicing domestic and international flights, capable of receiving aircraft with a carrying capacity of up to 100 tons.

6 main gas pipelines(from deposits in the northern part Western Siberia), as well as the Saratov-Gorky gas pipeline. The territory of the republic is fully gasified.

Mordovia is provided with the whole complex modern species connections. Modern generations of the telephone network, electronic automatic telephone exchanges, digital systems transmission of information, the number of Internet users is increasing. Active mobile connection. A telemedicine system has been introduced and is being operated, which makes it possible to receive consultations from the largest medical centers in Russia.

Implemented in the republic pilot project creation of a network of multi-channel digital terrestrial television broadcasting of the DVB-T standard, which makes it possible to provide the population with a high-quality complex of information services.

The Republic of Mordovia includes 22 municipal district, urban district Saransk, 17 urban settlements, 1287 rural settlements, 6 cities of regional subordination (Ardatov, Insar, Kovylkino, Krasnoslobodsk, Ruzaevka, Temnikov).

The population of the Republic of Mordovia as of 01.01.2009 was 833.0 thousand people, including urban - 501.9 thousand people. - 60.3%, rural - 331.0 thousand people. - 39.7%, which exceeds the average for the Russian Federation (27%) and the Volga Federal District (29.7%). The average population density is 31.9 people/sq.km. The population is the most major cities republics: Saransk - 296.0 thousand people, Ruzaevka - 47.6 thousand people, Kovylkino - 20.7 thousand people.

The age structure of the population (as of 01.01.2009): able-bodied - 63.0%, younger than working age - 14.3%, older than working age - 22.7 percent.

The ethnic composition of the population according to the 2002 census: Russians - 60.8%, Mordvins - 31.9%, Tatars - 5.2%, other nationalities - 2.1%. The indigenous population - Mordvins - is ethnically heterogeneous and consists of two groups: Erzi and Moksha.

The official languages ​​are Russian and Mordovian (Moksha, Erzya). The Mordovian language belongs to the Finnish group of the Ural-Altaic family and is spoken by 1/3 of the population of the republic.

The dominant religion of the population of the republic is Orthodox Christianity.

The Republic of Mordovia belongs to the regions with an industrial-agrarian type of economic specialization. The leading role in the economy belongs to industry, whose share in the gross regional product in 2008 was 28.6 percent.

The basic sectors of industry that determine the place of the region in economic development of the Volga Federal District and Russia as a whole are:

1) machine-building sector (share in industrial production in 2008 - 36.3%), including:

production Vehicle and equipment (15.0%), where the most competitive direction is car building;

production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment (15.0%), where it is necessary to single out such most developed areas as lighting and electrical engineering;

production of machinery and equipment (6.3%);

2) production of building materials (20.0%);

3) food industry (20.8 percent).

The largest enterprises of the republic:

OJSC "Ruzkhimmash" is a leading supplier of equipment for the chemical, oil and gas industry, a manufacturer of freight cars, railway tanks for transporting gas, oil products and acids.

JSC Zavod Saranskkabel is a manufacturer of a wide range of cables: power with paper and plastic insulation, control, telephone, signal-blocking, fiber-optic and ship cables.

OJSC Lisma is a manufacturer of light sources, including: incandescent lamps general purpose, highly efficient gas discharge, halogen and various kinds special lamps.

JSC Elektrovypryamitel is a manufacturer of power semiconductor products, converters, current converters, rectifiers for electric motors of electric locomotives, etc.

JSC "Biochemist" is a manufacturer of more than 100 types of medicines, including antibiotics, blood substitutes, a wide range of infusion and saline solutions.

OAO Saransk Rezinotekhnika Plant - produces more than 15 thousand items rubber products supplied to the automotive industry.

JSC "Sarex" is one of the largest manufacturers of excavators in Russia based on wheeled tractors MTZ-80/82, YuMZ-6AK. In addition to traditional products, SAREKS produces a number of special machines and a wide range of agricultural equipment: plows, cultivators, disc harrows.

JSC "Mordovcement" - is the largest manufacturer of cement in Russia (packaged and bulk of various grades).

JSC "Lato" is a manufacturer of fiber cement boards, slates, asbestos-cement pipes.

The largest food industry enterprises are meat processing complexes that are part of the Talina Group of Companies, Lamzur OJSC, Lamzur S OJSC, Saransk Combine OJSC pasta”, OJSC “Canning Factory “Saransky”, LLC “Romodanovosakhar”, OJSC “Dairy Plant “Saransky”, OJSC “Cheese-Making Plant “Ichalkovsky”, OJSC “Mordovspirt”, a branch of OJSC “SUN InBev”, Saransk, etc.

In 2008, the index of industrial production amounted to 105.2% (average Russian indicator - 102.1%).

The second most important sector of the republic's economy is agriculture, whose share in the gross regional product in 2008 was 17.7 percent. As of January 1, 2009, there were 94 large and medium-sized agricultural organizations and 1,118 peasant (farm) farms operating on the territory of the republic.

The agro-climatic resources of Mordovia are quite favorable for the development of many branches of agriculture. The average long-term air temperature in January is -8 °С, in July +21.2 °С. The average annual precipitation is from 450 to 500 mm. Average duration growing season - 135 days. Mordovia is located on the border of forest and steppe natural areas. The soils of Mordovia vary in fertility and, if properly used, can produce high yields.

The main sectors of specialization of the agro-industrial cluster are the production of dairy products (milk, cheeses and dairy products), meat production (development of beef and pork production), poultry farming (production of eggs and poultry meat), development of the food and processing industry. In recent years, the republic has occupied a leading position among the regions of the Volga Federal District in the production of meat, milk and eggs per 1 inhabitant. According to the results of 2008, among the regions of the Russian Federation, the republic entered the top seven according to these indicators. The share of livestock and poultry produced in farms of all categories in the total volume of production of the Volga Federal District is 4.5%, milk - 4%, eggs - 8%. Crop production specializes in the production of grain crops (barley, winter rye, spring and winter wheat, millet and buckwheat predominate), as well as sugar beets, potatoes, vegetables and fodder crops.

Four largest enterprises agro-industrial complex: CJSC "Mordovia Bacon", OJSC "Agrofirma "Oktyabrskaya", OJSC "Poultry Farm" Chamzinskaya "and State Unitary Enterprise of the Republic of Mordovia "Teplichnoye" - are among the 300 the best enterprises Russia.

In 2008, the volume of gross agricultural output in all categories of farms amounted to 29.3 billion rubles with an increase of 5.5% compared to 2007, including in crop production - by 10.7%, livestock - by 1.2 percent .

In recent years, the agro-industrial complex has been singled out as one of the main priorities economic policy Republic of Mordovia. The implementation of the Program for the Development of Agriculture and the Regulation of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food Markets of the Republic of Mordovia for 2008-2012 is aimed at the development of agricultural production, which will solve the problems of increasing the competitiveness of domestic agricultural products, developing rural areas, and improving the standard of living in the countryside.

The Republic of Mordovia has a fairly developed construction complex. As of January 1, 2009, there were 984 construction organizations. In 2008, work was performed on the type of activity "Construction" in the amount of 15.0 billion rubles with a growth rate of 106.9 percent compared to 2007.

The republic is actively building social and engineering infrastructure facilities, increasing the volume of housing construction. During the implementation of the priority national project "Affordable and comfortable housing for Russian citizens" in the Republic of Mordovia, the level of housing provision for the population increased to 23.4 sq.m per person (one of the best indicators in the Volga Federal District), housing construction volumes increased by 1, 3 times, more than 2.5 thousand young families improved their living conditions. The volume of issued mortgage loans for 2006-2008 amounted to more than 2.0 billion rubles, more than 360 thousand square meters of housing were built under the mortgage lending system

Increasing the economic potential of the republic, increasing production volumes, creating new jobs, increasing the welfare of the population are the main tasks of the investment activity of the Republic of Mordovia. Well-thought-out socio-economic policy and effective work with investors made it possible to create a favorable investment climate in the republic.

A high-quality regulatory and legal framework for investment activities has been formed in the republic. There are laws on state support investment activity in the Republic of Mordovia”, “On the conditions effective use socio-economic potential of the Republic of Mordovia”, “On the grounds and conditions for changing the deadlines for paying regional taxes”, “On reducing corporate income tax rates”, “On corporate property tax” and others. Support order in effect investment projects included in the Republican Target Program for the Development of the Republic of Mordovia for 2008-2012. As a result, Mordovia can offer the investor the maximum possible, in accordance with Russian legislation, tax incentives for the implementation of projects significant for the region.

The volume of investments in fixed capital for 2003-2008 increased by more than 1.6 times (in comparable prices), about 118 billion rubles were directed to the economy during this period.

In recent years, a number of projects significant for the economy of the republic have been implemented:

· Creation of facilities for the production of freight cars of a new generation in JSC "Ruzkhimmash";

mastering the production of fiber-optic communication cables embedded in a lightning protection cable, telephone communication cables, self-supporting insulated wires, radio-frequency and power cables, aluminum and copper wire rods at OJSC Zavod Saranskkabel;

· construction of a modern cable plant (CJSC "Tsvetlit");

organization of production of steel and iron castings using a new innovative technology in VKM-Steel LLC;

· organization of production of MTZ-1221 tractors at OAO Sarex with a sales volume of up to 5 billion rubles per year;

· construction of a modern export-oriented plant for the processing of aluminum scrap, which has no analogues in Russia, at Mordovvtorsyrie OJSC with a sales volume of about 5 billion rubles a year;

· mastering the production of fiber cement boards, including those with a decorative coating, at JSC Lato;

· organization of production of modern glass containers for the food industry at the Ruzaevsky glass plant with a sales volume of 6 billion rubles per year;

· construction of a new complex at the Saransk elevator to fully provide the newly built malting plant of the Sun InBev company with high-quality malting barley;

· Reconstruction of the Romodanovsky sugar plant with an increase in sugar beet processing capacity up to 4,000 tons per day (with the prospect of increasing it to 7,000 tons per day, which will provide a 5-fold increase in processing volumes compared to the Soviet period);

· production of frozen vegetables and semi-finished products, reconstruction of the existing production of green peas in JSC "Cannery "Saransky".

In addition, modernization operating industries, new lines were installed at JSC "Biochemist", Ruzaevsky plant of ceramic products, Combine of heat-insulating products, Kovylkinsky plant of silicate brick, JSC "ZhBK-1" and JSC "Zhelezobeton", Dairy plant "Saransky", JSC "Lamzur", JSC "Cheese-making plant "Ichalkovsky" and many other enterprises.

Work is underway to raise funds through federal development institutions. A cooperation agreement was concluded between the Government of the Republic of Mordovia and Vnesheconombank, the purpose of which is to establish a strategic partnership and develop long-term, effective cooperation between the parties in the field of investment activities, and organize the financing of investment projects.

Currently, the Ministry of Regional Development of Russia is considering 8 applications for financing investment projects at the expense of the Investment Fund of the Russian Federation. Information on 6 projects was sent to Vnesheconombank State Corporation.

In GC " Russian corporation Nanotechnologies (ROSNANO), the projects of Elektrovypryamitel JSC "Creation of the production of single-crystal neutron-doped silicon for power electronics and radio electronics" and CJSC "Optic fiber systems" "Creation of the production of optical fiber" were sent to the State Corporation "Rostechnologii" - proposals for the creation on the basis of JSC "Lisma" and JSC "Lisma-VNIIIS them. A.N. Lodygin" high-tech production of energy-efficient light sources for all industries, including the defense complex.

The development of the republic's economy provides for an innovative focus. In. G. Saransk, a pilot project is being implemented to create a technopark in the field of high technology focused on the development and implementation of innovations in the field of optical and electronic technology with the placement of leading Russian and international companies in it.

The social policy in the republic is aimed at improving the living standards of the population and developing human potential, ensuring the availability of all social benefits, including education, health care, housing, culture, sports, and social protection.

In the field of education at the beginning of 2009 there were 228 preschool institutions, 548 educational institutions with 72.5 thousand students. The implementation of the priority national project "Education" in the Republic of Mordovia made it possible to give an objective assessment innovative potential educational system Republic, to identify leaders among educational institutions and teachers, to raise the prestige of the teaching profession, to encourage talented youth, to involve civil institutions in the management of the industry. The undoubted success of the project was the development of the technological basis of modern information educational technologies, including connection to the Internet, equipping schools with modern equipment and educational visual aids. All urban and rural schools of the republic are provided with computers (provision is 1 computer for 22 students).

As of the beginning of 2009, there were 216 medical institutions in the healthcare sector. During the implementation of the national project "Health", the provision of doctors has improved general practice(amounted to 2.0 per 10 thousand of the population, and in rural areas - 2.2), the staffing of the district service with doctors (there was 96.6%), nurses (97.3%); ambulance service radius increased medical care and reduced waiting time by 8 minutes; decreased incidence of infectious diseases; the infant mortality rate dropped to 5.9 per 1,000 live births; the provision of high-tech medical care has more than tripled; there is a real opportunity to receive high-tech care in traumatology - orthopedics and neurosurgery, without leaving the republic. Centers of high medical technologies have been organized: cardiac surgery, sports medicine and early medical and social rehabilitation, neurosurgery, endoprosthesis.

Measures taken towards ensuring social protection of the population, made it possible to form a stable, guaranteed system of support for socially vulnerable groups of the population. At the beginning of 2009, 30 public institutions social service for 2609 beds. Social benefits are being implemented in accordance with federal and republican legislation, providing for increased targeted support for low-income citizens.

In the field of culture, the goal of the development of the republic is the realization of its cultural and spiritual potential. At the beginning of 2009 in the Republic of Mordovia there were: 5 theaters, 5 state concert organizations and independent groups, 570 public libraries, 23 museums. The largest museum is the Mordovian Republican Museum fine arts named after S.D. Erzya is a large research, scientific and educational institution of the Volga region, where a unique exposition of sculptural works by S.D. Erzi is a world-famous sculptor. The Saransk Music College named after L.P. Kiryukov and the Saransk Art College named after F.V. Sychkov function.

7 centers have been created and are functioning on the territory of the Republic of Mordovia national culture, where you can get acquainted with the features of life, crafts, clothing, rituals of the Mordovian people, the Interregional Center of Finno-Ugric Culture. IN next year completed the reconstruction of the National Library. A.S. Pushkin.

Particular attention is paid to the development of mass physical education and sports, this direction is one of the priorities in social policy region. A unique sports infrastructure has been created, which has received recognition in the country and abroad. At the beginning of 2009, the network of sports facilities included 2,060 different sports facilities, of which 1,347 are located in rural areas.

Over the past 5 years alone, more than 40 sports facilities have been built, including: in Saransk - the universal sports complex "Mordovia", the stadium "Start", the Ice Palace with two skating rinks and stands for 2700 seats, the republican ski and biathlon center, tennis center of Mordovia; in Ruzaevka - a BMX-sport velodrome, a weightlifting hall, a tennis stadium, a specialized hall for power triathlon; sports and recreation complexes were built in 16 districts of the republic.

Great importance in Mordovia is attached to the development of elite sports. In recent years, 3 champions and 3 medalists of the Olympic Games, 28 World champions, 18 European champions, 21 World and European cup winners, 16 European and World championship winners and 171 Russian champions have been trained in the Republic of Mordovia. At the last World Championship in Germany, three athletes from Mordovia won medals the highest standard in race walking competitions (S. Kirdyapkin, O. Kaniskina, V. Borchin).