Ammonium sulfate formula mass fraction. Ammonium sulfate (ammonium salt)

Its hygroscopicity is weak, therefore, during long-term storage it does not cake and retains flowability.

Properties of ammonium sulfate

Index	Description, meaning
Chemical formula	(NH 4) 2 S0 4
Average nitrogen content (%)	20,5-21,5
Bulk weight of fertilizer (kg/m.)	800
Dispersion after storage	Good (at 2% humidity)
Caking	Weak
Hygroscopicity	Very weak

Specifications of ammonium sulfate

Name of indicator	Norm
Appearance	White crystals, light yellow and pink shades are allowed
Mass fraction of nitrogen in terms of dry matter, %, not less than	21
Mass fraction of water, %, no more	0,3
Mass fraction of free sulfuric acid, %, no more	0,05
Friability, %	100

Methods for obtaining ammonium sulfate

In the laboratory, ammonium sulfate is produced by the action of concentrated sulfuric acid on a concentrated solution of ammonia.

2NH 3 + H 2 SO 4 → (NH 4) 2 SO 4

This reaction, like all other reactions of the interaction of ammonia with acids, is carried out in a device for obtaining soluble substances in solid form. Among the main methods for producing ammonium sulfate, which are most commonly used in chemical industry, there are the following:

The process of neutralizing sulfuric acid with synthetic ammonia;
- use of ammonia from coke oven gas for its chemical reaction with sulfuric acid;
- obtaining as a result of processing gypsum with solutions of ammonium carbonate;
- obtaining during the processing of waste remaining after the production of caprolactam (as a result of the Beckmann rearrangement in the production of caprolactam).

However, there are other ways to produce ammonium sulfate, for example, obtaining this substance from the flue gases of power plants and sulfuric acid plants. To do this, gaseous ammonia is introduced into hot gases, which binds the sulfur oxides present in the gas into various ammonium salts, including ammonium sulfate.

Applications of ammonium sulfate

Ammonium sulfate is one of the widely used in agriculture mineral fertilizers. It is used for all agricultural crops (from potatoes to citrus fruits) on chernozems and gray soils. The fertilizer has a valuable quality - low migration ability, since the ammonium cation is actively absorbed by the soil and this prevents it from being washed out. Therefore, ammonium sulfate is recommended to be applied on light soils, during irrigation, i.e. where there is a potential risk of loss of fertilizer nitrogen due to migration phenomena. The ammonium nitrogen of ammonium sulfate is absorbed by plants. Sulfur is necessary for the nutrition of all crops, as it is part of some of the essential amino acids synthesized by plants.

Ammonium sulfate is used in the production of viscose fiber.

IN biochemistry Reprecipitation with ammonium sulfate is a common method for purifying proteins.

IN Food Industry registered as food additive E517.

Used in technology of water chlorination with ammonia , is introduced into the treated water a few seconds before chlorine, forms chlorammines with chlorine - binding free chlorine, due to which the formation of organochlorines harmful to the human body is significantly reduced, chlorine consumption is reduced, and corrosion of water pipes is reduced.

IN fire extinguishers ammonium sulfate is used as a flame retardant, in the mining industry - as a gel-forming component in the prophylactic treatment of worked-out space, in the composition explosive ammonium sulfate is introduced to reduce flammability and eliminate the risk of spontaneous ignition

Ammonium sulfate is also used for the production of:

herbicides;
. animal feed;
. leather dressing;
. building insulation.

The development of the ammonium sulphate market is largely determined not by demand from consuming industries and market factors, but the presence of this type of product, the offer of ammonium sulfate on the market. Those. the development of the production of caprolactams and coke products also determines the development of the production of ammonium sulfate. Lack of demand in the domestic market will provoke an increase in export supplies of ammonium sulfate.

(ammonium sulphate) contains 21% nitrogen in the ammonium form, 24% sulfur and is a highly effective nitrogen-sulfur fertilizer.

By appearance ammonium sulfate is a white or slightly colored crystalline powder, light yellow and pink shades are allowed.

It dissolves well in water, is available and easily absorbed by plants, is relatively little mobile and is not washed out of soils under conditions of normal moisture and irrigation.

In terms of application efficiency, it is not inferior to ammonium nitrate and carbamide, and in terms of physical and chemical properties(non-flammable, explosion-proof, non-caking during long-term storage) and its cost compares favorably and has a clear advantage.

Physical and chemical composition of ammonium sulfate

The accumulated international experience, a deep analysis of research work and industrial practice of using fertilizers allow us to talk about additional hidden reserves for improving the quality of grain. According to a number of Russian and foreign scientists, grain crops often show signs of sulfur deficiency, which, under production conditions, are interpreted as nitrogen deficiency. In experiments with barley and wheat, a severe lack of sulfur during the growing season caused a decrease in photosynthesis, productivity, and especially grain quality.

The most important role of sulfur in the life of plants is determined by the fact that it is integral part of all proteins and is found in essential amino acids (cystine, methionine), as well as in vegetable oils and vitamins. She has great importance in the redox processes occurring in plants, in the activation of enzymes and protein metabolism.

The oxidized form of sulfur is the starting product for protein synthesis. With its deficiency, protein synthesis is delayed, since the synthesis of amino acids containing this element is hindered. In this regard, the manifestation of signs of sulfur deficiency is similar to the signs of nitrogen starvation. Plants stop developing, the size of the leaves decreases, the stems lengthen. With sulfur starvation, the leaves do not die off, but have a pale color. The study of sulfur deficiency in plant nutrition showed that its deficiency causes a violation of nitrogen metabolism.

One of the traditional sources of sulfur replenishment is the fertilizer ammonium sulfate N-21%, S-24%.

The main advantages of ammonium sulfate over ammonium nitrate and urea

Ammonium sulfate is always cheaper“Economics and numbers are inexorable, so the cost-effectiveness and availability of fertilizers is largely determined by the cost per unit of the active ingredient. The cost of 1 ton of nitrogen in ammonium sulfate is about 2 times lower than in ammonium nitrate and urea. When evaluating economic efficiency, it is necessary, of course, to take into account the presence of 24% sulfur.

Sulfur has a direct impact on the quality of the future crop- Ammonium sulfate, unlike ammonium nitrate and carbamide, contains sulfur. It is worth noting that sulfur occupies one of the leading places among biogenic elements after nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The positive effect of sulfur on the yield often goes unnoticed, since it affects not the quantity, but the quality of the product.

Besides, outward manifestation sulfur starvation of plants almost completely coincides with the signs of insufficient nitrogen nutrition. In conditions of lack of sulfur in the soil, the synthesis of proteins, fats, vitamins decreases, and nitrogen, which is very dangerous, accumulates in the form of nitrates. In addition, the storage of products is deteriorating. In recent years, there has been a tendency to reduce the sulfur content in arable soils in many regions of Russia, about 80% of arable land is poor in sulfur. Thus, ammonium sulfate can be considered a fertilizer with a nutrient content of 45%.

Ammonium sulfate is as effective as other nitrogen fertilizers- According to numerous experiments with fertilizers, ammonium sulfate is not inferior in efficiency to common nitrogen fertilizers, such as ammonium nitrate and. In comparative tests of the effectiveness of exposure various kinds nitrogen fertilizers on the size and quality of the crop of cereals, potatoes, oilseeds, it was noted that all fertilizers are equally effective when applied in equal doses of nitrogen (60 kg per a.m.), especially good results ensures the introduction of ammonium sulfate for cereals, rapeseed, rice, potatoes, sunflower, beetroot, vegetable crops, watermelons, top dressing of perennial grasses and crop residues.

Less nitrogen loss and environmental care— It is known that when using nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture, especially with an unbalanced ratio of nutrients, there are ecological problems. The main ones include: product wastage, pollution of ground and surface waters, nitrogen losses of up to 20-30% from nitrate fertilizers and urea, due to denitrification and leaching. Nitrogen losses from nitrate fertilizers are much greater than from ammonia fertilizers. If, with the surface application of ammonium sulfate, the loss of ammonia is, as a rule, no more than 1-3%, then for urea and ammonium nitrate, 25-30% of the introduced amount of nitrogen. It is also important that this nutrient in ammonium sulfate is in the most accessible form for plants and is involved in the formation of the crop throughout the growing season.

Recycling straw and using it for fertilizer- One of the effective ways to use ammonium sulfate is to apply it with rotten residues (chopped straw). In this case, the dose of nitrogen is 10 kg. d.v. per 1 ton of straw, which ensures accelerated decomposition of fiber. Thus, two important problems are solved at the same time - straw utilization and environmental protection.

With a grain yield of 20-30 c/ha, the introduction of ammonium sulfate together with crop residues into the soil will ensure the return of 30-40 kg. nitrogen, 50-80 kg. phosphorus, 18-24 kg. potassium, as well as 35-45 kg. sulfur, which contributes to a significant increase in protein in products.

Mineral nitrogen-sulfur fertilizer ammonium sulfate is a light crystalline salt with shades of yellow or pink, highly soluble in water. The product is characterized by low hygroscopicity, therefore it does not cake during long-term storage and can be stored for up to 5 years, it is not explosive.

All these properties distinguish it favorably from other nitrogen fertilizers, in particular from ammonium nitrate and urea.

The effectiveness of the use of ammonium sulfate in sulfur deficiency- Lack or excess of sulfur is primarily manifested on young leaves and growth points. Its reverse movement is very insignificant and therefore it belongs to the elements that are difficult to recycle. In this, sulfur is very different from phosphorus. Sulfur deficiency in most plants resembles signs of nitrogen deficiency, but with sulfur starvation it manifests itself on young leaves - the leaves are small, the stems are stiff, plant growth is weakened, the color of the leaves is evenly pale green. In agricultural practice, this often leads to errors in diagnosis, overestimation of the doses of nitrogen fertilizers, crop shortages and a decrease in product quality. It has been established that plants contain different amounts of sulfur and, accordingly, have different needs for this element. The difference in the content and consumption of sulfur by agricultural crops is primarily due to biological features plants, stages of their development, as well as the content of this element in the soil and atmosphere. According to the removal of sulfur per unit of dry matter, botanical families are arranged in the following row: cruciferous > lily > legumes > haze > cereals, sunflower, potatoes, vegetables. The removal of sulfur from soils by crops ranges from 30-60 kg/ha, and in certain types plants reaches 100 kg/ha. Thus, as our studies have shown, its balance is quite tense, and in a number of regions it is even negative.

Studies have also quite clearly established that the use of sulfur-containing fertilizers on soils with insufficient sulfur content helps to increase the yield and improve the quality of plant products, increase the availability of phosphorus, calcium, and manganese to plants; increases the return on yields of traditional NPK fertilizers.

Thus, the accumulated information indicates that sulfur as a biogenic element in modern agrocenoses is of great importance, but insufficient attention has been and is being paid to the regulation of its regime in production practice. This is evidenced by the materials of monitoring the state of soil fertility in the country, the accounting and demand for which in the development modern technologies cultivation of agricultural crops seems to us necessary and quite promising in increasing the productivity of agriculture.

Generalization of data on the content of mobile sulfur in the country's soils as of 01.01.2004 showed that the deficit of sulfur in the country's agriculture continues to increase. Of the surveyed significantly larger areas of arable land (>32%) than on 01.01.1990, 54.7% have a low sulfur content (< 6 мг/кг), 34,6% — среднее (6,1-12,0 мг/кг) и только 10,7% — высокое (>12 mg/kg), i.e. the area of ​​soils in need of replenishment of sulfur reserves reached 89.3% by 2004, against 77.4% in 1990. The share of such arable soils is especially high in the Central District (89.6%), North-Western District %), Southern District (90%), Volga District (90%). In other districts (Siberian and Far Eastern) this figure is also quite high (86.7 and 83.8%), although it is somewhat lower than in the whole country. In the Central District, the Kostroma and Tambov regions are especially distinguished, in which the amount of soils in need of replenishment of sulfur reserves is close to 100% (respectively, 97.4 and 99.2%); in the Northwestern District, the situation is similar in the Novgorod Region (97.9%), in the Southern District - the Republic of Kalmykia (99.2%) and in the Volgograd Region (96.9%); in the Volga region - the Republic of Tatarstan (92%), Saratov region (91.1%); in the Siberian District - Altai Territory (94.6%). In other oblasts, krais and republics, these indicators, although noticeably lower, on the whole indicate an unfavorable situation. practical solution sulfur problems in agriculture.

The weighted average sulfur content in the country as a whole has approached the border of its absolutely low content and is only 6.4 mg/kg, and in the North-Western and Southern districts it has dropped to 5.1 and 5.9 mg/kg. The gray soils of the Kostroma region (5.4 mg/kg), Smolensk region (5.1 mg/kg), Tambov region (3.1 mg/kg), Vologda region (5.1 mg/kg), Arkhangelsk region (4.7 mg/kg), Novgorod (4.1 mg/kg), Ulyanovsk (5.7 mg/kg); in the republics of Karelia (4.5 mg/kg), Komi (4.4 mg/kg), Kalmykia (1.1 mg/kg), Khakassia (4.5 mg/kg) and Altai Territory(5.5 mg/kg).

Thus, now the problem of sulfur in agriculture is so acute that it simply cannot be hushed up and concrete measures must be taken to solve it.

According to specialists' calculations, the country's total demand for sulfur-containing fertilizers in 2010 will be about 1.2 million tons of a.e. In the range of sulfur-containing fertilizers, ammonium, potassium, sodium sulfates and superphosphates are preferred.

According to most studies on soils low in sulfur, all forms of sulfur-containing fertilizers act almost equally. Among the highly soluble forms of sulfur-containing fertilizers, the most economically promising is the use of ammonium sulfate (the cost of 1 ton of nitrogen in ammonium sulfate is about 2 times lower than in ammonium nitrate and urea).

The studies of Belarusian scientists on soddy-podzolic soils have shown a higher agronomic and economic efficiency application of ammonium sulfate relative to other forms of nitrogen fertilizers. (V.V. Lapa, V.N. Bosak, 2006)

Yield increase from the use of various forms of nitrogen fertilizers, c/ha.

Note:

1) Under spring wheat against the background of P40K90, various forms of nitrogen fertilizers were applied at a dose of N60;
2) Under sugar beet against the background of manure 60 t/ha + P60K100 - at a dose of N120;
3) Under buckwheat on the background of P40K90 at a dose of N60-80;
4) With ammonium sulfate in soils under crops, sulfur was supplied (respectively 1,2,3) - 70, 140 and 70-90 kg/ha.

It should be especially noted that the use of ammonium sulfate for agricultural crops in the required doses of nitrogen optimizes not only nitrogen, but also sulfur nutrition of plants, and also favors the provision of a positive balance of this element for subsequent crops. Therefore, ammonium sulfate should be considered practically as a complex fertilizer (NS) with a ratio of elements equal to (S:N = 1.14).

Thus, sulfur in modern agrocenoses is in a rather dynamic state. The regulation of its content in soils and plants should have not spontaneous, but economic, agrochemical and environmental controlled forms. An analysis of the factors of insufficient effectiveness of chemicalization means shows that early in the development of a fertilizer application system, the issues of plant nutrition with sulfur were not so acute, because. more widely used fertilizers (ammonium and potassium sulfate, simple superphosphate) contained large amounts of sulfur.

With the transition to the predominant use of concentrated complex fertilizers, the influx of sulfur into the soil with mineral fertilizers is sharply reduced. At the same time, the consumption of sulfur from the soil for leaching and removal increases with increasing crop yields. Consequently, under certain conditions, plants may experience sulfur deficiency, which may result in a shortage of crop yields and a decrease in product quality. At the same time, sulfur starvation entails a decrease in the increase in dry mass, a slowdown in the onset of ontogenesis phases, and a lag in the maturation of crops. Sulfur deficiency especially affects the formation of reproductive organs and reduces the quality of products. From the foregoing, it follows that at present, with the intensification of agriculture, the relevance of optimizing the sulfur nutrition of plants does not decrease, but, on the contrary, increases.

TU 113-03-625-90

Ammonium sulfate((NH4)2SO4) - the average salt of sulfuric acid, contains up to 21% nitrogen and up to 24% sulfur, is a white transparent crystals, the molecular weight is 132.15. Three grades are produced depending on the type of production:

• Grade A is a by-product of caprolactam production.
• Grade B is a by-product of acrylate production.
• Grade B is a by-product of coke production.

The production of grade B ammonium sulfate is based on the reaction of neutralization of sulfuric acid with ammonia. Ammonia is contained in the coke oven gas released during coking hard coal. Crystalline slightly colored product. The contained small amount of sulfuric acid gives the fertilizer a slightly acidic reaction. Has no smell.

Main technical characteristics

No. p / p	The name of indicators
	Appearance	White or clear crystals
	Mass fraction of nitrogen in terms of dry matter, % not less than
	Mass fraction of water, % no more
	Mass fraction of free sulfuric acid, % no more
	Fractional composition: Mass fraction of a fraction larger than 0.5 mm,%,
	less than 6 mm, %
	Friability, %
	Mass fraction of water-insoluble residue, %, max

Ammonium sulfate is applied to the soil as a fertilizer. Application is carried out in various soil and climatic zones. The degree of danger of the product as a whole is a moderately hazardous substance in terms of the degree of impact on the body - hazard class 3.

Component	Mass fraction,	MPC rz mg / m 3	Hazard Class
ammonium sulfate	99%
free sulfuric acid	0,03 — 0,05%
ammonium bisulfate	less than 1%	not installed
pyridine sulfate	less than 1%	not installed
Ammonium sulphate may contain:
mercury	no more than 2.0 mg/kg
cadmium	no more than 0.5 mg/kg
cobalt	no more than 5.0 mg/kg
arsenic	no more than 2.0 mg/kg
nickel	no more than 4.0 mg/kg
lead	no more than 32 mg/kg
copper	no more than 33 mg/kg
zinc	no more than 55 mg/kg	not installed
chromium	no more than 2 mg/kg	not installed
manganese	no more than 1500 mg/kg	not installed

Ammonium sulfate is one of the most common nitrogen fertilizers. It quickly dissolves in soil moisture, and most of the NH 4 + ions are bound by the soil. This causes a low mobility of ammonium ions in the soil and makes it difficult to wash them out with water.

Plants assimilate the NH 4 + ammonium sulfate cation much more intensively than the SO 4 anion - since nitrogen is required for plants to form proteins in much larger quantities than sulfur. This process is accompanied by the destruction of the basic compounds contained in the soil, which leads to an increase in its acidity, which is especially noticeable with prolonged use of ammonium sulfate in the same areas. Thus, ammonium sulfate is a typical representative of physiologically acidic fertilizers.

The physiological acidity of ammonium sulfate practically does not reduce its effectiveness when applied to non-acidic soils (chernozems, gray soils, chestnut, calcareous chestnut soils) containing a sufficient amount of calcium. Prolonged application of ammonium sulfate to soils poor in calcium (acidic podzolic soils) can lead to a decrease in crop yields due to soil acidification. Therefore, with prolonged use of ammonium sulfate, liming of the soil is periodically carried out, i.e. introducing into it finely divided materials containing Ca and Mg carbonates (limestone, chalk, marl, dolomite), or quicklime and slaked lime, etc.

Ammonium sulfate is a very effective nitrogen fertilizer for winter rye, oats, potatoes, and especially for tea and rice. A valuable property of ammonium sulfate is its low caking; even after long-term storage, it crumbles easily and is dispersed by a fertilizer seeder. In addition, ammonium sulfate is slightly hygroscopic, which also facilitates the conditions for its storage, transportation and use.

The optimal application rate is 330 kg of ammonium sulfate per hectare. Ammonium sulfate is applied in the spring.

show all

Physical and chemical properties

Ammonium sulfate (NH 4) 2 SO 4 - colorless crystals, density - 1.766 g / cm 3. At temperatures above +100°C, it decomposes with the release of ammonia NH 3 and the formation of first NH 4 HSO 4 , and subsequently (NH 4) 2 S 2 O 7 and sulfanilic acid.

Solubility in water: at 0°C - 70.5 g/100 g, at +25°C - 76.4 g/100 g, at +100°C - 101.7 g/100 g. Oxidized to N 2 under the action of strong oxidizing agents, for example, potassium permanganate KMnO 4 .

Ammonium sulfate contains:

• nitrogen by mass fraction in terms of dry matter - not less than 21%;
• water - 0.2%;
• sulfuric acid - no more than 0.03%.

Fractional composition of the fertilizer:

• mass fraction of a fraction larger than 0.5 mm - not less than 80%;
• less than 6 mm - 100%.

Friability - 100%.

The mass fraction of the residue insoluble in water does not exceed 0.02%.

Application

Agriculture

Ammonium sulfate in agriculture is used as the main fertilizer for various crops.

Industry

Ammonium sulfate is used in the chemical industry as a component of the precipitation bath in the formation of viscose fiber. In the glass industry - as an additive to the glass charge to improve its fusibility.

Behavior in soil

When introduced into the soil, ammonium sulfate quickly dissolves, and a significant part of the NH 4 + cations enters the soil-absorbing complex. At the same time, an equivalent amount of displaced cations passes into the soil solution. In this case, the ammonium ion loses its mobility. This eliminates the risk of its leaching during soil leaching.

Being in the exchange-absorbed state, ammonium ions are well absorbed by plants. (Image)

Due to nitrification, ammonium nitrogen is converted to the nitrate form. The rate of transition of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate depends on the conditions necessary for nitrification: temperature, aeration, humidity, biological activity and soil reaction. One of the main factors affecting the rate of nitrification is the degree of soil cultivation.

Waterlogging and increased soil acidity inhibit nitrification. Liming of acidic soils greatly accelerates this process. After the conversion of ammonium nitrogen into nitrate, it acquires all the properties of nitrate fertilizers. As a result of the nitrification process, nitric acid is formed in the soil and sulfuric acid is released.

(NH 4) 2 SO 4 + 4O 2 → 2HNO 3 + H 2 SO 4 + 2H 2 O

In the soil, these acids are neutralized by interacting with the bicarbonates of the soil solution and the cations of the soil absorbing complex.

The neutralization of mineral acids is accompanied by the use of bicarbonates of the soil solution and the displacement of bases from the FCC by hydrogen. This weakens the buffer capacity of soils and increases their acidity.

A single application of ammonium sulfate may not affect the reaction of the soil. With the systematic use of this fertilizer, the soil environment can be significantly acidified. The degree of acidification increases with a lower buffering capacity of soils.

Application on various types of soil

Ammonium sulfate with prolonged use has an oxidizing effect on the soil.

On acidic soils

the oxidizing effect of this fertilizer is manifested after a few years. To regulate the soil reaction and enhance the action of the fertilizer, it is recommended to carry out liming or neutralize ammonium sulfate before applying to the soil. To do this, 1.3 q of lime is added to 1 quintal of fertilizer.

On the chernozems

soil acidity increases after 10-15 years. However, the acidification of chernozems has practically no effect on the yield, since these types of soils have a high humus content, high buffering capacity, and absorption capacity.

On chestnut soils

and gray soils, there is no reason to fear acidification of carbonate soils.

On light soils

in areas of sufficient moisture, ammonium sulfate is most effective due to weak ammonium migration.

Application methods

Ammonium sulfate is most suitable for. But it is also acceptable to use for surface winter crops, hayfields and pastures, as well as