A school project is one way to ensure student development. These activities are required for students. Often, high school students pass exams in exactly what allows them to better assess their knowledge and ability to absorb information.

Why are these assignments needed?

Interesting topics for projects are the opportunity for a student to develop his abilities, to believe in himself as a student. After all, often children choose for themselves such topics for research work that captivate them. Thus, in the design process, the independence of the student increases, he forms a strong motivation for further education. He also learns to properly conduct a discussion, to argue his point of view. Work on the project allows the student to combine classroom and extracurricular activities.

Topics for Middle and Junior School

Interesting topics for projects are a guarantee that the work will be exciting for the student. If the project is research, it should include elements of scientific work - a hypothesis, its verification, laboratory research, analysis of the results obtained. For example, the topic chosen was about growing beans at home. The student can prepare in advance - read the necessary material on natural history; conduct an experiment - germinate beans; take photos of the plant at each stage. The following interesting topics for the project are suitable for students of secondary and lower grades:

• Cars of the past and modern.
• About how dinosaurs lived. Estimated options for their death.
• My favourite dog.
• Professions that every student dreams of.
• Color in human life.
• Cartoons and their role in the life of kids.
• Aquarium and its amazing inhabitants.
• How to grow a crystal yourself?
• Features of a healthy lifestyle.
• Sports in my family.
• Ancient fun in Rus'.
• Man's exploration of outer space.
• History of music and musical instruments.
• Robots of the future.
• Features of the life of bees.
• The most beautiful legends about flowers.
• The history of money - from antiquity to the present.
• Tea and coffee. History, legends, traditions.
• Growing beans at home.

Topics that will arouse interest among the school audience

There are many areas that could be of interest. It could be gadgets, various products, questions of love and friendship. The following interesting topics for the project will not leave the school audience indifferent:

• Emoticons in messages. History, features of use.
• The brightest and most unusual advertising.
• What do young people think about family life?
• Is Barbie the standard for female attractiveness?
• The problem of cleanliness in public places.
• Why do I need to turn off my phone during a flight?
• Anglicisms in modern speech.
• Horoscopes and astrology - truth or myth?
• How to achieve prosperity?
• What does a person need to achieve emotional balance?
• The principle of operation of the microwave.
• How to develop logical thinking?
• Is chewing gum good?
• Lies: causes and consequences. Why do people lie to each other?
• How to become a photographer?
• How 3D cinema glasses work.
• Does the pace of the speaker's speech affect the perception of the report by the audience?
• Crib - helper or enemy?
• Why is everyone learning English?
• Do our little brothers understand speech?
• Tea traditions of China.
• What is a person: good or evil? Examples from history and life.
• Stress and disease - is there a connection? What are psychosomatic illnesses?
• How to forgive a person? Does it need to be done?
• "Leopold's cats" in modern society.

Topical topics for the preparation of projects on Russian literature

One of the most interesting works for many students will be a literary project. Its problems should be selected in accordance with the knowledge and level of training of the student. The topic of a literature project can be a biography of a poet or writer, or the features of his work. Such work will help to learn a lot of interesting things about the author, whose works the student liked. The project can be dedicated to the features of a literary hero or a whole work. In the process of work, the student will be able to refresh information about his favorite work in his memory, once again plunge into his events.

The following literature project topics are approximate. The student can always choose the question that causes him the greatest interest.

• Features of I. Bunin's creativity.
• The role of the appearance of the hero in his characterization (on the example of several
• Features of a romantic hero (on the example of several works).
• The theme of love in the lyrics of Akhmatova.
• Nature in the work of V. A. Zhukovsky.
• History in Pushkin's works.
• The problem of the motherland in the work of Yesenin.

Labor projects

Also plenty of room for creative work there will be a task on technology. The project topics discussed below are for girls:

• How to arrange a kitchen-dining room.
• Dishes of Russian cuisine.
• Indoor plants and interior design.
• DIY accessories.
• Decor and table setting.

But what projects can the boys prepare:

• Production of wall shelves for CDs or books.
• How to make a cutting board for vegetables.
• Models of planes, ships, cars.
• Bench making.
• How to make a folding table for a balcony.

Scientific design

Often students need to find suitable topics research projects. The scope of options is wide, because how many scientific branches, so many different areas research. From the following topics, perhaps the student will be able to choose something for himself:

• Earth's atmosphere: composition, structure, movement of air masses.
• Newton's laws and their application.
• Aggregate states of matter.
• Physical Properties carbon.

Requirements

to the design and content of the research work

Title page

The title page is the first page of the work, but the figure is not put on it, drawings and other illustrations are also unacceptable.

Top center

The name of the institution.

(The top field indicates the full name of the institution.)

Centered

Title of the work (in capital letters).

(The topic is not enclosed in quotation marks and the word “topic” itself is not written. When formulating a topic, one should adhere to the rule: the narrower it is, the more words are contained in the formulation of the topic. A small number of words in the formulation of the topic indicates its vagueness, lack of specificity in the content of the work .

Below is the type of work academic subject, for example, teaching and research work on history.)

(Even lower, closer to the right edge of the title page, the surname, name, patronymic are indicated)

Leader information.

Down center

Name locality.

Year of writing.

The lower field indicates the city and year of work (without the word “year”).

The choice of the size and type of font of the title page is not of fundamental importance.

Table of contents

Title of all chapters, sections with page numbers.

Introduction (no more than 2 pages)

The relevance of the problem under study.

Goals and objectives of the study.

Research hypothesis.

Research methods.

Short description work structures.

(The introduction contains a statement of the problem, briefly substantiates the relevance of the chosen topic, formulates the goal and objectives, indicates the object and subject of the study, the chosen method (or methods) of the study. The volume of the introduction should not exceed 2-3 pages.)

Main part (no more than 10 pages)

Consists of theoretical and practical parts. The author makes references to the authors and sources of the materials used.

Conclusions are drawn at the end of each chapter. The conclusions repeat what was said in the chapter.

(In the main part of the work, the methodology and technique of the study are given, the concepts considered in the work are revealed, information is given on the scope of the study and a description practical work, the results obtained are presented and discussed. The content of the main part must exactly correspond to the topic of the work and fully disclose it. The chapters are numbered in order. Each chapter begins with a new leaf and is followed by conclusions. The main text may be accompanied by illustrated material: drawings, photographs, diagrams, diagrams, tables.)

Conclusion

Conclusions should consist of several points summarizing the work performed. The author indicates his personal contribution.

(The conclusion should not verbatim repeat the conclusions of the chapters, but formulate conclusions based on the results of the study and the degree of achievement of the goal of the work, indicates prospects. The most important requirement for the conclusion is its brevity (1-3 pages) and thoroughness..)

Bibliography

In alphabetical order indicate publications, editions and sources, publisher, city, total number of pages.

(At the end of the work, a list of used sources and literature is given (a bibliographic list, at least 3-5). The text of the work should contain references to one or another scientific source. The list includes all sources used by the author (archival materials, newspaper publications, editions), monographs, scientific papers, regardless of where they are published, and also whether the text contains references to works not included in the list or the last ones have not been cited. author in the course of work. When making a list of sources, literature is listed first, and then other sources, sites. The information about the book consistently indicates its author or authors, title, city in which the book was published, publisher, year and number of pages in the text.)

Application

Contains data on the basis of which the study was conducted, tables, diagrams, drawings, photographs.

(Supporting or additional materials are placed in the appendix if they help to better understand the results obtained.

All quotations, facts, evidence, figures given in the work should have references in the form of footnotes to the materials from which they are borrowed. Two ways to format footnotes:

Method 1 - page by page (all quotations from each page are indicated by numbers, starting with 1, and at the end of the page after the line - last name, initials, title, place of publication, year, page. For example: Montaigne M. Experiments. M., 1991. P.122.

Registration of work

The text of the work must be neatly typed. Handwritten works will not be accepted. The volume of student research work usually ranges from 5 to 30 pages (excluding applications) of printed text, the report - from 1 to 5 pages. The font of the main text of the work should be 14 points, not italic. Line spacing - 1.5-2. Headings are allowed to use fonts up to 28 points. The typeface is of the Times New Roman family. Abstract papers are not accepted. Margin size: left - 30mm, right - 10mm, top - 20mm, bottom - 20mm. When resizing, it must be taken into account that the right and left, as well as the top and bottom margins must be 40mm in total.

With the right parameters, the page should fit an average of 30 lines, and an average of 60 printed characters per line, including punctuation marks and spaces between words. The text is printed on one side of the page. Footnotes and notes are printed on the same page to which they refer, one-spaced, in a smaller font than the text.

All pages are numbered starting from the title page; the number of the page number is placed at the top center of the page; The title page does not have a page number.

Each new section (introduction, chapters, paragraphs, conclusion, list of sources, applications) should be started from a new page.

The distance between the section title, chapter or paragraph headings and the following text should be equal to three intervals. The heading is located in the middle of the line, do not put a dot at the end of the heading.

The purpose of the research activity is formulated briefly, in one sentence, and then detailed in tasks.

When formulating a goal, verbs can be used

"prove",

"justify"

"develop".

When formulating tasks -

"analyze"

"describe"

"reveal",

"define",

"install".

(Research tasks should not be too many (3-5).)

The objectives of the study determine its methods and techniques, i.e. techniques and methods used by the researcher. These include:

 observation

 measurement

 comparison

 experiment

 Simulation

 testing

 Questionnaire interviews, etc.

In the conclusion of the study, the author lists the results obtained during the study, formulates conclusions. Moreover, the results should be in a logical connection with the objectives of the study, and the conclusions - with the goal. For example, if the research objectives are formulated with the words “analyze”, “describe”, “identify”, “establish”, then the results are given in following form: “In the course of this study, an analysis was carried out ..., revealed ..., determined ..., established ...”

Target:

Prove...

(justify...)

(develop...)

Tasks:

Conduct an analysis

Define

Install

Methods:

Observation

Measurement

Experiment, etc.

Results:

During this study

Analyzed

Defined

Installed

Conclusion:

Based on the results of this study

proven...

(justified...)

Municipal educational institution

Gymnasium No. 80

Subject: "CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE SERVICE OF HUMAN"

Completed:

Sevastyanov Gleb Evgenievich

Class 1 1 .

Scientific adviser:

Repina Tatyana Vasilievna

Chelyabinsk. 2010

Introduction 3

1. AGGREGATE STATES OF SUBSTANCE 4

1.1.Liquid 4

1.2. Solid. 5

1.3. gaseous. 7

1.4. Useful chemical discoveries for all mankind. 8

2. CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE SERVICE OF HUMAN 11

CONCLUSION 13

References 14

APPS

Every day we use in our life objects and products that are not born by nature, but made by man on chemical plants and factories. I noticed that every day I carry out chemical reactions myself: for example, when my mother cooks an egg for me for breakfast (when heated, the protein from a liquid state turns into a solid one - a raw egg becomes steep); when mom washes using detergents; when I, gluing the plastic parts of the ship model, lubricate them with acetone and the surface of the part becomes sticky. By burning firewood in a stove, mixing sand and cement with water, or slaking lime with water, we carry out real, and sometimes quite complex chemical reactions.

As soon as a person began to cook his own food, so he, albeit unconsciously, became a chemist. In frying pans and braziers, in barrels and earthenware biochemical processes. Cooking is a chemical process. In any living organism, various chemical reactions are carried out. The processes of heat treatment of food, animal and human respiration are based on chemical reactions. With the help of chemicals, selected in a certain proportion and converted into drugs in a certain way, man has learned to treat terrible diseases that killed entire nations.

It took many years and even centuries for a person to use chemical processes: most of the chemical discoveries were made by artisans, perfumers, pharmacists and pharmacists. Some of these secrets have come down to us in old books, and some have been irretrievably lost.

Many, using chemicals, become victims of burns, suffer from explosions, etc. Knowing the conditions and features of the course of certain chemical reactions, this could have been avoided. You can, for example, dissolve a limescale deposit on a water tap with a drop of lemon juice, and use ordinary potassium permanganate to clean the pan to a shine. But for this it is necessary, firstly, to know the properties of substances and, secondly, to be able to use these properties. Understanding the essence of the chemical processes that we use every day, without thinking about it, will only benefit a person.

Purpose of my research - understand the essence and variety of chemical reactions, show the role of chemistry in Everyday life person.

To achieve this goal, I have decided the following tasks:

1. Conduct a literature review on the topic.

2. Conduct experiments and record results.

3. Analyze and fix the state of the substance after the experiments: liquid, solid, gaseous.

4. Investigate the effect of chemical reactions carried out on human life.

5. Assess the impact of the chemical reactions carried out on the environment.

Main methodwhich we will use: system analysis, observation.

Imagine for a moment that your eyes have become so keen that they can see individual atoms or molecules. Now, wherever you look, everywhere you will notice atoms or molecules that behave differently depending on the state of aggregation of the substance. Looking at gas, you will see the random movement of many particles (atoms, molecules): individual particles, constantly moving, collide with each other, bounce off to the sides, again run into other particles - a fast, chaotic dance of atoms and molecules is constantly, continuously going on. Particles move randomly liquids, although here they are already placed more closely, each of them, as it were, tends to stay closer to its neighbors.

Build particles in crystalline substance it looks like a honeycomb or scaffolding: right and left, forward and backward, up and down, even, regular, endless rows of them stretch. But these particles do not stand still, but oscillate, as if shifting from one foot to the other, impatiently waiting for the command “Disperse!”.

However, they cannot disperse, only if the crystal is heated so that it begins to melt. Under the warm rays of the spring sun, the ice heats up and melts; it destroys the structure of particles in the ice crystal, the forces that hold the particles in their places are weakened. The sun disappeared, it froze again: snowflakes swirled in the air, drops froze with icicles.

liquid

Ø Water.Mankind has long paid great attention to water, because it was well known that where there is no water, there is no life. In dry soil, grain can lie for many years and germinate only in the presence of moisture. Despite the fact that water is the most common substance, it is distributed very unevenly on Earth. On the African continent and in Asia there are vast expanses devoid of water - deserts. A whole country - Algeria - lives on imported water. Water is delivered by ship to some coastal areas and to the islands of Greece. Sometimes there water costs more than wine.

The surface of the globe is 3/4 covered with water - these are oceans, seas; lakes, glaciers. In fairly large quantities, water is found in the atmosphere, as well as in the earth's crust.

It is not very easy to imagine that a person is approximately 65% ​​water. With age, the water content in the human body decreases. In a healthy body of an adult, a state of water balance or water balance is observed. It lies in the fact that the amount of water consumed by a person is equal to the amount of water excreted from the body. Water exchange is important integral part general metabolism of living organisms, including humans. Water metabolism includes the processes of absorption of water that enters the stomach when drinking and with food, its distribution in the body, excretion through the kidneys, urinary tract, lungs, skin and intestines.

A person can live without food for about a month, and without water - only a few days. The body's response to lack of water is thirst. In this case, the feeling of thirst is explained by irritation of the mucous membrane of the mouth and pharynx due to a large decrease in humidity. There is another point of view on the mechanism of formation of this feeling. In accordance with it, a signal about a decrease in the concentration of water in the blood is sent to the cells of the cerebral cortex by nerve centers embedded in the blood vessels.

The main reserves of fresh water on Earth are concentrated in glaciers.

A crystal is a solid state of matter. It has a specific shape and a certain amount of faces due to the arrangement of their atoms. All crystals of the same substance have the same shape, although they may differ in size. In nature, there are hundreds of substances that form crystals.

Mineral crystals are also formed during certain rock-forming processes. Huge quantities of hot and molten rocks deep underground are actually solutions of minerals. When masses of these liquid or molten rocks are pushed to the surface of the earth, they begin to cool.

They cool very slowly. Minerals turn into crystals when they change from a hot liquid state to a cold solid state. For example, mountain granite contains crystals of minerals such as quartz, feldspar, and mica. Millions of years ago, granite was a molten mass of minerals in a liquid state. At present, there are masses of molten rocks in the earth's crust, which are slowly cooling and forming crystals of various types.

Crystals can have all sorts of shapes. All known crystals in the world can be divided into 32 types, which in turn can be grouped into six types. Crystals can have different sizes. Some minerals form crystals that can only be seen with a microscope. Others form crystals weighing several hundred pounds.

Salt. Salt starvation can lead to the death of the body. The daily need for salt in an adult is 10-15 g. In a hot climate, the need for salt increases to 25-30 g.

The human body quickly reacts to the violation of the salt balance by the appearance of muscle weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, the appearance of unquenchable thirst.

Table salt has albeit weak, but antiseptic properties. The development of putrefactive bacteria stops only when its content is 10-45 %. This property is widely used in the food industry and when preserving food products at home.

Evaporation sea ​​water at temperatures of 20–35 °C, the least soluble salts are first released—calcium and magnesium carbonates and calcium sulfate. Then more soluble salts precipitate - sodium and magnesium sulfates, sodium, potassium, magnesium chlorides, and after them potassium and magnesium sulfates. The order of crystallization of salts and the composition of the precipitates formed may vary somewhat depending on temperature, evaporation rate, and other conditions.

In the earth's crust, layers of rock salt are quite common. Salt is the most important raw material chemical industry. Soda, chlorine, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, metallic sodium are obtained from it.

When studying the properties of soils, scientists found that, being impregnated with sodium chloride, they do not let water through. This discovery was used in the construction of irrigation canals and reservoirs. If the bottom of the reservoir is covered with a layer of earth soakedNaCl, no water leakage occurs. For this purpose, of course, technical salt. Builders use sodium chloride to remove the freezing of the earth in winter and turn it into hard stone. To do this, the areas of soil that are planned to be removed are densely sprinkled in autumn.NaCl. In this case, in severe frosts, these areas of the earth remain soft.

Chemists are well aware that by mixing finely ground ice with table salt, an effective cooling mixture can be obtained. For example, a mixture of composition 30 gNaClper 100 g of ice is cooled to a temperature of -20 C 0 occurs because an aqueous solution of salt freezes at low temperatures. Therefore, ice having a temperature of about 0°C will melt in such a solution, taking away heat from the environment. This property of a mixture of ice and table salt can also be successfully used by housewives.

Even under normal air pressure, many substances boil at very low temperatures. We usually call them gases. So, air consists mainly of two gases - nitrogen and oxygen. Their usual gaseous state is explained by the fact that they boil at temperatures well below zero: -196 ° C (nitrogen) and -183 ° C (oxygen). Therefore, even in the coldest corners of the Earth, the temperature is above their boiling points, and therefore they remain gases. For a gas, neither volume nor shape are constant. The gas expands or contracts to fill the volume or shape of the vessel it occupies. People use gas (propane) in their kitchens to cook food and heat their homes. Gas fields in Russia are concentrated mainly in the North of the country . Natural gas is found in the ground at depths ranging from 1,000 meters to several kilometers. An ultra-deep well near the city of Novy Urengoy received gas inflow from a depth of more than 6,000 meters. In the bowels of the gas is in microscopic voids (pores). The pores are interconnected by microscopic channels - cracks, through these channels the gas comes from the pores with high pressure into lower pressure pores until it is in the well. Gas is extracted from the bowels of the earth using wells. There are 24 natural gas storage facilities in Russia. length main gas pipelines Russia is 155 thousand km.

Ø Matches .

Sparking when a stone strikes a piece of pyriteFeS 2and setting fire to charred pieces of wood or plant fibers was a way for humans to produce fire.

Since the methods of obtaining fire were imperfect and laborious, a person had to constantly maintain a burning source of fire. To transfer fire in ancient Rome, they used wooden sticks dipped in molten sulfur.

Devices for making fire, based on chemical reactions, began to be made at the end XVIII V. At first, these were wood splinter, on the tip of which potassium chlorate (Bertolet's salt) was fixed in the form of a head. KS1Oz) and sulfur. The head was immersed in sulfuric acid, a flash occurred and the splinter caught fire. Man was forced to store and handle unsafe sulfuric acid, which was extremely inconvenient. Nevertheless, this chemical "tinderbox" can be considered as the progenitor of modern matches.

At the beginning of XIX V. the German chemist Debereiner invented a more perfect, but also more complex steel. He found that a jet of hydrogen directed at spongy platinum ignites in air.

In a modern lighter, the fuel is ignited by the action of a spark resulting from the combustion of the smallest particle of “flint” cut off by a gear wheel. "Flint" is a mixture of rare earth metals (lanthanides). In a finely divided state, this mixture is pyrophoric, that is, it ignites spontaneously in air, forming a spark.

There are several varieties of modern matches. According to their purpose, matches are distinguished that are lit under normal conditions, moisture-resistant (designed for ignition after storage in humid conditions, for example, in the tropics), wind (lighted in the wind), etc.

Since the last century, mainly aspen and less often linden have been used as the main raw material for the manufacture of match straws. To do this, a tape is removed from a round churak, peeled from the bark, with a special knife in a spiral, which is then chopped into match straw. When a match is burned, it is necessary to obtain a non-smoldering ember from the straw and keep the red-hot slag from the burnt head on it. The need for the latter is determined by the desire to protect the consumer from burns through clothes when hot slag enters. A smoldering ember from a straw naturally poses a fire hazard. To eliminate the smoldering of the straw and fix the slag from the head, the straw is impregnated with substances that form a film on its surface during combustion. Thanks to this film, the combustion of coal stops. She also fixes the slag from the head. Phosphoric acid and its salt are used as anti-smoldering agents. (NH 4) 2HPO 4.

Ø Paper and pencils .

Documents have been preserved indicating that in 105 AD. e. the minister of the Chinese emperor organized the production of paper from plants with the addition of rags. About 800. such paper has become widespread in China, as well as in the Middle East. The acquaintance with paper of Europeans is associated with the crusades to the Middle East - to Syria, Palestine, North Africa, organized by Western European feudal lords and the Catholic Church (the first campaign took place in 1096-1099). In the early Middle Ages (before the start of the Crusades), papyrus was mainly used for writing in Europe. In Italy it was used in 12th century

Writing was known in Egypt and Mesopotamia from the end IV and early III millennium BC. e., i.e., long before the invention of paper. As already noted, the main predecessors of paper as a material on which a letter was applied were papyrus and parchment.

papyrus plant (Cyperuspapyrus) grows in Egypt in a swampy area near the Nile River. The stem of the plant was stripped of bark and bast, and thin strips were cut from the snow-white material. They were laid in layers along and across, and then the vegetable juice was squeezed out of them by mechanical pressure. This juice itself has the ability to stick papyrus strips together. Later, glue made from raw hides or flour was used to fasten the strips. After drying in the sun, the resulting sheets were polished with stone or leather. Papyrus for writing began to be made about 4000 years ago. It is believed that the name of the paper (papiera) comes from the word papyrus.

Parchment is undressed, but freed from hair and treated with lime, animal, sheep or goat skin. Just like papyrus, parchment is a strong and durable material. Although paper is less strong and durable, it is cheaper and therefore more widely available.

To make the working part of a graphite pencil, a mixture of graphite and clay is prepared with the addition of a small amount of hydrogenated sunflower oil. Depending on the ratio of graphite and clay, a stylus of different softness is obtained - the more graphite, the softer the stylus. The mixture is stirred in a ball mill in the presence of water for 100 hours. The prepared mass is passed through filter presses and plates are obtained. They are dried, and then a rod is squeezed out of them on a syringe press, which is cut into pieces of a certain length. The rods in special devices are dried and the curvature that has arisen is corrected. Then they are fired at a temperature of 1000-1100°C in shaft crucibles.

The composition of colored pencil leads includes kaolin, talc, stearin (it is known to a wide range of people as a material for making candles) and calcium stearate (calcium soap). Stearin and calcium stearate are plasticizers. Carboxymethylcellulose is used as a binding material. This is the glue used for wallpapering. Here it is also pre-filled with water for swelling. In addition, appropriate dyes are introduced into the leads, as a rule, these are organic substances. Such a mixture is stirred (rolled on special machines) and obtained in the form of a thin foil. It is crushed and the gun is stuffed with the resulting powder, from which the mixture is injected in the form of rods, which are cut into pieces of a certain length and then dried. To color the surface of colored pencils, the same pigments and varnishes are used, which are usually used to paint children's toys. The preparation of wooden equipment and its processing is carried out in the same way as for graphite pencils.

I conducted experiments in order to understand the features of the course of chemical reactions. The results of the experiments and the features of their course, as well as the initial substances are shown in table 1.

Table 1

Summary table of results

Experience number	starting materials	Way of influence	Result	Notes
	Sugar, ashes	We set fire	Sugar is burning	Ash serves as a catalyst for combustion (redox reaction)
	Sand, ethyl alcohol, soda, sugar	We set fire	3 Mixture foams	Violent neutralization reaction

1) Sucrose C 12 H 22 O 11 does not burn under normal conditions: if you bring a lit match to a piece of sugar, it will melt, partially char, but not burn. If, on the other hand, just a little ash is poured onto a piece of sugar and the fire is brought up again, the sugar will light up with a bluish-yellow flame with a slight crackle. I tried it and I'm convinced!

The essence of the changes in the behavior of sugar is that the ash containing carbonates alkali metals, serves as a catalyst for the combustion of this substance. It is believed that the main role is played by lithium carbonate Li 2 CO 3 . Sugar is burned into carbon dioxide and water.

2) Sweet sugar can turn into a "black viper" if you pour 3-4 tablespoons of dry sifted river sand into a plate and make a slide out of it with a recess at the top, soak the sand ethyl alcohol, and then lay in the recess of the slide a mixture of 1 tablespoon well ground in a mortar powdered sugar and 1 teaspoon drinking soda and set fire to this mixture. After 2-3 minutes, black balls appeared on the surface of the mixture, and a black liquid appeared at the base. When almost all the alcohol has burned down, the mixture turns black, and a thick black snake with a "collar" of burning alcohol slowly crawls out of the sand. In the flame of burning alcohol, sugar melts and chars, and carbon dioxide released from soda swells and moves the burning mass. The residue after burning is sodium carbonate mixed with tiny particles of coal.

3) This experience has been known to me for a long time, this is what my mother did when she baked cakes and cookies: she extinguished soda with vinegar. The neutralization reaction proceeds very rapidly!

CONCLUSION

The protection of nature is the task of our age. Human impact on environment assumed alarming proportions. Even according to moderate models of the global warming process, small glaciers (and they make up the vast majority) have no chance of recovery. Melting glaciers is one of critical aspects climate change issues. It will jeopardize the quality drinking water for nearly 2 billion people. In addition, sea levels will also rise. Thus, according to forecasts provided by the UN, over the next 30 years, up to 80% of the Himalayan glaciers may melt.

The relevance of environmental issues is no longer in doubt. Within the framework of environmental problems, chemical processes are considered in the gas phase (atmospheric chemistry) and in aqueous solutions (hydrosphere chemistry), crystallization (lithosphere chemistry), as well as mutual transformations of compounds of some chemical elements with the transition from one state of aggregation to another (the cycle of elements in nature). ).

Despite the apparent diversity, almost all inorganic materials (except metals) are oxygen compounds of silicon or calcium salts. This is not surprising when you consider that oxygen and silicon make up three-quarters of the earth's crust, and calcium is the most abundant of the active metals. Therefore, it is imperative to pay attention to the composition, structure, properties and areas of application of these substances used not only in construction and in everyday life, but also in the creation of works of art.

Constant increase in the number of drugs household chemicals. Proper use of chemicals in the household requires an understanding of their properties.

Conclusion: understanding the essence of chemical processes that we encounter in everyday life brings only benefits to a person.

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4. Fast G.P. Match production technology. – M.–L.: Goslesbumizdat, 1961.

5. Kozmal F. Paper production in theory and practice. – M.: Timber industry, 1964.

6. Kukushkin Yu.N. Compounds of the highest order. - L .: Chemistry, 1991.

7. Kulsky L.A., Dal V.V.The problem of clean water. - Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1974.

8. Losev K.S. Water, - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1989.

9. Tedder J., Nehvatal A., Jubb A. Industrial organicchemistry. — M.: Mir, 1977.

10.Chalmers L. Chemical means in everyday life and industry - L .: Chemistry, 1969.

11. News Internet publications. (2010)

How to write a research paper

and prepare for the conference

Research completed. Now it is necessary to draw it up correctly, observing all the requirements and prepare for a presentation at a conference at which students will introduce their work to those present.

correct execution of completed work will provide the speaker with half the success at the conference. Therefore, we can recommend that students and their leaders adhere to the following rules:

1. Before you start writing and designing your work, carefully read the Terms and Conditions of the Contest or Conference in which you want to participate.

2. Please note that the research work must have a certain volume, be done in a certain font with respect to the intervals.

3. Check the text of the work in terms of lexical and stylistic literacy of the presentation, removing unnecessary repetitions, false solemnity, pathos, emotionality.

4. Check in reference books and encyclopedias the historical dates and facts mentioned in the text, surnames, names and patronymics, dates of life individuals and so on.

5. Work applications must be annotated. Make the necessary captions for drawings, diagrams, photographs, etc.

6. When quoting individual statements, different points of view, memoirs, it is necessary to correctly format the references to the source: in parentheses indicate the author of the statement, year or in square brackets - the number of the source in the list of references. When using any other information carrier (video recording, audio cassette, letter, certificate, etc.), it is necessary to indicate where this primary source is stored (museum, state or personal archive indicating the fund and other output data).

7. Properly compose the work, highlighting the introduction, description of the study and conclusion.

Structure of the research work

· Title page

· Contents

· Introduction

· Heads of the main body

· Conclusion

· Applications

Title pageis the first page of the research work and is filled out according to strictly defined rules.

The top field contains the full name of the conference.

In the middle field, the title of the work is given, which is given without the word “subject” and is not enclosed in quotation marks. Do not put a dot after the title.

Please note that when formulating the topic of the work, it is necessary to reflect the problem raised in the study itself. You should not use quotes or epithets from fiction for this.

The bottom field indicates the place of work and the year of writing (without the word "year").

Table of contentsshould contain the titles of all chapters of the work, paragraphs and page numbers from which they begin. Headings in the table of contents should exactly repeat the headings in the text. You can not abbreviate or give them in a different wording, sequence compared to the headings of the text. All headings start with a capital letter, do not put a dot at the end of the heading. The last word of each heading is connected by a dot to the corresponding page number in the right column of the table of contents.

Introductionis a crucial part of the work, since it contains in a concise form all the provisions substantiated by the study. The introduction should consistently consist of the following parts: substantiation of the topic, its relevance.

The relevance of the topic is an explanation of why it is advisable to address this topic right now, what is the scientific and practical need, what is the state of modern scientific ideas about the subject of research.

The substantiation of the relevance of the topic should be followed by consideration degree of scientific development of the problem. Here it is necessary to list past and modern researchers who have dealt with this problem from various angles, indicate insufficiently illuminated points. It is possible to substantiate the appeal to this particular topic, for example, by its insufficient research. Here you need to demonstrate that you are well accustomed to the topic and own the material.

After considering the degree of scientific development of the problem, a smooth logical transition to the goal of the study is carried out.

Purpose of the study – it is his final desired result, the solution of a scientific problem, to which in the end it should come. Do not confuse goals and objectives.

Research objectives are ways to achieve a goal. The formulation of research objectives is necessary to specify the objectives of the study. Tasks can be aimed at identifying, analyzing, generalizing, substantiating, developing, individual components of a common problem. At the same time, it must be remembered that the enumeration of tasks sets the plan and the internal logic of the text of the entire work.

For example, Theme of work: Partisan movement of the Ulyanovsk region (according to the memoirs of contemporaries). The purpose of the work: To show the history of partisan detachments on the Ulyanovsk land based on the memoirs of contemporaries. Objectives: 1) to identify and summarize the literature relating to partisan detachments in the Ulyanovsk region; 2) reveal archival documents, letters, memoirs on the topic under consideration; 3) find participants, eyewitnesses of those events; 4) write down memories; 5) to analyze, on the basis of published and unpublished memoirs, the history of partisan detachments in the Ulyanovsk region.

Legislative (decisions, resolutions, orders, etc.)

Unpublished (archival documents (clerical documents) - indicating the full name of the archive, funds, types of documents; memoir sources - the memories you collected; epistolary - letters)

Main partwork in terms of volume should be approximately 70% of the entire text and be consistent in its structure with the plan. Here, the course of the study is described in detail, intermediate results are substantiated and analyzed. The fundamental requirements for the main part are evidence, consistency, the absence of superfluous, optional and text-cluttering material in it.

The text should be divided into large (chapters) and small (paragraphs) parts. The division into large parts of the work is dictated by the internal logic of the work. For example, if the chapter is divided into paragraphs, the latter should not duplicate each other in meaning, but in their sum should completely exhaust the content of the chapter as a whole. Chapters and paragraphs should be titled so that the title exactly matches the content of the text, but should not contain unnecessary words.

Chapters and paragraphs are numbered using Roman and Arabic numerals.

Formatting text is one of the most important steps in the work.

Cardinal numbers are written in numbers if they are ambiguous and in words if they are unambiguous

Ordinals are written in numbers if they are after a noun (for example, in chapter 1, captains of the 1st and 2nd ranks, 3rd round).

Abbreviations: city - city, year, years. – year(s), c. - century, c. - century.

Dates. They are written in numbers. For example, 1941; 1941–1945; 1940s, 1930s-1940s; 40s of XX century The centuries are written in Roman numerals: XVIII century; at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries.

In the text, the requirement is footnotes on the literature or source used. The given facts, dates, quotes must necessarily have a footnote. Footnotes are formatted as follows: on the panel, the following operations should be performed sequentially: "insert" - "link" - "footnote" - "footnotes at the bottom of the page or at the end of the document".

Footnotes to archival documents should be formatted as follows:

The full name of the archive (in the first case) and short title, fund number, inventory, file, sheet. The type of document is not written in the footnote, but is written in the text of the work. For example. In the text you write: In the metric book of the Nikitskaya Church in Kaluga, there is a record of death on May 23, 1898 from pneumonia1.

The footnote reads: State Archive of the Kaluga Region (GAKO). F. 33. Op. 4. D. 56. L. 23v.–24.

If the footnote is at the end of the sentence, the number of the footnote is placed before the dot (for example, In 1795, the son Ivan1 was born.)

If in the notes to the text there are consecutive references to the same source or work, then from the second case it is written: "Ibid" (for example: 1GAKO. F. 33. Op. 4. D. 564. L. 23v.– 24.2 Ibid.)

If in the text you refer to the same work more than once, then the full bibliographic description is given only the first time. (for example, in the first case - Malinin historical guide to Kaluga and major centers provinces. Kaluga, 1992. S. 23. in subsequent cases - Malinin Op. S. 56).

In the work, it is necessary to avoid presentation in the first person (I, in my work), follows (in the present study, in this work, the author came to a conclusion, we draw a conclusion, in the conclusion it should / should be noted, etc.).

It is very important that each paragraph and chapter ends with a conclusion. The ability to draw conclusions based on the analysis of sources and literature is of great importance in evaluating work.

The text of the study should be justified. Headings - "in the center", they can be highlighted in "bold" font.

Conclusion -the smallest part, but of particular importance, since it is here that the final results of the study should be presented. Here it is necessary to bring together all the conclusions in the work, correlate the findings with the goals and objectives, show how the tasks and goals were achieved, note the practical significance of the study, and outline problems and tasks for the future. If necessary, thank those who assisted in the work.

List of sources and literature should be built like this:

I Sources

State Archive of the Kaluga Region (GAKO). F. 32. Op. 4. D. 68, 89, 789; F. 62. Op. 2. D. 15; Op. 5. D. 56, 78, 901.

State archive of the Kuibyshev region. F. 44. Op. 1. D. 18, 19, 22, 45; Op.2. D. 10, 19; F. 71. Op. 1. D. 56; Op. 4. D. 34, 35, 40.

School Museum of Military Glory. Main fund, inv. No. 125. Letters from the front.

Kaluga region: Documents and materials. Book Four / Comp. ; Foreword to ch. . Tula, 1987.

War through the eyes of children. Collection of documents / Comp. , etc. Kaluga, 1993.

II Literature

Literature should be placed in alphabetical order (by author's last name) in accordance with the rules of bibliographic description. The description can be made in full or short form. For example, long form: Malinin historical guide to Kaluga and the main centers of the province. - Kaluga: Golden Alley, 1992.

short form: Malinin historical guide to Kaluga and the main centers of the province. Kaluga, 1992.

In work, you can use any method. The main thing is to maintain uniformity.

Examples of bibliographic description:

Please note that it is necessary to indicate the author and the title of the article.

Proshkin of the Old Russian settlements of the Upper Ochi // Questions of archeology, history, culture and nature of the Upper Ochi: Materials IX conference March 21–23, 2001, part 1. Kaluga, 2001, pp. 34–42.

Applications. Auxiliary or additional materials are placed here that clutter up the text of the work (schemes, drawings, developments, photographs).

Each application sheet must contain the word "Application I", "Appendix II"

If more than one material is used in an application, make a list of applications that are numbered in Roman numerals.

Upon finalization number all pages, including appendices. Page numbering begins with the title page, but pages are written starting with the introduction. This will be page 3.

Report requirements (research paper defense).

The report at the conference should not be exactly the repetition of the submitted written work. There are also certain requirements:

1. The duration of the report should not exceed 10 minutes (these are 2-3 pages of printed text).

2. Illustrative material should be spectacular, compact, easy to transport. If there are video materials, it should be taken into account that their demonstration is included in the same 10 minutes of the report.

3. Showing originals is not allowed! Replace them with well-executed photographs, photocopies.

4. In the oral defense of the work, the student must clearly identify the purpose and objectives of the study, give brief description sources, determine the methods and techniques of research. Present to the audience and the jury the most significant provisions of your research, focusing on your personal contribution to the problem under study, report final result and research perspectives.

5. Think in advance of possible questions that can be asked to the speaker and prepare answers to them.

6. When answering a question, concentrate all your knowledge and try to show it.

Take an active part in the work of the section: carefully listen to the reports and recommendations of the section leaders, ask questions to the participants. With properly organized work of the expert group, after the reported material, a discussion of schoolchildren is organized. The commission usually encourages children to be active.

Repeated participation in conferences, competitions activate the mechanisms of labor, knowledge, and communication. This not only increases the overall organization and effectiveness of education, but also accelerates the achievement of its goals related to multilateral development and the formation of attitudes towards the environment.

Involving students in the search for something new, contests and competitions increase cognitive interest and, on the basis of scientific and creative work, develop elements of patriotic education.

And whatever the results, in them, as in any other products of children's activity, the attitude to history, culture and nature, formed by upbringing and activity, finds a vivid expression. This relationship is relatively easy to see in outward signs behavior, which in the conditions of competitive activity becomes especially bright.

• Today we can observe rapid changes throughout society that require new qualities from a person. First of all, of course, we are talking about the ability to creative thinking independence in decision-making, initiative. Naturally, the tasks of developing these qualities are assigned to education, and first of all to high school. Over the past decade, the Olympiad movement has been gaining strength at a rapid pace, the work on conducting the NPC

• Research work should not be just an interesting story about what was read and testify only to the student's erudition, the task of research is the ability to analyze, compare facts and, based on them, draw their own conclusions and conclusions.

 replacement of the research paper with an abstract, i.е. review of various scientific works;

•  replacement of the research paper with an abstract, i.е. review of various scientific works;
•  replacement of research by work of a compiling nature, i.e. connection of segments logically arranged into one whole from different scientific texts;
•  lack of completeness in the work, which is due to the lack of a systematic approach to research activities. Instead of long-term work, sometimes a text created in the shortest possible time using the “storming” method is presented to the conference in a hurry;
•  the inability of the student to competently lead a discussion to defend the results of their research and answer questions from the audience, which is often a sign of the absence of a preliminary discussion stage at the school level.
• Shortcomings in the design of the study

Speaking about the etymology of the word "research", we note that this concept contains an indication of extracting something "from the trace", i.e. restore a certain order of things by indirect signs, random objects. Consequently, the concept of a person's ability to compare, analyze facts and predict the situation is already here. the concept of the basic skills required of the researcher. The essence of the research work is to compare the data of primary sources, their creative analysis and new conclusions based on it.

• Speaking about the etymology of the word "research", we note that this concept contains an indication of extracting something "from the trace", i.e. restore a certain order of things by indirect signs, random objects. Consequently, the concept of a person's ability to compare, analyze facts and predict the situation is already here. the concept of the basic skills required of the researcher. The essence of the research work is to compare the data of primary sources, their creative analysis and new conclusions based on it.

• Research activity as a whole is understood as such a form of organization of work that is associated with the solution by students of a research problem with a solution unknown in advance.
• The elements of research activities include:
• 1. Research methods.
• 2. Available experimental material.
• 3. Interpretation of data and conclusions arising from them.

• Educational research activities requires a certain preparation of both the student and the teacher. In this joint work, success depends on the preparedness of each of its participants. It is quite natural that the main share of responsibility falls on the leader of the work, who in this case plays the role of a leading, more experienced participant.

• The object area of ​​research is the area of ​​science and practice in which the object of study is located. In school practice, it may correspond to one or another academic discipline such as mathematics, biology, literature, physics, etc.
• The object of study is a certain process or phenomenon that generates a problem situation. The object is a kind of carrier of the problem - what the research activity is aimed at. The concept of the subject of research is closely connected with the concept of an object.
• The subject of research is a specific part of the object within which the search is conducted. The subject of research can be phenomena as a whole, their individual aspects, aspects and relationships between individual parties and the whole (a set of elements, connections, relations in a specific area of ​​the object). It is the subject of research that determines the topic of the work.

A topic is an even narrower area of ​​study within a subject. Choosing a topic for many is a very difficult stage. Students often choose topics that are too broad or complex.

• A topic is an even narrower area of ​​study within a subject. Choosing a topic for many is a very difficult stage. Students often choose topics that are too broad or complex.
• The topic is the perspective from which the problem is considered. It represents the object of study in a certain aspect, characteristic of this work.

• It is equally important to formulate the topic correctly from the very beginning. After all, the topic is a kind of business card research.
• The formulation of the topic reflects the coexistence in science of the already known and not yet explored

a very important stage in preparation for the NPC

• a very important stage in preparation for the NPC
• To substantiate the relevance means to explain the need to study this topic.
• Justifying the relevance of the chosen topic, it should be indicated why it is and exactly on this moment is relevant (important, requiring research). IT IS OBLIGATORY TO INDICATE THE CONTRADICTION OF THE PROPOSED IDEAS, FACTS

• The resolution of this contradiction is most directly connected with practical necessity. This means that when addressing a particular problem, the researcher needs to clearly understand what practical questions the results of his work can answer.

2. Working with literature on the topic, the student must be able to various types readings, involving varying degrees of depth of penetration into the material.

• 2. Working with the literature on the topic, the student must master different types of reading, suggesting a different degree of penetration into the material.
• A) Viewing reading is desirable to use in cases where you want to get acquainted with the general content of the book, its chapters or paragraphs, the author of the work. It usually reads title page, table of contents, abstract, individual paragraphs and sentences
• B) Introductory (selective) reading will help in finding answers to certain questions from several sources and for comparing and contrasting the information found, developing your own point of view.
• C) Study reading is an active form of detailed reading. It suggests that you read carefully, stopping and thinking about the information.
• It is important to make notes of everything that may be useful to you in your scientific work: interesting thoughts, facts, figures, different points of view. This can be done either in the form of cards or in a separate notebook.
• There is no need to try to include all the available material in the study, no matter how sonorous other names and quotations are - this can only damage the integrity and consistency of the study.

The hypothesis must satisfy a number of requirements:

• The hypothesis must satisfy a number of requirements:
•  be verifiable;
•  contain an assumption;
•  be logically consistent;
•  Conform to the facts.
• When formulating a hypothesis, verbal constructions of the type are usually used: “if ..., then ...”; "because..."; "provided that ...", i.e. those that direct the attention of the researcher to the disclosure of the essence of the phenomenon, the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships.

The goal of the study is the end result that the researcher would like to achieve when completing his work.

• The goal of the study is the end result that the researcher would like to achieve when completing his work.
•  reveal...;
•  install...;
•  substantiate...;
•  clarify...;
•  Develop...

• The task of the study is the choice of ways and means to achieve the goal in accordance with the hypothesis put forward.
• Objectives are best formulated as a statement of what needs to be done in order for the goal to be achieved.
• The setting of tasks is based on the division of the research goal into subgoals. The enumeration of tasks is based on the principle from the least complex to the most complex, time-consuming, and their number is determined by the depth of the study.

Method is a way to achieve the goal of the study

• Method is a way to achieve the goal of the study
• A) Theoretical methods: analysis, synthesis, modeling, abstraction
• B) Empirical: comparison, experiment
• C) mathematical: data visualization (functions, graphs, etc.).

Conducting a study includes two successive stages: the actual conduct (the so-called technological stage) and the analytical, reflective stage.

• Conducting a study includes two successive stages: the actual conduct (the so-called technological stage) and the analytical, reflective stage.
• In the work plan, it is necessary to indicate the purpose of the planned experiments; list the inventory necessary for their implementation; forms of entries in draft notebooks. The work plan also includes the primary processing and analysis of the results of practical actions, the stage of their verification.

1 block - theory and conceptual apparatus

• 1 block - theory and conceptual apparatus
• 2 block - description of the experimental part of the work
• Block 3 includes the presentation of the results of the study (think about how to present the results of your research at the city conference, work out the presentation forms)

basic design requirements:

• basic design requirements:
• by content:
• - substantiation of the relevance of the topic;
• - the main thesis;
• - argumentation, evidence and facts confirming the thesis put forward;
• - main conclusions;

At the beginning of the article, its main thesis is put forward,

• At the beginning of the article, its main thesis is put forward,
• which is then subjected to a reasoned proof in the main part.
• At the end of the article, conclusions are placed that confirm or refute all of the above.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Introduction 3
• Chapter 1 4
• 1.1 8
• 1.2 11
• Chapter 2 16
• 2.1 20
• 2..2 23
• Conclusion 25
• References 27
• Applications
• Appendix 1 28
• Appendix 2 30

• The introduction should include: a statement of the topic; The relevance of research; research problem; object, subject; purpose, tasks; hypotheses; research methods; research stages; study structure; its practical significance

The main (substantive) part of the work may contain 2-3 chapters. (The name of this part as the main one is rather connected with its greater volume than the other parts, rather than with the value, since, for example, the introduction is no less significant part of the work).

• The main (substantive) part of the work may contain 2-3 chapters. (The name of this part as the main one is rather connected with its greater volume than the other parts, rather than with the value, since, for example, the introduction is no less significant part of the work).
• Chapter 1 usually contains the results of the analysis of special literature, the theoretical substantiation of the research topic;
• chapters 2-3 describe the practical stages of work, interpretation of data, identification of certain patterns in the phenomena under study during the experiment. Each chapter ends with conclusions.

A book by one or more authors:

• A book by one or more authors:
• 1. Mayorov A.N. Theory and practice of creating tests for the education system. - M.: Intellecttsentr, 2001. - 296 p.
• 2. Shishov S.E., Kalney V.A. Monitoring the quality of education in school. - M.: Russian Pedagogical Society, 1998. - 354 p.
• 3. Goss B.C., Semenyuk E.P., Ursul A.D. Categories modern science In: Formation and development. - M.: Thought, 1984. - 268 p.
• Collection with a collective author:
• Theoretical problems and technologies of innovative management in education: Sat. scientific articles / Comp. O.S. Orlov. - Veliky Novgorod: RIS, 2000.-180 p.
• Newspaper and magazine article:
• Mikhailov G.S. Psychology of decision making // Journal of Applied Psychology. - 2001. - No. 5. - P.2-19.
• Encyclopedia and dictionary entry:
• Biryukov B.V., Gastev Yu.A., Geller E.S. Modeling // TSB. - 3rd ed. - M., 1974. - T. 16. - S. 393-395.
• Innovation // Dictionary-reference book on scientific and technical creativity. -Minsk, 1995.-S. 50-51

According to the content, among the applications, copies of documents, statistical materials, etc. are distinguished. In form, they are texts, graphs, maps, tables, etc.

• According to the content, among the applications, copies of documents, statistical materials, etc. are distinguished. In form, they are texts, graphs, maps, tables, etc.
• An appendix is ​​a part of the text of a scientific study that has an additional (usually reference) value necessary for a more complete coverage of the topic. It is placed after the main text.

It should be remembered that the entire performance is given no more than 5-7 minutes. According to the regulations, you can count on an additional 1-2 minutes, but no more. Neither the topic (it has already been announced), nor what was read (the list of references) should be discussed. Protection in no case should be reduced to a retelling of the entire content of the work. If you failed to interest the audience in the time allotted according to the regulations, its extension will only increase misunderstanding and irritation of the listeners.

• It should be remembered that the entire performance is given no more than 5-7 minutes. According to the regulations, you can count on an additional 1-2 minutes, but no more. Neither the topic (it has already been announced), nor what was read (the list of references) should be discussed. Protection in no case should be reduced to a retelling of the entire content of the work. If you failed to interest the audience in the time allotted according to the regulations, its extension will only increase misunderstanding and irritation of the listeners.

Pay special attention to the speech of the speaker. It should be clear, grammatically accurate, confident, expressive. If the speaker tries to speak quickly, swallowing the endings of words, quietly, indistinctly, then the quality of his speech is reduced. A calm, consistent and well-reasoned presentation of the material impresses the listeners.

• Pay special attention to the speech of the speaker. It should be clear, grammatically accurate, confident, expressive. If the speaker tries to speak quickly, swallowing the endings of words, quietly, indistinctly, then the quality of his speech is reduced. A calm, consistent and well-reasoned presentation of the material impresses the listeners.

When answering questions, do not forget about simple rules.

• When answering questions, do not forget about simple rules.
• If question asked is outside the scope of your research, do not come up with an answer on the go that is not supported by the result of the study. It is perfectly acceptable to say that this was not the subject of your research or that it is planned to be investigated in the next stage.

logic;

• logic;
• accuracy;
• clarity;
• availability;
• persuasiveness;
• interestingness;
• expressiveness;
• confidence;
• contact with listeners;
• appropriateness of gestures;
• facial expression, etc.

• To make the report interesting and convincing, one should provide theoretical provisions and conclusions with examples from texts, try to use simple sentences as precise as possible.