A
ABB - function-based budgeting or operational budgeting - planning the budget of a company or an investment project using the principles, tools and methods of ABC. In fact, it represents the reverse engineering of the ABC system.
ABC - functional cost analysis - a method for determining the cost and other characteristics of products and services based on the functions and resources involved in business processes.
ABM - management based on ABC information or operational management - a methodology that describes the means and methods for managing an organization to improve business processes and increase profitability based on the information provided as a result of ABC analysis.
ApICS- American company(Ohio) highly qualified consultants in the field of production control systems. He sees his task in providing customers with effective, reliable and technological solutions. publishes guidelines and reports on the creation of systems of the specified class. ApICS clients include large companies like General Motors Corp., Ford Motor.
ARIS is a set of instrumental software products from IDS Scheer (Germany), primarily for modeling automated systems, as well as supporting their creation, operation and development.
ARP - functional resource planning - a method of planning company resources based on the analysis of the functions involved in business processes and LAN analysis data.
IN
Benchmarking is a methodology for determining the effectiveness of a production system by choosing a system of indicators, measuring and comparing with a benchmark.
BPI - continuous improvement (improvement) of business processes - the concept of a smooth (step-by-step) change in the organization of business processes in the direction of achieving the required performance and quality indicators.
BPR - business process redesign - the concept of changing the organization of the company's activities based on the revision of individual business processes.
BPR - business process reengineering - a line of action involving "fundamental rethinking
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and a radical redesign of business processes to achieve incremental improvements in key company metrics such as cost, quality of execution, and speed.” BPWin is a CASE tool from Computer Associates. Provides advanced tools for modeling, analyzing, documenting and improving complex business processes. Provides modeling in terms of functions, data flows and workflows using IDEFO, IDEF3, DFD (Data Flow Diagram) methods.
C
CAD (computer-aided design systems, CAD) - general term to refer to all aspects of design using computer technology. Usually covers the creation of geometric models of the product (solid, three-dimensional, composite), as well as the generation of product drawings and their maintenance. It should be noted that the domestic term CAD in relation to industrial systems has a broader interpretation than CAD: it includes both CAD and CAM, and sometimes elements of CAE.
CAE (computer-aided engineering analysis systems) - a general term for information support automated design analysis aimed at detecting errors (strength calculations, kinematic collisions, etc.) or optimizing production capabilities.
CALS is a digital communications protocol developed by the US Department of Defense. Provides standard digital data delivery and ongoing engineering mechanisms for DoD-sponsored developments. CALS uses the IGES and STEP standards as data formats. CALS also includes standards for electronic data interchange, electronic technical documentation and process improvement guidelines. Previously, the abbreviation CALS stood for Computer Aided Logistic System.
CAM (computer-aided production systems) is a general term for software systems for preparing information for machine tools with a numerical program management. Traditionally, the initial data for such systems were geometric models of parts obtained from CAD systems.
CASE repository - a database of a CASE system that stores project information represented by complex interconnected data - graphic diagrams, program specifications, etc.
CASE-system - a software package for describing an enterprise, an information system and (or) generating various parts of an information system.
CASE system - see CASE tool.
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CASE-technology is an automated technology that, using tools designed for this purpose (CASE-systems), provides comprehensive support for the development or support for individual stages of the life cycle of complex software or information systems.
Check-In - the process of placing or returning a new or modified PDM object to electronic storage with the replacement of the previous version of the object (the PDM system may leave the previous version). This procedure usually entails a PDM-controlled revision process of the database components.
Check-Out is a process controlled by the PDM system to extract the components of the product database. Such a process may be necessary to view, reference, or use the product in another project, production task, or to change the project.
CPI - continuous process improvement - one of the approaches to improve the quality of business processes.
CPN - colored Petri nets - a methodology for creating a dynamic model of a business process that allows you to analyze the time-dependent characteristics of the process and the distribution of resources for incoming flows of various structures.
D
DFD - data flow diagrams - a structural analysis methodology that describes data sources and destinations external to the system, logical functions, data flows and data stores that are accessed.
E
ECN/ECO (Change Notice) and Engineering Change Order (Change Order) are formal documents informing interested parties about proposed, pending, and completed changes. In a PDM-managed environment, ECN/ECO documents can be distributed via email.
ERD - "entity-relationship" diagrams - a way to define data and relationships between them, providing detailing of the data stores of the designed system, including the identification of objects (entities), the properties of these objects (attributes) and their relationships with other objects (relations).
I
IDEFO - Functional modeling methodology, which is an integral part of SADT.
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IDEF1X - An information modeling methodology that is an integral part of SADT.
IDEF3 - Methodology for describing processes, considering the sequence of execution and cause-and-effect relationships between situations and events for a structural representation of knowledge about the system.
IDEF4 - An object-oriented design methodology for complex systems that describes the structure, behavior, and implementation of systems in terms of a class of objects.
IDEF5 - Methodology for the ontological analysis of systems, i.e. analysis of the main terms and concepts (dictionary) used to characterize objects and processes, the boundaries of use, the relationship between them.
IGES is a standard for the transfer and exchange of graphic data between different CAD systems.
ISA is an ANSI accredited organization founded in 1945. Its goals are to develop standards in the fields of factory automation, computer technology, telemetry and communications. One of the directions of its activity is the definition of the interface between the functions of management and other functions of enterprises and companies. In 2000, the first of the created standards of this series, ISA-95.00.01-2000, Enterprise-Control System Integration, Part 1: Models and Terminology, was published.
M
MRP (material requirements planning) is a system for organizing production and logistics, the creation of which in the 60s. 20th century coincided with the massive spread of computing technology. It became possible to coordinate and promptly adjust the plans and actions of supply, production, as well as sales departments at enterprises, taking into account changes in real time. The key part of the MRP system database is the PTO. However, the MRP system, which is primarily focused on solving the problems of material accounting and calculating the needs for raw materials and materials, does not provide a sufficiently complete set of data on other factors of the production process, which necessitated its improvement and the development of a new system, known as MRP I.
MRP II (manufacturing resource planning) is a system for organizing production and logistics, considered by a number of specialists as the second generation of the MRP system. The MRP II system includes the functions of the MRP system (for example, material requirements planning), as well as a number of new functions (computer-aided design, process control, etc.). In the MRP II system, simulation methods are widely used.
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S
SADT is a structural analysis and design technology based on the entity-relationship concept.
STD - state transition diagrams - a methodology for modeling the subsequent functioning of a system based on its previous and current functioning.
STEP is an International Standard (ISO 10303) designed to facilitate the storage and exchange of all types of product related information. STEP defines product-specific data formats for all types of information environments as well as for specific industry sectors. The gradual replacement of the IGES standard is envisaged. Today, STEP standards have been developed and are in force for the most complex branches of engineering - automotive and aircraft industries.
STORM2000 - CASE-technology for the development of corporate information systems, created by the domestic company "Information Computing Systems" (Information Computing System, ICS, Perm). Provides a software component library with a code generator for the COM environment. Supports OMT (Object Modeling Technique) modeling method and UML language.
T
TM FORUM - a large industrial consortium of service providers and suppliers communication technologies in the USA, founded in 1988 to develop approaches and practical solutions that improve the management of communication services and their functioning. Among its more than 380 corporate members are AT&T, Bea Systems, IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Microsoft and others. The most important areas of activity of TM FORUM are business process modeling and automation, system integration and systems implementation, e-commerce management, a new generation of operating systems and software.
TQM - system quality management - a line of activity that studies the business process with the aim of organizing them in such a way that guarantees the ideal product quality.
A
Automation - the transfer of processes or equipment to automatic operation or the results of this transfer.
Automation of office work is the unification of office work processes using the means of an information processing system. Note. This term includes, in particular, the processing and transmission of text, images and voice.
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Automated or automatic information system - a set of information technologies and a complex of software and technical means carrying out information processes in man-machine or automatic mode.
Automated system - a set of hardware, software, other tools and personnel designed to automate various processes.
Automated is a definition referring to facilities or processes in which part of the work is done by a computer.
Automate - make a process or equipment automatic.
Automatic refers to a process or equipment operating under specified conditions without human intervention.
Autonomous; disabled - pertaining to the operation of a functional unit, carried out independently or in parallel with the main operation of the computer.
The author of a document is the organization or person who created the document.
The author of a program or database is a natural person, as a result of whose creative activity a program or database was created.
Authorization is the level of functionality and access to PDM-managed information granted to a particular user. Examples of access authorization include read, write, modify, copy, and view permissions. Functional authorization includes the ability to increase the number of users, revise or release documents, or launch an application.
Adaptation of a program or database - the introduction of changes carried out solely for the purpose of ensuring the operation of a computer program or database on specific user hardware or under the control of specific user programs.
Adaptability - Attributes of software related to the ease of its adaptation to various specific operating conditions, from the application of other actions or methods, other than those intended for this in the software in question.
Active governance is a process in which organizations, enterprises and groups of citizens formulate their interests and desires, exercise their rights, obligations and opportunities, and smooth out differences. This entails finding ways in which knowledge-based societies can use more efficient, transparent and proactive forms of government at the local, regional, national and global levels.
Active; connected - pertaining to the operation of a functional device under the control of a computer.
Updating information - a set of actions to update, expand, restore, restructure information in order to ensure the effectiveness of its use.
An algorithm is a finite ordered set of well-defined rules for solving a problem.
Alphanumeric - A definition that refers to data that consists of letters, numbers, and other symbols such as punctuation marks, and to the processes and functional devices that use that data.
Analyzability - Attributes of software related to the effort required to diagnose deficiencies or failures, or to determine which parts to upgrade.
Analog is a definition referring to continuously changing physical quantities or data presented in a continuous form, as well as to processes and functional devices that use this data.
Analog computer - a computer whose actions are similar to the behavior of some system and which receives, processes and outputs analog data.
Hardware; hardware - all or part of the physical components of an information processing system. Example: computers, peripherals.
Archive - an organization or its structural subdivision that receives and stores documents for the purpose of using retrospective documentary information.
Archiving is a branch of activity covering the organization of storage and use archival documents.
An archival fund is a collection of archival documents that are historically and logically interconnected.
Computer architecture - the logical structure and functional characteristics of a computer, including the relationship between the components of its hardware and software.
Asynchronous - Pertaining to two or more processes that do not depend on the occurrence of specific events such as simple synchronization signals.
Attribute - description key features components of the project, such as color, cost, weight for product details or release date for a set of technological documentation for it. Typically, attributes can be expressed as a character string, a decimal number, or a calendar date.
Attestation - confirmation by examination and presentation of objective evidence that specific requirements for specific objects are fully implemented. Notes. 1) In the design and development process, validation is related to product expertise
in order to determine its suitability for the needs of the user. 2) Certification is usually carried out for final product under the specified operating conditions. If necessary, certification can be carried out at earlier stages. 3) The term "attested" is used to refer to the respective states of the object. 4) A number of evaluations may be carried out if they serve different purposes.
Audit is a check performed by a competent authority (person) to provide an independent assessment of the degree of compliance of software products or processes with established requirements.
Outsourcing is an approach to creating a company management system, in which the performance of a certain set of interrelated work on the implementation, implementation and (or) maintenance of the system is delegated to a third-party organization. For example, such complexes can be: all work on the analysis, design, implementation and maintenance of the system, with the exception of ensuring secrecy modes, or only network protection of the system, or only psychological monitoring and reorientation of personnel for successful implementation of the system, etc.
B
Base - an extensible structure for describing the many concepts, methods, technologies and generally accepted changes necessary for a complete product design and production process. Products created using such bases dominate mainly in electronic design. Databases provide a mechanism that uses a common interface with the running process to tell users the correct order of steps, applications, and data transformations.
Database - a set of interrelated data organized according to certain rules on machine media (Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Informatization").
Database - a set of data organized according to certain rules, providing general principles for describing, storing and manipulating data, independent of application programs (GOST 20886-85).
Database; DB - a set of data organized in accordance with a conceptual scheme that describes the characteristics of this data and the relationship between the corresponding objects, supporting one or more subject areas (GOST ISO / IEC 2382-1-99).
Knowledge base - a set of formalized knowledge about a certain subject area presented in the form of facts and rules (Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Informatization").
Knowledge base; BZ - a database containing inference rules and information about general human and professional
experience in some area of ​​expertise. Note. In self-organizing systems, the knowledge base additionally contains information that is the result of previously solved tasks (GOST ISO / IEC 2382-1-99).
Base of indicators DB - a factual database, records in which contain data on one or another characteristic (indicator) of objects in the outside world.
The baseline is the officially accepted version of the configuration item, independent of the environment, formally designated and fixed at a specific point in time in the life cycle of the configuration item.
Basic standard - international standard ISO/IEC or ITU-T recommendation.
Byte - A string consisting of a number of bits treated as a single unit, and usually representing a character or part of it. Notes. 1) The number of bits in a byte is fixed for a given data system. 2) The number of bits in a byte is usually eight.
Databank - an organizational and technical system that includes one or more databases and a system for managing them (Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Informatization").
A data bank is an automated information system consisting of one or more databases and a storage, processing and retrieval system.
Database; BnD - a set of data related to a given topic and organized in such a way that it is possible to interact with subscribers (GOST ISO / IEC 2382-1-99).
Security (information technology) - a property of information technology, characterized by the absence of a threat to human life or health, as well as the degree of risk associated with the possibility of causing damage when using it.
A bibliographic database is a documentary database in which a record contains only a bibliographic description.
Business to business - 1) an informal term for the exchange of goods, services or information that takes place between companies, which does not include the final physical consumer of this product or service in the process. Usually - an integral part of industry portals; 2) an electronic business model, in which intermediate transactions between enterprises are carried out in electronic form.
A business process is a set of one or more related operations or procedures that together implement a certain goal of production activity, usually carried out within a predetermined organizational structure that describes the functional roles of participants in this structure and the relationship between them.
Bit; binary digit - the digits 0 or 1 when using the binary number system.
Form of an official document - a standard sheet of paper with the permanent information of the document reproduced on it and a place reserved for a variable.
Flowchart - A graphical representation of a process or a step-by-step solution to a problem, using properly described geometric shapes connected by relationship lines, intended for designing or documenting a process or program.
Quick Reference - A summary table of operating instructions (commands, error messages, etc.) printed on a card or in a small booklet is useful enough for the experienced user to complement the reference documentation. The provision of an on-screen menu and help tools is also recommended.
IN
input (process); input - the process of introducing data into an information processing system or any of its parts for storage or processing.
Input of information - a set of actions for the direct transfer of information from environmental objects to an information system.
Verification is confirmation by examination and presentation of objective evidence that specific requirements are fully implemented. Notes. 1) In the design and development process, verification is related to the examination of the results of this work in order to determine their compliance with specified requirements. 2) The term "verification" is used to refer to the corresponding states of the verified object.
A version is a specific instance of an object. Note. As a result of modification of a version of a software product, a new version is created that is subject to configuration management.
Interoperability is the ability of systems to interact with each other, exchange data, and use information, including content, format, and semantics.
Interchangeability - Attributes of software related to the ease and complexity of using it instead of another particular software tool in the environment of this tool.
Relationship open systems- aggregate ISO standards, defining protocols for networking and internetworking for each of the layers of the previously standardized seven-layer reference model of open systems architecture (physical,
channel, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers).
Document type - a classification grouping of documents of the same name that perform homogeneous functions.
Videoconferencing - an event using videoconferencing. One type of teleconference.
Video conferencing is a service provided by telecommunication and computer network operators and providing real-time exchange of audio and video information between members of a geographically distributed group.
Virtual machine - a virtual data processing system that is presented as being at the exclusive disposal of an individual user, but whose functions are performed by sharing the resources of a real data processing system.
Virtual reality - 1) computer systems that provide visual and sound effects that immerse the viewer in an imaginary world behind the screen. The user is surrounded by computer-generated images and sounds that give the impression of reality. The user interacts with the artificial world using various sensors, such as, for example, a helmet and gloves, which link his movements and impressions and audio-visual effects. Future research in the field of virtual reality aims to increase the sense of reality of what is being observed; 2) a new technology of non-contact information interaction, which implements the illusion of direct entry and presence in real time in a stereoscopically presented screen world with the help of complex multimedia operating environments. More abstractly, it is an imaginary world created in the user's imagination.
Virtual economy - conducting economic transactions in electronic space.
A virtual enterprise is an enterprise consisting of a community of geographically separated workers who, in the process of work, communicate, interact using electronic means of communication with minimal or completely absent personal, direct contact.
Virtual worlds are phenomena and processes of reality simulated on computer screens. With the help of such models, possible options for various life situations and projects in the field of urban planning, laying communication lines, production, trade, education, science, medicine and many other forms of social and cultural activities are thought out.
Virtual communities - the term arose during the development of the Internet and means: 1) new type communities,
arising and functioning in electronic space; 2) association of network users into groups with common interests to work in the electronic space.
Virtual - the definition of a functional device that appears to be real, but whose functions are performed by other means.
The owner of information resources, information systems, technologies, means of their support is a subject that owns and uses the indicated objects and exercises powers, orders within the limits established by law.
Internal information is information stored in some system.
Interoperability - the ability to communicate, execute programs or exchange data between different functional devices in a manner that requires little or no knowledge of the features of these devices from the user.
Reproduction of a program or database is the production of one or more copies of a computer program or database in any material form, as well as their recording in computer memory.
Recoverability - Attributes of software related to its ability to restore the level of quality of operation and restore data directly damaged in the event of a failure, as well as the time and effort required to do this.
The World Wide Web - the ubiquitous web (WWW) - is a synonym. 1) A service on the Internet that allows easy access to information on servers located around the world; 2) a service on the Internet that organizes information using hypermedia. Each document may contain links to images, sounds, or other documents.
Embedded PDM System - A PDM system available only as part of other software. For example, some PDM systems are only available as a CAD/CAM system option.
Log in - start a session.
Input information - information obtained from the environment.
Input - Pertaining to the device, process, or I/O channel included in the input process, or to the corresponding data or states.
Input data - data entered into the information processing system or any of its parts for storage or processing.
Information output - a set of actions for the direct transfer of information to environmental objects from the information system.
Output (process); output - the process by which an information processing system or any part of it transmits data to the outside world.
Upload over the link - to transfer programs or data from a computer to an associated computer with fewer resources, usually from a mainframe computer to a personal computer.
A release is a specific version of a configuration item that is available for a specific purpose (for example, a testing release).
Logout - end the session.
Output information - information issued to the environment.
Output - Pertaining to the device, process, I/O channel included in the output process, or related data or states.
Output data is the data that the information processing system or any of its parts transmits to the outside world.
G
Report generation is a key feature of the PDM system. Reports can be used, for example, to keep track of the number and description of new parts released during the past month. In general, the PDM system should be able to report on any information contained in the database, allowing the format of generated reports to be customized to suit industry or enterprise requirements.
Hybrid computer - a computer that combines elements of analog and digital computers using digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital converters. Note. The hybrid computer can use or process analog and digital data.
Hypertext database - a database in which records contain information in the form of text in natural language and an indication of their relationship with others.
Globalization is the process of spreading information technologies, products and systems around the world, bringing with it economic and cultural integration. Proponents of this process see it as an opportunity for further progress, subject to the development of a global information society. Opponents warn of the dangers of globalization for national cultural traditions.
The Global Information Infrastructure (GII) is a qualitatively new information formation, the formation of which began in 1995 by a group of developed countries of the world community. They envision the GII as an integrated global information network queuing service
our planet based on the integration of global and regional information and communication systems, as well as digital television and radio broadcasting systems, satellite systems and mobile communications.
The state policy of informatization (adopted in Russia) is a set of interrelated political, legal, economic, socio-cultural and organizational measures aimed at establishing national priorities for the development of the information environment of society and creating conditions for Russia's transition to an information society.
Readiness for life in the information society - the level of socio-economic development, assessed by the following key criteria: the development of information and communication infrastructure, e-economy, distance education, the use of ICT in the field of government controlled and state policy in the field of ICT.
Finished Product - A previously developed and commercially available product suitable for use as supplied or modified.
Group technology - see Classification of parts.
D
Data - documented information circulating in the process of its processing on electronic computers (Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Informatization").
Data - information presented in a formalized form suitable for its transmission, interpretation and processing. Note. The data may be processed by human or automated means (GOST ISO/IEC 2382-1-99).
Data - information - knowledge - Data - facts recorded with the help of various media. Information - there is no universal definition. Used both as a synonym for knowledge and as a synonym for data. However, there is a specificity that is best expressed through the verb to inform, i.e. communicate something new. Getting information means getting an answer to a question. You can get information without having a question, in which case the message will be information if it changes the consumer's picture of the world. Knowledge is the result of human cognitive activity.
Work breakdown is a mechanism for breaking down a workflow (generally associated with a specific project) into smaller elements that can be used to assign resources, budgets, schedules, and so on. WBS provides the basis for project management.
Case - a set of documents or a document related to one issue or area of ​​activity and placed in a separate cover.
Paperwork is an activity covering documenting and organizing work with documents.
A functional dependency diagram is a graphic representation of the sequence of functions performed. Describes the processes and events generated by and initiating those processes.
Digitalization - digitization - a synonym. Translation of information into digital form. A more technological definition is the digital transmission of data encoded into discrete signal pulses.
A disk is a storage medium consisting of a flat circular plate that is rotated to read or write data on one or both sides.
Discrete is a definition referring to data that is made up of individual elements, such as symbols, or to physical quantities that have a finite number of well-defined values, as well as to the processes and functional properties that use the data.
Distance education - 1) purposeful and methodically organized management of educational and cognitive activities of persons located at a distance from the educational center, carried out through electronic and traditional means of communication; 2) the process of obtaining knowledge, skills and abilities with the help of a specialized educational environment based on the use of ICT, providing the exchange of educational information at a distance, and implementing a system of support and administration of the educational process.
Distance learning is a new way of implementing the learning process based on the use of modern information and telecommunication technologies that allow learning at a distance without direct, casual contact between the teacher and the student.
Agreement - a binding agreement between two parties, supported by law, or a similar agreement within the organization: for the provision of a software service; for the supply, development, production, operation or maintenance of a software product.
A document is a material object with information fixed in a man-made way for its transmission in time and space (GOST 16487).
A document is a structured set of information intended for human perception, which can be an integral object of exchange between users and (or) information systems (STB 1221-2000).
A document is a uniquely labeled piece of information for human use, such as a report, specification, manual, or book (GOST R ISO/IEC TO 9294-93).
A document on a machine medium is a document on an information carrier suitable for use in computer technology.
A documentary database is a database in which a record reflects a document and contains its bibliographic description and, possibly, other information about it.
A documentary-factual database is a documentary database in which a record contains a formal representation of the content (or part of the content) of a document.
Documentation - a set of one or more related documents (GOST R ISO / IEC TO 9294-93).
User documentation - is intended to provide the end user with sufficient information to clearly understand: 1) the purpose, functions and characteristics of the software tool; 2) how to deploy and use the software tool; 3) contractual rights and obligations. User documentation should include help documentation for day-to-day use with the program. Additionally, training documentation may be included to educate users on the use of the software. The documentation may also include pamphlets, booklets, or on-screen information that provides a summary of operating instructions and commands. If necessary, additions to the documentation may be issued, for example: 1) a list of errata in the documentation; 2) a list of identified, but not corrected errors in the software product with a description of the known consequences. Documentation can be presented both in the form of a hard copy, and on electronic or other media.
Documentation - creation of documents.
Documented information (document) - information recorded on a material carrier with details that allow it to be identified (Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Informatization").
Documented information - information drawn up in the prescribed manner and fixed on a material carrier that ensures its transmission in time and space (STB 982-94).
Documentability (information technology) - a property of information technology, characterized by the possibility of its presentation on tangible media in accordance with the current rules for processing documentation.
Document flow - the movement of a document in an organization from the moment it is created or received until the completion of execution or sending.
Home computerization - 1) an element of the state policy of informatization (adopted in Russia), ensuring the satisfaction of the population's needs for information and knowledge
directly at home, mainly via the Internet; 2) the process of equipping the house with electronic devices.
Domestication of new technology - the integration of ICT into everyday life (from Latin domesticus - domestic (domestication, taming of wild animals)).
Access to information and knowledge - 1) universal accessibility of the necessary methods, tools and skills for the effective use of knowledge, i.e. availability of networks, infrastructure and services, as well as information resources necessary for the full implementation of the political and socio-cultural rights of the individual in society; a means of allowing citizens to contact the relevant external environment; 2) access to information and knowledge as a topic of discussion. The problem of access to information and the means of its dissemination arises and is resolved in the course of contradictions between the tendencies towards cross-border monopolization and standardization of information means and information itself, on the one hand, and towards decentralization, on the other.
User Friendly - A definition referring to ease of use and ease of use by a human.
A duplicate of a document is a duplicate copy of an official document that has the legal force of the original.
E
A single information space is a set of databases and data banks, technologies for their maintenance and use, information and telecommunication systems and networks operating on the basis of common principles and according to general rules that ensure information interaction between organizations and citizens, as well as satisfaction of their information needs.
Natural language is a language whose rules are based on modern word usage without an exact description of them.
AND
Life cycle - the period of existence of a software product, calculated from the beginning of its design to destruction. The main stages of the cycle: design, manufacture, testing, trial operation, storage, operation and maintenance.
The life cycle of a system is an evolution, a period of time and a set of works that change the state of the system from the appearance of an idea and the beginning of its development to the end of operation. It is usually divided into separate stages - requirements analysis, design, implementation (design), verification and operation. System life cycle stages may be repeated in an iterative manner due to the gradual refinement of system requirements and/or the need to
its adaptation to those changes that arise in the subject area of ​​the system.
The life cycle of an electronic document - the stages of creation, circulation, archival storage and (or) disposal of the electronic document.
Living in a Digital World is the title of a famous 1996 book by Nicholas Negraponte, director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Media Lab, in which he says that our world will become digital in the near future.
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Completeness (information technology) - a property of information technology, characterized by the probability of identifying errors made during its development, according to the results of testing.
Download over the link - to transfer programs or data from a connected computer to a computer with more resources, usually from a personal computer to a mainframe computer.
Order - the process of acquiring a system, software product or software service.
Customer - An organization that purchases or receives a system, software product, or software service from a vendor. Note. The customer can be: wholesale or retail buyer, client, owner, user.
The Freedom of Information Act of 1966 is a landmark event in the history of the information society. Under this law, all US federal agencies must provide citizens with free access to all available information, except for that relating to national defense, law enforcement, financial and personal documents. Violation of this law may be challenged in court.
A replacement part is a part approved for use in a specific project as an alternative to the main part, provided that the relevant requirements are met.
Recording information - a set of actions to transfer information to material media.
Protection - the preservation of information and data so that unauthorized persons or systems cannot read or change them, and authorized persons or systems are not limited in access to them.
Data protection - the use of appropriate administrative, technical and physical means to prevent unauthorized intentional or accidental disclosure, modification or destruction of data (GOST ISO / IEC 2382-1-99).
Information protection - a set of actions to ensure the safety of information resources from internal and external threats.
Information protection - a set of methods and means that ensure the integrity, confidentiality and availability of information under the influence of threats of a natural or artificial nature, the implementation of which can lead to damage to the owners or users of information.
Security (Security) - software attributes related to its ability to prevent unauthorized access, accidental or deliberate, to programs and data (GOST ISO / IEC 2382-1-99).
Security (information technology) - a property of information technology, characterized by the ability to fix or block actions for unauthorized access to information or attempts to destroy it.
A tender is a document used by a customer as a means of announcing its intention to act as a potential purchaser of a particular system, software product, or software service.
A sign is a graphical representation of a concept that makes sense in a particular context.
Knowledge - in a broad sense - the result of human cognitive activity. Knowledge - in the narrow sense - a type of information that reflects the experience of a specialist (expert) in a particular subject area, his understanding of a variety of current situations and ways to move from one description of an object to another. By YES. Pospelov, knowledge is characterized by internal interpretability, structuredness, connectedness and mutual activity.
AND
Identification - identification of an object in a series of similar ones using unique names and details.
Notification - Notification capabilities are associated with access control and state management functions. When the state of an object, such as a blueprint file, changes, there is usually a change in permissions as well. At this point, it is necessary to notify the users who then receive the right to access this file, and they may be expected to take some action in connection with this. Notification is carried out by sending a message by e-mail.
Review Action Notice - Messages sent to people whose review action is needed for a specific release procedure.
Approval Notification - Messages to users about the approval of a data object.
The manufacturer is the organization that develops the software package.
Modifiability - Attributes of software related to the effort required to modify, fix a failure, or change operating conditions.
Measurement is the act of applying a measure of software quality to a particular software product.
Have access - get opportunities to use resources.
Indicators of the development of the information society - a list of indicators characterizing the development of the information society in different sections: informational, economic, social.
An engineering specification is an ordered list of parts, subassemblies, assemblies, and raw materials that define a product. The PTO is usually created and accompanied by product structure management functions and defines the type, number, quantity, and relationships of parts and assemblies. It should also be noted that there is some difference in the concepts of BOM (ISO-9000) and Specification (ESKD) - the domestic term covers a wider class of documents with a more flexible, not strictly defined field structure, while the foreign counterpart essentially sets a single standard to provide structured textual information about the composition of the product, regardless of the industry affiliation of the enterprise-developer.
CASE tool - a software tool designed to fully or partially support the technology for designing and implementing complex software and (or) information systems based on certain CASE methods, processes, models and language tools, as well as on the standards that embody them. The range of tools in this category is very wide - from complex integrated tools used at all stages of the life cycle of the project being developed, to specialized tools used at individual stages of development.
Information technology tools - a set of technical, software and language tools that ensure the implementation of the information process.
Integrated circuit; microchip, chip - a small piece of semiconductor material containing interconnected electronic elements.
Integration is the combination of individual elements into a single whole.
Intelligent interface - an interface for direct interaction between the resources of the information complex and the user through programs for processing user text requests.
Internet - 1) a global network that includes government, academic, commercial, military and corporate networks around the world, which is based on the use of the TCP / IP data transfer protocol; 2) a global information system, the parts of which are logically interconnected with each other through a unique address space based on the TCP/IP protocol and which provides, publicly or privately, a high-level communication service; 3) a multitude of interconnected computer networks enveloping the globe. The Internet provides access to computers, e-mail, bulletin boards, databases, and discussion groups, all of which use the TCP/IP protocol.
The Internet incubator is a venture investment model, the purpose of which is the accelerated preparation and rapid launch of Internet companies and their projects on the market. The first incubator was created in 1995 by American businessman B. Gross.
An online store is a place on the Internet where goods are sold directly to a consumer (legal entity or individual), including delivery. At the same time, the placement of consumer information, the order of goods and the transaction are carried out in the same place, within the network (on the website of the Internet store).
Internet economy - developing your business on the Internet: opening cam and virtual stores, using electronic advertising and marketing, electronic document management.
An interface is a shared enclosed area between two functional units defined by various characteristics related to functions, physical interactions, signaling, and other inherent characteristics.
An interface is software for communication between a computer and its user or between two devices.
Informatization - 1) the process of intensifying the production and dissemination of knowledge and information based on the use of ICT; 2) the process of large-scale use of ICT in all spheres of the socio-economic, political and cultural life of society in order to increase the efficiency of the use of information and knowledge for management, meet the information needs of citizens, organizations and the state and create the prerequisites for Russia's transition to an information society.
Informatics is a branch of knowledge that studies the general properties and structure of scientific information, as well as the patterns and principles of its creation, transformation, accumulation, transmission and use in various fields of human activity.
Information network - a set of software and hardware for transmitting and processing data via communication channels.
Information security - has three main components: confidentiality, integrity and availability. Confidentiality refers to the protection of sensitive information from unauthorized access. Integrity means protecting the accuracy and completeness of information and software. Availability is the provision of accessibility of information and basic services to the user at the right time for him.
The information industry is a large-scale production of various types of information goods and services based on the latest ICT (from newspapers, magazines and books to computer games and information content (content) of networks). It includes two essentially different parts: the production of information technology (machinery and equipment) and the production of information itself.
Information products are the materialized result of information processes designed to meet the information needs of public authorities, legal entities and individuals.
The information revolution is a metaphor expressing in the last quarter of the 20th century. revolutionary impact of ICT on all spheres of society. This phenomenon integrates the effects of previous revolutionary inventions in the information sphere (typography, telephony, radio communication, personal computer), since it creates a technological basis for overcoming any distances in the transmission of information and thereby uniting the intellectual abilities and spiritual forces of mankind.
Information system - an organized set of information technologies, objects and relations between them, forming a single whole (STB 982-94).
Information system - an organizationally ordered set of documents (arrays of documents) and information technologies, including the use of computer technology and communications that implement information processes.
An information system is an information processing system, together with the organization's related resources such as people, technical and financial resources, which provides and distributes information (GOST ISO / IEC 2382-1-99).
Information environment - a set of technical and software tools for storing, processing and transmitting information, as well as political, economic and cultural conditions for the implementation of informatization processes.
Information sphere - 1) the sphere of the economy engaged in the production, processing, storage and dissemination of information and knowledge; 2) a set of information, information infrastructure, entities that collect, form, distribute
and the use of information, as well as the system of regulation of the resulting social relations.
Information technology - a set of methods, methods, techniques and means of processing documented information, including application software, and the regulated procedure for their application (Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Informatization").
Information technology; information process technology - a set of methods, methods, techniques and tools that implement the information process in accordance with specified requirements (STB 982-94).
The information economy is a knowledge-based economy in which most of the gross domestic product is provided by activities for the production, processing, storage and dissemination of information and knowledge, and more than half of the employed are involved in this activity.
Information economy (a term common in the 1970s-1980s) - 1) an economy in which most of the GDP is provided by the production, processing, storage and dissemination of information and knowledge, and where more than half of the employed participate in this activity; 2) a concept that is typical for those forecasts of the coming information society, in which the emphasis is on the leading role of electronic information technical means of communication in the development of all major sectors of the economy. At the same time, the information itself is identified with commercial products and is studied mainly with the help of statistical methods.
Information and communication technologies (ICT) - a set of methods, production processes and software and hardware integrated with the aim of collecting, processing, storing, distributing, displaying and using information in the interests of its users.
Information space - a set of information resources, information systems and communication environment.
Information legislation - a set of laws, regulations and other forms of legal regulation in the field of circulation and production of information and the use of ICT.
Information content (content) - any informationally significant content of the information system - texts, graphics, multimedia.
Information inequality - digital divide, information or digital split, digital or electronic abyss, computer watershed and a number of other expressions are used as synonyms - 1) the new kind social differentiation arising from different possibilities of using the latest ICTs; 2) a term characteristic of supporters of concepts that link the fate of information
structures, means and processes of their uneven distribution among citizens with issues of civil rights and material well-being.
Information support - in automated systems - a set of a single system for classifying and coding information, unified documentation systems and information arrays.
Information society - the concept of post-industrial society; a new historical phase in the development of civilization, in which the main products of production are information and knowledge. Distinctive features information society are: increasing the role of information and knowledge in society; an increase in the share of information communications, products and services in the gross domestic product; creation of a global information space that provides: 1) effective information interaction of people, 2) their access to world information resources and 3) satisfaction of their needs for information products and services.
The information society is a stage in the development of modern civilization, characterized by an increase in the role of information and knowledge in the life of society, an increase in the share of infocommunications, information products and services in the gross domestic product (GDP), the creation of a global information space that ensures effective information interaction of people, their access to world information resources and satisfaction of their social and personal needs in information products and services.
Information weapons - a set of specialized (physical, informational, software, radio-electronic) methods and means of temporarily or irrevocably disabling the functions or services of the information infrastructure as a whole or its individual elements.
Information space (accepted in Russia) - 1) an integral electronic information space formed when using electronic networks; 2) spheres in the modern social life of the world, in which information communications play a leading role. In this sense, the concept of the information space approaches the concept of the information environment.
Information and communication infrastructure - a set of geographically distributed state and corporate information systems, communication lines, networks and data transmission channels, means of switching and managing information flows, as well as organizational structures, legal and regulatory mechanisms that ensure their effective functioning.
Information retrieval characteristic - a set of details that allow you to identify, take into account and use an electronic document at the stage of archival storage.
Information needs are a kind of non-material needs. The need for information necessary to solve a specific problem or achieve a certain goal.
Information products - information resources of all kinds, software products, databases and data banks and other information presented in the form of a product.
Information processes - the processes of creating, collecting, storing, processing, displaying, transmitting, distributing and providing documented information to the user.
Information resources - documents and arrays of documents in information systems (libraries, archives, funds, data banks, depositories, museum depositories, etc.).
Information services - meeting the information needs of users by providing information products.
Information city - a city with a post-industrial structure of the economy, in which the main areas of activity are management, financial activities, scientific research, higher education, culture, information services, media, business services (advertising, consulting, information, etc.), and more than half of all employees are employed in these activities.
Information crime - deliberate malicious actions aimed at stealing or destroying information in information systems and networks, based on mercenary or hooligan motives.
Information array - a set of documented information, ordered according to certain criteria.
Information product - information obtained as a result of the implementation of information technology.
Information process - a set of processes for obtaining, accumulating, processing and transmitting information.
Information resource - an organizational set of documented information, including databases and knowledge bases, other information arrays in information systems (Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Informatization").
Information resource - a set of information contained in various sources (STB 982-94).
Information market - the market of ICT, information products and services.
Information - information about facts, events, phenomena, processes, concepts or commands (STB 982-94).
Information - information about persons, objects, facts, events, phenomena and processes (Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Informatization").
Information (in information processing) is knowledge about such objects as facts, events, phenomena, objects, processes, representations, including concepts that have a specific meaning in a certain context (GOST ISO / IEC 2382-1-99).
Information on the package - information placed on the outer packaging of the package and readable by the consumer before purchase. Its purpose is to enable potential buyers to evaluate the applicability of the package in accordance with their requirements.
Information about citizens - personal data - a synonym. Information about the facts, events and circumstances of the life of a citizen, allowing to identify his personality.
Artificial intelligence; AI is a field that is seen as part of the science of computers, dealing with simulations and systems that implement functions such as reasoning and learning commonly associated with human intelligence.
Artificial intelligence is a hypothetical technical system capable of detecting properties identical to intelligent thinking and human behavior.
An artificial language is a language whose rules are clearly established before it is used.
Use of a program or database - publication, reproduction, distribution and other actions to introduce programs or databases into economic circulation (including in a modified form).
TO
Calculator - a device suitable for performing arithmetic operations, requiring human intervention to select the programs stored in it, if any, and start the operation or sequence of operations. Note. The calculator implements some of the functions of a computer, but usually only works with repeated human intervention.
Signature verification public key card - a paper document containing the value of the public key for verifying an electronic digital signature and confirming that it belongs to any individual or legal entity.
Cascade (waterfall) life cycle - a phased, sequential construction of an information system. Each stage (usually analysis, design, programming, testing, implementation) is fully completed before the next one begins.
Quality is the totality of the features and characteristics of a product or service that relates to its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs (ISO 8402). Note. In the realm of the contract, needs are defined, while in other realms, implied needs must be established and defined.
Software quality is the totality of features and characteristics of a software product related to its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs. The quality of software can be assessed by the following characteristics: functionality, reliability, usability, efficiency, maintainability, portability.
Qualification test - a test (testing) conducted by the developer, if necessary, authorized by the customer, to demonstrate that the software product meets the specified requirements and is ready for use in the specified operating conditions.
Qualification requirement - a set of criteria or conditions that must be satisfied in order to qualify a software product for compliance with established requirements and readiness for use in specified operating conditions.
Qualification is the process of demonstrating the ability of an entity to fulfill specified requirements.
Cyberspace - coming from American life a concept introduced by writer William Gibson in his play Le Neuromacien. It describes the virtual space in which the electronic data of all the computers in the world circulate.
Classification - The assignment of attributes and other defining metadata to managed entities within a PDM system. This metadata is then used to find data with similar characteristics.
Classification of parts - mechanisms for classifying parts and other elements of a product by their functions or by the processes used to produce them. Part classification is used to find PDM-managed components needed in product design or in PDM-managed processes used in the design of similar processes. Synonymous with Group Technology.
Document code - document identifier, expressed using a code designation.
Communication environment - a set of methods and means that ensure the transfer (exchange) of information.
Communication - translated into Russian, this word can mean connection, message, means of communication, information, means of information, as well as contact, communication, connection.
A complex of software and hardware means a set of system-wide software and hardware tools that ensure the implementation of information processes.
Computer: - a functional device that can perform complex calculations, including a large number of arithmetic and logical operations, without human intervention. Notes. 1) A computer may consist of a stand-alone device or of several interacting devices. 2) In the field of information processing, the term computer usually refers to digital computers.
Computerization is the process of development and implementation of computers that provide automation of information processes and technologies in various areas ah human activity.
Computerize - automate by means of computers.
Computer literacy is the acquisition of a minimum set of knowledge and skills of working on a personal computer. Considered today as a skill as essential as reading and writing.
Computer graphics - methods and means of designing, manipulating, storing and reproducing images using a computer.
Computer network - a network of data processing nodes interconnected for the purpose of data exchange.
A computer crime is a crime that is committed Using modifications or destruction of hardware, software or data.
Computer center; data processing center - means, including personnel, hardware and software, organized for the provision of information processing services.
The end user is the person using the software package.
Connectivity is the connectivity of system components, the ability to connect (for example, computers to each other), the ability to interact (for example, programs to each other).
Consulting is the activity of a specialist or an entire company involved in strategic project planning, analysis and formalization of information system requirements, creation of a system project, and sometimes application design. But all this is up to the stage of actually programming or setting up some already existing integrated enterprise management systems, the choice of which is carried out on the basis of a system project. This does not include system integration. Consulting anticipates and regulates these stages.
Access control - the access control function is used to control the process of granting a specific user and (or) process read (write) rights for each data object in the PDM system. Access control makes modification impossible
object without the appropriate automated passing of the procedure for approving the changes being made.
Change control is the process and procedures that governs the incorporation of changes into product data.
The control characteristic of an electronic document is a hash value generated by hashing means in accordance with STV 1176.1 and intended to confirm the integrity of an electronic document. Note. The integrity of an electronic document means that no unauthorized changes were made to it and it was not distorted as a result of damage to machine media and software and hardware failures when processing an electronic document or transmitting it over communication channels.
Configuration - the way in which the hardware and software of an information processing system are organized and interact.
Product configuration - representation of the set of parts included in the product in the form of a hierarchical tree (Design Tree).
A copy of a document is a document that reproduces the information of another document and all of its external signs or part of them.
Software quality evaluation criterion - a set of defined and documented rules and conditions used to decide acceptability overall quality specific software product. Quality is represented by a set of established levels associated with a software product.
Critical work is work that cannot be delayed without changing the overall duration or end date of the project.
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Lexicographic VD is a database in which a record contains data about one lexical unit and corresponds to a dictionary entry.
Linguistic support of an automated system - a set of language tools used in automated systems, as well as rules for formalizing natural language in order to increase the efficiency of machine information processing.
Signature private key - a set of characters belonging to a specific person and used in the development of an electronic digital signature.
Logistics - 1) the theory of management of material and information flows; 2) the science of planning, control and management of transportation, storage, processing and other operations in the process of delivering finished products to the consumer.
The local network - computer network, located in the geographically limited territory of the user. Note.
Communication within a user-owned LAN is not subject to external control, but if the communication goes outside the LAN, it may be subject to some form of control.
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Mass media - mass media - a synonym. Press (newspapers, magazines, books), radio, television, cinematography, sound recordings and video recordings, video text, teletext, billboards and panels, home video centers combining television, telephone, computer and other communication lines. All these means have the qualities that unite them - appeal to a mass audience, accessibility to many people, the corporate nature of the production and dissemination of information.
Data array - see Machine-readable information array.
Mass communication is the process of transmitting information to a group of people simultaneously with the help of special means - mass media.
A master part is a set of data about a part that serves as its reference definition. This may include information such as part number, creation date, current active revision level, department responsible for project changes, and so on. The master part is linked to other information describing how the part is used in the assembly, and so on.
A Master Item is a concept similar to a Part Master, except that this dataset describes a PDM-managed item (file) rather than a part.
Scalability - the ability to move an application program and transfer data in systems and environments with different performance characteristics and different functionality. This component extends the portability of the application program to operating environments of various scales (local area network or global area network, distributed database or centralized database), etc.
Mathematical support of an automated system - a set of algorithms and programs necessary to control the system and solve problems of information processing by computer technology with its help.
Material carrier of information - material with certain physical properties, which can be used to record and store information.
Machine carrier of information (machine carrier) is a material carrier intended for recording and reproducing information by means of computer technology, as well as devices interfaced with them.
Machine-readable information array - a database presented in a communicative format or in any other format for unloading from a database management system.
Menu - A list of options displayed by the data processing system from which the user can select an operation to start a specific job.
Metadata is information about the data controlled by the PDM system. For example, the drawing number is an attribute in the drawing metadata. This definition is different from the definition used by information systems professionals. They refer to the schema underlying the database as metadata.
Method - a system of principles and techniques of cognitive-theoretical and practical activities.
The OMT method is a method for describing an information system proposed by James Rumbaugh, which consists in building a data flow diagram to describe the functions performed, and then creating a class model for software implementation based on it.
The OOSE method is a method for describing an information system proposed by Ivar Jacobson. As part of this method, a use case diagram (Use Case Diagram) was proposed, which was included in the UML standard.
The Booch method is a purely object-oriented method for describing an information system, proposed by Grady Booch.
Method and Standard IDEFO is a structural analysis and design method based on SADT technology. First used in the late 1970s as part of the US Air Force Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing (ICAM) program. Supported by a number of software products. In 1993, it acquired the status of a NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA) standard. More recently, a series of IDEF standards have emerged that address various aspects of system modeling.
The IDEF3 method and standard is a modeling method focused on describing the behavioral aspects of an existing or future system. Allows you to describe process flows and state transitions of the objects participating in them using diagrams.
The software design method is a purposeful set of procedures that makes it possible to obtain as a result a description of the developed software system with such a degree of detail that is sufficient for its implementation. Modern industrial design technologies are based mainly on methods that use structural or object modeling of the system being developed. (Along with structural and object
methods, more elitist formal methods of system specification are also used in practice.)
Methodology (from method and ... logic) - the doctrine of the structure, logical organization, methods and means of activity; methodology of science - the doctrine of the principles of construction, forms and methods of scientific knowledge.
SADT methodology - developed in the 1970s by Douglas Ross (D. Ross) and developed by his followers, the methodology of structural analysis and design of complex software and information systems. The result of its application is a functional model of the developed system, which includes a hierarchy of interconnected diagrams that represent functional structure systems with varying degrees of detail, and accompanying documentation. Used in the development of IDEFO.
A software quality metric is a quantitative scale and method that can be used to determine the value of a feature accepted for a particular software product.
Microcomputer - a digital computer whose processing unit consists of one or more microprocessors and includes memory and input-output facilities.
A microprocessor is a processor whose elements are minimized into one or more integrated circuits.
A million instructions per second is a unit of measurement of processing performance equal to one million instructions per second.
Million floating point operations per second is a unit of processing performance equal to one million floating point operations per second. Note. This unit of measure is used when using a computer in scientific research.
A minicomputer is a digital computer that is functionally intermediate between a microcomputer and a general purpose computer.
Mobile telephony is the introduction of portable telephone devices into modern life. Studies show that mobile telephony has a significant impact on the changes in the way of life and thinking of modern people.
Mobility - A set of attributes related to the ability of software to be transferred from one environment to another: adaptability, ease of implementation, fit, interchangeability. Note. The environment may include an organizational, technical, or software environment (GOST R ISO/IEC 9126-93).
Portability (programs) - the ability of a program to be executed in various data processing systems without conversion to other languages ​​and with little or no change (GOST ISO / IEC 2382-1-99).
Modeling is the use of a data processing system to represent the nature of change in selected parameters of a physical or abstract system. Example. Representation of air flows around a wing airfoil at various speeds, temperatures and air pressures.
Model - a material object, a system of mathematical dependencies or a program that imitates the structure or functioning of the object under study. The main requirement for the model is its adequacy to the object.
Life cycle model - a structure consisting of processes, activities and tasks, including the development, operation and maintenance of a software product, covering the life of the system from establishing requirements for it to the termination of its use.
Modification of a program or database - any change in a computer program or database that is not an adaptation.
Multimedia - 1) a combination of different media using sound, images and text; 2) the interaction of visual and audio effects under the control of interactive software. Usually means a combination of text, sound and graphics, and more recently animation and video. A characteristic, if not defining, feature of multimedia Web sites and CDs is hyperlinks; 3) a concept meaning a combination of sound, text and digital signals, as well as still and moving images. Thus, a multimedia database will contain textual and figurative information, video clips, tables, and all this is equally easily accessible. A multimedia telecommunications service allows a user to send or receive any form of information, interchangeable at will.
Soft copy - a short-term output of information in a sound or visually perceptible form. Example. Image on the screen of a cathode ray tube.
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Reliability of information technology is a property of information technology, characterized by the probability of implementing all its functions during operation in accordance with specified requirements (STB 982-94).
Reliability - a set of attributes related to the ability of software to maintain its level of performance under specified conditions for a specified period of time: stability, error tolerance, recoverability. Note.
There is no wear or aging of the software. Reliability limitations come from errors in requirements, design, and implementation. Failures due to these errors depend on the way the software is used and the previously selected versions of the programs (GOST R ISO / IEC 9126-93).
Supervision - verification by the customer or a third party of the status of work performed by the supplier and their results.
Stage name - standard - at the level of an industry, a group of related enterprises or one specific enterprise - the name of a stage in the life cycle of a complex technical product.
Desktop publishing is electronic publishing using a microcomputer.
Computer science is a branch of science and technology that deals with the processing of information by computers.
Independent PDM System - PDM systems available as independent products not linked to any other application. These systems can be integrated with any number of other applications (such as CAD/CAM), but can also be purchased and installed independently without the need to purchase any related applications. These systems are essentially the opposite of embedded PDM systems.
Non-deliverable product - a hardware or software tool that is not supplied under the terms of the contract, but can be used to create a software product.
Lifelong learning is a complex of public, private and public educational institutions that ensure organizational and content unity and successive interconnection of all parts of education, satisfying a person's desire for self-education and development throughout life.
Non-programmable terminal; I / O terminal - a user terminal that does not have the ability to independently process data.
The nomenclature of cases is a systematized list of the names of cases filed in the organization, indicating the terms of their storage, drawn up in the prescribed manner.
A data carrier is a material object into which or onto which data can be written and from which they can be read.
ABOUT
Quality Assurance - all planned and systematic work carried out within the framework of the quality system; where necessary, objective evidence to provide assurance
that the object will fully comply with the established quality requirements. Notes. 1) There are both external and internal objectives of quality assurance: a) internal quality assurance - within the organization, quality assurance creates confidence in management; b) external quality assurance - in contractual or other situations, quality assurance will create confidence in the consumer or others. 2) Some types of quality management and quality assurance activities are interrelated. 3) If the quality requirements do not fully reflect the needs of the user, then quality assurance may not provide sufficient assurance.
Data exchange - the transfer of data between functional devices in accordance with a set of rules for data movement control and exchange negotiation.
Information exchange; communication - a set of actions to ensure the information interaction of objects.
Generalization of information - transformation of information about the presence of a set of simple private events into information about the presence of a certain event of a higher level, in which these private events are included as its separate elements.
Shell - a program created to simplify the work with complex software systems. Shells convert an awkward command-line user interface into a user-friendly graphical or menu-type interface. Typically, a shell is implemented as a separate program.
Data processing; automatic data processing - performance by the system of actions on data. Example. Arithmetic or logical operations on data, combining or sorting data, translating or compiling programs, or acting on text such as editing, sorting, merging, storing, searching, displaying, or printing. Note. The term data processing should not be used interchangeably with the term information processing.
Image processing is the use of a data processing system to create, scan, analyze, enhance, interpret, or reproduce an image.
Information processing - a set of actions to change the state of information in order to give it the required properties (STB 982-94).
Information processing - performance by the system of actions on information. Notes. 1) Information processing may include operations such as data processing and data exchange, office automation. 2) The term information processing should not be used as a synonym for data processing (GOST ISO/IEC 2382-1-99).
Word processing; text preparation - data processing operations on text, such as input, editing, sorting, merging, selecting, storing, reproducing or printing.
Learnability - Attributes of software related to the user's efforts to learn how to use it (eg, operational control, input, output).
General product model - the latest data integration technique that most closely matches the ideas and goals of PDM - captures all data about the product from all areas from design offices to marketing services - to build a complete, comprehensive description of how the product itself (geometric digital three-dimensional solid CAD models, of course -element models for analytical calculations), as well as technological methods of its production, features of its functioning, application modes, etc.
An objectographic database is a factual database, a record in which contains data about a separate object (material or ideal) of the outside world.
The volume of workflow - the number of documents received by the organization and created by it for a certain period.
Octet; 8-bit byte - A byte consisting of 8 bits.
Operator - an organization operating the system.
Operating system; OS is a software tool that controls the execution of programs and provides functions such as resource allocation, scheduling, I/O and data management. Note. Although operating systems are predominantly software, some use of hardware is possible.
Option - see Design option.
Trial operation automated system - a comprehensive check of the readiness of the automated system. Trial operation is aimed at checking algorithms, debugging programs and the technological process of data processing in real conditions.
Organizational and administrative documentation - documentation that ensures the organization of management processes and managerial work.
Organizational and administrative document - a document used in the design of the organizational, administrative, executive and control functions of management.
Organizational means of information technology - a set of organizational, methodological and scientific and technical documents containing a description and regulation of technological processes that implement the information process.
An open system is a system that implements open specifications (standards) for interfaces, services, and data formats sufficient to provide: 1) portability
(portability) of application systems properly designed with minimal changes to a wide range of systems (to various platforms); 2) joint work or integration (scalability) with other application systems on local and remote platforms in order to expand its functionality and (or) give the system new qualities; 3) interaction with users in a style that facilitates the transition from system to system (user mobility).
An open specification is a publicly available specification that is maintained by an open, transparent, consensus process aimed at continually adapting new technology and conforming to standards. An open specification is technology-independent, i.e. does not depend on specific hardware and software tools or products of individual manufacturers.
Openness of information technology; extensibility of information technology - a property of information technology, characterized by the possibility of introducing new elements and (or) connections into it;
Signature verification public key - a set of characters available to all interested parties and used when verifying an electronic digital signature.
Debugging - identifying, isolating and fixing errors in a program.
An official document is a document created by an organization or an official and executed in the prescribed manner.
Registration of the case - preparation of the case for storage determined by the established rules.
Registration of an official document - affixing the necessary details.
Evaluation - the act of applying a specific documented evaluation criterion to a specific software module, package or product for the purpose of conditional acceptance or release of a software module, package or product (GOST R ISO / IEC 9126-93).
Evaluation - a systematic determination of the degree of compliance of an object with established criteria.
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A software package is a complete and documented set of programs supplied to individual users for general or functional use. Note. Some software packages may be modified for a particular application.
Memory (device); storage device - a functional device in which data can be placed, in which they can be stored and from which they can be retrieved.
Memory - All addressable memory space in the processing device and any other internal memory used to execute instructions.
Parallel engineering is a method of management or operation used to optimize a design, manufacturing process, product maintenance using development environments in which specialists in various application areas (design, marketing, manufacturing technology, process planning and support) work together using data from all stages of the product life cycle.
Transfer of data - the act of transferring information managed by the PDM system and meeting the needs of distributed environments. Information can either be transferred or copied. Unlike data translation, the data transmission process maintains a consistent data format.
Information transfer is a set of actions for sending information from a source to a receiver, independent of the type of information and modes of its processing.
Variable part of the document attribute - part of the document attribute, fixed on the form in the process of filling it out.
Portability - the ability to move an application program and transfer data between different types of application platforms and in different operating systems without significant modifications. The immediate effect of portability, combined with interoperability, provides the basis for program portability at the user level, i.e. users have the ability to move from one application to another and transfer from one operating environment to another.
A laptop computer is a microcomputer that can be carried by hand for use in various locations.
Revision is a process in which one or more specialists review changed documents or data to determine whether the changes have been implemented correctly.
Peripheral equipment - any device that is controlled by a separate computer and can interact with it. Note. I/O device, external memory.
Escort personnel - an organization that performs escort work.
Personal computer - a microcomputer designed exclusively for autonomous use by an individual user.
A personal electronic assistant is a miniature electronic device that stores, processes and transmits information.
Increasing competence is the result of activities aimed at acquiring such knowledge and skills from individual citizens,
social groups, organizations, enterprises and authorities that will allow them to enter the global Knowledge Society and the knowledge economy, as well as make informed decisions that are adequate to their needs.
Maintaining a software tool is the act of maintaining a program and its associated documentation in a state of functioning. Note: Software support may be provided by the manufacturer, reseller, vendor, or other organization. In cases specifically specified in the contract, customers may be allowed to maintain or upgrade the software themselves.
The original of an official document is the first or single copy official document.
Genuine document - a document, information about the time and place of creation of which and (or) about the author, contained in the document itself or identified in any way, correspond to reality.
subroutine; standard program - a program or part of a program that may have a general or multiple application.
A subsystem of an automated system is a part of an automated system, distinguished by a functional or structural feature that meets specific goals and objectives.
Search for information - a set of actions for the selection (finding) of information on given grounds (STB 982-94).
Search for information - actions, methods and procedures for obtaining information on given topic from stored data (GOST ISO/IEC 2382-1-99).
A generation of computers is a category in the historical classification of computers, based primarily on the technology used in their production. Example. The first generation was based on relays or electronic tubes, the second - on transistors, the third - on integrated circuits.
Data element field - a form of representation of a data element in a specific description of the database, which allows to reflect various aspects of the characteristic corresponding to the data element.
Completely ready system; turnkey system - a data processing system that is ready for use after installation and is provided to the user in a state of readiness of the necessary resources intended for use, in accordance with the specified conditions of the user or application system. Note. Some preparatory work on user data may be required.
A full-text database is a documentary database in which a record contains the full text of a document or its most informative parts.
User (consumer) of information - a subject applying to an information system or an intermediary to receive
necessary documented information (Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Informatization").
User - any person or object that issues commands or messages in a data processing system or receives messages from an information processing system (GOST ISO / IEC 2382-1-99).
Understandability - Attributes of software related to the user's efforts to understand the overall logical concept and its applicability.
Understandability of information technology; clarity of information technology - a property of information technology, characterized by the ease of mastering its essence by the user.
Notebook computer - a self-powered portable computer that is small and light enough.
Supplier - an organization that concludes a contract with a customer for the supply of a system, software product or software service on the terms specified in the contract. Notes. 1) Synonyms for the term supplier are the terms contractor, manufacturer, wholesaler or seller. 2) The customer can designate a subdivision of his own organization as a supplier.
The permanent part of the document attribute is a part of the document attribute applied during the preparation of the document form.
Job flow - automation of a program of production activities (as a whole or a separate part of it), which allows you to transfer documents, information or tasks from one participant in the production process to another to perform certain actions in accordance with procedural rules.
Consumer - The organization or person who buys the software package.
Consumer software package (hereinafter - software package) - software products designed and sold to perform certain functions; program and related documentation packaged for sale as a unit.
Correctness - Attributes of software related to ensuring the correctness or consistency of results or effects. Note. For example, it includes the required degree of precision in the computed values.
Usability - a set of attributes related to the amount of work required for use and individual evaluation of such use by a certain or intended range of users: understandability, learnability, ease of use. Note. Users can be interpreted as the majority of direct users of interactive software. Users may include operators, end users and indirect users affected by or dependent on the use of the software. Practicality should
be considered in a variety of user environments that may affect the software, including preparation for use and evaluation of results.
Provision of information - a set of actions to ensure access to information resources (STB 982-94).
An enterprise is a set of production units connected by common interests in the production of a product or group of products. An enterprise may also logically include a network of contractors or suppliers involved in the process of creating or maintaining a common product. PDM systems are often used across the enterprise.
Previous work - work on which the execution of the current work depends, technologically preceding it.
A prompt is a visual or audible message sent by a program that requires the user's response.
Suitability is a software attribute relating to the presence and suitability of a feature set for specific tasks. Note. Examples of correspondence are the composition of task-oriented functions from its subfunctions and the volumes of tables.
Signs (indicators) - signs that determine the properties of software products that can be attributed to quality characteristics. Note. Examples of features include route length, modularity, program structure, and comments.
Application program - 1) logical grouping into a single block of actions and related data and technologies; an application program, being a part of an information system, includes a group of programs (software) or information resources designed to process data into the required information; 2) a logical grouping of programs, data and technology with which the end user interacts in the performance of a particular function or class of functions.
Application software - software consisting of separate application programs and application software packages designed to solve various user tasks and automated systems created on their basis.
Application software; application program - a software tool or program specially designed to solve an application problem. Example. Program for processing spreadsheets.
Application interface - an interface from an external application that provides access to the functionality and database of the PDM system. This interface is typically created using a library of callers that can be embedded in other applications or programs to call PDM functions and to access or modify the PDM database.
ICT applications - telematics services in the professional or private sector, such as telework, telemedicine, tele-education and retraining, tele-traffic management.
Verifiability of information technology is a property of information technology, characterized by the possibility of verifying the feasibility of the information technology functions stated in the documentation, and controllability during operation.
Program; computer program - a syntactic unit that obeys the rules of a specific programming language and consists of descriptions and operators or commands necessary to solve certain function, tasks or problems.
Programming - creating, recording, modifying and testing programs.
Programming; write programs - create, write, modify and test programs.
Programmable terminal; intelligent terminal - a user terminal with built-in data processing capability.
Software products - a software object intended for delivery to the user (GOST R ISO / IEC 9126-93).
A software service is the performance of work, tasks, or duties associated with a software product, such as development, maintenance, or operation.
Software and hardware - a combination of technical devices and machine instructions or data used by a computer, permanently stored on a technical device in the form of permanent software. This software tool cannot be changed only by programming tools (GOST R ISO / IEC 12207-99).
Firmware - an ordered set of commands and data associated with them, stored in such a way that it is functionally independent of the main memory, usually in read-only memory (GOST ISO / IEC 2382-1-99).
Software and hardware - technical means containing a computer program and data that cannot be changed by the user's means. The computer program and data included in the firmware are classified as software; circuits containing a computer program and data are classified as hardware (GOST R ISO / IEC 9126-93).
Software - programs, procedures, rules and any relevant documentation related to the operation of a computer system (GOST R ISO / IEC 9126-93).
Software of an automated system - a set of programs for the implementation of the goals and objectives of an automated system.
Software piracy is the misuse or copying of software.
Information technology software - a set of algorithms and programs used in the implementation of the information process with the help of computer technology (STB 982-94).
Software; software - all or part of the programs, procedures, rules and related documentation of the information processing system. Note. Software is an intellectual product regardless of the medium on which it is recorded (GOST ISO/IEC 2382-1-99).
A software module is a separately compiled part of the program code (program).
A software product is a set of machine programs, procedures, and possibly associated documentation and data.
Promotion is the act of transferring a piece of product information from one Promotion Level to another in a PDM-driven change approval process.
Software design - application of a system of scientific and technological knowledge, methods and practical experience for the development, implementation, testing and documentation of software in order to optimize its production, maintenance and quality.
Design option - used in a product structure to refer to a coordinated set of design alternatives under which different products are produced, for example, a 4-cylinder car engine instead of a 6-cylinder one. Design options are a set of deviations in the product design that evolve from version to version along with other units, assemblies, subassemblies and individual parts of the product.
Ease of Deployment - Attributes of software related to the effort required to implement the software in a particular environment.
Ease of use - Attributes of software related to user effort for operation and operational control.
A profile is a set of several (or a subset of one) basic standards (and other normative documents) with well-defined and harmonized subsets of mandatory and optional features, designed to implement a given function, group of functions or process.
Process (in data processing) - a given sequence of events that take place during the execution of all or part of the program (GOST ISO / IEC 2382-1-99).
Process - a given sequence of events, determined by the goal or result achieved under given conditions (GOST ISO / IEC 2382-1-99).
Process - a set of interrelated activities that transform input data into output results. Note. The term of work implies the use of resources (GOST R ISO / IEC 12207-99).
The processor is a functional device of a computer that analyzes and executes commands. Note. The processor includes at least an instruction control unit and an arithmetic logic unit.
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Work - basic structural element project; project management methodology assumes that the project is presented as a set of interrelated activities. The work can be performed without the participation of a computer or be an automatic operation in the workflow.
A working group is a group of people working as a team to achieve a common goal. An enterprise usually has several working groups involved in a product development project. In the domestic industry, the concept of department usually corresponds to the level of the working group.
A workstation is a functional device that typically has special-purpose computing capabilities and includes user-oriented I/O devices. Example. Programmable terminal, non-programmable terminal, or stand-alone microcomputer.
Working draft of an automated system - technical documentation, approved in the prescribed manner, containing detailed system-wide design solutions, programs and instructions for solving problems, assessment economic efficiency automated system and a list of implementation measures.
Development with the use of ICT - socio-economic development based on the massive use of ICT.
Time division (time slicing is unacceptable) is a technological technique of a data processing system that provides time alternation of two or more processes in one processor.
Developer - an organization that performs development work (including requirements analysis, design, acceptance testing) during the software life cycle.
Ranking (rating) - the action of assigning a measured value to the appropriate ranking level. Used to determine the level of software ranking for a particular quality attribute.
Distributed data storage is the core of an integrated PPM system, covering databases of several enterprises with independent local PPM systems.
Reverse engineering - restoring the specifications of an existing system.
A revision is a modification to any product data made after the data has been released for use.
Registration of documents - fixing the fact of creation or receipt of documents by assigning serial numbers to them and recording established information about them.
Business process reengineering is the modernization of the corporate management system in connection with the changed operating conditions or goals originally set during the formation of the corporation, with a corresponding restructuring of the corporate information system. Usually (especially in the version of the author of the term M. Hammer) it involves a fairly radical revision of the existing processes of activity, in contrast to the methods of their gradual improvement (CPI, BPI, etc.).
A document attribute is an element of an official document.
A relational data model is a representation of data in the form of a set of attributes (relational relations), on which some well-formalized operations (selection, connection, projection, etc.) can be correctly performed.
Resource; computer resource - any element of the data processing system necessary for the implementation of the required operations. Example. Memory devices, I/O devices, one or more processing devices, data, files, and programs.
An abstract database is a documentary database in which a record contains bibliographic data and an abstract or annotation.
Robotics - methods for designing, building and using robots.
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Collection of information - a set of actions to obtain information from various sources and determine its state, including the identification of information, grouping according to certain characteristics and presenting it in the required form.
Connectivity is the ability to connect a given system or device to other systems or devices without modification.
Network organization - network organizations - organizations that use network connections, relationships and technologies in the management of production and business.
Network economy - 1) the economy carried out with the help of electronic networks. The basis of the network economy - network
organizations; 2) an environment in which any company or individual located anywhere economic system, can contact easily and at minimal cost with any other company or individual for collaboration, trade, exchange of ideas or know-how, or just for fun.
Network society - a society in which a significant part of information interactions is carried out using electronic networks.
Network technologies - technologies that allow you to communicate in a network mode.
Networking is the process of forming electronic communities based on the voluntary and sometimes free exchange of information of interest.
A network is a combination of computers and other devices connected in such a way that users can exchange programs and equipment (such as printers) and communicate with each other.
A signal is a change in a physical quantity used to represent data.
A symbol is a member of a set of elements used to represent, organize, or manipulate data. Note. Characters can be graphic (number, letter, ideogram, special character) and control (transmission control character, format character, extension character, device control character).
Synergetics is a science that studies the processes of self-organization and the emergence, maintenance, stability and decay of structures (systems) of various nature based on the methods of mathematical physics (formal technologies). The synergistic approach is also used when studying such a complex and unstructured system as a networked information space.
Synchronous - Relating to two or more processes dependent on the occurrence of specific events such as simple synchronization signals.
System - a complex consisting of processes, hardware and software, devices and personnel that has the ability to satisfy established needs or goals.
Documentation system - a set of interrelated documents used in a particular field of activity.
Data processing system; computer system- one or more computers, peripheral equipment and software for data processing.
Information processing system - one or more data processing systems and devices, such as office or communications equipment, that provide information processing.
Programming system - a system for developing programs in a particular programming language. The programming system provides the user with special means program development: translator, (special) editor of program texts, libraries of standard subroutines, debugger, etc.
Database management system - a set of software and linguistic tools for general or special purposes that supports the creation of databases, centralized management and organization of access to them by various users in the conditions of the accepted data processing technology.
System documentation - a set of documents that describe the requirements, capabilities, limitations, design, operation and maintenance of an information processing system.
A system software tool is a software tool that, regardless of the application, supports the operation of application software. Example. Operating system.
Systems engineering (Interpreted by INCOSE) is the discipline of developing products or processes based on the concept of systems. It focuses on identifying customer needs and required system functions, establishing requirements, performing design synthesis and validation, agreeing on both the business and technical aspects of a given task. Integrates the necessary disciplines and groups of specialists into one team throughout the entire life cycle of system development (development).
System engineering - scientific direction covering the design, creation, testing and operation of complex systems.
The next job is a job that depends on the execution of the current job, technologically following the given one.
Data dictionary - the ability of the PDM system to check, whenever necessary, whether the data entered into the database is correct. The active data dictionary controls user input throughout the data entry process.
The complexity of information technology is a property of information technology, characterized by the number and nature of its constituent elements, the relationships between them and the complexity of their development.
Utility software; Utility - A software tool or program that facilitates the development, maintenance, or use of other software, or provides general functionality independent of the application. Example. Compiler, database management system.
Removable machine carrier of information (removable machine carrier) is a machine carrier of information that can be stored separately from technical devices for reading (writing) information, replaced with another carrier of the same type, used in different information systems.
Decommissioning - end of active support operating system by the operating or accompanying organization, partial or complete replacement its new system or the introduction of an upgraded system.
The owner of information resources, information systems, technologies, means of their support is a subject that fully exercises the powers of possession, use, disposal of these objects.
The owner of information systems and networks is a state, an administrative-territorial unit, an individual or a legal entity that, in accordance with the law, fully owns, uses and disposes of information systems and networks.
Compatibility is the ability of functional devices to satisfy the requirements of a particular interface without significant modification.
Consistency - Attributes of software that cause a program to adhere to relevant standards or conventions, or provisions of laws, or similar guidelines.
Agreement - the definition of the boundaries and conditions under which the working relationship will be carried out.
Compliance - Attributes of software that cause a program to conform to standards or conventions related to portability.
Maintainability is a set of attributes related to the amount of work required to carry out specific changes (modifications): analyzability, mutability, stability, testability. Note. Change may include fixes, enhancements, or adaptations of the software to changes in environment, requirements, and operating conditions.
Social impact of ICT - the impact of ICT on society: on work and employment, economy, education and culture, social structure, home and family, on everyday life in general.
Specification - a formalized description of the properties, characteristics and functions of an object.
A program (module) specification is an exact and complete formulation of a problem that contains the information necessary to construct an algorithm (program) for solving this problem.
A Processing Process Specification is a diagram depicting the modules that make up the application program, the queues through which the modules interact with each other, and other information, as well as the macro statements that implement this diagram.
Spiral life cycle - multiple (usually three times) passing through the stages of building an information system. The ability to return to the initial stages allows you to take into account changing system requirements.
Access method - a way to obtain the right to use data, memory for reading or writing data, an I / O channel for data transfer. Example. Access methods: direct, by index, sequential.
Interoperability - Attributes of software related to its ability to interact with specific systems. Note. Interoperability is used instead of compatibility in order to avoid possible confusion with interchangeability.
The reference documentation must be sufficiently clear and comprehensive to enable the end user to successfully select, deploy, and use the software tool. Examples and illustrations should be given where appropriate, and any abbreviations and symbols used in the reference documentation should be defined. Instructions for using the reference documentation should also be included.
Means for ensuring automated information systems and their technologies - software, technical, linguistic, legal, organizational tools used or created in the design of information systems and ensuring their operation, including: programs for electronic computers; means of computer technology and communication; dictionaries, thesauri and classifiers; instructions and methods; regulations, statutes, job descriptions; schemes and their descriptions; other operational and accompanying documentation.
Hashing tools - software or software and hardware tools that provide the calculation of the value of the control characteristic of an electronic document and have a certificate of conformity or a certificate of recognition of a certificate issued by the National Certification System of the Republic of Belarus.
Electronic digital signature means - software and hardware that ensure the development and verification of an electronic digital signature and have a certificate of conformity or a certificate of recognition of a certificate issued by the National Certification System of the Republic of Belarus.
Stability - software attributes related to the frequency of failures due to errors in the software.
Product structure - a way to access product data that extends the capabilities of the PTO. Defines relationships between assemblies of product components and between the parts that make up those assemblies. A typical product structure, in addition to standard BOM data, contains attributes, instances, and placement information.
Supercomputer - any of the representatives of the class of computers that has the maximum achievable on this moment data processing speed in solving scientific and engineering problems.
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A hard copy is a permanent copy of an image on a screen, reproduced on an output device such as a printer or plotter, which can be carried away.
Text is a form of data representation in the form of symbols, signs, words, phrases, blocks, sentences, tables and other symbolic means designed to convey meaning, the interpretation of which is based solely on the reader's knowledge of natural or artificial languages. Example. A business letter printed on paper or reproduced on a display screen.
Telecommunications - the process of remote data transmission based on ICT.
A teleconference is a type of event in which group communication is carried out between geographically distributed participants using technical means. Try it on!: conference call, audio conference, chat, email conference, video conference, etc.
Telematics - 1) ICT applications: Information Systems and services that meet the user's information needs; 2) combining television with computer devices for integrated processing and transmission of information.
Telework - work performed using information and communication infrastructure, in a place remote from the place where the results of this work are used.
Teleservice - a service provided remotely using information and communication infrastructure.
Terminal - a functional device in a system or exchange network through which data can be entered or searched for.
Video terminal; visual display terminal; display device - a user terminal with a display screen, usually equipped with an input device such as a keyboard.
User Terminal - A terminal that allows the user to interact with a computer.
Testability - Attributes of software relating to the effort required to test modified software. Note. The values ​​of this subcharacteristic can be changed by the considered modifications.
Testability is the extent to which the objectivity and feasibility of testing that checks conformance to a requirement can be planned.
Test coverage is the extent to which test cases verify the requirements for a system or software product.
Technical means of information technology - a set of mechanical, electrical, electronic and other devices that ensure the implementation of the information process.
Technical design of an automated system - duly approved documentation containing system-wide design solutions, task algorithms, an assessment of the economic efficiency of an automated system and a list of measures to prepare an object for implementation.
Terms of Reference - a document used by the customer as a means to describe and define the tasks performed in the implementation of the contract.
Automated software development technology - see CASE technology.
Automated system development technology - see CASE technology.
Replication of information - a set of actions to transfer information to material media, ensuring its accurate display in the required number of copies.
Selling organization - an organization that distributes a software package.
Data translation - translation of PDM data from one format to another using post- and pre-processing of data, special converters from IGES/STEP formats or translators provided by vendors or users.
A trigger is a mechanism for detecting a specific operation or change in the state of some object in the PDM system, which, as a result, can initiate some subsequent action.
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Certification sheet - a document designed to confirm the authenticity of one or more electronic documents.
Universal service - providing universal access to information and communication infrastructure at an affordable price by public or private operators, regardless of the geographical location of the user.
Universal computer; mainframe; central processing unit - a computer, usually in a computer center, with high performance and resources, to which other computers can be connected in such a way as to share resources.
Unified Documentation System (UDS) - a documentation system created according to uniform rules and requirements, containing information necessary for management in a particular area of ​​activity.
Unified document form (UFD) - a set of details established in accordance with those decided in this field of activity
tasks and located on the storage medium in a certain order.
Uniformity of information technology is a property of information technology, characterized by the degree of use of unified elements in it.
Release management - the ability of the PDM system to manage the flow of jobs for the release of documents.
Data management - a set of functions that provides access to data, performs or controls data storage, manages I / O operations in data processing systems.
Image management - management and control of bitmap images (created by scanning and/or using bitmap data conversions of other formats), vector data (from CAD and illustration systems) and multimedia data (audio and video images).
Information management - a set of functions that provide management of the collection, analysis, storage, retrieval and distribution of information in the information processing system.
Configuration management is the process of defining and controlling the product structure and associated documentation. The CM includes control over configuration revisions and information about all document or product changes.
Job flow and process management - the interaction of people working with product data, in accordance with predetermined plans for the functioning of the enterprise to achieve corporate goals. Repetitive job streams and processes can be programmed as part of a PDM system to automatically route data and job batches, control and monitor processes, and provide control messages. Change Control is a workflow specific to most Enterprises, but there are other workflows for managing project releases, preparing proposals, engineering reviews, purchasing, tracking and resolving issues, and managing contracts. See also Change Control.
Project management - methodology, methods and means of coordination and management of human, financial and material resources, as well as functional and organizational activities, throughout the entire cycle of the project, aimed at the effective achievement of its goals.
State management - during the implementation of a product development project, any record in the database can be in one of five states: initiated (initiated), submitted for consideration (submitted), checked (checked), approved
(approved) and released (released). State management is the ability to set and change Current state records. The PDM system must be able to combine access control and state management such that only users with the appropriate rights can perform a given state change (similar to promotion), for example, changing the state of a data object from checked to approved.
Data Warehouse and Document Management is the process of managing project data to securely store and retrieve product information. The components of this process are check-in/check-out functions, release level support, access protection, and promotion authorization.
Control data - information required for proper planning and product development control. Examples of such data include scheduling information and reporting information about the history of the Product.
Release level is synonymous with promotion level.
The level of performance quality is the degree to which the Needs, represented by a specific set of values ​​for quality characteristics, are satisfied.
Promotion Level - Product information has a certain promotion level. The system administrator defines and assigns names to these levels. Each progress level has its own set of authorizations for accessing, making AND approving changes.
Ranking level - a range of values ​​on a scale that allows you to classify (rank) software in accordance with established or implied needs. The respective ranking levels may be associated with different perceptions of quality, i.e. for users, managers or developers. These levels are called ranking levels. Note. These ranking levels are different from the classes defined by ISO 8402.
Operating Conditions - The hardware and software configuration in which the program is operated; for example, the type of computer, operating system, other software and peripheral equipment for which the program is designed.
Resilience - software attributes related to the risk from unforeseen effects of the Modification.
Error tolerance - Attributes of software related to its ability to maintain a certain level of performance in the event of software errors or a violation of a certain interface. Note. Definite
the performance level includes the fail-safe capability.
Processing device -
functional unit consisting of one or more processors and their internal memory. Note. The term processor is often used as a synonym for processing device.
Approval - a process by which one or more users with certain rights approve the controlled data object (document, package of documents, data set) or changes proposed for making to the data object. An approval may indicate a change in the status of an object within its life cycle, for example, approval of data for a specific part leads to a change in its status - a transition from the stage technical project at the pre-production stage. As another example, approving changes to an entire project during the production test phase may result in the entire project being returned to the design phase.
Tutorial documentation - designed to provide a step-by-step introduction to the package for new or inexperienced users. For the simplest types of software, this requirement can be easily satisfied by the composition of the reference documentation. However, for a tool with a more complex user interface, specific help documentation is recommended. Since the purpose of the training documentation is to familiarize users with the software, it is not necessary to describe the user interface in its entirety. Sufficient instructions shall be provided to enable users to gain experience and confidence in the use of the software and to lead them to the point where they will be able to successfully use the help documentation.
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File - an identified set of information on a machine medium supported by the operating system in whose environment a file is created and (or) access to it is provided (STB 1221-2000).
File - a named collection of records stored or processed as a whole (GOST ISO / IEC 2382-1-99).
A factual database is a database whose records contain data directly about the state of the outside world, not mediated by links to documents reflecting them.
A file format is a way of organizing information elements (bits, bytes) in a file.
Case formation - assignment of documents to a specific case and systematization of documents within the case.
Layout key - a model for constructing a document form that establishes formats, field sizes, requirements for constructing a structural grid and basic details.
Forms are the computer equivalent of paper forms (forms) that allow standardized data to be entered into the PDM system.
Functional decomposition - breaking down the description of an activity based on the functions performed. The types of activities are singled out, then the main processes, then their implementation is detailed.
A functional subsystem is an integral part of an automated system that implements one or more related functions.
Functional diagram - A diagram of a system in which the main parts or functions are represented by blocks connected by lines showing the relationships between the blocks. Note. Functional diagrams are not limited to physical devices.
Functional device - an element of hardware, software or software and hardware designed to perform a specific task.
Functionality - a set of attributes relating to the essence of a set of functions and their specific properties. Functions are those that fulfill stated or implied needs: suitability, correctness, interoperability, consistency, security. Note. This set of attributes characterizes what the software does to satisfy needs, while the other sets mainly describe when and how it is done.
A functional standard (FS) is an internationally or nationally agreed document covering several basic standards or profiles.
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Hacker (1) is a highly skilled computer specialist.
A hacker (2) is a highly skilled computer specialist who uses his knowledge and tools to gain unauthorized access to protected resources.
Time-varying patterns are attributes of software related to response and processing times and the speed at which its functions are executed.
Resource Change Patterns - Attributes of software related to the amount of resources used and the duration of such use while executing a function.
Software quality characteristics - a set of properties (attributes) of software products, according to which its quality is described and evaluated. Quality characteristics
software can be refined at multiple levels of complex indicators (subcharacteristics).
Information storage - a set of actions to maintain the state of information and media, ensuring the availability of information for a given time.
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Number; numeric character - a character that represents a non-negative integer. Example. One of the characters O, 1,..., F in hexadecimal.
Digital economy - an economy carried out with the help of digital telecommunications.
Numeric - A definition referring to data that is made up of numbers, and to the processes and functional devices that use that data.
Digital age - the term arose in the process of the global spread of digital technologies, since this process has a significant impact on many socio-cultural aspects of modern life.
Digital computer - a computer controlled by programs stored in internal memory, which can use a common memory for all or part of the programs, as well as for all or part of the data necessary for the execution of programs; execute programs written or specified by the user; perform user-defined manipulations on discrete data represented as numbers, including arithmetic and logical operations; and execute programs that are modified during execution. Note. In information processing, the term computer often refers to digital computers.
H
Numeric - A definition referring to data consisting of numbers, as well as to the processes and functional devices that use this data.
E
Instance - This term is used variously in product design systems, product breakdown functions of a PDM system, and image management systems. In product design systems, an instance is a reference to a geometry object that allows the same geometry to be placed in different places in a prefabricated geometry without actually copying that geometry. When the original geometry changes, modifications are automatically made at each instance location. Similarly in
In product structures, an instance is a reference to a Part. Using an instance reference allows you to use the same part in multiple assemblies without copying all the information about the part into the assembly. In image management systems, an instance is the occurrence of an image in a specific format. An image management system can maintain multiple instances of the same image in distributed locations, which improves performance.
Knowledge-based economy - an economy in which most of the gross domestic product (GDP) is provided by the activities of production, processing, storage and dissemination of information and knowledge.
Examination of the value of electronic documents - determination of the value of electronic documents in order to select them for storage and establish the terms of their storage.
An expert system is a knowledge-based system that provides solutions to problems in a special or applied area, deriving conclusions from a knowledge base created on the basis of human experience. Notes. 1) The term expert system is sometimes used as a synonym for knowledge-based system, but the emphasis should be on expert knowledge. 2) Some expert systems may improve their knowledge base and develop new inference rules based on their experience with previous problems.
Electronic library is a distributed information system that allows you to reliably store and effectively use heterogeneous collections of electronic documents (text, graphics, audio, video, etc.) through global networks data transfer in a form convenient for the end user.
E-mail - correspondence in the form of messages transmitted between user terminals over a computer network.
E-mail - 1) the most common use of networks; a service that allows computer users to send electronic messages to each other; 2) messaging using a computer. Transfer of letters and messages from computer to computer over the network.
Spreadsheet; spreadsheet program - a program that displays a table in the form of cells arranged in rows and columns, and in which a change in the contents in one cell can cause recalculation in one or more cells, based on the relationship between cells specified by the user.
E-commerce - trade carried out with the help of electronic document management on the Internet.
Electronic digital signature- a set of characters generated by means of an electronic digital signature and associated with a special (special) part of the document, which provides unambiguous identification of the creator and indisputability of the origin of the content (general) part of the document.
Electronic digital signature (EDS) - an analogue of a handwritten signature individual, presented as a sequence of characters obtained as a result of cryptographic transformation of electronic data using the EDS private key, allowing the public key user to establish the integrity and immutability of this information, as well as the owner of the EDS private key.
E-economy - 1) in a broad sense: an economy based on the widespread use of information, knowledge and ICT; 2) in a narrow sense: an economy based on network technologies and business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) models.
Electronic publishing house; computer-assisted publishing - computer-assisted production of typographic-quality documents, including graphics and drawings. Note. In some cases, electronic publishing is carried out using application programs, in other cases it may be carried out using a special system.
E-government is a metaphor denoting the informational interaction of public authorities and society using ICT.
Electronic vault - computerized data storage areas and databases in a PDM system. The storage contains either the data itself or information about the access path to the data. Information in electronic PDM stores is controlled by the rules and processes of the system.
Electronic business - e-commerce, Internet business - synonyms. The concept is broader than e-commerce, including the presence of a website on the Internet, a virtual store, a company management system, the use of electronic advertising, marketing, a business-to-business model, or a business-to-consumer model.
An electronic document is a document fixed on a machine medium and containing identified information, the authenticity of which is certified by an EDS or UD.
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is a way in which companies can use networks for business interaction. While electronic correspondence between companies is commonplace, EDI involves the transfer of large amounts of information, replacing large paper documents such as invoices and contracts.
Data element - a logical unit of description of the database, which has a designation and a specific value.
A configuration element is an entity within a configuration that satisfies an end-use function and can be uniquely identified at a given reference point.
Emulation is the use of a data processing system to simulate another data processing system in such a way that the simulating system receives the same data, performs the same operations, and achieves the same results as the simulated system. Note. Emulation is usually done using hardware or firmware.
Efficiency (information technology) - a property of information technology, characterized by a combination of technical, economic and social efficiencies when using information technology.
Efficiency - a set of attributes related to the relationship between the level of quality of software functioning and the amount of resources used under established conditions: the nature of the change over time, the nature of the change in resources. Note. Resources may include other software products, hardware, materials (eg, printing paper, floppy disks), and services of operating, maintaining, or maintenance personnel.
I
UML is a widely used language for specification, visualization, design and documentation of software systems based on object-oriented methods and component approach. UML 1.1, proposed by the Rational Software Corporation and supported by several other leading object technology software tool vendors, was approved in September 1997 as an OMG industry standard. The UML language uses graphical notation. It is currently supported by many CASE tools.
A programming language is an artificial language for representing programs.
Language means (information technology) - sets of symbols, agreements and rules that are used to organize human interaction with the means that implement the information process.

Management activity is a set of actions of the enterprise management and other employees of the management apparatus in relation to the object of management - workforce or production system. These actions consist in the development of some managerial decision, which is essentially a product of managerial work, and bringing this decision to the executors, followed by clarification of the results of its implementation.

INTRODUCTION 3
1. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT 5
2. WORKFLOW TOOLS WITHIN THE GENERAL CONCEPT OF MANAGEMENT OF THE ENTERPRISE 11
2.1. MODEL OF AUTOMATION OF MANAGEMENT PROCESSES 11
2.2. WORKFLOW SYSTEMS - CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS 13
2.3. SUPPORT FOR MAIN WORKFLOW 13 MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
3. IT IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY IN RUSSIAN ENTERPRISES 17
3.1. IT AS A DIRECTION OF INVESTMENT ACTIVITY 17
3.2. CONDITIONS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF IT IN WESTERN ENTERPRISES 19
3.3. CONDITIONS FOR IT IMPLEMENTATION AT RUSSIAN ENTERPRISES 20
CONCLUSION 23
REFERENCES 25

The work contains 1 file

Introduction

The main direction of the restructuring of management and its radical improvement, adaptation to modern conditions has become the massive use of the latest computer and telecommunications equipment, the formation of highly efficient information and management technologies on its basis. Means and methods of applied informatics are used in management and marketing. New technologies based on computer technology require radical changes in the organizational structures of management, its regulations, human resources, documentation system, recording and transmission of information. Of particular importance is the introduction information management, which significantly expands the possibilities of using information resources by companies. The development of information management is associated with the organization of a data and knowledge processing system, their consistent development to the level of integrated automated control systems, covering vertically and horizontally all levels and links of production and marketing.

In modern conditions, effective management is a valuable resource of the organization, along with financial, material, human and other resources. Consequently, increasing the efficiency of management activities becomes one of the directions for improving the activities of the enterprise as a whole. The most obvious way to increase the efficiency of the labor process is to automate it. But what is true, say, for a strictly formalized production process, is by no means so obvious for such an elegant sphere as management. Difficulties that arise in solving the problem of automated support for managerial work are associated with its specifics. Managerial work is distinguished by its complexity and diversity, the presence of a large number of forms and types, multilateral links with various phenomena and processes. First of all, it is creative and intellectual work. At first glance, most of it does not lend itself to any formalization at all. Therefore, the automation of management activities was initially associated only with the automation of some auxiliary, routine operations. But the rapid development of information computer technologies, the improvement of the technical platform and the emergence of fundamentally new classes of software products have led today to a change in approaches to the automation of production management.

Management activities - this is a set of actions of the management of the enterprise and other employees of the management apparatus in relation to the object of management - the workforce or the production system. These actions consist in the development of some managerial decision, which is essentially a product of managerial work, and bringing this decision to the executors, followed by clarification of the results of its implementation.

According to the definition adopted by UNESCO, information technology (hereinafter referred to as IT) is a complex of interrelated, scientific, technological, engineering disciplines that study methods for the effective organization of the work of people involved in the processing and storage of information; computer technology and methods of organizing and interacting with people and production equipment, their practical applications, as well as the social, economic and cultural problems associated with all this. Information technologies themselves require complex training, high initial costs and high technology.

According to the American specialist in the field of management G. Poppel, under information technology (IT) should be understood as the use of computer technology and communication systems for the creation, collection, transmission, storage, processing of information for all spheres of public life.

1. Information technology and enterprise management

Today, the state of affairs in this area is characterized by extreme uncertainty. Firstly, this is due to the continuous increase in volume technology offerings requiring high investment and consequently increasing dependence on external services(for example, from software vendors). Intra-company allocations for IT needs are growing at a faster rate than other costs of the enterprise. At the same time, top management is unaware of general expenses in the field of IT. Thus, competent decisions of corporate management cover only about 5% of the corresponding costs.

Secondly, the role of IT in economic activity many enterprises. When performing intra-company processes, the IT function has ceased to be auxiliary, becoming the most important part of the product or production facilities. Economic risks are currently largely determined by the risks in this area. The implementation of modern high-performance organizational projects (for example, "virtual organizations" without a rigid binding of production sites to a specific location) requires the full use of the IT potential with the help of telecommunications.

The rapid growth of IT costs does not contribute to stabilization. To control their increase and achieve greater flexibility in solving information technology problems, many enterprises go mainly in two ways. The first is that the firm creates intracompany information technology area, which offers services to the non-company market, thus proving the possibility of cost-effective use of its capacities.

More often, enterprises choose a different path, when most of their own information technology personnel are transferred to the disposal of newly created subsidiaries or joint ventures with specialized information technology partners, also independently acting on the market. A small group of employees remains at the parent company, which is entrusted with the functions of information management.

Top management is beginning to realize what an important impact information technology solutions have on the business process itself and the culture of the enterprise. Therefore, he feels increasingly disadvantaged in the sense that he is forced to delegate relevant issues to internal divisions or external organizations. In addition, the first experience of the work of non-firm information technology services does not give much cause for optimism regarding the effectiveness of solving these problems. In this regard, the following key questions arise:

• what is attitude leading personnel to IT, what consequences follow from its more efficient organization and use in the production of new goods and services;
• what should know senior IT management of the firm to make informed decisions, in particular with regard to investments;
• to what extent is it permissible delegation IT functions;
• what should be role senior management in the management of information technology potential.

There are six stakeholder groups on which IT decision-making depends:

• top management which should manage IT as a strategic potential of the enterprise;
• specialists those involved in the search for system solutions for optimizing special functional tasks;
• managers of individual business units who must use IT as a matter of business logic to meet customer needs, reduce costs, etc.;
• accounting service managers, if provided for by the organizational structure of the enterprise:
• IT providers which must offer services in strict accordance with the problematic attitudes of their consumers;
• own information technology division.

In many enterprises, such interest groups are not recognized. Top management often delegates appropriate functions to a group of leaders, monitoring the implementation of several specified indicators. The conscious refusal of top management from their duties leads to the adoption of incompetent decisions, the setting of unrealistic planned tasks. There is also a lack of proper motivation in this area.

Due to the growing importance of IT in ensuring the success of the company, such a policy is unacceptable. Corporate management must now find answers to the following two questions.

First, it is necessary to determine exactly what contribution should bring IT into the process of production of goods and services. There are mainly three aspects that deserve attention here: 1) IT as production process support function, for example, in the field of communications or production automation, as well as in the generation and transfer of managerial knowledge and information for managing business operations; 2) IT how integral part of the product; 3) IT like organizational tool to create virtual enterprise forms.

Secondly, who should perform the listed and other functions. The issue of a coordination mechanism for certain types of information technology services is brought to the fore. The solution can be found in the use of the above specialized intra-company divisions and out-of-company affiliates. An intermediate solution is also possible in the form of creating strategic alliances between your own division and external partners. In the last two cases, the enterprise loses direct control over its information technology potential. It should be noted that such services can only be effective in close cooperation with their providers. General management must look for ways to eliminate or compensate for weaknesses in their work.

The considered changes in the requirements for interest groups in the field of IT are due to the dynamics of the development of enterprises and the external environment. The main aspects of this development and their impact on the role of IT in enterprise management are as follows.

Decentralization and the growth of information needs

Orientation to the maximum rapprochement with the client demanded from the enterprises of transition to horizontal, decentralized structures. Decision-making under decentralization has led to a sharp increase in the need for information regarding the process of production of goods and services. There was a need for a more detailed acquaintance of the third party with the state of affairs in the relevant economic areas. In the new environment, the provision of information across the board must function flawlessly.

The use of IT is designed to level the organizational complexity of the enterprise. Previously, this was achieved by putting computers on complex calculations and processing very large volumes of documentation. Now it is a question of how ever more complex horizontal and vertical models of interconnections (whose structures are constantly changing) are improved with the help of new communication technology.

Previously, enterprises installed powerful processing systems that prepared a huge number of digital reports, on the basis of which economic activity was subsequently managed. Now the question is how to develop such a technology, with the help of which it would be possible to constantly keep up to date with the events of managers and their partners, who make decisions in a decentralized environment. New information technology systems should provide not some abstract economic system, but specific partners who participate in the economic process in various forms.

From data processing through information systems to knowledge management

It has long ceased to be necessary to consider IT as a means of processing data. With the help of this technology, information must be extracted from the data for the needs of the user, and the problem of "information overload" that arises in this regard requires massive means of selecting, further processing and updating information. At the same time, the issue of commercially advantageous interfaces and compression of internal and external information, as well as the transfer of shared knowledge between organizational units and cooperation partners, should be considered.

The rapid development of networks of local systems with a supra-regional and even international structure leads to the rejection of the classical working fields of informatics and the widespread use of telecommunications. Organizationally, this leads to the elimination of the boundaries of the enterprise. It becomes increasingly difficult to determine where it begins and where it ends. The creation and operation of an appropriate communication structure for such "virtual enterprises" is an information management task, just like the classic function of supporting a production process or developing IT-based goods and services. This is not only about information processing, but also about rational distribution of knowledge.

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TOPIC 1. INFORMATION PROCESSES IN ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT

Management Information System- this is a collection of information, economic and mathematical methods and models, technical, software, other technological tools and specialists, as well as intended for information processing and adoption management decisions. information management cryptography management

The classification of management information systems depends on the types of management processes, the level of management, the scope of operation economic object and its organization, the degree of automation of management.

Information systems (IS) of federal importance solve the tasks of information service of the apparatus administration and operate in all regions of the country.

Territorial (regional) IS are designed to solve information problems of managing administrative-territorial facilities located in a specific territory.

Municipal ECs function in the bodies local government for information service of specialists and ensuring the processing of economic, social and economic forecasts, local budgets, control and regulation of the activities of all parts of the socio-economic regions of the city, administrative district, etc.

By types of management processes, IS are divided into:

1. Information process control systems are designed to automate various technological processes (flexible technological processes, energy, etc.).

2. IS management of organizational and technological processes are multi-level, hierarchical systems that combine IS management of technological processes and IS enterprise management.

3. IS organizational management, which are designed to automate the functions of managerial personnel. This class of IS includes information management systems for both industrial firms and non-industrial economic objects - service enterprises. The main functions of such systems are operational control and regulation, operational accounting and analysis, prospective and operational planning, accounting, sales and supply management and other economic and organizational tasks.

4. Integrated information systems are designed to automate all the functions of managing a company and cover the entire cycle of functioning of an economic entity: from research, design, manufacture, production and marketing of products to analysis of product operation.

5. Corporate information systems are used to automate all management functions of a firm or corporation that has territorial disunity between subdivisions, branches, departments, offices, etc.

6. IS of scientific research provide the solution of scientific research problems based on economic and mathematical methods and models.

7. Educational ISs are used for training specialists in the education system, for retraining and advanced training of workers in various sectors of the economy.

The main component of an automated information system is information technology (IT), the development of which is closely related to the development and operation of IS.

Information technology (IT) is a process that uses a set of methods and means for implementing the operations of collecting, registering, transmitting, accumulating and processing information based on software and hardware to solve the management problems of an economic object.

primary goal automated information technology - to receive, through the processing of primary data, information of a new quality, on the basis of which optimal management decisions are developed.

Automated information systems for information technology is the main environment, the constituent elements of which are the means and methods for data transformation.

The method of building a network depends on the requirements of the administrative apparatus for the efficiency of information exchange and management of all structural divisions of the company. Increasing requests for the efficiency of information in the management of an economic object has led to the creation of network technologies that are developing in accordance with the requirements of modern conditions for the functioning of an organization.

The choice of strategy for organizing automated information technology is determined by the following factors:

the area of ​​operation of the enterprise or organization;

type of enterprise or organization;

production and economic or other activities;

the accepted model of management of an organization or enterprise;

· new tasks in management;

the existing information infrastructure.

1. At small enterprises in various fields of activity, information technology, as a rule, is associated with solving accounting problems, accumulating information on certain types business processes, the creation of information databases on the direction of the company's activities and the organization of the telecommunications environment for the communication of users among themselves and with other enterprises and organizations.

2. In medium-sized organizations (enterprises), the functioning of electronic document management and its linking to specific business processes are of great importance for the managerial level. Such organizations (enterprises, firms) are characterized by the expansion of the range of functional tasks to be solved related to the activities of the company, the organization of automated storages and archives of information that allow the accumulation of documents in various formats, suggest the presence of their structuring, search capabilities, information protection from unauthorized access, etc. .d.

3. In large organizations(enterprises) information technology is built on the basis of a modern software and hardware complex, including telecommunications, multi-computer systems, a developed client-server architecture, and the use of high-speed corporate computer networks.

In large organizations, two forms of management have developed - centralized and decentralized. Organizations with centralized management are characterized by the distribution of functions and powers among structural units with strict coordination of production and economic activities in the management apparatus.

The decentralized form is characterized by the allocation within the organization of strategic business units or profit centers, whose activities lend themselves to independent planning and have their own budget. A corporate computer network is an integrated, multi-machine, distributed system of one enterprise with a territorial dispersal, consisting of interacting local computer networks of structural divisions and a communication subsystem for transmitting information.

The determining factor in the organization of corporate computer networks is the ease of access to information resources. In this regard, the basis of the modern approach of technical solutions in building information technology in corporate systems is the "client-server" architecture. The real spread of the "client-server" architecture became possible due to the development and widespread implementation of the concept of open systems. The main meaning of the open systems approach is to simplify the process of organizing the compatibility of computer networks through international and national standardization of hardware and software interfaces.

In large enterprises, firms, corporations, information processing processes differ depending on the requirements for solving functional problems, on the basis of which information flows are formed in corporate management systems.

Organization of the work of the board (central office). The main task is to prepare strategic plan development and management of the overall activities of the company. Organization of work of economic and financial services. This block ensures the functioning of the financial directorate and accounting department of the organization. Legal support. The main task is to strengthen the legal and property position of the company.

The process of making managerial decisions is considered as the main type of managerial activity, i.e. as a set of interrelated, purposeful and consistent management actions that ensure the implementation of management tasks. The effectiveness of managerial decision-making in the conditions of functioning of information technologies in organizations of various types is due to the use of various tools for analyzing the financial and economic activities of enterprises.

It is possible to single out four circles of tasks solved by the firm.

1. The first range of tasks is focused on providing economic information to external users in relation to the company - investors, tax services, etc.

2. The second circle is connected with the tasks of analysis designed to develop strategic management decisions for business development.

3. The third circle of analysis tasks is focused on the development of tactical solutions.

4. The fourth circle of tasks is connected with the tasks of operational management of the economic object in accordance with the functional subsystems of the economic object.

I. The strategic level is focused on senior managers. The main objectives of the strategic management level are:

determination of the system of priorities for the development of the organization;

Evaluation of promising directions for the development of the organization;

selection and evaluation of the necessary resources to achieve the goals.

II. The tactical level of decision-making is based on automated data processing and the implementation of models that help solve individual, mostly loosely structured tasks. The main goals of the tactical level of leadership include:

Ensuring the sustainable functioning of the organization as a whole;

· capacity building for the development of the organization;

· Creation and adjustment of basic work plans and schedules for the implementation of orders based on the potential accumulated in the process of development of the organization.

III. The operational (operational) level of decision-making is the basis of all automated information technologies. At this level, a huge number of current routine operations are performed to solve various functional tasks of an economic object. At the same time, the most important priorities for operational management include:

· making a profit through the implementation of pre-planned activities using the accumulated potential;

registration, accumulation and analysis of deviations in the course of production from the planned;

· development and implementation of solutions to eliminate or minimize undesirable deviations.

TOPIC 2. METHODOLOGICAL BASES OF CREATIONINFORMATION SYSTEMS ANDINFORMATION TECHNOLOGIESIN ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT

The creation of IS and IT is a complex process design. The purpose of the design is the preparation of design documents and the introduction of a human-machine system for managing an organization. During the design process, the most significant characteristics of an economic object are identified, its external and internal information flows are studied, mathematical and physical analogues of the system and its elements under study are created, and the conditions for interaction between a person and technical controls are established.

Considering IS in the technological aspect, we can distinguish manadgement Department(AU). Remaining components - information technology(IT), information system for solving functional problems(ISFZ) and decision support system(DSSS) - are informationally and technologically interconnected and form the basis of the IS architecture.

Carefully designed technological support of information technology allows not only to successfully solve the functional tasks of management, but also within the framework of the DSS, managers and heads of organizations to conduct analytical and predictive work in an interactive mode for subsequent management decisions.

Mandatory elements of the designed technological support of information technology are: information, linguistic, technical, software, mathematical, organizational, legal, ergonomic.

1. Information Support(IO) - is a set of design decisions in terms of volume, placement, form of organization of information circulating in the IS.

2. Linguistic support(LO) - combines a set of language tools for formalizing a natural language, building and combining information units in the course of communication of users with computer facilities.

3. Technical support(TO) - is a complex of technical means (technical means of collecting, registering, transmitting, processing, displaying, replicating information, office equipment, etc.) that ensure the operation of IT.

4. Software(software) - includes a set of programs that implement the functions and tasks of IS and ensure the stable operation of hardware complexes.

5. Mathematical support(MO) - a set of mathematical methods, models and algorithms for processing information used in solving functional problems and in the process of automating design work.

6. Organizational support(OO) - is a set of documents compiled in the process of designing an IS, approved and taken as the basis for operation.

7. Legal support(Pro) - is a set legal regulations governing legal relations in the creation and implementation of IS and IT.

8. Ergonomic support(EO) - as a set of methods and tools used at different stages of the development and operation of IS and IT, is designed to create optimal conditions for high-quality, highly efficient and error-free human activity in IT, for its fastest development.

Under business engineering is understood as the implementation of a set of design works to develop methods and procedures for business management, when without changing the accepted management structure in an organization (enterprise, firm), an improvement in its financial position is achieved.

Engineering has a number of methods for designing a business:

selection step by step procedures projected business;

introduction of notation systems describing procedures;

The use of heuristics and pragmatic solutions to describe the degree of compliance of the designed business option with the set goals.

Under business process is understood as a holistic description of the main activities of the organization (enterprises, firms, corporations) and their projection on organizational structures taking into account the development of interaction between participants in time.

A business reengineering project typically includes the following steps:

development of the image of the future organization;

analysis of existing business;

development of a new business;

introduction of new business.

Imitation- the most successful approach that provides both the accuracy of the analysis and the visibility of differences when comparing alternative solutions. Also important is the fact that simulation modeling is successfully implemented on a personal computer, which provides an automated workplace for a manager.

Under single information space understood a set of methodological, organizational, software, hardware and telecommunications tools that provide prompt access to any information resources of the enterprise within the competence and access rights of specialists.

Controlling- a set of methods for finding solutions - the concept of system management and the way of thinking of managers, which are based on the desire to ensure the long-term effective functioning of the organization. To implement the tasks of controlling in the process of designing a DSS, a specialized information model is created, called the controller.

Controller- this is a set of methods and means for implementing the tasks of strategic and operational control in the management system, as well as solving strategic and tactical tasks in areas of management activity (marketing, resource provision, investment, etc.).

According to the above approaches, basic principles of IS creation and IT management:

· consistency and consistency of building providing and functional elements of IS;

· widespread use of economic and mathematical methods and standard programs of predictive and statistical nature. The tasks of managing the production, financial activities of the organization are mostly set as analytical, optimization or as planning tasks.

· involves the decomposition of the system into a number of complexes (modules) of tasks, each of which models a certain area of ​​management activity.

use of new methods and the inclusion of newly created software modules in the automation system managerial work. IS design should initially be based on modular principles, and computer implementation- allow expansion by improving the structure of the software.

This is the principle of adaptation of all elements and the system as a whole. It should completely permeate the ideology of building a management IS - from the analysis of tasks, technical and economic indicators and their grouping into modules to the formulation of goals.

The end product of any manager's work is decisions and actions. The decision he makes leads either to the success of the enterprise, or to failure. Decision-making- it is always a choice of a certain direction of activity from several possible ones. Since the process of managing any organization in the economy is realized solely through the formation and implementation of management decisions, therefore, we will focus on the types of decisions that have different characteristics and require different data sources.

Operational decisions- periodic: the same task occurs periodically. As a result, the decision-making process becomes relatively routine and almost hassle-free. The parameters (characteristics) of business processes used in the course of decision-making are defined, their assessment is known with high accuracy, and the relationship between the parameters and the decision being made is clear. The adoption of operational decisions leads to quite expected and predictable results. Operational decisions are short term.

Tactical decisions usually taken by middle-level managers responsible for providing the means to achieve the goals and intentions set by the top-level decision maker. Tactical decisions are not as routine and structured as operational decisions. All the main parameters of the control object that are part of tactical decisions are unknown; feature scores identified as important may not be known, and the relationship between features and decisions may not be clear.

Strategic Decisions taken on the basis of the goals of the company, defined in its charter and specified by the top management of the enterprise. These goals define the basis on which long-term planning should be based, as well as the definition of critical factors for the enterprise. These decisions provide the basis for making tactical and operational decisions.

Consider the models and methods used at each stage. At the first stage, mainly informal methods are used in order to:

formulate a problem;

identify the target;

· formulate a criterion for evaluating decision-making.

If the problem is recognized and identified by quantitative indicators or qualitative signs, then goals can be formulated further. The goal is the opposite of the problem. If the problem is what the decision maker does not want, then the goal is what he wants.

At the second stage of decision-making, there is a search for various options - alternatives. Options can be found in various forms and scales of measurement. Options, as a rule, are specified either by enumeration, if there are not very many of them, or by a description of their properties.

At the third stage, according to the selection criterion formulated at the second stage, a comparison, evaluation and choice of a solution take place. All methods for evaluating options can be divided into two groups:

1. methods used in conditions of certainty;

2. methods used in conditions of risk.

The stages of designing a DSS in the presence of a software shell are:

· Description of the subject area, the goals of creating the system and the implementation of the problem statement.

· Compilation of the dictionary of the system.

· Development of knowledge base and database.

· System implementation.

Stage 1. Description of the subject area, the goals of creating the system and the implementation of the problem statement. The description should reflect the specifics of the subject area in several forms. The first of them is a textual representation of the content of processes, objects and relationships between them. The second form of description is a graphical representation of the user's goal tree, or AND-OR tree.

The formulation of any problem involves an indication of the results of the functioning of the system, the initial data, as well as a general description of the procedures, formulas and algorithms for converting the initial data into the resulting data.

Stage 2. Compilation of the dictionary of the system. The system dictionary is a set of words, phrases, codes, names used by the developer to indicate conditions, goals, conclusions and hypotheses. Thanks to the dictionary, the user understands the results of the system. Compiling a dictionary is important work, because well-defined conditions and answers dramatically increase the efficiency of system operation.

Stage 3. Development of knowledge base and database. The knowledge base, as a rule, consists of two components: a goal tree with calculation formulas and a rule base (inference network). The rule base is created based on the goal graph and previously formulated hypotheses. The main attention here is paid to the coefficients of certainty of the initial conditions and the rules for their processing.

Stage 4. Implementation. The correct operation of the system is checked and evaluated. The results are set, which are then compared with those obtained during the system startup process. Intermediate calculations are also checked using a block that answers the questions how and why.

Under information systems (IS) design technology understand a set of methodological techniques, technical means and design methods, ordered in a logical sequence, aimed at implementing the general concept of creating or finalizing the design of a system and its components. For the development of management IS, the quality and composition of the design base are of great importance.

The elementary basic design of the technological chain of IS design and its main component - IT is the so-called technological operation - a separate link in the technological process.

This concept is defined on the basis of a cybernetic approach to the IT development process. Automation of this process predetermines the need for formalization of technological operations, their consistent integration into technological chains of interrelated design procedures and their image.

The pre-project survey of the subject area provides for the identification of all the characteristics of the object and management activities in it, the flows of internal and external information links, the composition of tasks and specialists who will work in the new technological conditions, the level of their computer and vocational training as future users of the system.

Let's consider the first of the ways, i.e. the possibility of using standard design solutions included in the application software packages. The following types of activities lend themselves most effectively to informatization:

Accounting, including managerial and financial;

reference and information services for economic activity;

organization of work of the head;

automation of document flow;

economic and financial activities;

· education.

Computer-aided design systems are the second, rapidly developing way of conducting design work.

In the field of computer-aided design of IS and IT, a new direction has been formed over the past decade - CASE (Computer-Aided Software-ware/System Engineering). CASE is a toolkit for system analysts, developers and programmers that allows you to automate the process of designing and developing IS, which is firmly established in the practice of creating and maintaining IS and IT. The main goal of CASE is to separate the design of IS and IT from its coding and subsequent stages of development, as well as to automate the development and operation of systems as much as possible.

In addition to the automation of structural methodologies and, as a result, the possibility of using modern methods of system and software engineering, CASE has the following main advantages:

· improve the quality of created IS (IT) by means of automatic control (first of all, project control);

allow for a short time to create a prototype of the future IS (IT), which allows you to evaluate the expected result at an early stage;

Accelerate the process of system design and development;

· release the developer from routine work, allowing him to concentrate entirely on the creative part of the design;

Support the development and maintenance of an already functioning IS (IT);

Support technologies for reusing development components.

Most CASE tools are based on a scientific approach called "methodology/method/notation/tool". The methodology formulates guidelines for the evaluation and selection of the project of the developed IS, the steps of work and their sequence, as well as the rules for applying and assigning methods. To date, CASE-technology has taken shape in an independent science-intensive direction, which led to the formation of a powerful CASE-industry, bringing together hundreds of firms and companies of various orientations.

Timeliness characterizes the temporal properties of IS and IT and has a quantitative expression in the form of the total delay time of information required by the user at the current time in real conditions for decision making. The smaller the value of the time delay in the receipt of information, the better the IS meets this requirement.

The overall indicator of IS reliability concentrates a number of important characteristics:

the frequency of occurrence of failures in technical support;

degree of adequacy of mathematical models;

Verification purity of programs;

Relative level of reliability of information;

· integrated indicator of the reliability of the ergonomic support of the IS.

The adaptive properties of the system reflect its ability to adapt to changes in the surrounding external background of the internal management and production environment of the organization. An important task of the customer is to formulate at the design stage the limits of tolerance for deviations in the values ​​of control and output parameters that are of fundamental importance for the operation of the entire system.

In general, the problem statement consists of four fundamentally important components:

Organizational and economic scheme and its description;

a set of applied mathematical models;

descriptions of computational algorithms;

· the concept of building an information model of the system.

The mathematical model and the algorithms developed on its basis must satisfy three requirements: certainty (uniqueness), invariance with respect to various alternative situations in the problem, and efficiency (the possibility of solving it in a finite number of steps). The result of algorithmization is a logical construction and a debugged block diagram.

The formulation and further computer implementation of tasks require the assimilation of the basic concepts relating to the theoretical foundations of information technology. These include:

properties, features and structure of economic information;

conditionally permanent information, its role and purpose;

information carriers, machine carrier layout;

means of formalized description of information;

Algorithm, its properties and representation forms;

purpose and methods of control of input and output information;

composition and purpose of computer devices;

The composition of software tools, the purpose of operating systems, application software packages (APP), integrated software packages such as the manager's workstation, manager's workstation, workstation (financier, accountant's workstation, etc.)

TOPIC 3. INFORMATION PROVISION

Under information understood a set of various messages about changes occurring in the system and environment .

Index - a logical statement containing the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the displayed phenomenon. The indicator is the minimum information set in terms of composition for the formation of an independent document. The set of indicators contained in the document forms an informational message. A group of homogeneous documents, united according to a certain attribute, makes up an information array (file).

File is the basic structural unit in automated processing. Arrays according to various criteria can be combined into streams used in solving various sets of control problems. The relationship of information to a particular management function gives grounds to single out a complex structure of information as an information subsystem. The information system covers all the information of an economic object and is a structural unit of the highest level.

When processing information, attribute attributes and base attributes are often called data. Data It is customary to call information presented in a formalized form that allows it to be transmitted, stored on various media and processed.

Management information is classified according to various criteria:

Sources of occurrence:

o primary;

o derivative (intermediate, command, reporting);

fixation method:

o documented;

way of expression:

o digital;

o alphabetical;

The nature of data capture:

o fixed;

o non-fixed;

Direction of movement:

o incoming;

o outgoing;

Stability:

o variable;

o conditionally constant;

management functions;

belonging to the areas of activity and management functions:

o design;

o technological,

o financial,

o accounting,

o economic planning,

o operational and production;

time of occurrence:

o about the past;

o current;

o future events.

Information Support(IO) - the most important element of IS and IT - is designed to reflect information that characterizes the state of the managed object and is the basis for making management decisions. Information support includes a set of a unified system of indicators:

Information flows - options for organizing workflow;

systems of classification and coding of economic information;

a unified documentation system

Various information arrays (files) stored in the machine and on machine media and having a different degree of organization.

Off-machine IO includes a system of economic indicators, information flows, a classification and coding system, and documentation.

Intramachine IS is a system of specially organized data subject to automated processing, accumulation, storage, search, transmission in a form convenient for perception by technical means.

I. Scorecard serves as the basis for building elements of off-machine and on-machine information support and is a set of interrelated social, economic and technical and economic indicators used to solve IS problems. The management scorecard is designed to reflect various management functions related to forecasting, planning, organization, operational management, accounting and analysis, control and regulation, and management decision-making.

II. Classification and coding system. To perform groupings, it becomes necessary to encode attribute attributes with symbols, for which classification and coding systems are used. They allow information to be presented in a machine-readable form. This required the creation of tools for a formalized description of economic information, on the basis of which classifiers are compiled.

Classifier- this is a systematized set of homogeneous names, i.e. classified objects and their codes.

Code is a conventional designation of an object of characters or a group of characters according to certain rules established by coding systems. Codes can be numeric, alphabetic, combined. When processing economic information, mnemonic codes and bar codes are often used; in some cases, the machine itself can encode the objects entered into it. The process of assigning codes to objects is called coding.

Identifier- this is a conventional designation of the details of documents in letters of the Latin or Russian alphabet; used when describing the details of documents in setting tasks for subsequent design and programming. The number of characters must be in the range of 3-8.

III. Unified documentation system. It is carried out by means of management functions and is expressed in the transformation, analysis and evaluation of the information necessary for decision-making. In this case, the main carrier of information is a document - a material carrier containing information in a fixed form, drawn up in the prescribed manner and having legal significance in accordance with the current legislation.

Document flows. The management process is characterized by the presence of a complex workflow, the sequence of document passage from the moment the first recording is made to its delivery to the archive. Information flow - a group or set of moving data related to a particular area of ​​economic calculations.

Organization options. Intramachine information support is associated with the storage, retrieval and processing of information and consists of files that are diverse in content, purpose, organization and information links between them. The files of the internal machine database are divided into variables, which reflect the facts of the financial and economic activities of the control object, and conditionally constant, which represent material, labor, technological and other norms and standards, as well as reference data.

Database(BnD) is a system of specially organized data (databases), software, technical, linguistic, organizational and methodological means designed to ensure centralized accumulation and collective multipurpose use data.

DBMS- this is a software package that provides search, storage, correction of data, the formation of responses to queries. The system ensures the safety of data, their confidentiality, movement and communication with other software.

The main functions of the DBMS:

direct data management in external memory;

management of RAM buffers;

transaction management;

logging;

database languages.

According to the organization and technology of data processing, databases are divided into centralized and distributed. The centralized database is distinguished by a traditional database architecture. A distributed database consists of several parts, possibly overlapping or even duplicating each other, stored in different computers of a computer network. Work with such a database is carried out using a distributed database management system (RDBMS).

The hierarchical model of the database is represented as a tree. The elements of a node tree represent a collection of data, such as logical records.

Network database models correspond to a wider class of control objects, although they require additional costs for their organization.

The relational database model represents objects and relationships between them in the form of tables, and all operations on data are reduced to operations on these tables. Almost all modern DBMS are based on this model. This model is more understandable, "transparent" for the end user of the data organization.

In recent years, object-oriented databases (OODB) have received increasing recognition and development, the impetus for the emergence of which was given by object-oriented programming and the use of personal computers to process and present almost all forms of information perceived by humans. In OODB, the data model is closer to the entities of the real world. Objects can be saved and used directly without decomposing them into tables.

Data store(data warehouse) is an automated information technology system that collects data from existing databases and external sources, forms, stores and operates information as a single one. The information warehouse is intended for storage, prompt receipt and analysis of integrated information on all types of activities of the organization.

The most promising is the use of artificial intelligence to build expert systems.

Expert system are computer programs that formalize the decision-making process by a person. The purpose of expert systems is the formation and output of recommendations depending on the current situation, which is described by a set of information, data entered by the user in an interactive mode. The recommendations issued by the computer should correspond to the recommendations of a highly qualified specialist.

The information support of the automated workplace provides for the organization of its information base, regulates information communications and assumes the composition and content of the entire information display system. The decision on the information content of the workstation can be made only on the basis of a preliminary definition of the circle of users and clarification of the essence of the tasks to be solved.

The development of information support for the manager's workstation requires, first of all, the definition of a list of tasks that reflect the manager's activities within the framework of the accepted decompositional part of planning corresponding to a particular manager's workstation.

The information generated by automated workplaces that implement the tasks of managing the technical preparation of production (the applicability of parts and assembly connections in the product, the standard time costs of workers), technical and economic planning (annual and quarterly production programs of the enterprise's work) is used as the initial information for the above calculations.

Classifiers, a unified documentation system, and a rational organization of databases make it possible to ensure a rational relationship between the economic indicators of the PPP.

To ensure a holistic approach to the processing of information on enterprise management, a distributed data bank (RDB) of the entire system is created, which implies the presence of a distributed database and its management system. The main features of RBND are the consideration of databases of various workstations as a single whole, the presence of a global scheme for describing data throughout the system, the independence of programs from the location of data, the ability to access information from any workstation.

TOPIC 4. HARDWARE AND SOFTWAREINFORMATION SYSTEM AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY OF ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT

Problem-oriented computing tools are used to solve a narrower range of problems associated, as a rule, with control technological objects, registration, accumulation and processing of relatively small amounts of data, performing calculations using relatively simple algorithms.

Specialized computing tools are used to solve a narrow range of problems or to implement a strictly defined group of functions. Such a narrow orientation makes it possible to clearly specialize the structure, significantly reduce the complexity and cost of computers while maintaining high performance and reliability of their operation.

Server- a computer dedicated to processing requests from all stations of a computer network that provides these stations with access to common system resources (computing power, databases, program libraries, printers, faxes, etc.) and distributes these resources. Such a universal server is often referred to as application server.

File Server(File Server) is used to work with data files and has large disk storage devices, often on fault-tolerant disk arrays KAJU with a capacity of up to 1 TB.

Archive Server(backup server) serves to back up information in large multi-server networks, uses magnetic tape drives (streamers) with replaceable cartridges with a capacity of up to 5 GB; usually performs daily automatic archiving with compression of information from servers and workstations according to a scenario set by the network administrator (naturally, with the compilation of an archive catalog).

fax server(Net SatisFaxion) - a dedicated workstation for organizing effective multicast facsimile communication with several fax modem cards, with special protection of information from unauthorized access during transmission, with an electronic fax storage system.

Mail server(Mail Server) - the same as the fax server, but for organizing e-mail, with electronic mailboxes.

Print server(Print Server, Net Port) is designed for efficient use of system printers.

Teleconferencing server has a system for automatic processing of video images, etc.

Software(Software) - a set of programs that allows you to organize the solution of problems on a computer. Software and machine architecture form a complex of interrelated and diverse functional tools that determine the ability to solve a particular class of problems. The most important classes of software are system and special (applied) software, represented by application software packages (APP).

Programs for automation of management activities of organizations. But any software system that claims to be complete solution The task of enterprise management, regardless of the completeness of the implemented functionality, needs to be connected with the outside world - other programs and software systems. Functions specific to individual enterprises, interaction with legacy programs, specific ways of presenting information are areas where interoperability of various programs may be required.

Small business automation programs. At present, small business has received the greatest development. Moreover, the success of its commercial activities is determined not so much by the size of the organization itself, but by the developed system of communication with business partners in various regions of the world. In small businesses, the idea of ​​increasing competitiveness through the use of electronic communications and technologies is becoming more and more rooted. To this end, various software products are being developed specifically for small businesses.

PPP for the formation of business plans. A very common situation: there is a potential foreign investor, there is a brilliant idea, but it is necessary to write a business plan in a qualified manner. The easiest way to significantly save time is to use a unified program for writing business plans. The plan takes on a standard look and becomes easier to understand.

Information exchange programs. One of the basic functions of the information system of an organization of any size is to ensure the exchange of information both within the organization and outside it. This problem is solved with the help of a software product, the main function of which is message forwarding. In the simplest case, a message is a text fragment that is sent to the mailbox of one or more recipients.

Corporate network of organizations. Local and geographically distributed computer networks of organizations are created and provided with appropriate programs. With their help, users have the ability to access enterprise network resources from virtually anywhere. They can both view and send email, and access files, databases, and other network resources.

Automated data warehouses. Recently, there has been a sharp increase in interest in data warehousing technologies, which is driven by the demands of managers to improve decision support processes. The main goal of creating data warehouses is to make all data relevant to business management available in a standardized form, suitable for modeling, analysis and obtaining the necessary reports.

Financial analysis programs. Along with purely accounting programs, financial management, analysis and planning programs are gaining more and more space. The use of such programs is an indicator of a higher business culture. There are programs for analyzing the financial condition of an enterprise, analyzing investment projects, as well as universal programs.

Legal database programs. In our country, with its constantly changing legislation and regulations, accountants, lawyers, and often managers need to have complete, up-to-date and easy-to-use information about legal acts and regulatory materials. Currently, only in the field of taxation and accounting, there are thousands of regulations that are constantly updated and replenished.

Banking automation programs. main goal process is to provide a single information space. This is a vital characteristic that can ensure the functioning of the entire banking system in real time based on electronic payments and departmental electronic document management. This requires connection of branch banks to the central office, which requires the use of various means - from the creation of a multiservice network to the use of satellites in remote branches.

Videoconferencing. Video conferencing has become widespread both in large corporations and in medium-sized firms. This allows you to hold operational meetings without gathering all its participants in one room. Everyone remains at their workplaces, and the gathering place is in virtual reality. Activities are implemented both by hardware and software-hardware methods.

Electronic office. Electronic office systems are widespread. Regardless of the organization where he works, the average user of a corporate information system today operates with information of various types. The main list should include a variety of documents, e-mail and voice mail messages, faxes, calendar plans, lists of tasks.

E-commerce. In Russia, the techniques and methods of e-commerce are increasingly being used. These are virtual showcases, a catalog and price lists, with the aim of conveying information about their goods or services to a potential consumer and offering him a simple and reasonable way to purchase them.

Educational programs. Modern software allows you to improve your skills using special comprehensive training programs.

Problem-oriented PSPs are the most functionally developed and numerous PSPs. They include the following software products:

word processors

publishing systems

· graphic editor,

demo graphics,

multimedia systems,

· CAD software,

work organizers,

Spreadsheet spreadsheet processors

database management systems,

Character recognition software

· financial and analytical-statistical programs.

Spreadsheets(table processors) - software packages for processing tabularly organized data. Currently, the most popular and effective packages of this class are Excel, Improv, Quattro Pro, 1-2-3.

Work organizers- these are software packages designed to automate the planning procedures for the use of various resources (time, money, materials) of both an individual and the entire company or its structural divisions. Packages of this type include: Time Line, MS Project, SuperProject, Lotus Organizer, ACTI.

Word processors- programs for working with documents (texts), which allow compiling, formatting, editing texts when a user creates a document. Recognized dealers in terms of word processors for PC are MS Word, WordPerfect, Ami Pro.

Desktop publishing systems(NIS) - programs for professional publishing that allow for the electronic layout of the main types of documents, such as a newsletter, a brief color brochure and a voluminous catalog or sales request, directory. The best packages in this area are Corel Ventura, Page-Maker, QuarkXPress, FrameMaker, Microsoft Publisher, PagePlus.

Graphic editor- packages for processing graphic information; are divided into PPP processing of raster graphics and images and vector graphics.

Among multimedia programs, two large groups can be distinguished. The first includes packages for education and leisure. Supplied on CD-ROM with a capacity of 200 to 500 MB each, they contain audiovisual information on a specific topic. Their variety is huge, and the market for these programs is constantly expanding while improving the quality of video materials. Packages of this type include Director for Windows, Multimedia ViewKit, NEC MultiSpin.

Character recognition programs are designed to convert the graphic image of letters and numbers into ASCII codes of these characters and are usually used in conjunction with scanners. The scanning speed of modern RFPs is approximately 1.5 minutes per page. Packages of this type include Fine Reader, CunieForm, Tigerttm, OmniPage.

A group of financial programs is represented by a variety of packages:

for personal finance management, automation of accounting for small and large firms,

economic forecasting of the company's development,

analysis of investment projects,

· development of a feasibility study for financial transactions, etc. For example, programs such as MS Money, MECA Software, MoneyCounts are focused on the sphere of planning personal financial resources. They provide tools for keeping business records such as a notebook and calculating financial transactions.

...

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The effective functioning of a company depends on many factors. One of such important factors is the information resources of the company. To solve problems within the company, prompt, reliable information is required. Such information within the organization must move and penetrate to those levels of the organizational system that are required. Today, one of the factors of growth and development of the organizational system is how high-quality and reliable information this organization has. We live in the information age, and the importance of information cannot be overestimated. At present, the level of development of information processes has increased so much that information resources have acquired their own orthosol, which subsequently led to the creation of an entire information industry.

Communication processes are the way information moves in an organizational system. The effectiveness of communication networks in an organization also depends on the information itself, which shows the relationship between these two processes. Each organization has its own information channels that provide information about the organization's environment. The task of such departments is not only to establish the movement of information, but also to assess the quality, decoding, and selection of information that is important for the operation of the organizational system.

An effective manager must be provided with all the information he needs. The purpose of the manager's work is to solve problems, but without providing reliable, high-quality information, it is impossible to plan correctly and formulate a management decision. In other words, without having the necessary information, engage in management activities- impossible.

Information properties. Information itself is information, facts about something. Management information is a set of such information and facts that a manager can use to achieve certain goals and formulate a management decision.

Any information, including management information, is divided into objective and subjective. Objective information is information that does not depend on the statement and opinion of an individual or individuals, but is considered generally accepted. Subjective information, on the contrary, contains the opinion of one individual, and is of a personal nature.

Characteristics of information.

• · Volume. The most important quantitative characteristic of information that makes it clear how much information has been received / will be sent. It is important to understand that an insufficient amount of information can create uncertainty, distortion of the message. Too much information can lead to information overload, also, a large amount of information is absorbed worse than a smaller amount.
• · Reliability. This property of information indicates how much the received message matches the sent one. The need to determine the reliability of information arises from the possibility of error, distortion of information during its transmission. Any organizational system, seeks to obtain as reliable information as possible, using tools to improve information channels to achieve maximum reliability.
• · Saturation. The essence of this property is to determine the ratio of mediocre and important, useful information. In transmitted messages, mediocre, background information is used for a better, correct perception of basic information. Saturation, in turn, has three levels: 1. High level(up to 100%), such information is extremely informative, but not structured and difficult to understand. 2. Normal(from 50 to 70-80%) the optimal level of saturation, such information is meaningful and easily perceived by the recipient. 3. Low level saturation (up to 50%), such information actually has no meaningful component, the value of such information is extremely small.
• · Value. This is a quantitative characteristic of information that determines the meaning of information for the recipient. This property of information largely depends on the previous characteristics, in particular on saturation and reliability. No matter how important and necessary the information for the sender is, it must also be meaningful and reliable.
• · openness. This characteristic shows the range of persons who can use, receive specific information. It is essential for an organization to establish a framework for openness of information. On the one hand, you can not publish all the information, but you should not hide all information processes. The task of an effective information department is to select indicative information for general publication.

There are 3 levels of openness. Secret, extremely limited in use information (available to an extremely small circle of people). Confidential, limited in use by regulations, powers (more accessible information, but within a separate structure). Open information available to anyone who wants to receive it.

• · Profitability. This property means that the costs of using and preparing specific information should not exceed the effect of using the information.
• · Objectivity. Information should not be personal and biased. The reliability of the information must be generally recognized.
• · Accuracy. The sender must be sure that the message sent by him is not distorted, does not contain errors.

Ways to generate information. One of the main ways of obtaining information is the process of communication, interaction. both within the organization and in external environment, information can come both in the process of communication, exchange, and in the form of messages. Also, the exchange of information, mutual enrichment of information are singled out separately. But to develop the necessary information, there are also other ways.

Introspection. This method is a selection of already available information from a particular person. This information can previously be obtained as a result of training, obtaining a specialty, qualification, as well as under the influence of life experience and other acquired knowledge. This method of obtaining information is effective in decision making. Knowledge gained through education and experience has a wide range of applications and can have a positive impact on the effectiveness of the development of management decisions.

Messages. Information messages are a set of information elements that have an internal relationship. One of the main ways of obtaining information in the process of communication. The information in the message must be accurate, significant, specific. Announcement can be transmitted in writing and orally, as well as in various non-verbal ways.

Analysis. Unlike self-observation, analysis is a way of extracting information through the use of quantitative models, research. This is a specially modulated situation, on the basis of which conclusions are drawn. Such conclusions contain the required information.

Information can circulate, both within the organization and outside it, but relative to the organization itself. Depending on the source of information extraction, it can be divided into internal and external.

Internal environment. It includes all elements directly related to the organization. The effectiveness and potential of an organization largely depends on how well organized the internal environment is.

Information processes in internal environment are important because they contain reporting on the activities of the organization. Most often, information about internal processes in an organization is hidden and inaccessible to common use, as it contains strategic - economic indicators of the organization. As a result, communication channels for such information should be structured and clearly defined to whom and how such information will be provided.

External environment. These are factors, subjects that affect the organization, but are outside of it. The selection of information in this environment of the organization is no less important than in the internal environment. Often information from the external environment is not accurate, not stable. The idea of ​​how the enterprise functions from the outside, and the identification of factors influencing the organization, significantly increases the effectiveness of planning. Information in this environment may contain information about competitors, about the market, interaction with the state. For the information departments of the organization, it is extremely important to establish the flow of information from the external environment. Such information must meet all the requirements and requests of the organization, not be distorted, since such information is most often used in strategic planning, and to solve important management problems.

Information management. This type activity is aimed at exercising control and management of information resources and flows in the organization and in the external environment of the organization. The basic goal of information management is to provide the organization with the necessary and important information for it, as well as control of all information processes, protection of information from external threats, regulation of compliance with the confidentiality of information, distribution of information as it is needed, delegation of authority to use specific information required for solving a specific problem. Also, one of the most important goals and objectives of information management is to create information space of the organization. is the totality of all information related to the organization. Such information must be in an ordered state.

One of the main tasks of information management is the accumulation and preservation of those arrays of information that accumulate in the course of the organization's work. Such a collection of information is called information resources.

Informational resources- this is a collection of separate arrays of information that are contained in a documented form, has an orderliness and an established search system. Since information does not exist by itself, it must have a form, content. The totality of such information resources, and the provision of interconnection, interaction, and forms the information environment of the organization.

Information Systems. Information systems are a set of methods, models, projects, various technologies that are designed to work with information. The presence in the organization of such a system allows you to more effectively cope with planning (both tactical and strategic), various accounting operations. Most of these tasks are solved by re-processing operational management information.

The presence in the organization of an information system stimulates:

• · Increasing the degree of validity of decisions made. The availability of reliable information about the environment, which is easy to find and easy to work with, significantly increases both the efficiency of decision making and the quality of the decision made.
• Accounting and operational collection of information, its processing and transmission efficiency. The better the information system is ordered and structured, the better is the process of its search, transfer, processing and other types of interaction.
• · Ensuring the timely adoption of managerial decisions in the realities of a market economy. The organization of communication channels, which subsequently form information systems, ensures the faster movement of information in the organization. The need to make timely important management decisions requires providing a specific element of the organization with reliable, valuable, holistic information. Also, such information should come without delays and distortions.
• · Restriction, ensuring the confidentiality of information. With the correct organization of information processes in the organization, information leakage is excluded.

Ways to protect information. For a large and successful organization, information is a strategically important resource. Naturally, not all information is so valuable, but it is customary to hide and classify various strategic information, financial, accounting reports. Thus, there is a need to protect such information, both from getting it into an extraneous communication channel, and from persons for whom it is not intended. Information does not exist on its own, it is assigned to its carrier, whether it be physical, electronic, or information possessed by an individual.

To effectively protect information, it should be structured, inventory of available information resources. Thus, each organization will determine what information they should protect. Most often, organizations try to hide information from personnel departments, accounting departments (required by law), trade secrets, analytical information, information about technologies, production, results of scientific research.

Very often, information security in organizations is not taken as seriously as it should be. Employees involved in communication processes in the organization, most often hired workers, so the provision of full-time employees in such positions is not provided for by the budget. This becomes the main reason for the leakage of information, the formation of unnecessary, unnecessary communication channels.

To avoid leaks, declassify information, today, there are three basic principles of information protection:

• 1. Data integrity. Information that is stored in the organization, and is of great value, must be stored in a complete, complete manner. Problems arise with information on physical media: part of the information stored in this way is very often lost.
• 2. Information confidentiality. The information stored in the organization must have a confidentiality policy. It is extremely inefficient, and it is not right to open access to all information to any employee. This often leads to information leaks or distortion when it enters informal communication channels.
• 3. Protection against failures that lead to loss of information. One of the most common ways to store information is electronic way. It implies the storage of information on the servers of the organization. Given this, important information should be protected from its loss as a result of hacking, failures, or incorrect operation of such servers.
• 4. Access to information for authorized employees. The problem of confidentiality, and getting information into unwanted communication channels, can also be solved by creating electronic databases of information. But storing information in this way, you should restrict access to it. To do this, it is necessary to register employees in the database, and, depending on the needs and powers of specific employees, provide information.

The widespread use of computer technology has only exacerbated the problem of protecting and storing information. It is extremely convenient to store information in electronic form, but very often there are additional difficulties in the form of the deliberate theft of such information. As mentioned above, information is a strategic resource of any organization, and storing it in electronic form creates very comfortable conditions for working with such information. But the storage of information on electronic media has a number of specific properties.

Every organization should have comprehensive measures to protect information. Basicly allocate technical and organizational measures to protect information. Technical information protection measures include various forms of protection against unauthorized access to confidential information, hacking of electronic databases, and measures to eliminate unwanted communication channels. Organizational methods of information protection include: careful selection of personnel responsible for working with important information, if possible, excluding the conduct of important work with information of individual employees, organizing a backup recovery plan for electronic databases, means of protecting against unauthorized access to important information (even for top management).

Protection of documented information. One of the most basic, and the most accustomed way of storing information is documents. The main task in the protection of documented information is to ensure a safe, secure workflow. For this, a special technological system when working with information. A secure workflow is the safe movement of documented confidential information through various communication channels, and points for receiving, reviewing, and using information. General principles to effectively protect the workflow, it consists in restricting access to such information, responsibility for issuing such information, responsibility for the safety of documented information, and strict regulation of access to information.