The use of information technology in the enterprise example. Information technologies in various fields of activity

The transfer of information about the position and activities of the enterprise to the highest level of management and the mutual exchange of information between all mutual divisions of the company are carried out on the basis of modern electronic computers and other technical means ah connection.

by object and quality - brevity and clarity of wording, timeliness of receipt;

by purposefulness - the satisfaction of specific needs;

in terms of accuracy and reliability - the correct selection of primary information, the optimal systematization and the continuity of the collection and processing of information.

Large companies (corporations, holdings), which are characterized by a complex structure associated with the diversification of divisions, their territorial distribution and differences in production potential, as a rule, face such problems as:

> Lack of organizational unity among the divisions of the enterprise, in particular, the same understanding of the essence of business processes, a single accounting methodology, unification of regulatory and reference information.

> Difficulties in planning activities for all horizons (long-term, current, operational) at all levels of the management vertical, bringing specific tasks to each of the departments, monitoring the current execution and analyzing the implementation of these tasks.

> Insufficient timeliness (relevance) of data on the financial and economic activities of divisions, branches and the corporation as a whole.

> High labor intensity of collecting and summarizing (consolidating) data from territorially distributed areas, in particular, accounting departments, each of which maintains its own, "incomplete" from the corporation's point of view, balance sheets; a large number of errors in such data, their heterogeneity and inconsistency.

> Lack of timely and reliable information on mutual settlements (mutual offsets) with external suppliers and consumers, as well as branches of the enterprise, and, as a result, the difficulty of managing receivables - payables. The solution to this problem is much more complicated when the status of the counterparty changes (for example, when a corporation purchases a firm that was previously an external counterparty).

The only solution to these problems is the development and implementation of so-called information technologies, i.e. technologies based on the use of computers and electronic means communications.

According to the definition adopted by UNESCO, information technology is a complex of interrelated, scientific, technological, engineering disciplines that study methods for the effective organization of the work of people involved in the processing and storage of information; computer technology and methods of organizing and interacting with people and production equipment, their practical applications, as well as the social, economic and cultural problems associated with all this.

In modern society, information technology is a universal tool in the management of organizations of all types, operating in all areas. The main functions of modern information technologies for enterprise management are the collection, storage, search, systematization and processing of the necessary data for all spheres of public life, the development of new information, and the solution of certain optimization problems. The task is not only to select and automate labor-intensive, regularly repeated routine operations on large data arrays, but also to obtain fundamentally new information that is necessary for making effective management decisions.

Among the main directions of development of modern information technologies in ensuring effective functioning and development are:

Workflow automation

Communications

Pharmaceutical production technology management

Automation of accounting and planning

Development of decision making systems

Automation of banking operations

Creation of workstations

Technology is generally defined as a system of activities.
Information Technology, IT (Information Technology - IT) is a broad field of activity related to technologies for the formation and management of processes for working with data and information, including the use of computing, computer and communication technology.

Information system, IS (Information System - IS) - a system designed to implement and maintain an information model of any area of ​​human activity. This system should provide the following means for the flow of information processes:

Collection of information,
transformation and processing,
analysis,
storage and protection
transfer to use.

The purpose of using information technology is to reduce the complexity of using information resources.
Information resources are understood as a set of information arrays that are of value to an organization (enterprise). These include files and databases, documents, texts, graphics, knowledge, audio and video information, etc.

New information technology is a technology based on the use of computer networks, active participation in the information process of users, wide use of packages application programs, multimedia, use of real-time mode and user access to remote databases.

New information technologies and implemented on their basis Information Systems are a powerful tool for organizational change that "forces" enterprises to redesign their structure, scope, communications, resources, i.e. carry out a complete reengineering of business processes to achieve new strategic goals.

Compliance with IT and organizational changes IT Organizational changes in the enterprise global networks International division of production, the company's actions are not limited to localization in the country/region, reducing production costs due to cheap labor, simplifies branch management. Enterprise networks The quality of joint work of employees and management, electronic document management is increasing. Distributed control Business processes become transparent, reduced operating costs. Distributed production Virtual companies - the need for real estate to accommodate the means of production decreases, the decrease in organizational and capital costs.

Four main classes structural changes companies that are supported by information technology. Each of them has its own consequences and risks.

The most common form of IT-enabled organizational change is Business Process Automation (BPA). The first applications developed with the help of IT affected financial transactions and workflow, as this is the most formalized part of a company's business processes. Settlement and execution of payments, control of transactions and movement of documents, direct access of clients to their deposits - these are standard examples of early automation. The risk of introducing these technologies is minimal, the gain is very large.

A deeper form of organizational change, already affecting the structure of production, is the rationalization of work procedures or process improvement (Business Process Improvement - BPI). To restore order in complex and distributed procedures and processes, it is necessary to change the order of their execution. The essence of the changes is the rational alignment of technological procedures, saving process space and time. Rationalization also does not introduce much additional risk, since it can start with local procedures and processes, and only after receiving economic effect spread throughout the enterprise.

New IT is ultimately designed to change the nature of the entire organization, transforming its goals and strategic aspirations (Paradigm Shift - PS): for example, mastering a fundamentally new market niche, opening company branches in other countries, acquiring another company, merging with a partner company, etc. e. Such organizational changes have the greatest risk, but they also carry the highest return. The company's management must consciously approach changes of this type, understanding the full measure of responsibility for the global decisions made.

In the development of enterprise information systems, the current main trend is to increasingly integrate IT / IS for maximum return, increased efficiency of use and increased “return on investment”.

Any enterprise has its own organizational structure, which contains interconnected substructures:

· Production Management,

personnel structure,

marketing,

· financial and economic,

informational.

Any management system can be represented as an information system with various information flows in the form of documents circulating within the organization, as well as outgoing/incoming from the external environment.

In modern conditions, business leaders have to deal with a large amount of dynamically changing information that cannot be processed "manually". Therefore, there is a need to create automated systems for collecting, processing, storing information, which are designed to facilitate the process of processing and storing information circulating in the enterprise.
Appearance computer technology makes it possible to create such systems.

The presence of a well-established automated information system (AIS) at the enterprise greatly simplifies the management process.
With regard to an industrial enterprise, the cybernetic approach suggests that the following principles should be used in enterprise management:

enterprise management is considered within the framework of a system that includes, in addition to the enterprise, the external environment;

the goal of management is formulated in quantitative terms;

· The communication and control mechanisms operating in the system are analyzed taking into account both determinism and stochastic changes.

Enterprise management is always subject to some goal that optimizes one or another parameter of activity, for example, the goal: maximizing profit for a given period of time, reducing production costs, etc. It would seem that the simplest answer to the question of how to build enterprise management can be obtained using the theory optimal control. However, in practice, a number of factors prevent the use of this approach in its pure form.

The application of the theory of optimal control implies the presence of the following elements:

· dynamic model of the enterprise;

model of the control system;

· optimality criterion;

· model of external influences on the enterprise and information disturbances (external disturbances and noise).

Unfortunately create mathematical models covering all these components is not possible in practice. Even simplified models turn out to be of such dimension that none of the known methods for constructing optimal control can be implemented to determine control actions.

In order to obtain predictable results of managing complex objects and to accumulate useful empirically obtained knowledge, a number of simplifications are used that can be formalized within the framework of control theory. These simplifications concern both the process of developing control actions and enterprise models, external influences and information disturbances.

Management has two components:

program control actions that depend only on time;

corrective control actions, formed according to the principle feedback.

Methods for the formation of the program component of control actions and forecasting the behavior of an enterprise when these actions are implemented in the economy and in the field of enterprise management gave rise to the development of such a direction as planning methods. The addition of planning methods by methods of periodic formation of corrective components of control actions formed the basis of the direction - project management.

Enterprise management is a set of influences designed to ensure the efficient flow of the production process from the point of view of the set goals. The implementation of the enterprise management process takes place within the framework of the enterprise management system - a structure in which the management object and the control part can be distinguished. The object of control is the production process. In the role of the managing part of the enterprise are management services.

An enterprise management system is a management system organizational type. In such systems, the role of organizing, coordinating and coordinating the behavior of groups of people is important. All private production processes, up to elementary ones, are controlled processes. Each process is controlled by implementing control functions at separate discrete points in time.

The management functions include:

· planning - definition the behavior of the controlled process in the future in a deterministic way,

accounting - determination of the actual state of the controlled process at discrete points in time,

control - determination of deviations between the planned and actual state of the controlled process at discrete points in time,

regulation - ensuring the functioning of controlled processes within the specified parameters,

· analysis - summing up the results of the implementation of the managed process for the period of management, identifying the factors that influenced the degree of achievement of the planned results.

There is another function of management - forecasting. Forecasting is a definition for the future of the probabilistic characteristics of a controlled process. Depending on the objectives of the study, the forecasting function is considered as an independent one or combined with planning.

Further progress in the field of formalization of enterprise management methods is related to:

· With systematic approach, which involves the construction of a system of models. Typically, these models have a hierarchical structure that reflects various qualitative features of the behavior of such a complex object as an enterprise, for example, a process model, a representation of an enterprise as a composition of queuing systems, data models used in an enterprise, etc.;

· with the creation of regular methods for determining control actions based on the hierarchical principle of decomposition and task aggregation. According to this principle, the result of solving the upper-level control problem becomes the initial condition for solving the problem of constructing a control action for lower-level problems. Moreover, the result of solving the problem of the lower level does not lead to a revision of the result of solving the problem of the upper level.

The application of these approaches has led to the following results:

· isolate a number of simplified problems to which some methods of optimal control theory, finite automata, operations planning, etc. could be applied;

· create effective procedures for making managerial decisions using the empirical knowledge of decision makers (DM);

use heuristic management strategies;

determine the principles of formation organizational structures enterprises.

Trends in the development of modern information technologies lead to a constant increase in the complexity of information systems (IS) created in various areas of the economy. In the most general case, the control system looks like this:

The enterprise management system operates on the basis of information about the state of the object, its inputs X (material, labor, financial resources) and outputs Y (finished products, economic and financial results) in accordance with the goal (to ensure the release of the necessary products). Management is carried out by submitting management impact 1 (production plan) taking into account feedback - the current state of the controlled system (production) and the external environment (2, 3) - the market, higher management bodies.

For modern major projects IS is characterized, as a rule, by the following features:

complexity of description (a fairly large number of functions, processes, data elements and complex relationships between them), requiring careful modeling and analysis of data and processes;

The presence of a set of closely interacting components (subsystems) that have their own local tasks and goals of functioning (for example, traditional applications related to transaction processing and solving routine tasks, and applications of analytical processing (decision support) using ad hoc queries to large volume data) ;

the need to integrate existing and newly developed applications;

functioning in a heterogeneous environment on several hardware platforms;

· disunity and heterogeneity of individual groups of developers in terms of skill level and established traditions of using certain tools.

For successful implementation of the project, the IS design object must, first of all, be adequately described, i.e. full and consistent functional and information models of IS should be built.

In modern conditions of development market relations improvement of sales activities is one of the most important factors in the functioning industrial enterprises.

This activity is constantly being improved in accordance with the objective requirements of the production and sale of products, the increasing role of the consumer in the formation of technical and economic indicators and other parameters of products, the complication of economic relations. An important role in these conditions is played by the introduction of progressive methods of modern information technology (IT) sales management at the enterprise, change organizational forms and enterprise structures.

The use of information technology is one of the most controversial intra-company issues. The management of enterprises often refuses to solve them, because they do not feel competent enough. Decisions are usually left to CIOs or specialized external organizations.

The business risks associated with IT are ever-increasing, and it is unclear how long business leaders will underestimate this important strategic resource. True, in recent years, top management has become more attentive to IT. It is from him that decisive initiatives to change the situation in this area should come. The use of business process automation systems allows us to talk about the following benefits of implementation new technology organizations management activities compared to traditional

High efficiency of decision-making is provided;

Information processes are being rationalized and integrated, including the organization of the enterprise's workflow is being improved;

Operational adjustment of the automation system to changes in the order of work that is taking shape at the enterprise is supported;

Duplication of functions is eliminated;

The efficiency of work as a whole increases; the costs of information support for the functioning of the enterprise are reduced.

The listed advantages of the technology, as well as its successful implementation and use at many enterprises (both in the Republic of Belarus and abroad) make it possible to speak of it as a modern effective technology for organizing management processes with a great future. At the RUE "BZ TDiA" enterprise, the following problems associated with the underdevelopment of information technologies can be identified:

High volume of document flow in paper form, which does not provide high efficiency of decision-making;

Absence necessary qualifications to work with computers for most workers;

Lack of a unified database;

The inability to enter primary information at the points of its occurrence.

To build an effective automated enterprise management system, it is necessary to consider and solve the following issues: building a local area network; creation of automated workplaces at the points of origin of primary information; equipping automated workplaces with modern computer technology; acquisition of appropriate software; creation of a single database.

The presence of a system that automates the collection, preparation and processing of information is one of the necessary conditions that determine the ultimate success of the enterprise.

It is already obvious today that the most successful in the business world are those enterprises and corporations that are able to quickly collect information, process, analyze it and, on the basis of this, make the best management decision, that is, using modern information technologies.

Figure 3.1 - Window of economic calculations (calculation of the cost of commodity output)

Figure 3.2 - Window of economic calculations (calculation of material costs)

Note - Source: own development.

In terms of functioning, automated information systems for cost management in an enterprise have a supporting (technological) and functional part. The supporting part consists of information, technical, software, mathematical, organizational, legal and linguistic support.

Information support is a set of design decisions on the volume, placement, forms of organization of information circulating in an automated information system. It includes a set of indicators, reference data, information classifiers and codifiers, unified documentation systems specially organized for automatic maintenance, and information arrays on appropriate media.

The organization of information support of the marketing activity system implies the presence of a set of appropriate technologies based on the use of certain means of collecting, transmitting, processing, storing and presenting information. Depending on the predominance of any of the listed information processes, their significance, appropriate technical means for their implementation are selected. Technical support- a set of technical means designed for the operation of the information system, as well as the relevant documentation for these tools and technological processes.

The information technology of enterprise management involves the integration into a single complex of all technical means of information processing using modern methodology and various procedures for processing information based on the organization of a local area network. The most rational architecture of the local area network of an enterprise is the "client-server" platform. Such an architecture is organized by combining workstations and a local area network in the structural divisions of the enterprise. The merging is carried out using communication equipment and software that allows the remote user to effectively and safely perform the necessary actions for information exchange and modification of remote databases. This architecture allows you to create custom workstations using centralized databases and relatively inexpensive computers.

The organization of a local area network and the choice of a set of technical means for creating an information technology for sales management is based on the requirements of reliability, branching (remoteness), speed, information protection, structure flexibility, size of the information database, features of the software used, with a certain minimization of capital costs for the acquisition of the complex technical means and their operation. In modern conditions of emergence and formation large corporations the question arises of setting up a corporate computer network at the enterprise. In the general case, the corporate network of an enterprise consists of several subnets of various structural units, which are united by communication channels. These channels can be part of global and metropolitan networks.

The software includes a set of programs that implement the functions and tasks of automated information technology and ensure the stable operation of the complex of technical means. The software includes system-wide and special programs, as well as instructive and methodological materials on the use of software tools and personnel involved in its development and maintenance for the entire period life cycle automated information technology.

Mathematical software is a set of mathematical methods, models and algorithms for processing information used in solving functional problems and in the process of automating the design work of automated information technology. Mathematical software includes tools for modeling control processes, methods and tools for solving typical tasks management, methods of optimizing stocks of material resources and making optimal management decisions.

Organizational support is a set of methods, tools and documents that regulate the interaction of information system personnel with technical means and among themselves in the process of developing and operating an information system. Organizational support is implemented in various methodological and guidance materials on the stages of development, implementation and operation of automated information systems and automated information technologies, in particular, during pre-project survey, formation terms of reference for design and feasibility study, development of design solutions in the design process, selection of automated tasks, standard design solutions and application programs, implementation of the system into operation.

Legal support is a combination legal regulations governing legal relations in the creation and implementation of automated information systems and technologies to improve marketing activities. Legal support includes regulations related to contractual relations between the developer and the customer in the process of creating automated information systems and automated information technologies; rights, duties and responsibilities of personnel; the procedure for creating and using information in automated information systems; the procedure for the acquisition and use of computer technology and other technical means.

Linguistic support combines a set of language tools for formalizing a natural language, building and combining information units in the course of communication of automated information technology personnel with computer facilities. With the help of linguistic support, communication between a person and a machine is carried out. Automated information systems and automated information technologies implement the solution of functional management tasks, the totality of which constitutes the so-called functional part of the activity of an economic object as a system. In the process of designing an information system, the requirements of middle management employees (managers) are taken into account, since they implement their functions in specific areas of management activities (supply, production, financial, etc.) and are active participants in the information process at the enterprise.

The composition, order and principles of interaction of functional subsystems are established taking into account the achievement of the goal of functioning facing the economic object. The main principles for the selection of independent subsystems, task complexes and individual calculations are: their relative independence, that is, the presence of a control object, the presence of a specific set of functions and their corresponding tasks with a clearly defined purpose of functioning, minimization of the composition of the elements included in the subsystem. Automation of management should ensure the rhythmic work of the enterprise Automation of control systems, the introduction of automated information technologies for sales management at the enterprise increases the economic efficiency of industrial enterprises, their competitiveness.

FEDERAL STATE GENERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
BURYAT STATE AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY named after V.R. Filippova

DEPARTMENT "Management and Law"

Course work

By discipline:

"Management"

On the topic of:
"Information technologies in the enterprise"
On the example of Zagustay LLC, Selenginsky district

Completed by: group 5403 Dambaev A.V.
Checked by: Burhieva T.Ts.

Ulan-Ude, 2011

Content
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………….3
Chapter 1. Theoretical basis information technologies
at the enterprise …………………………………………………………………..6
1.1. Information systems and technologies. Their classification in organizational management ……………………………………..…….6
1.2. Features of information technology in organizations various types ……………………………………………………….13
1.3. Information links in corporate systems ………………..17
1.4. Information technologies as a tool for the formation of management decisions………………………………………………..23
Chapter 2. Organizational and economic characteristics
Zagustay LLC…………………………………………………………….……31
2.1. Natural and climatic characteristics of the enterprise …………...31
2.2. Economic characteristics of the economy……………….…………..33
Chapter 3. Ways to improve the efficiency of using information technology in the enterprise……………………………………………… .43
3.1. The project part of improving the efficiency of using information technology in the enterprise…..………………….43
3.2. The effectiveness of the project for training and installing the program "1C: Accounting" at the enterprise (LLC "Zagustay")………………….49
Conclusions and suggestions…………………………………………………………….51
List of used literature………………………………..………….5 3

Introduction
The relevance of the chosen topic for the course work lies in the fact that the need to act in a market economy, the ever-increasing competition of producers leads to increased requirements for professional qualities specialists, the responsibility of managers for the results and consequences of the decisions made. Taking into account the time factor and organizing the analysis of material, commodity, financial flows, the search for sound solutions in the regulation of production, economic and financial situations become extremely relevant.
My mission and purpose term paper are in

determining the provision of Zagustay LLC and its structural divisions with information technologies
determine the economic efficiency of their use
calculate the impact of the use of information technology on the volume of production, labor productivity
identification of a reserve for increasing the efficiency of using information technologies by the economy.

The subject of research of my term paper is information technology at the enterprise, the object of research is Zagustay LLC
Preparation in high school should provide for the mastery of a specialist manager with fundamental knowledge of the theory and practice of management, as well as the ability to actively use information technology in their professional activities. The widespread use of personal computers, communication tools, easy access to databases and knowledge bases, the use of intelligent technologies and systems provide a specialist with real opportunities to perform analytical, predictive functions, prepare management decisions in the modern technological mode of information processing.
Information technology is a process that uses a set of methods and means for implementing the operations of collecting, registering, transmitting, accumulating and processing information based on software and hardware to solve the management problems of an economic object.
The main task of information technology (IT) is, as a result of targeted actions for processing primary information, to obtain information of a new quality, on the basis of which optimal management decisions. IT is a process consisting of clearly regulated rules for performing operations on information circulating in the information system, and depends on the degree of centralization of data processing technologies, the characteristics of the subject area, the degree of coverage of management tasks, the class of implemented technological operations, type of user interface, method of building a network.
The choice of strategy for organizing automated information technology is determined by the following factors: the area of ​​operation and the type of enterprise, the adopted management model, new tasks in management, the existing information infrastructure, etc.
For precise and smooth functioning large enterprises and organizations, the main part of the automated information technology tools can be built in the form of an information model that reflects the economic processes in corporate management systems.
The organization of solving the main tasks of information processing and management of a large firm or corporation is based on the organization of a common information space and a corporate automated data warehouse.

Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations of information technology in the enterprise
1.1. Information systems and technologies. Their classification in organizational management
Modern enterprises and firms are complex organizational systems, whose individual components - fixed and working capital, labor and material resources, and others - are constantly changing and are in complex interaction with each other. The functioning of enterprises and organizations of various types in a market economy has set new tasks for improving management activities based on integrated automation management of all production and technological processes, as well as labor resources.
The market economy leads to an increase in the volume and complexity of tasks solved in the field of production organization, planning and analysis processes, financial work, relations with suppliers and consumers of products, the operational management of which is impossible without the organization of a modern automated information system (IS).
Management information system - a set of information, economic and mathematical methods and models, technical, software, other technological tools and specialists, designed to process information and make management decisions.
The management information system should solve the current problems of strategic and tactical planning, accounting and operational management of the company. Many accounting tasks (accounting and material accounting, tax planning, control, etc.) are solved without additional costs by secondary processing of operational management data. Accounting is a necessary additional means of control. Using operational information obtained during the operation of an automated information system, the manager can plan and balance the company's resources (material, financial and personnel), calculate and evaluate the results of management decisions, establish operational management of the cost of production (goods, services), the progress of the plan, use resources, etc. Management information systems allow:

increase the degree of validity of decisions made through the rapid collection, transmission and processing of information;
ensure the timeliness of decision-making on the management of the organization in a market economy;
to improve management efficiency through the timely submission of necessary information heads of all levels of management from a single information fund;
harmonize decisions made at various levels
management and in different structural divisions;
through awareness management personnel O current state economic object to ensure the growth of labor productivity, the reduction of non-production losses, etc.

The classification of management information systems depends on the types of management processes, the level of management, the scope of the economic object and its organization, the degree of management automation.
The main classification features of automated information systems are:

level in the system government controlled;
area of ​​operation of the economic entity;
types of management processes;
degree of automation of information processes.

In accordance with the sign of classification by the level of government, automated information systems are divided into federal, territorial (regional) and municipal IS, which are information systems high level hierarchies in management.
IS of federal significance solve problems information service apparatus administration and operate in all regions of the country.
Territorial (regional) IS are designed to solve information problems of managing administrative-territorial facilities located in a specific territory.
Municipal ECs function in the bodies local government for information service of specialists and ensuring the processing of economic, social and economic forecasts, local budgets, control and regulation of the activities of all parts of the socio-economic regions of the city, administrative district, etc.
Classification according to the area of ​​functioning of an economic object is focused on the production and economic activities of enterprises and organizations of various types. These include automated information systems of industry and Agriculture, transport, communications, banking IS, etc.
By types of management processes, IS are divided into:
Process control ICs are designed to automate various technological processes (flexible processes, energy, etc.).
IS of management of organizational and technological processes are multi-level, hierarchical systems that combine IS of process control and IS of enterprise management.
The most widely used organizational management IS, which are designed to automate the functions of managerial personnel. Considering the widest application and diversity of this class of systems, various information systems are often understood in this interpretation. This class of IS includes information management systems for both industrial firms and non-industrial economic objects - service enterprises. The main functions of such systems are operational control and regulation, operational accounting and analysis, prospective and operational planning, accounting, sales and supply management and other economic and organizational tasks.
Integrated information systems are designed to automate all the functions of managing a company and cover the entire cycle of functioning of an economic object: from research, design, manufacture, production and marketing of products to analysis of product operation.
Corporate information systems are used to automate all management functions of a firm or corporation that has territorial disunity between subdivisions, branches, departments, offices, etc.
IS of scientific researches provide the solution of scientific research problems on the basis of economic and mathematical methods and models.
Educational ISs are used for training specialists in the education system, for retraining and advanced training of workers in various sectors of the economy.
According to the degree of automation of information processes, information systems are divided into:
Manual information systems, which are characterized by the absence of modern technical means of processing information and the performance of all operations by a person according to previously developed methods.
Automated information systems are man-machine systems that provide automated collection, processing and transmission of information necessary for making management decisions in organizations of various types.
Automated information systems are characterized by the performance of all information processing operations automatically, without human intervention, but leave control functions to the person.
The main component of an automated information system is information technology (IT), the development of which is closely related to the development and operation of IS.
Information technology (IT) is a process that uses a set of methods and means for implementing the operations of collecting, registering, transmitting, accumulating and processing information based on software and hardware to solve the management problems of an economic entity.
The main goal of automated information technology is to obtain, through the processing of primary data, information of a new quality, on the basis of which optimal management decisions are developed. This is achieved through the integration of information, ensuring its relevance and consistency, the use of modern technical means for the introduction and operation of qualitatively new forms of information support for the activities of the management apparatus.
Information technology copes with a significant increase in the volume of processed information and leads to a reduction in the time it takes to process it. IT is the most important component of the process of using information resources in management. Automated information systems for information technology is the main environment, the constituent elements of which are the means and methods for converting data. Information technology is a process consisting of clearly regulated rules for performing operations on information circulating in IS, and depends on
many factors that are systematized according to the following classification criteria (Figure 1.1):

degree of centralization technological process;
type subject area;
class of implemented technological operations;
user interface type;
way to build a network.

According to the degree of centralization of the technological process, IT in control systems is divided into centralized, decentralized and combined technologies:
Centralized technologies are characterized by the fact that the processing of information and the solution of the main functional tasks of an economic object are carried out in an IT processing center - a central server, a computer network organized at an enterprise or in an industry or territorial information and computing center.
Decentralized technologies are based on the local application of computer technology installed at user workplaces to solve specific task specialist. Decentralized technologies do not have a centralized automated data storage, but provide users with communication tools for exchanging data between network nodes.
Combined technologies are characterized by the integration of processes for solving functional problems in the field using joint databases and the concentration of all system information in an automated data bank.
The subject area type identifies functional classes of tasks of the corresponding enterprises and organizations, the solution of which is carried out using modern automated information technology. These include the tasks of accounting and auditing, banking, insurance and tax activities, etc.
According to the degree of coverage of management tasks by automated information technology, automated information processing based on the use of computer technology, automation of management functions, decision support information technology, which involve the use of economic and mathematical methods, models and specialized application packages for analytical work and forecasting, are distinguished, drawing up business plans, reasonable estimates and conclusions on the processes under study. This classification group also includes the organization of an electronic office as a software and hardware complex for automating and solving office tasks, as well as expert support based on the use of expert systems and knowledge bases of a specific subject area.
According to the classes of implemented technological operations, IT are considered in accordance with the solution of problems of an applied nature and the available applied software, such as text and graphics editors, spreadsheet processors, database management systems, multimedia systems, hypertext systems, and more.
According to the type of user interface, automated information technologies are subdivided depending on the user's access to information, computing and software resources corresponding to the automated information technology used at the economic object. Batch information technology does not provide the user with the opportunity to influence data processing, while the interactive technology allows him to interact with computing facilities in an interactive mode, quickly receiving information for making managerial decisions.
The interface of the network automated information technology provides the user with telecommunication means of access to geographically remote information and computing resources.
The method of building a network depends on the requirements of the administrative apparatus for the efficiency of information exchange and management of all structural divisions firms. Increasing demands for the efficiency of information in the management of an economic object has led to the creation of network technologies that are developing in accordance with the requirements modern conditions functioning of the organization. This entails the organization of not only local computing systems, but multi-level (hierarchical) and distributed information technologies in the IS of organizational management. All of them are focused on technological interaction, which is organized through the means of transmission, processing, accumulation, storage and protection of information.
1.2. Features of information technology in organizations of various types
Information technology is the main component of the information system of organizational management, is directly related to the characteristics of the functioning of an enterprise or organization.
The choice of strategy for organizing automated information technology is determined by the following factors:

area of ​​operation of the enterprise or organization;
type of enterprise or organization;
production and economic or other activities;
the accepted management model of the organization or enterprise;
new tasks in management;

The fundamental factor for building information technology with its binding to the accepted management model and the existing information infrastructure is the area of ​​operation of the economic object, according to which organizations can be divided into groups presented in Table. 1. The type of organization influences the formation of information processing technology. In organizations of various types, depending on the requirements for solving the problems of managing an economic object, a technological process of information processing is formed. When introducing organizational management information systems and technologies, the main criteria are also the size of the organization and the area of ​​its operation. Taking into account these criteria, a choice is made of software and hardware for information technology for solving specific functional tasks, on the basis of which appropriate management decisions are made.
Organizations can be divided into three groups - small, medium and large (large).
1. At small enterprises of various fields of activity, information technologies, as a rule, are associated with solving accounting problems, accumulating information on certain types of business processes, creating information databases on the direction of the company's activities and organizing a telecommunications environment for connecting users with each other and with others. enterprises and organizations. The staff of small enterprises works in the environment of local computer networks of various topologies with the organization of an automated data bank for the concentration of information resources of the enterprise,
Individual applications and functional information of small business specialists are localized at the level of automated workstations (workstations) of the local area network, and an automated data bank is used for effective information support of the work of the upper management level. Therefore, in small enterprises, it is most appropriate to organize a combined information technology that combines distributed data processing with the centralization of information resources in an automated data bank.
A UNIX server, mainframe or supercomputer is used as a central computing system implemented to organize an automated data bank.
The combined network organization of automated information technology has the following advantages:

savings in operating costs;
the possibility of effective implementation of the "client-server" architecture;
high adaptability to user requirements due to a wide range of options for combining hardware and software, etc.

However, concentrating the system around a single server is not always the best solution, as there are hard limits on the number of clients connected to a server. An increase in the number of clients results in a slower system response. In addition, in the modern conditions of the functioning of an enterprise or organization, in order to develop an optimal management decision, it is necessary to centrally solve diverse tasks, starting with traditional business applications such as accounting programs and ending with assessment tasks. commercial risk using artificial intelligence systems. Practice shows that it is inefficient to mix the entire range of such tasks in one computer, and attempts to circumvent these limitations by increasing the computing power of the central server lead to a sharp increase in financial costs. Therefore, such a combined construction of an automated information technology and the organization of a local computer network with one information node of the concentration justify themselves only when implemented at small enterprises.
2. In medium-sized organizations (enterprises), the functioning of electronic document management and its linking to specific business processes are of great importance for the managerial level. Such organizations (enterprises, firms) are characterized by the expansion of the range of functional tasks to be solved related to the activities of the company, the organization of automated storages and archives of information that allow the accumulation of documents in various formats, suggest the presence of their structuring, search capabilities, information protection from unauthorized access, etc. e. The possibilities of various forms of organization of wheezing and use of data are being increased: access control, expansion of search tools, storage hierarchy, classification, etc.
To eliminate bottlenecks in the information technology organization of medium-sized enterprises, several servers are used in various functional divisions of the enterprise. Thus, a local computer network of medium-sized enterprises is a two-level computer network, at the upper level of which a communication environment is organized for the exchange of information between local servers, and at the lower level - the connection of local computer networks of various topologies of each functional unit to a local server to provide users with mutual information exchange and access to corporate resources.
3. In large organizations(enterprises) information technology is built on the basis of a modern software and hardware complex, including telecommunications, multi-computer systems, a developed client-server architecture, and the use of high-speed corporate computer networks. The corporate information technology of a large enterprise has, as a rule, a three-level hierarchical structure organized in accordance with the structure of geographically dispersed divisions of the enterprise: the central server of the system is installed in the central office, local servers - in divisions and branches, client stations organized in local area networks of the structural unit , branches or departments - from the company's staff.

1.3. Information links in corporate systems
And the economy developed countries a significant place is occupied by small enterprises and firms, the number of which has recently increased significantly. As world practice shows, small enterprises have a number of advantages compared to large ones:
flexibility and efficiency in actions;

easy adaptability (adaptation) to local conditions;
the possibility of faster implementation of ideas;
high capital turnover;
integration of all business processes for sales, logistics within the framework of only one enterprise;
low management costs, which is characterized by
a fairly simple organization at such an enterprise of automated information management technology.

In the conditions of modern market relations, large-scale business has been widely developed, which is characterized by forms of organization based on the unification of enterprises and firms into aggregate structures. These are collective associative forms, which include: corporations, business associations, concerns, holding companies, consortiums, conglomerates, syndicates, financial and industrial groups, etc.
The size of such associations is due to the desire to increase the efficiency of activities by reducing the costs of production and marketing of products, the introduction of modern technologies that require significant costs, the development of diversification processes that are implemented by combining geographically dispersed enterprises or separating branches into independent organizations with the empowerment of their management functions in a certain sphere of activity to serve the corporation as a whole (separation of production, marketing and supply organizations, etc.).
Corporations and associations operate in industries, transport, trade, public services, etc. There are also banks, Insurance companies, exchanges, tax system, authorities that have a similar organizational structure. In large organizations, two forms of management have developed - centralized and decentralized.
Organizations with centralized management are characterized by the distribution of functions and powers among structural units with strict coordination of production and economic activities in the management apparatus.
The decentralized form is characterized by the allocation within the organization of strategic business units or profit centers, whose activities lend themselves to independent planning and have their own budget. In this case, the branch management apparatus is endowed with fairly broad powers, it is responsible for the results of production and economic activities, for the competitiveness of the company's products. For senior management, real opportunities are being created to engage in long-term planning and expanding external contacts.
In the first and second cases, the corporatism of the system is formed due to organizational, technological, informational and other links that unite geographically dispersed departments built on various technological platforms, horizontally and vertically.
The main difference between the two types of management of large organizations is the organization of automated information technology.
With centralized management, the technology is focused on the concentration of information resources in the parent company with severe restrictions on the levels of access to corporate data.
With decentralized management, along with the concentration of information in corporate data warehouses, information segments are allocated for each local area network of a branch or branch.
For effective management of large organizations with a large number of branches, a corporate computer network is being built, on the basis of which information links are formed between local computer networks of individual structural divisions.
A corporate computer network is an integrated, multi-machine, distributed system of one enterprise with a territorial dispersal, consisting of interacting local computer networks of structural divisions and a communication subsystem for information transmission.
Building a corporate computer network provides:

implementation of unified access for specialists of various departments of large enterprises to communication resources;
unified centralized management, administration and Maintenance information and communication resources;
organizing access to structured information in on-line and off-line modes;
organization unified system Email And electronic document management;
based email protection international standards with the creation of secure gateways to existing data transmission networks operating using the POP3, SMTP, UUCP protocols;
organization of a global directory service in the interests of subscribers of a corporate computer network based on the X.500 protocol;
implementation of a single user interface that provides users with the means to work with the communication resources of a corporate computer network;

interaction of the corporate network of large enterprises with business systems of other organizations, computer networks of state institutions, financial and credit authorities participating in information exchange as subscribers of the telecommunications corporate system;
functional extensibility, which ensures the construction of a corporate computer network, as a constantly developing and improving one, open to the introduction of new hardware and software resources that allow developing and improving the composition and quality of information and communication services without disrupting the normal functioning of the network.
The determining factor in the organization of corporate computer networks and the organization of information links between departments of large enterprises and organizations of various types, where distributed data processing is carried out in the LAN of branches and data concentration in an automated corporate information storage, is ease of access to information resources. In this regard, the basis of the modern approach of technical solutions in building information technology in corporate systems is the "client-server" architecture.
The real spread of the "client-server" architecture became possible due to the development and widespread implementation of the concept open systems. The main meaning of the open systems approach is to simplify the process of organizing the compatibility of computer networks through international and national standardization of hardware and software interfaces. The main reason for the development of the concept of open systems was the widespread transition to the organization of corporate computer networks and the problems of complexing hardware and software that arose in connection with the unification of various platforms and topologies of local computer networks of structural divisions and branches.
However, the introduction of the "client-server" architecture in corporate networks that use various technical solutions when building local area networks in branches and structural divisions that support various data transfer protocols leads to their overload with network details to the detriment of functionality.
An even more complex aspect of this problem is associated with the possibility of using different data formats in different nodes of heterogeneous local area networks and LANs, united in a corporate system. This is especially important for the high-level servers used - telecommunications, computing, databases.
A general solution to the problem of mobility of an automated information technology of a corporate system based on the "client-server" architecture is to rely on software packages that implement remote procedure call protocols. Using these tools, the call to the server at the remote site looks like a normal procedure call.
Such an organization of information links in corporate systems provides access to data of any level, providing not only all the necessary information, but also making it possible to control the work of the company's structural divisions with the required level of detail.
A full-scale reflection of production processes allows you to bring automated corporate information technology closer to the problems of the company, organize the adoption of optimal decisions at the middle and top management levels, put the management process on the basis of modeling and forecasting economic situations.
In large enterprises, firms, corporations, information processing processes differ depending on the requirements for solving functional problems, on the basis of which information flows are formed in corporate management systems.
Organization of the work of the board (central office). The main task is to prepare a strategic development plan and manage the overall activities of the company. This block of the automated corporate system is responsible for information support of the work of the board. The main form of working with information in this block is the receipt and processing of information, on the basis of which a strategic direction for the development of the organization is developed. The developed strategic development plan is communicated to all structural divisions by means of telecommunications.
Organization of work of economic and financial services. This block ensures the functioning of the financial directorate and accounting department of the organization. Main goals financial services- form a generalized picture of the company's work for the board, optimize the taxation of the company, summarize all financial information of the organization's activities and bring the information to the top management of the company.
Legal support. The main task is to strengthen the legal and property position of the company. In this module, information is processed, on the basis of which the following functions are performed:

preparation and maintenance of the regulatory framework and background information regulating external activities organizations;
development and legal examination of documents regulating the internal functioning of the company;
legal expertise of concluded transactions and contracts, etc.

Legal information is brought primarily to the top management, and is also consumed by all interested parties.
organization services.
The main functional tasks of the organization are the preparation of consolidated analytical reports to support the adoption of long-term decisions and the provision of operational verification of the external relations of the organization based on information resources coming from various sources of information, as well as the processing of operational information to solve the functional tasks of the corporation, its structural divisions and make management decisions. in real time in all corporate links.
The organization of solving the main tasks of processing information and managing a large firm or corporation is based on a common information space, building a corporate automated information warehouse, which allows you to manage the current activities of the strategic plans for the development of the corporation. The common information space is an organization of software, hardware, information compatibility of various hardware platforms and data exchange architectures at all levels of management and in various corporate units.
1.4. Information technologies as a tool for the formation of management decisions
Organizations of various types and fields of activity can be represented as a business system in which, by means of various organizational, technical and social processes converted into goods and services.
During the operation of any business system, it is influenced by environmental factors (competitors, customers, suppliers, government agencies, partners, banks, stock exchanges, etc.) and internal factors, which are mainly the result of making one or another management decision.
The process of making managerial decisions is considered as the main type of managerial activity, i.e. as a set of interrelated, purposeful and consistent management actions that ensure the implementation of management decisions.
The purpose and nature of the organization's activities determine its information system and automation of information technology, as well as the type of processed and produced information product, on the basis of which the optimal management decision is made.
The effectiveness of managerial decision-making in the conditions of functioning of information technologies in organizations of various types is due to the use of various tools for analyzing the financial and economic activities of enterprises. We can distinguish four circles of tasks solved by the company:
1. The first range of tasks is focused on providing economic information to external users in relation to the company - investors, tax services, etc. In this case, the analysis uses indicators obtained on the basis of data from standard accounting and statistical reporting, as well as other sources of information.

The second circle is connected with the tasks of analysis designed to develop strategic management decisions for business development. In this case information base should be wider, but within the framework of sufficiently highly aggregated indicators that characterize the main trends in the development of an individual firm or corporation.
The third circle of analysis tasks is focused on the development of tactical solutions. Its information base is extremely wide and requires the coverage of a large number of private highly detailed indicators characterizing various aspects of the functioning of the control object.

4. The fourth circle of tasks is connected with the tasks of operational management of the economic object in accordance with the functional subsystems of the economic object. To solve these problems, current operational information about the state of the economic object and the external environment is used.
The main functions of the administrative apparatus of various organizations are the analysis of situations in the company and the external environment and decision-making on the strategic and short-term planning of its activities.
The implementation of planned decision-making tasks is carried out at the strategic, tactical and operational (operational) levels. Each of these levels requires certain information support, which is implemented on the basis of information technology. In accordance with the levels of decision-making in the functioning of information technology, three contours can be distinguished: long-term strategic planning, medium-term tactical planning and operational regulation of the organization's activities.
1. The strategic level is focused on senior managers. Through the organization of information technology, access to information reflecting the current state of affairs in the company is provided, external environment, their relationship and necessary for the adoption strategic decisions. The main objectives of the strategic management level are:

determination of the system of priorities for the development of the organization;
assessment of promising directions of development of the organization;
selection and evaluation necessary resources to achieve the set goals.

In accordance with these directions, information technology provides top management with prompt, convenient access and sorting of information by key factors that allow assessing the degree of achievement of the company's strategic goals and predicting its activities for the long term.
The features of the information technology of the contour of long-term planning and analysis of the predicted functioning are the construction of aggregated models of the development of the organization, taking into account the activities of related production and economic complexes.
Models of this information technology functioning loop should take into account:

features of the development of market relations in the country;
possible promising types of products (goods and services) related to the profile of the organization or enterprise;
potential types of production resources that can be used to create new types of products (goods, services);
promising technological processes for the manufacture of new types of products (goods and services).

Accounting for these factors in the model of functioning of information technology is based mainly on the use of information external to the activities of the organization. Thus, IT must have a developed communication environment (including the Internet) for receiving, accumulating and processing external information.
A distinctive feature of the functioning of IT in the context of long-term strategic planning, based on the use of aggregated models, should be considered the decisive role of the management personnel themselves in the decision-making process. A high level of uncertainty and incompleteness of information increases the importance of the subjective factor as the basis for decision making. At the same time, automated information technology acts as an auxiliary tool that provides the main prerequisite for organizing the activities of the administrative apparatus.
Thus, information technologies for supporting the strategic level of decision-making help the top management of the organization to solve unstructured tasks, the most important of which is the comparison of changes occurring in the external environment with the existing potential of the company.
The main tools for supporting the work of top management are the strategic information systems being developed to implement the strategic long-term goals of the organization's development.
At present, a general concept for the implementation of strategic information systems has not yet been developed due to their target and functional diversity. There are three trends in their use:
The first one is based on the position that goals and strategies for achieving them are first formulated, and only then the automated information technology adapts to the strategy worked out in advance;
The second trend is based on the fact that the organization uses a strategic information system in the formulation of goals and strategic planning;
The third trend is based on the methodology of synthesizing the two previous trends - embedding a strategic information system into the existing information technology with a combination of developing a concept for the development of an organization in the management of a company.
Information technologies are designed to create a common environment for computer and telecommunications support for strategic decisions in unexpected situations.
2. The tactical level of decision-making is based on automated data processing and the implementation of models that help solve individual, mostly poorly structured tasks (for example, making decisions about investments, markets, etc.). The main goals of the tactical level of leadership include:
ensuring the sustainable functioning of the organization as a whole;
building capacity for organizational development;
creation and adjustment of basic work plans and schedules for the implementation of orders based on the potential accumulated in the process of developing the organization.
To make tactical decisions, information technology must provide middle managers with the information they need to make individual or group tactical decisions. Typically, such decisions are important at a certain time interval (month, quarter, year).
The tactical level of decision-making by the middle management is used for monitoring (constant monitoring), control, decision-making and administration. The main functions that are performed on the basis of automated information technology are: comparing current indicators with past ones, compiling periodic reports for a certain period, providing access to archived information, making tactical management decisions, etc.
The functioning of information technology in the medium-term tactical planning circuit is based on the use of Models that reflect real factors and conditions. possible development activities of organizations and enterprises are largely taken into account the external requirements of suppliers and consumers. However, in this circuit, external information exactly corresponds to the possible and practically implemented directions of development of organizations and enterprises, which increases the level of certainty of the data and the management system model.
To support tactical decision making in information technology, firms use tools such as databases, knowledge processing systems, decision support systems, etc.
One of the tools for tactical decision making today are decision support systems that serve partially structured tasks, the results of which are difficult to predict in advance. Decision support systems have a fairly powerful analytical apparatus with several models. The main characteristics of such systems are:

the ability to solve problems, the development of which is difficult to predict;
availability of modeling and analysis tools;
the ability to easily change the formulation of the tasks to be solved and the input data;
flexibility and adaptability to changing conditions;
user-centric technology.

3. The operational (operational) level of decision-making is the basis of all automated information technologies. At this level, a huge number of current routine operations are performed to solve various functional tasks of an economic object. Operational management is focused on achieving the goals formulated at the strategic level through the use of potential defined at the tactical level. At the same time, the most important priorities for operational management include:

making a profit through the implementation of pre-planned activities using the accumulated potential;
registration, accumulation and analysis of deviations in the course of production from the planned one;
development and implementation of solutions to eliminate or minimize undesirable deviations.

The functioning of information technology in the circuit of current planning and operational regulation occurs in conditions of certainty, completeness of information and often in real time information processing.
Information technologies provide specialists at the operational level with information products necessary for making daily operational management decisions. The purpose of information technology tools at this level is to respond to inquiries about the current state of the firm and to control the organization's information flows, which is consistent with operational management.
Tasks, goals and sources of information at the operational level are predetermined and structured. The software processing of information is carried out according to previously developed algorithms.
Information technology, which supports management at the operational level, is the link between the organization and the external environment. Through the operational level, data is also supplied to the other levels of management.
Tools at the operational level of management have little analytical capabilities. They serve the organization's specialists who need daily, weekly information about the state of affairs both within the company and in the external environment. Their main purpose is to track daily operations in the organization and periodically generate highly structured summary standard reports.
Basic information needs at the operational level can be satisfied with the help of typical functional and problem-oriented hardware and software tools for textual, tabular, graphical and statistical data processing, electronic communications, etc.

Chapter 2. Organizational and economic characteristics of Zagustay LLC
1.1. Natural and climatic characteristics of the enterprise
Zagustay LLC is located in the northwestern part of the Selenginsky district of the Republic of Buryatia. Agricultural production cooperative was founded in 1929 on the basis of the collective farm named after. "Lenin", is its legal successor and bears property and legal obligations to banks, state and tax authorities, enterprises and organizations.
The land holdings of the economy consist of arrays elongated from the northwest to the southeast. The total area of ​​the farm as of January 1, 2009 is 4577 hectares, including 4577 hectares of agricultural land, of which arable land 1986 hectares, hayfields - 588 hectares and pastures - 2003 hectares.
The central estate of Zagustay LLC is located in the village. Tokhoy, which is located 98 km from the city of Ulan-Ude and 13 km from the regional center - the city of Gusinoozersk, 3 km from the nearest railway station "Sulfat". The farm occupies a favorable territorial location in relation to the road network. A highway of republican significance passes through its entire territory, through which transport links are provided with regional, regional centers and other regions, farms of the republic. A tract of regional significance branches off from the highway and passes through the village. Tohoi to with. Yagodnoe, linking department No. 2 with the central estate of the economy.

Table 1 - Location of the enterprise

№

Index	Number.km.
1	Distance from the central estate, km.:	X
2	To the republican (regional, regional) center	93
3	To the district center	18
4	To the nearest railway station	3
5	To the nearest airport	90
6	To the nearest pier	77
7	Up to the most significant buyers(customers) and suppliers (contractors):
8	SPOK Beryl, Gusinoozersk	18
9	JSC Buryatmyasoprom, Ulan-Ude	93

Land use is located in the northern - eastern part of the district.
The climate is sharply continental with cold winters and short hot summers. The average long-term annual air temperature is 27 ° C. The warmest is July, the coldest is January.
According to the natural and climatic conditions, the farm belongs to the dry steppe zone.
The average annual amount of precipitation falling on the territory of the farm is 290 mm.
The relief of the economy is a plateau with individual heights separated by not deep but extensive intermountain depressions.
The soil cover of land use is represented by soil varieties, of which soils predominate: gray, forest, chernozem, marsh, solonets and others. Of the woody vegetation, birch and larch predominate, and pine is also found. On gentle slopes, thickets of shrubs adjoin the forest directly.
Herbaceous vegetation is represented mainly by cereals. The natural and climatic conditions of the economy allow the cultivation of all zoned crops. One of key indicators economic characteristics are land resources and their use. The main means of production in agriculture is land, and how it is used will depend on the gross income of products and final result farm work.

1.2. Economic characteristics of the economy
Man, by his activity, determines the functioning of the earth as an object of labor, but also an instrument of labor. The soil becomes an active means of production. The most important, qualitative property of the land, as the main means of production in agriculture, is fertility, that is, the ability of the soil to meet the needs of plants for essential nutrients and moisture. Proper use of the land fund of the economy makes it possible to establish what changes have occurred in the overall size and structure of land. How measures are taken to improve the fertility of the land and the efficiency of its use, we will consider in Table 2.

Table 2 - Composition and structure of land area

№

Index	2008		2009		2010
	ha	%	ha	%	ha	%
1	Total land area	4577	100	4577	100	4577	100
2	Incl. agricultural purpose:	4577	100	4577	100	4577	100
3	Arable land	1986	43,4	1986	43,4	1986	43,4
4	hayfields	588	12,8	588	12,8	588	12,8
5	pastures	2003	43,8	2003	43,8	2003	43,8

Conclusion to table 2: in the analyzed period, the area of ​​agricultural land did not change, it is 4577 hectares, including arable land - 43.4%, hayfields - 12.8%, pastures - 43.8

Table 3 - Indicators of land use, %

2008
2009
2010

Indicators	Dynamics
	2010/ 2008	2010/ 2009
Indicator of the degree of involvement of land in agricultural production	100	100	100	100	100
Indicator of the degree of intensity of use of agricultural land	43,39	43,39	43,39	100	100
Indicator of the degree of use of arable land	7,55	123,11	103,47	1370,46	84,05
Level economic efficiency use land

Conclusion to Table 3: as is known, neither the area of ​​agricultural land nor the area of ​​arable land has changed for three years. But there was a strong fluctuation in the area of ​​crops from 7.55% in 2008 to 103.47% in 2010.
The main indicator reflecting the level of specialization is the structure of marketable products. Additional indicators are the structure of gross output of acreage, livestock, labor costs, etc. The deepening of specialization increases the concentration of production, however, reduce the number of industries and, accordingly, facilitates their management. Excessively narrow specialization can lead to inefficient use of the resources of the economy, the loss of additional types of products.
The economic significance of the specialization of agriculture lies in the fact that it allows more efficient use of the natural, climatic and economic conditions of the agricultural zone, a particular region, contributes to the concentration of material and financial resources, as well as the improvement of personnel skills, and significantly changes the professional structure of agricultural and livestock workers. All this ultimately contributes to the achievement main goal specialization - increasing labor productivity and economic efficiency of production, increasing production volumes. To determine the specialization of the economy, consider the composition and structure of commercial products.
Table 4 - Composition and structure of commercial products

Industry, products	2008		2009		2010		Average over 3 years
	Thousand rub.	%	Thousand rub.	%	Thousand rub.	%	Thousand rub.	%
Crop production, total	392	16,93	373	7,35	823	7,41	529,3	8,58
Cereals	295	12,74	357	7,02	788	7,09	480	7,79
Other crop products	97	4,19	-	-	35	0,31	44	0,71
Other crop products own production	-	-	16	0,31	-	-	5,33	0,09
Animal products, total	1922	83,05	4708	92,65	10277	92,58	5635,66	91,41
Meat in live weight	818	35,35	1018	20,03	1088	9,8	974,66	15,81
Milk	573	24,76	2622	51,60	4499	40,53	2564,66	41,6
Wool	107	4,62	70	1,37	153	1,37	110	1,78
Other livestock products	86	3,71					28,66	0,46
Livestock products of own production, sold in processed form	338	14,6	998	19,64	4537	40,87	1957,66	31,75
TOTAL	2314	100,0	5081	100,0	11100	100,0	6164,96	100,0

Conclusion to table 4: economy in 2008 - 2010 specialized in livestock products, in the structure of marketable products, the largest share is occupied by livestock products - 92.58%, and the crop industry occupies - 7.41%, this is a very low coefficient, the amount of cash proceeds is 823 thousand rubles. Using the above data, we can calculate the level of specialization on average over 3 years:
K cn \u003d 100 / 41.6 (2? 1-1) + 31.75 (2? 2- 1) + 15.81 (2? 3-1) + 7.79 (2? 4-1) +
+1,78(2?5-1)+0,71(2?6-1)+0,46(2?7-1)+0,09(2?8-1)=0,33
The coefficient of specialization is 0.33, which indicates the average specialization of the enterprise.
From livestock products, the largest volume of sales falls on the share of milk - 4499 thousand rubles, or 40.53% in the structure of all marketable products.
Milk is sold to the Gusinoozyorsk SPOK "Berill", wool to the Republic of Khakassia LLC "NEP", meat to budget organizations.
Predominant
etc.................

Modern enterprises and firms are complex organizational systems, the individual components of which - fixed and working capital, labor and material resources, and others - are constantly changing and are in complex interaction with each other. The functioning of enterprises and organizations of various types in a market economy has set new tasks for improving management activities based on the integrated automation of the management of all production and technological processes, as well as labor resources.
The market economy leads to an increase in the volume and complexity of tasks solved in the field of production organization, planning and analysis processes, financial work, relations with suppliers and consumers.
lyami products, the operational management of which is impossible without the organization of a modern automated information system (IS).
Management information system - a set of information, economic and mathematical methods and models, technical, software, other technological tools and specialists, designed to process information and make management decisions.
The management information system should solve the current problems of strategic and tactical planning, accounting and operational management of the company. Many accounting tasks (accounting and material accounting, tax planning, control, etc.) are solved without additional costs by secondary processing of operational management data. Accounting is a necessary additional means of control. Using operational information obtained during the operation of an automated information system, the manager can plan and balance the company's resources (material, financial and personnel), calculate and evaluate the results of management decisions, establish operational management of the cost of production (goods, services), the progress of the plan, use resources, etc. Management information systems allow:
increase the degree of validity of decisions made through the rapid collection, transmission and processing of information;
ensure the timeliness of decision-making on the management of the organization in a market economy;
to achieve growth in management efficiency through the timely provision of the necessary information to managers of all levels of management from a single information fund;
coordinate decisions made at various levels of management and in different structural divisions;
due to the awareness of management personnel about the current state of the economic object, ensure the growth of labor productivity, reduce non-production losses, etc.
The classification of management information systems depends on the types of management processes, the level of management, the scope of the economic object and its organization, the degree of management automation.
The main classification features of automated information systems are:
level in the public administration system;
area of ​​operation of the economic entity;
types of management processes;
degree of automation of information processes.
In accordance with the sign of classification by the level of government, automated information systems are divided into federal, territorial (regional) and municipal IS, which are information systems of a high hierarchy level in management.
From the federal level, they solve the problems of information service of the apparatus of administrative management and function in all regions of the country.
Territorial (regional) IS are designed to solve information problems of managing administrative-territorial facilities located in a specific territory.
Municipal information systems function in local governments for information services for specialists and ensure the processing of economic, social and economic forecasts, local budgets, control and regulation of the activities of all levels
socio-economic areas of the city, administrative region, etc.
Classification according to the area of ​​functioning of an economic object is focused on the production and economic activities of enterprises and organizations of various types. These include automated information systems for industry and agriculture, transport, communications, banking IS, etc.
By types of management processes, IS are divided into:
Process control ICs (designed to automate various technological processes (flexible technological processes, energy, etc.)).
IS for managing organizational and technological processes (they are multi-level, hierarchical systems that combine IS for managing technological processes and IS for managing enterprises).
The most widely used IS organizational management, which are designed to automate the functions of managerial personnel. Considering the widest application and diversity of this class of systems, various information systems are often understood in this interpretation. This class of IS includes information management systems for both industrial firms and non-industrial economic objects - service enterprises. The main functions of such systems are operational control and regulation, operational accounting and analysis, long-term and operational planning, accounting, sales and supply management, and solving other economic and organizational problems.
Integrated information systems are designed to automate all the functions of managing a company and cover the entire cycle of functioning of an economic object: from research and development,
typing, manufacturing, production and marketing of products before the analysis of the operation of the product.
Corporate information systems are used to automate all management functions of a firm or corporation that has territorial disunity between subdivisions, branches, departments, offices, etc.
IS of scientific researches provide the solution of scientific research problems on the basis of economic and mathematical methods and models.
Educational ISs are used for training specialists in the education system, for retraining and advanced training of workers in various sectors of the economy.
According to the degree of automation of information processes, information systems are divided into:
Manual information systems, which are characterized by the absence of modern technical means of information processing and the performance of all operations by a person according to previously developed methods;
Automated information systems - human-machine systems that provide automated collection, processing and transmission of information necessary for making management decisions in organizations of various types.
Automatic information systems are characterized by the performance of all information processing operations automatically, without human intervention, but leave control functions to the person.
The main component of an automated information system is information technology, the development of which is closely related to the development and functioning of the IS. Let's give one more definition of information technology.
Information technology (IT) is a process that uses a set of methods and means for implementing the operations of collecting, registering, transmitting, accumulating and processing information based on software and hardware for solving managerial tasks economic object.
The main goal of automated information technology is to obtain information of a new quality through the processing of primary data, on the basis of which optimal management decisions are developed. This is achieved through the integration of information, ensuring its relevance and consistency, the use of modern technical means for the introduction and operation of qualitatively new forms of information support for the activities of the management apparatus.
Information technology copes with a significant increase in the volume of processed information and leads to a reduction in the time it takes to process it. IT is the most important component of the process of using information resources in management. Automated information systems for information technology is the main environment, the constituent elements of which are the means and methods for data transformation. Information technology is a process consisting of clearly regulated rules for performing operations on information circulating in IS, and depends on many factors that are systematized according to the following classification criteria (Figure 4.3):
the degree of centralization of the technological process;
type of subject area;
degree of coverage of management tasks;
class of implemented technological operations;
user interface type;
way to build a network.
According to the degree of centralization of the technological process, IT in control systems is divided into centralized, decentralized and combined technologies.


Centralized technologies are characterized by the fact that the processing of information and the solution of the main functional tasks of an economic object are carried out in an IT processing center - a central server organized at an enterprise computer network, or in an industry or territorial information and computing center.
Decentralized technologies are based on the local application of computer technology installed at users' workplaces to solve a specific task of a specialist. Decentralized technologies do not have a centralized automated data storage, but provide users with communication tools for exchanging data between network nodes.
Combined technologies are characterized by the integration of processes for solving functional problems in the field using joint
private databases and the concentration of all system information in an automated data bank.
The subject area type identifies functional classes of tasks of the corresponding enterprises and organizations, the solution of which is carried out using modern automated information technology. These include the tasks of accounting and auditing, banking, insurance and tax activities, etc.
According to the degree of coverage of management tasks by automated information technology, automated information processing based on the use of computer technology, automation of management functions, decision support information technology, which involve the use of economic and mathematical methods, models and specialized application packages for analytical work and formation of forecasts, drawing up business plans, reasonable estimates and conclusions on the processes under study. This classification group also includes the organization of an electronic office as a software and hardware complex for automating and solving office tasks, as well as expert support based on the use of expert systems and knowledge bases of a specific subject area.
According to the classes of technological operations implemented, IT are considered in accordance with the solution of applied problems and the available application software, such as text and graphic editors, spreadsheets, database management systems, multimedia systems, hypertext systems, etc.
According to the type of user interface, automated information technologies are divided depending on the user's access to information, computing and
software resources corresponding to the automated information technology used at the economic facility. Batch information technology does not provide the user with the opportunity to influence data processing, while the interactive technology allows him to interact with computing facilities in an interactive mode, quickly receiving information for making managerial decisions.
The interface of the network automated information technology provides the user with telecommunication means of access to geographically remote information and computing resources.
The method of building a network depends on the requirements of the administrative apparatus for the efficiency of information exchange and management of all structural divisions of the company. Increasing requests for the efficiency of information in the management of an economic object has led to the creation of network technologies that are developing in accordance with the requirements of modern conditions for the functioning of an organization. This entails the organization of not only local computing systems, but also multi-level (hierarchical) and distributed information technologies in organizational management IS. All of them are focused on technological interaction, which is organized through the means of transmission, processing, accumulation, storage and protection of information.