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Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is colorless and odorless. It is almost 1.5 times heavier than air. Under normal conditions, one volume of carbon dioxide dissolves in one volume of water.

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Air always contains about 0.3% carbon dioxide. Its content in the air is unstable. Air in cities, especially near plants and factories, contains slightly more carbon dioxide than air in rural areas.

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Carbon dioxide is formed during respiration and combustion of fuel, as well as during smoldering and decay of various organic substances.

The water of many mineral springs contains a significant amount of dissolved carbon dioxide. One of these sources of mineral water is located in Kislovodsk. Every day this spring brings out about two and a half million liters of mineral water containing up to 5 g of free carbon dioxide.

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The waters of the seas and oceans contain a lot of dissolved carbon dioxide, ten times more than in the air.

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When the pressure is increased to 60 atm, it turns into a colorless liquid. When liquid carbon dioxide evaporates, part of it can turn into a solid snow-like mass. It is pressed and the so-called "dry ice" is obtained, which sublimates under normal pressure without melting, and its temperature drops to -78.5 ° C. Therefore, dry ice is mainly used for storage food products and especially ice cream.

Chemical properties
The chemical properties of carbon dioxide are
acid oxides. When dissolved in water, it forms
carbonic acid. Reacts with alkalis to form
carbonates and hydrocarbons. enters into reactions
electrophilic substitution (for example, with phenol) and
nucleophilic addition (for example, with
organomagnesium compounds).

Physical Properties
Carbon monoxide (IV) - carbon dioxide, odorless and colorless gas,
on strong cooling it crystallizes as a white
snow-like mass - "dry ice". At atmospheric
pressure, it does not melt, but evaporates, the sublimation temperature
-78 °С. Carbon dioxide is formed during rotting and burning
organic substances. Contained in the air and mineral
sources, is released during the respiration of animals and plants.
Soluble in water (1 volume of carbon dioxide in one volume
water at 15°C).

Application
In food
industry
carbon dioxide
used as
preservative and
baking powder,
denoted by
packaging by code
E290. Carbon dioxide
is used for
carbonated lemonade and
carbonated water.

Liquid carbon dioxide is widely used in systems
fire extinguishers and fire extinguishers.

carbonic acid in
spray cans
applied in
air gun
(in gas balloon
pneumatics) and as
energy source for
engines in
aeromodelling.

Solid carbon dioxide - "dry ice" - is used as
refrigerant in laboratory studies, in retail, at
equipment repair (for example: cooling one of the mating
parts when landing in tension), etc. To liquefy carbon dioxide and
dry ice is produced using carbon dioxide plants.

Role in living organisms and
influence on them
Carbon dioxide is produced by burning or
decay of organic matter. carbon monoxide
contained in the air and underground minerals
sources. Humans and animals also emit
carbon dioxide when you exhale air. Plants without
lighting release it, and during photosynthesis
absorb intensively. Thanks to the process
cell metabolism of all living beings oxide
carbon is one of the main constituents
surrounding nature.

This gas is not toxic, but if it accumulates in a large
concentration, suffocation (hypercapnia) may begin, and when it
deficiency develops the opposite state -
hypocapnia. Carbon dioxide transmits ultraviolet
rays and reflects infrared. It is a greenhouse gas
which directly contributes to global warming. This
is due to the fact that the level of its content in the atmosphere
constantly growing, which leads to the greenhouse effect.

Interesting Facts
English scientist Joseph Priestley in 1767
became interested in the nature of bubbles,
which come to the surface at
beer fermentation. Over the beer vat
placed a bowl of water, which was then
I tasted it and found that it
has a refreshing effect. Priestley
discovered nothing but carbon dioxide,
which is still used today
production of carbonated drinks. Through
five years Priestley published a work in
which described a more advanced method
producing carbon dioxide by reaction
sulfuric acid with chalk.

The surprising fact is that not only a person can be
in a state of intoxication. Scientists have found that
similar "drunken" behavior occurs in fish. They just get drunk
from alcohol, but from carbon dioxide.
The inhabitants of the ocean literally lose their heads if in the water
the concentration of CO2 increases. Violation of coordination and
the disappearance of a sense of danger are the main manifestations of such
states.
This strange phenomenon was discovered by a researcher
John Cook University by Philip Mandey. He experimented
with reef fish by placing them in aquariums that have been
increased CO2 content. And the experimental fish began to lead
themselves in unexpected ways, for example, swam on the smells of predators.
Göran Nilsson (a colleague of the Oslo researcher) suggested that
carbon dioxide, when interacting with ocean water, increases its
acidity. Therefore, the chemical balance of fish is disturbed due to the fact that
that they need to maintain a higher concentration of ions
inside the cells. As a result, an effect is created that is very reminiscent of
drunkenness and they begin to behave inappropriately.

The average house emits twice as much carbon dioxide as the average house
automobile.

Dry ice gets its name from its resemblance to regular ice.
ice. But it's not a solid form
water, but carbon dioxide (CO2),
which is odorless, tasteless and
colors. Dry ice temperature
is -78.5 degrees Celsius.
Most often it is used for
cooling ice cream or
fog generators on film sets
sites. Evaporating dry ice
turns back into gas, cools
air and cause condensation
water vapor, which creates
"foggy effect"

The natural content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere changed by
throughout history between 180 and 300 ppm
(promille). Today CO2 levels hover around 380
ppm, which is 25% more than the highest rate in
natural environment.
In 1997, the CO2 content in the atmosphere increased by 2.87
ppm this increase was more than any
another year of modern history.
From the bowels of the Earth comes a lot of natural vapors, vapors
water, large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gases,
which, when released into the atmosphere, absorb solar energy And
radiate it into reverse side. This type of warming is called
"natural greenhouse effect". "Greenhouse effect",
against all odds, causes global climate change
due to an increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere of our planet.

Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius back in 1896
understood that production activity human
already surpasses the earth's capacity for natural
absorption of carbon dioxide
Current burning of fossil fuels
adds about six billion tons of carbon dioxide
gas into our planet's atmosphere every year. Only
half of the gases from these emissions are recycled
forests and oceans.
Massive deforestation is the cause of 20%
global warming as a result of gas pollution,
inhibiting the reabsorption of carbon dioxide.

The Earth's atmosphere currently contains 40% more CO2 than
before the industrial revolution.
The population of the United States is 5% of the world community,
but the American nation creates demand for 25% of commercial consumption
energy in the world and produces 22% of industrial carbon dioxide emissions
gas, in comparison with the world.
About 75% of the annual increase in carbon dioxide content in
atmosphere is characterized by the burning of fossil fuels.
More than 20% of carbon dioxide emissions come from gasoline
car engines. Although leadership in environmental damage is still
owned by fossil fuel power plants.
A significant increase in CO2 in the atmosphere can of course increase
temperature, but not as much as water vapor, the proportion of which is
more than 90% in the main components to create a greenhouse effect.

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Slides captions:

Oxides of carbon Chemistry teacher MOU "KSOSH No. 7" Gareeva O.I.

Obtaining carbon monoxide (II) Industrial method 1. It is formed during the combustion of carbon or compounds based on it (for example, gasoline) in conditions of lack of oxygen: 2C + O 2 = 2CO 2. When carbon monoxide (IV) is reduced with hot coal: CO 2 + C = 2CO This reaction often takes place in furnace fires.

Obtaining carbon monoxide (IV) 1. In industry, they are obtained by roasting natural carbonates (limestone, dolomite). CaCO 3 \u003d CaO + CO 2 2. In laboratory conditions, it is obtained by the interaction of carbonates and bicarbonates with acids, for example marble, chalk or soda with hydrochloric acid: CaCO 3 + 2HCI \u003d CaCI 2 + H 2 O + CO 2 Can be used to make drinks reaction of baking soda with citric acid or sour lemon juice.

Physical properties CO - carbon monoxide (II), carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide Gas, colorless, odorless, lighter than air, slightly soluble in water, much better soluble in alcohol, T. pl. -205.02 0 C, bp -191.5 density 1.25 g/l (0 0 C) Very poisonous! CO 2 - carbon monoxide (IV), carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide. Gas, colorless, odorless, 1.5 times heavier than air, soluble in water, density 1.98 g/l So pl. −57 °C), T, kip −78 °C, sublimates. The solid oxide is called "dry ice"

Chemical properties of carbon monoxide (II) At room temperature, CO is inactive, its chemical activity increases significantly when heated and in solutions CO is a non-salt-forming oxide 1. When heated, it reduces metals from oxides: CO + CuO → Cu + CO 2 2. Burns blue in air flame (reaction start temperature 700 °C): 2 CO + O 2 → 2CO 2 + Q The combustion temperature of CO can reach 2100 °C.

Chemical properties of carbon monoxide (IV) CO 2 - acidic oxide 1. Interacts with water, forming unstable carbonic acid (reversible reaction) CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 3 2. Interacts with alkalis, while forming carbonates and bicarbonates CO 2 + Ca (OH) 2 \u003d CaCO 3 ↓ + H 2 O CaCO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O \u003d Ca (HCO 3) 2 3. Interacts with basic oxides CO 2 + CaO \u003d CaCO 3

The use of carbon monoxide (II) As a reducing agent, CO is used in metallurgy for iron smelting.

Water gas is used as a fuel, and is also used in chemical synthesis - to obtain ammonia, higher alcohols, etc.

Carbon monoxide(II) is used to treat animal meat and fish, giving them a bright red color and a fresh appearance, without changing the taste. The permissible concentration of CO is 200 mg/kg of meat.

The use of carbon monoxide (IV) Carbon dioxide is used to carbonate fruit and mineral waters, for the production of sugar, in medicine for carbonic baths.

In the food industry, carbon monoxide (IV) is used as a preservative and is indicated on the packaging under the code E290, as well as a dough baking powder.

Cylinders with liquid carbon dioxide are widely used as fire extinguishers 1) in portable fire extinguishers; 2) in fire extinguishing systems of aircrafts and ships, carbon dioxide fire engines. Such widespread use in fire extinguishing is due to the fact that in some cases water is not suitable for extinguishing.

Technologies for cleaning various surfaces with "dry ice" granules. Cleaning injection molds with "dry ice"

Solid carbon dioxide - dry ice - is used in glaciers. Liquid carbon dioxide is used as a refrigerant and working fluid in refrigerators, freezers, and solar power generators.

Scientists have found a way to use carbon dioxide: it can be used to make polycarbonate, which is used to make CDs. The first DVDs and plastic bottles from CO 2 may appear on sale in a couple of years.

The biological significance of carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide (IV) plays one of the main roles in wildlife, participating in many metabolic processes of a living cell. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is the main source of carbon for plants. Plants take in carbon dioxide during photosynthesis,

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Presentation on the topic: Carbon dioxide

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Physical properties Carbon monoxide (IV) is a colorless gas, about 1.5 times heavier than air, highly soluble in water, odorless, non-flammable, does not support combustion, causes suffocation. Under pressure, it turns into a colorless liquid, which solidifies on cooling.

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Formation of carbon monoxide (IV) In industry, a by-product of lime production. In the laboratory - when acids interact with chalk or marble. When burning carbonaceous substances. With slow oxidation in biochemical processes (respiration, decay, fermentation).

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We catch smoke Combustion is associated with the appearance of smoke. Smoke is white, black, and sometimes invisible. Above a hot candle or spirit lamp rises such an "invisible" smoke called carbon dioxide. Hold a clean test tube over the candle and catch a little "invisible" smoke. To prevent it from flying away, quickly close the test tube with a cork without a hole. Carbon dioxide will be invisible in a test tube. Save this tube of carbon dioxide for future experiments.

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"Muddy story" Pour some lime water (to cover the bottom) into the test tube in which you captured the carbon dioxide from the candle flame. Close the vial with your finger and shake it. The clear lime water became quite cloudy. Only carbon dioxide is to blame. If you take lime water in a test tube that did not contain carbon dioxide and shake the test tube, the water will remain clear. This means that the turbidity of the lime water is proof that there was carbon dioxide in the test tube.

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Carbon dioxide is released from soda. Take some soda powder and heat it in a horizontal reinforced test tube. Connect this tube with an elbowed tube to another tube containing water. Bubbles will start to come out of the tube. Therefore, some kind of gas enters the water from soda. Do not allow the glass tube to be lowered into the water after the end of heating, otherwise the water will rise through the tube and fall into the hot test tube with soda. This may cause the tube to burst. After you see that gas is released from the soda when heated, try replacing the plain water in the test tube with lime water. She will become dull. Soda releases carbon dioxide.

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Lemonade gas is also carbon dioxide. If you open a bottle of lemonade or start shaking it, a lot of gas bubbles will appear in it. Close the lemonade bottle with a cork in which a glass tube is inserted, and dip the long end of the tube into a vial of lime water. Soon the water will become cloudy. So lemon gas is carbon dioxide. It is formed from carbonic acid contained in lemonade.

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Vinegar expels carbon dioxide from soda Carbon dioxide is contained in a number of substances, but it is impossible to determine it by eye. If you pour vinegar on a piece of baking soda, the vinegar will sizzle violently and some gas will be released from the baking soda. If you put a piece of soda in a test tube, pour some vinegar into it, close it with a cork with an elbowed tube, and dip the long end of the tube into lime water, you will be convinced that carbon dioxide is also released from the soda.

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Lemonade in your pocket Carbon dioxide in drinks increases their refreshing effect. You can make a foamy lemon at any time. To do this, mix 2 cubic centimeters of citric acid powder, 2 cubic centimeters of soda and 6 cubic centimeters of powdered sugar in a test tube. These three substances must be thoroughly mixed, shaking, and pouring onto a large sheet of paper. This amount must be divided into equal portions. Each portion should be large enough to cover the round bottom of the tube. Wrap each portion in a separate piece of paper, as powders are wrapped in a pharmacy. From one such bag you can get a glass of refreshing lemonade.

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Limestone emits carbon dioxide If foam appears when a substance is wetted with acid, this is almost always due to the released carbon dioxide. It is he who forms this foam. Wetted limestone hisses and foams, carbon dioxide is released from it. If you are not sure about this, make an experiment: put a piece of limestone in a test tube and add acid, then close the test tube with a stopper with a glass tube and dip the long end of this tube into lime water. The water becomes cloudy. There are several types of lime. Limestone is calcium carbonate.

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Sinking Flame Warmed carbon dioxide, or smoke, is light and freely rises into the air, cold carbon dioxide is heavy, settles to the bottom of the vessel and gradually fills it to the brim. In carbon dioxide, combustion is impossible, since it is itself a product of combustion. If you put a candle at the bottom of a vessel and watch it for a while, you will see that the flame will soon go out. Carbon dioxide, which was transformed during the burning of a candle, will gradually fill the vessel to the brim, and the flame will “drown” in carbon dioxide.

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Information source D. Shkurko, "Funny Chemistry", Leningrad, "Children's Literature", 1976. James Verzeim, Chris Oxlade, "Chemistry. School illustrated reference book, ROSMEN, 1995. F.G. Feldman, G.E. Rudzitis, "Chemistry 9. A textbook for the 9th grade of secondary educational institutions", M., "Enlightenment", 1994. Sources of illustrations http://www.tonis.ua/content/news/thumbnail/320x240/349.jpg http: //img.lenta.ru/news/2006/10/27/morgan/picture.jpg http://edwinfotografeert.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/co2-brand.jpg?w=300&h=214 http: //him.1september.ru/2004/36/23-1.jpg http://www.3dnews.ru/_imgdata/img/2009/11/22/150662.jpg http://img.lenta.ru/ science/2004/10/11/carbon/picture.jpg http://img1.liveinternet.ru/images/attach/c/3/75/324/75324927_660779_kopiya.gif http://www.qualenergia.it/sites/ default/files/articolo-img/CO2_anidride_carbonica_carbon_bomba.jpg?1297712324 http://www.blackpantera.ru/upload/iblock/9c9/9c99680c814d3904d302dd9f4d42c33b.jpg

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Carbon dioxide

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The structure of the molecule
The CO2 molecule is linear, the length of the C=O double bond is 0.116 nm. Within the framework of the theory of hybridization of atomic orbitals, two σ-bonds are formed by sp-hybrid orbitals of the carbon atom and 2p-orbitals of the oxygen atom. The p-orbitals of carbon that do not participate in hybridization form p-bonds with similar oxygen orbitals. The molecule is non-polar.

slide 3

Physical Properties
Carbon monoxide (IV) - carbon dioxide, a colorless and odorless gas, heavier than air, soluble in water, with strong cooling, it crystallizes in the form of a white snow-like mass - "dry ice". At atmospheric pressure, it does not melt, but evaporates, the sublimation temperature is -78 ° C. Carbon dioxide is formed during the decay and combustion of organic matter. Contained in the air and mineral springs, released during the respiration of animals and plants. Slightly soluble in water (1 volume of carbon dioxide in one volume of water at 15 °C).

slide 4

Chemical properties
Chemically, carbon monoxide is inert. 1. Oxidizing properties Shows oxidizing properties with strong reducing agents at high temperatures. Coal is restored to carbon monoxide: C + CO2 = 2CO. Magnesium, ignited in air, continues to burn in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide: 2Mg + CO2 = 2MgO + C.

slide 5

Chemical properties
2. Acid oxide properties Typical acid oxide. Reacts with basic oxides and bases to form salts of carbonic acid: Na2O + CO2 = Na2CO3, 2NaOH + CO2 = Na2CO3 + H2O, NaOH + CO2 = NaHCO3.

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Chemical properties
3. Qualitative reaction The qualitative reaction for the detection of carbon dioxide is the turbidity of lime water: Ca(OH)2 + CO2 = CaCO3↓ + H2O. At the beginning of the reaction, a white precipitate is formed, which disappears when CO2 is passed through lime water for a long time, because. insoluble calcium carbonate turns into soluble bicarbonate: CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 = Сa(HCO3)2.

Slide 7

In industry, it is a by-product of lime production. In the laboratory when acids interact with chalk or marble. When burning carbonaceous substances. With slow oxidation in biochemical processes (respiration, decay, fermentation).
Receipt

Slide 8

Getting sugar. Fire extinguishing. Production of fruit waters. "Dry ice". Getting cleaning supplies. Getting medication. Obtaining soda, which is used to obtain glass.
Application of carbon monoxide (IV)

Slide 9

Combustion is associated with the appearance of smoke. Smoke is white, black, and sometimes invisible. Above a hot candle or spirit lamp rises such an "invisible" smoke called carbon dioxide. Hold a clean test tube over the candle and catch a little "invisible" smoke. To prevent it from flying away, quickly close the test tube with a cork without a hole. Carbon dioxide will be invisible in a test tube. Save this tube of carbon dioxide for future experiments.
We're catching smoke

Slide 10

"Muddy story"
Pour some lime water (to cover the bottom) into the test tube in which you captured the carbon dioxide from the candle flame. Close the vial with your finger and shake it. The clear lime water became quite cloudy. Only carbon dioxide is to blame. If you take lime water in a test tube that did not contain carbon dioxide and shake the test tube, the water will remain clear. This means that the turbidity of the lime water is proof that there was carbon dioxide in the test tube.

slide 11

Soda releases carbon dioxide
Take some baking soda powder and heat it up in a horizontal reinforced test tube. Connect this tube with an elbowed tube to another tube containing water. Bubbles will start to come out of the tube. Therefore, some kind of gas enters the water from soda. Do not allow the glass tube to be lowered into the water after the end of heating, otherwise the water will rise through the tube and fall into the hot test tube with soda. This may cause the tube to burst. After you see that gas is released from the soda when heated, try replacing the plain water in the test tube with lime water. She will become dull. Soda releases carbon dioxide.

slide 12

Lemonade gas is also carbon dioxide
If you open a bottle of lemonade or start shaking it, a lot of gas bubbles will appear in it. Close the lemonade bottle with a cork in which a glass tube is inserted, and dip the long end of the tube into a vial of lime water. Soon the water will become cloudy. So lemon gas is carbon dioxide. It is formed from carbonic acid contained in lemonade.

slide 13

Vinegar removes carbon dioxide from baking soda
Carbon dioxide contains in a number of substances, but it is impossible to determine it by eye. If you pour vinegar on a piece of baking soda, the vinegar will sizzle strongly and some gas will be released from the soda. If you put a piece of soda in a test tube, pour some vinegar into it, close it with a cork with an elbowed tube, and dip the long end of the tube into lime water, you will be convinced that carbon dioxide is also released from the soda.

Slide 14

lemonade factory
Even a weak acid drives carbon dioxide out of soda. Cover the bottom of the test tube with citric acid and pour the same amount of soda on top of it. Mix these two substances. Both of them get along, but not for long. Pour this mixture into an ordinary glass and quickly fill it with fresh water. How much she hisses and foams! Like real lemonade. You can easily drink it. It is absolutely harmless, even delicious. You just need to add sugar at the very beginning, just to make it tastier.

slide 15

Lemonade in your pocket
Carbon dioxide in drinks increases their refreshing effect. You can make a foamy lemon at any time. To do this, mix 2 cubic centimeters of citric acid powder, 2 cubic centimeters of soda and 6 cubic centimeters of powdered sugar in a test tube. These three substances must be thoroughly mixed, shaking, and pouring onto a large sheet of paper. This amount must be divided into equal portions. Each portion should be large enough to cover the round bottom of the tube. Wrap each portion in a separate piece of paper, as powders are wrapped in a pharmacy. From one such bag you can get a glass of refreshing lemonade.

slide 16

Limestone releases carbon dioxide
If foam appears when a substance is wetted with acid, this is almost always due to the release of carbon dioxide. It is he who forms this foam. Wetted limestone hisses and foams, carbon dioxide is released from it. If you are not sure about this, make an experiment: put a piece of limestone in a test tube and add acid, then close the test tube with a stopper with a glass tube and dip the long end of this tube into lime water. The water becomes cloudy. There are several types of lime. Limestone is calcium carbonate.

Slide 17

sinking flame
Warm carbon dioxide, or smoke, is light and freely rises into the air, cold carbon dioxide is heavy, settles to the bottom of the vessel and gradually fills it to the brim. In carbon dioxide, combustion is impossible, since it is itself a product of combustion. If you put a candle at the bottom of a vessel and watch it for a while, you will see that the flame will soon go out. Carbon dioxide, which was transformed during the burning of a candle, gradually fills the vessel to the brim, and the flame "drowns" in carbon dioxide.