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The culture of kyrgyzstan is a creative work. Traditions of the Kyrgyz people on the conservation of water and water resources

Culture of Kyrgyzstan

Customs and rituals of the Kyrgyz people. Traditional clothes. national dwellings

The traditions of the peoples of Kyrgyzstan, that is, how the people traditionally live, what has evolved over the centuries in their lives, which allowed them to survive, is always of interest to researchers, travelers, and tourists. That reasonable sufficiency, accumulated for centuries in the way of life of the people, their culture, self-expression, now attracts to the region of Central Asia.

Dwellings

The nomadic way of life imposes its own conditions on human life. And this means that his housing should be adapted and comfortable for life. Therefore, the traditional dwelling of the Kirghiz was the yurt, the basis of which was a wooden frame, located around the circumference, which ended with a domed tent. In the center of the tent there was a hole for the exit of smoke from the hearth, which in winter was bred for warmth in the yurt. The walls of the yurt were covered with mats made of chiy (hard cereal), on top of which thick pieces of felt were laid. To the left of the entrance to the yurt there was a male half, to which there are items of male use: saddles, harnesses for horses, items for hunting, etc. To the right of the entrance to the yurt was the female half. In the center of the yurt there was a hearth, behind which, against the wall, stacks of blankets and chests lay on a wooden stand. Carpets are a special decoration of the yurt. The place behind the hearth is the most honorable. It was rightfully occupied by the owner of the house or an honored guest. For the winter, families of the Kirghiz gathered together, and in the spring they broke up into groups and left to roam with flocks of animals to high mountain pastures.

The dwellings of the Kirghiz, living settled and engaged in agriculture, were houses built of their adobe bricks. The adobe brick was clay mixed with finely cut grass, dried in the sun. In the houses of the Kyrgyz, as before, felt carpets, wall panels with embroidery, chests for storing things play an important role in the interior of the house. Traditionally, the Kyrgyz do a lot of work together. Near the house of the Kirghiz there is a veranda, usually entwined with grapes, fruit trees grow around the house, many flowers, there are pens for livestock at a distance.

The dwelling of an urban Kyrgyz is usually a sectional apartment, usually consisting of two, three, four rooms, cabinet furniture stands along the walls, in the middle of the room on the floor and carpets on the walls.

Cloth

The clothes of the Kyrgyz were also adapted to the conditions of life, due to the type of activity. It was a cotton or calico shirt, loose trousers with a drawstring. A camisole was worn over the shirt, sewn fitted, in cold weather, over which a dressing gown made of wadding or homespun cloth was put on. The winter clothes of the Kirghiz are sheepskin coats and trousers made of sheep's wool with fur inside. Kyrgyz shoes are soft-soled boots without heels. The summer headdress of the Kyrgyz is a hat made of thin, white felt with black velvet lapels. The winter headdress was a sheepskin hat with earflaps.

Traditional women's clothing consisted of a long white shirt, which also served as a dress, and long harem pants, which were worn under the dress. A sleeveless jacket or camisole was worn over the dress. Girls and young women wear sleeveless jackets and camisoles made of colored velvet. The clothes of married women also consisted of a kind of skirt with a wide belt and bright embroidery, which was sewn from sheepskins, the fur is located inside. They were worn in the cold season. On the head of a married woman, one can see a turban headdress made of thin muslin; the girls wore round hats trimmed with fluffy fur and decorated with eagle owl feathers. Modern Kyrgyz clothing is common. This is a business suit for everyday work, sportswear, sneakers, light dresses made of cotton and silk - women's outfit.

Holidays

The public life of the Kirghiz determined the nomadic way of life. The monotonous course of life on the pastures was broken by family holidays, in which all the inhabitants of the village took part. It was the birth of a boy, his circumcision, weddings, commemorations were accompanied by plentiful refreshments.

A big event in the village was the arrival of storytellers and musicians, for the performance of which a lot of people gathered. In winter, men's feasts were arranged, here they played the komuz (stringed musical instrument), played various games. Critical Issues among the Kirghiz, sucking elders decided, among the people, various forms of mutual assistance are traditionally adopted, both related and neighborly.

Rites

Kirghiz families are usually large, they lived together. The head of the family is the father, who disposes of all property. The wife was deprived of the right to vote and did not own property. In the event of the death of the husband, the children remained in families with relatives. A widow used to be given in marriage to the brother of the deceased. The funeral ceremony took place on the day of the death, the deceased was buried in a shroud, an adobe structure such as a mausoleum was placed on the grave. Wake for the deceased was held on the third, seventh and fortieth day and a year after death. For the woman, the commemoration did not cope.

Creation

Traditionally leading place in oral folk art of the Kirghiz - this is an epic genre, the pearl of which is the heroic epic - the trilogy "Manas", which tells about the exploits of the hero Manas, his son Semetey and grandson Seitek. The image of a Kyrgyz woman reflects the portrait of the beautiful Kanykey - the wife of Manas, smart, insightful, beautiful. The epic depicts the life of the Kyrgyz, weddings, commemorations, celebrations, family life.

Entertainment

A fascinating and exciting spectacle is the national games and sports competitions of the Kyrgyz. It will be interesting for you not only to see, but also to participate in them, to test your strength, dexterity and ingenuity.

Like many centuries ago, the favorite entertainment of the Kirghiz is hunting with birds of prey and competitions on horseback: horse races, a duel between two horsemen on peaks, horse wrestling, a gambling game in which a young man and a girl competed, "struggle" for the carcass of a goat. Due to the prevailing living conditions, the Kyrgyz have been excellent riders since ancient times. Strength, courage, dexterity and dexterity of perseverance require the competition of jigits "atchabysh"- jumps for 20-30 km and "dzhorgo-salysh"- pacers races for 2-10 km, exciting horseback riding "Oodarysh". But the most striking sight is the struggle of the riders for the carcass "Ulak tartysh" or "Kok Boru", revealing the strength, courage, prowess and dexterity of the competitors. Interesting horse game "kyz kuumai"(Catch up with the girl), which has long been common among Kyrgyz youth. The girl starts the race a little earlier than the horseman, who is obliged to catch up with her and touch her with his hand. If the horseman does not catch up with the girl, he is eliminated from further competitions. Only the most dexterous and courageous can handle the most difficult of the horse races: "jamby atmai"- shooting at a gallop at a target and "chiyin enmei"- getting a coin from the ground at a gallop, which lies in a hole at a depth of 1.5-2 cm.

Not a single national holiday or celebration is complete without men's power competitions, of which tug of war is especially popular. "lasso tartmay" and belt wrestling "kuresh". Participants of "kuresh" come out in a circle, approach each other and take each other by the belt. It is necessary to observe one of the conditions not to take your hands off the "opponent's" belt. The winner is the one who puts the opponent on both shoulder blades.

Folklore of the Kyrgyz people

Folklore lovers will be able to get acquainted with the richness of Kyrgyz folklore, Kyrgyz folk instruments, Kyrgyz epic.

The Kyrgyz people have long been famous for their musicality. The Kyrgyz divide their music, which is rooted in the depths of centuries, into songs and kyu. Kyu includes all musical works for folk instruments. The most popular musical instrument is the three-stringed plucked instrument. komuz. Popular two-string bowed kyyak and reed temir ooz komuz. Among the Kyrgyz, solo music-making is traditional. Popular alternate, in the form of competition, the performance of musicians and singers.

Folklore in the past existed exclusively in oral form. The performers adopted each other's music by ear, thus becoming not only interpreters, but also co-authors.

Folk songs make up a significant part of the musical creativity of the Kyrgyz.

Akyn songwriting is a special kind of Kyrgyz song folklore. Akyn- folk singer improviser. Akyn accompanies his singing by playing the komuz.

The genres of Kyrgyz folklore are diverse. Kyrgyz folklore, in addition to ritual poetry and lyrical genre, is richly represented by moralizing oral poetry, proverbs and sayings, riddles and fairy tales, myths and legends . The songs of the Kyrgyz are pleasant and melodic. Listen to Kyrgyz melodies and songs, they will bring joy and peace to your hearts.

National cuisine

The Kyrgyz Republic is known not only as a land of picturesque nature, but also as a country with an ancient original culture, with preserved individual elements of a nomadic lifestyle, adjacent to modern civilization.

Kyrgyz national cuisine is of particular interest to guests of the republic arriving from other countries and gives the trip a special flavor and attractiveness.

It was in food that the ancient traditions of the people turned out to be the most stable. One of the features of the Kyrgyz cuisine is that the products for the most part retain their natural appearance and taste. The main ones are meat, milk, vegetables and fruits, flour products are widely used.

The most honorable place on the festive table is a national dish "beshbarmak"(five fingers). You can only enjoy its taste by tasting it. From mare's milk, a wonderful drink koumiss is prepared, which is famous for its exceptional taste and healing properties. This drink cures people of many ailments, and is also a champion in the content of vitamins.

National cuisine is widely represented in cafes and restaurants in every corner of the country.

Recipes for the most popular dishes of Kyrgyz cuisine

Beshbarmak

Boil lamb in large pieces in a small amount of water, adding salt and red pepper. Then take out the meat and cut into strips 0.5 cm wide and 5 cm long. Unleavened dough is thinly rolled out and cut into noodles, which are boiled in broth and leaned back into a colander. The noodles are combined with chopped meat and poached onions, which are cut into rings. The broth is served separately in bowls.

Snack "Susamyr"

Rinse the liver, cut into cubes, fry with onions in melted butter. Then put in molds, pour sour cream sauce and sprinkle with grated cheese. Bake in the oven until golden brown. Serve hot.

Salad spicy

Cut the radish, carrot into strips, cut the onion into half rings, add finely chopped garlic, season with a sauce of vegetable oil, vinegar, ground pepper, salt and leave for 15-20 minutes. Boiled meat cut into strips, combine with vegetables. Put everything in a salad bowl and decorate with herbs.

Eggplant fried in an omelette

Mix flour, eggs, milk and whisk. Peel the eggplant, cut into circles and, dipping in the prepared mixture, fry in a pan until a crust forms.

The Kyrgyz people are very hospitable - this is in the traditions of the peoples of the East. Any guest is welcome here. A traveler in Kyrgyzstan will find here a lot of interesting and exciting things for himself and will be able to join wonderful world beauty of ancient and at the same time young Kyrgyzstan. Rest in a yurt, where the peaks of the mountains, framed by Tien Shan firs, rest against the sky. Here the stars are particularly large and bright at night. And the exquisite taste of the famous beshbarmak, cooked on a fire, and the magnificent koumiss will remain in your memory for a long time. You, of course, can take part in the holidays of the Kyrgyz, hunt with birds of prey. Impressions are extraordinary.

Kyrgyz proverb "El bashi big, su bashi bol". In translation, this means, do not be at the head of the people, but be at the head of the water. Significant reserves of fresh water fed by glaciers, as well as high mountains, are the components of the country's water resources. Water here is not only a source of life, but sometimes a lever of influence.

Water resources of Kyrgyzstan flora, the development of productive forces not only in our republic, but also in a number of regions of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and China.

A little about water resources Huge volumes of water resources are concentrated in 6580 glaciers, the reserves of which are about 760 billion cubic meters. The water in the glaciers is of high quality, low salinity and is suitable for irrigation and water supply. The total area of all glaciers exceeds 8 thousand square meters. m. The largest area of glaciation in the river basin. Sary Jazz. Glaciers occupy 4.2% of the entire territory of Kyrgyzstan. In summer, a significant part of the water resources of the rivers of high mountain regions is formed due to glacial runoff.

Surface water resources Surface water resources and their runoff are distributed unevenly across the territory. In the south of Kyrgyzstan (Osh, Jalal-Abad, Batken regions) 28.5 billion cubic meters are concentrated. m, Issyk-Kul region - 11.7, Naryn 13.9, Talas - 17.5, Chui - 4.6 billion cubic meters. m. On average, there are almost 12 thousand cubic meters per person in the republic. m of surface water per year.

There are more than 2,000 rivers in the republic with a length of more than 10 km, and their total length is almost 35 thousand km. The largest rivers of the republic are the river. Naryn with an average annual consumption of 500 cubic meters, Talas-25, Chui-30, Kara-Darya-120, Sary-jazz-70, chat-60, Kyzyl-Suu-50, Soh-40, Chon-Kemin-20 cubic meters and others. About 80% of the power of these rivers occurs due to the melting of glaciers and snow cover. The highest water content of the rivers of Kyrgyzstan prevails in the spring-summer period. This largely determines the regime of water flow in rivers, necessitates the construction of irrigation facilities, water and energy hubs, reservoirs that ensure the timely supply and rational use of water resources, also taking into account the interests of water users in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan.

During the Soviet period, such important interstate water management facilities as the Toktogul, Kurpsai, Tash-Kumyr, Shamaldy-Sai, Uch-Kurgan water and energy hubs, Kirovskoye, Orto-Tokoyskoye, Papanskoye, Naiman reservoirs, the Chumysh dam, the Big Chuisky Canal and other facilities were built. They made it possible, with maximum benefit for the Central Asian republics, except for Turkmenistan, to regulate water releases in the regimes necessary for the functioning of the national economic complex of these states. The volume of annually accumulated water only in the Toktogul, Kirov, Orto-Tokoy and Papan reservoirs reaches 23 cubic meters.

The largest The largest river in the Kyrgyz Republic. Naryn, which, providing a huge flow of water, significantly affects the economic activity, not only of Kyrgyzstan, but also of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan. It flows within the territory of the republic - 535 km, the area of its basin is 53.7 thousand square meters. km, the average annual runoff fluctuates within the cub. km. Merging outside Kyrgyzstan with the river. Kara-Darya, r. Naryn forms the second largest river in Central Asia - the Syr Darya.

Of great importance in the development and functioning of the national economic complex, increasing water energy resources, protection environment, the formation of an effective water balance have lakes, reservoirs and ponds. A significant volume of water is concentrated in lakes, small ponds, reservoirs. Their total area is 6836 sq. km. Most of the lakes are located in the highlands - 3-4 thousand meters above sea level. The largest lakes are Issyk-Kel with a total water volume of 6236 cubic meters. m, Son-Kel - 278, Chatyr-Kol - 170.6, Sary-Chelek - 7.92, Kara-Suu - 4.2, Kel-Suu - 4.5, Merzbacher - with a volume of 4.5 cubic meters. km of water, etc.

Lake Issyk-Kel is a non-freezing lake (water temperature + (20-4) °C), water salinity 5.97%, about 30 rivers flow into the lake and not a single river flows out of it. A significant part of the replenishment of the lake water is provided by atmospheric precipitation, and part is provided by groundwater. Water consumption occurs due to evaporation. There are 22 species of fish in the lake. A large number of waterfowl winter here. The lake mainly determines the climatic conditions, specialization economic activity coastal areas - these are sanitary and health resort complexes, rest houses, tourism. There are somewhat limited transport across the lake. freight transportation on ships and barges. Fishing is not of great industrial importance.

Lake Son-Kol is located at an altitude of 3016 m, is a fresh lake, the mirror area is 270 square meters. m, depth - 22 m. 18 rivers and streams are formed from the lake. The lake is covered with ice in late October - early November, and in April it opens. Up to 66 species of waterfowl migratory birds arrive here at one time. In recent years, peled, whitefish, naked osman have been acclimatized in the lake. Fish is caught in the lake, but it does not play a big role in the economic activity of the Naryn region.

Lake Sary-Chelek is located at an altitude of 1878 m above sea level. IN winter period(December-April) the lake freezes. The water is slightly mineralized (ml / g) and fish live here: marinka, carp, etc. There are beautiful landscapes and forests around the lake. This is a biosphere reserve - a territory protected by the state.

The republic has a significant amount of groundwater. Operational groundwater reserves, in addition to natural resources, are provided by the flow of springs, artificial and attracted resources. The total operational groundwater resources are estimated at about 435 m3/s. Based on the use of underground water resources, about 5.6 thousand water wells have been built in the republic, providing water withdrawal of about 4.9 million cubic meters. m per day, of which in the south of Kyrgyzstan 1.7 million cubic meters. m and north - 3.2 cubic meters. m per day. Groundwater is widely used in the field industrial production, for agricultural needs, irrigation, watering of pastures, for medicinal purposes, for drinking needs, etc. Their importance in the water balance of the republic continues to be significant.

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Kyrgyzstan

Capital: Bishkek
Languages: Kyrgyz (state), Russian (official)
Political system: Parliamentary republic (after the election of a new parliament on October 10, 2010)
Area: 199,900 sq. km; length of borders - 4503 km
Population: 5.5 million people
Regions: Bishkek and Osh cities and 7 regions
National currency: Kyrgyz som (USD1 = KGS 46.8)

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Flag and coat of arms of the Kyrgyz Republic

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Location

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President of Kyrgyzstan

Almazbek Atambaev

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Prime Minister

Jantoro Satybaldiev

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Currency

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A country's economy

GDP (Gross Domestic Product) - 304.4 billion soms (6.381 billion dollars) for 2012
Export - $2,276.6 million (38.3% of GDP)
Import - $3,945.7 million (66.4% of GDP)
Unemployment, according to official figures, is 73.4 thousand people (3.5% of the economically active population). In September 2011, the average wage amounted to 8,300 soms (about 200 US dollars). Average duration life of the population was 65 years (64 years for men and 72 years for women).

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Export

Export - $2,276.6 million (38.3% of GDP) for 2012. These are mainly gold (Kumtor deposit) and mercury, cotton, electricity, wool, meat, tobacco, uranium, antimony and shoes

Main export buyers:

Switzerland 27.2%
Russia 19.2%
Uzbekistan 14.3%
Kazakhstan 11.4%
France 6.7%

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Import

Import - $3,945.7 million (66.4% of GDP). It is mainly oil, gas, machinery and equipment, chemicals and food

Main import suppliers:

Russia 36.6%
China 17.9%
Kazakhstan 9.2%
Germany 8.2%.

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Population

The population is 5.5 million people. Most of the population is concentrated in the foothill valleys - Chuiskaya on the border with Kazakhstan and Fergana on the border with Uzbekistan, the Naryn and Talas valleys, as well as in the Issyk-Kul basin.
Composition of the population: Kyrgyz - 71%, Uzbeks - 14.3%, Russians - 7.8%, others - 6.9%

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Birth and death rates

Birth rate: 26.18 newborns / 1000 people.
Mortality: 9.13 deaths / 1000 people.
Life expectancy for the general population: 64.46 years; men: 62.2 years; women: 68.94 years.

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Religious composition

Mostly Sunni Muslim(75%)
Orthodox (20%)
Representatives of other faiths (5%)

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Natural resources

Proven gold reserves are estimated at 420 tons
Hydropower potential is 142.5 billion kWh
An abundance of building materials
Lead
Mercury
Antimony
Rare earth metals

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Industry

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Energy. Hydroelectric power stations are the main source of electricity in Kyrgyzstan. The energy produced in the country is sufficient to meet the needs of its own heavy industry and export supplies.
Mining industry. Kyrgyzstan has large deposits hard coal, antimony, mercury, uranium, zinc, tin, tungsten, lead, rare earth metals, wollastonite, nepheline syenites. Antimony deposits are famous for their high quality raw materials. In 1992 it was opened large deposit gold in Kumtor (central Kyrgyzstan). Metal reserves are estimated at 5.5 thousand tons, which puts Kyrgyzstan in seventh place in the world in terms of gold reserves. The government has signed a contract to develop this deposit with the Canadian mining company Komeko.
Heavy industry. The most rapidly developing branches of machine tool building, including the production of automated machine tools, which, along with equipment and spare parts, represent the most valuable export items. Equipment for the metal-working industry, pressing equipment, iron and steel pipes, agricultural equipment (mainly tractors and tilled equipment) are also produced. Kyrgyzstan is also a major producer of building materials (reinforced concrete and asbestos-cement roofing materials).

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Transport. Due to the mountainous terrain, the development of rail and pipeline transport is limited. Length railways OK. 370 km. They are a continuation of the railways of neighboring states and in the north follow from Kazakhstan to Bishkek and further to Balykchy (formerly Rybachye) on the northwestern coast of Issyk-Kul, and also from Uzbekistan to Osh and Jalal-Abad in the east of the Ferghana Valley.
The main mode of transport is automobile. The length of roads is approx. 40 thousand km. The greatest density of their network is in the north, in the basin of Lake Issyk-Kul, and in the Ferghana Valley. Several strategically important roads have been laid in the Tien Shan mountains. One of them connects the major centers of the country - Bishkek and Osh through the Tyuz-Ashuu (3586 m) and Ala-Bel (3184 m) passes, the other follows from Balykchy to Naryn and further to the high mountain lake Chatyr-Kol and through the Torugart Pass (3752 m) to the PRC, the third leads from the city of Osh to the Pamirs (Pamir Highway). For the period from 1991 to 1997, the volume of cargo transportation by land transport common use decreased from 103.3 million tons to 14.3 million tons, and passenger traffic - from 609.8 million people to 374.1 million. Shipping is carried out on Lake Issyk-Kul. Between Bishkek (from Manas Airport) and regional centers air traffic is supported. The gas pipelines Bukhara - Tashkent - Bishkek - Alma-Ata and Mayli-Sai - Jalal-Abad - Kara-Suu - Osh pass through the territory of Kyrgyzstan.
Light industry.Kyrgyzstan combines its constituent three industries - textile, clothing and leather, footwear and fur. It accounts for 24% of the number of industrial and production personnel and 30% of the gross output of the entire industry, which ensures its priority in the economic potential of the republic.
Light industry still occupies a leading position in the economy of the republic, providing high employment for the population. Along with other goods, it produces consumer goods for the local market. There are ample opportunities for export to near and far abroad. Significant is the fact that light industry is a highly efficient, fast-payback industry that provides itself with raw materials produced in the republic. In the industry as a whole, the growth rate in 2000 was 105.4%; textile and sewing enterprises 2346.6 million soms were produced, leather enterprises and enterprises for the manufacture of shoes and other leather products - 81.2 million soms. The light industry includes more than 200 industrial enterprises, forming a textile-knitwear, clothing and leather-shoe-fur complexes, which produce a wide range of goods

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Attractions

Tien Shan or "Heavenly Mountains" is one of the highest and most visited by tourists mountain systems throughout the CIS countries. This grandiose Mountain country is located mainly in the western part of Kyrgyzstan and in the east of China. The Tien Shan mountains stretched like a kind of arch, more than 1200 km long and almost 300 km wide.
Lake Sary-Chelek is considered to be the most beautiful place in the west of Kyrgyzstan. It lies at an altitude of 1940 m above sea level in the foothills of the Chatkal Range. The length of the lake from southwest to northeast is 7.5 km, the area of the water surface is 50.7 sq. km, and the depth in some places reaches 234 m.
Arslanbob is a magnificent flowering oasis nestled in the intermountain of the western and southern slopes of the Ferghana and Chatkal ranges of the central Tien Shan. Walnut forests are considered the largest on the planet. The mountain slopes were chosen by about 130 species of plants, including pistachio, almond, cherry plum, pear, apple tree, cherry, currant, raspberry and others. But the king of all this green kingdom, without a doubt, was and remains a walnut.
Jets-Oguz. The legendary Seven Bulls Gorge is such a unique and memorable area that it once inspired artists to create a series of postage stamps that have become a real rarity for true collectors.

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Famous people

Chingiz Aitmatov is a famous Kyrgyz writer, perhaps the only Central Asian author who has received international recognition. His works have been translated into English and other languages. (His books are published in more than 100 languages with a total circulation of 90 million copies.) Aitmatov was at the height of his popularity in Soviet times, and Mikhail Gorbachev sometimes quoted him in his speeches. The favorite topic of the author was the cultural heritage of the Turkic peoples, and how modernity deprives a person of individuality. Aitmatov was born in 1928 in the village of Sheker, Talas region, near the Uzbek border. He completed 6 classes, after which, at the age of 14, he became the secretary of the village council and tax collector (during the Great Patriotic War). In 1953, Aitmatov graduated from the veterinary school in Dzhambul (now Taraz, Kazakhstan) and worked on an experimental farm. "And the day lasts longer than a century", "Jamila", "Camel's eye", "My poplar in a red headscarf", "The first teacher", "Plakha", "When the mountains serve", etc.
Mikhail Vasilyevich Frunze was born in Pishpek (Bishkek) in 1885. His father was Moldovan medical worker. During the civil war in Russia, the army under the command of Frunze defeated the army of Admiral Kolchak in Siberia, and also defeated the army of General Wrangel in the Caucasus mountains. In 1918 Frunze was sent to Tashkent, where he headed the "Turkic Commission" together with General Kuibyshev. The purpose of the commission was to prevent the subversive activities of the Whites in Central Asia. In 1920, Frunze participated in the liquidation of the Bukhara and Khiva khanates, as well as in the suppression of the Basmachi movement. In honor of him, Pishpek was named after Frunze. (The city was renamed Bishkek in 1991). In Moscow there is a monument to Frunze, in Bishkek there is a museum named after Frunze, where many testimonies of the life of the great general are kept. The museum also includes the house where he was born.

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Kurmanzhan Datka (1811-1907) is a great stateswoman of the Kyrgyz Republic. She is also often called the "Alai Queen" and the "Queen of the South". The word Datka means general, she was awarded this title twice. She became the ruler of Alai, and was recognized by the khans of Bukhara and Kokand. Kurmanjan Datka is the only woman to be given the role of ruler in the Muslim world and recognized as the "mother of the nation". There are many legends about this great woman. In 1876, the Alai region joined Russian Empire and Kurmanjan Datka contributed to the establishment of friendly relations with the Russian authorities. She even received into her house two British emissaries en route from India to Bukhara, whom her jigits had previously rescued from a snow storm. At the peak of her fame, two sons and two grandsons of Kurmanjan Datka were accused of smuggling and murdering customs officials, and even the high status of a warrior could not save them. When her beloved son was hanged in the central square of the city of Osh, Kurmanjan Datka refused the persuasion of her associates to ask for release. She couldn't let her loved ones suffer because of her personal ambitions. Her lamentations are forever etched in verse. Its supporters were later driven into slavery in Siberia.
Kojomkul was born in 1889 and died in 1955 at the age of 67. He was 2.3 meters tall and weighed 164 kilograms. In his youth, Kozhomkul could easily wipe his nose at any "strong man" in power competitions. Once a strong man accepted offers to participate in competitions in the neighboring Toktogul region (in those days, power competitions were an integral part of any holiday), organized by one local bay (rich and famous person). Having won this competition, Kozhomkul became even more famous throughout the district, and he distributed the won 50 sheep and several mares to the poor and needy.

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Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky - Russian traveler and naturalist was born in a small village near Smolensk, in Western Russia April 12, 1839. From an early age, he was fond of distant lands and dreamed of traveling. His father was an army officer who retired at the age of 32. Young Nicholas continued family tradition and became a soldier. Although he never enjoyed military life, he believed that an army career would give him the best chance to "start the journey" and see the world. In 1879-80, Przhevalsky traveled to Mongolia and China, but Tibet was the ultimate goal of his expedition. Not many travelers received permission to visit Tibet. it was during this expedition that he discovered the breed of a tiny steppe horse, which now bears the name Przhevalsky. Today this breed is listed in the Red Book as an endangered species. The expedition turned north and arrived in Kyrgyzstan through the Bedel Pass, and the last point of the journey was the city of Karakol on the shores of Lake Issyk-Kul. From here Przhevalsky returned to Moscow.

Toktogul Satylgan uulu (1864-1933) - Kyrgyz poet, democrat, thinker, outstanding komuz player (komuz is the Kyrgyz national musical instrument).

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Flag and Emblem of Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyzstan)

Date of adoption: 14.01.1994

Date of adoption: 03.03.1992

The red color of the flag symbolizes valor and courage,

The golden Sun, bathed in its rays, represents peace and wealth,

The symbol of the father's house, in a broader sense, and the world as a universe.

40 rays united in a circle mean the unification of 40 ancient tribes into a single

Kyrgyzstan.

The coat of arms depicts a gyrfalcon with outstretched wings, protecting the lands of Kyrgyzstan, which symbolizes the freedom of the country.

Also featured is a pearl Kyrgyzstan - lake Issyk-Kul , surrounded by high rocky ridges Ala-Too.

On both sides, the composition is framed by ears of wheat and white cotton bolls.

prosperity sign.

Capital of Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyzstan)

Bishkek is the capital of Kyrgyzstan and The largest city countries. The sites of primitive people in the area of modern Bishkek date back to the 5th-4th millennium BC. e. The city owes its geographical position to the Great Silk Road.

The coat of arms of the city of Bishkek is a rectangular silhouette of the fortress, where below, under the broken line of the mountains, "Bishkek" appears in large letters, and above it, along the wall of the fortress, a light square with an irbis - a snow leopard in the center of the circle.

Country history

Primitive people settled on the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan in the Stone Age. These traces were discovered about 5-10 thousand years ago. They were left by hunters who painted the walls of the caves and stones with red ocher, depicting scenes of hunting and dancing.

Country history

First public entities on the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan arose in the II century BC.

In the XIII century, the lands of modern Kyrgyzstan were conquered by the Mongols.

Country history

Wanting to get rid of the oppression of the invaders, the Kyrgyz willingly accept Russian citizenship. And in the 19th century, Kyrgyzstan became part of the Russian Empire.

In 1924, Kyrgyzstan was separated into a separate Kirghiz Autonomous Region. And in 1926. Received the status of the Kirghiz ASSR.
In 1991, after the putsch in Moscow, the government declared the independence of the Kyrgyz Republic.

Natural wealth of Kyrgyzstan

Mountains Tien Shan

Waterfall

Chalice of Manas

Gorge Jets Oguz

Natural Park

Ala-Archa

Natural wealth of Kyrgyzstan

Alpine lake

Issyk-Kul

Monuments in Kyrgyzstan

Ancient city BALASAGUN

(KUZ ORDU)

Burana is the oldest of the towers found in Central Asia.

Writers of Kyrgyzstan

Chingiz Torekulovich Aitmatov - born December 12, 1928, Hero of the Kyrgyz Republic (1997)

Folklore of Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyz folk tale "The Wise Girl"

Modern Kyrgyzstan

The area of Kyrgyzstan is 198,500 sq. km.
Population - 6 million people.
The capital is Bishkek.
Official language -

Kyrgyz.

The main religion

Half the population

country lives in

countryside.

National traditions

Felt Yurt is the symbol of Kyrgyz life.

A yurt is a portable house with multi-functional features, consisting of

wooden scaffolding and felt lining. The walls and floor of the yurt are decorated

carpets. At night it is covered with straw mattresses, which do not

let the cold in and create warmth in it. There is a small oven in the center

which is cooked, and it also serves as a heater.

Until now, in large cities, some families, according to the Kyrgyz custom,

yurts are built on the occasion of important holidays, such as the birth of a child or a wedding.

The flag of the Republic features a yurt. This emphasizes the primary

the importance of the yurt.

National clothes

Woman suit

Men's suit

cotton or calico shirt

long white shirt

turning into a dress

and spacious harem pants

(koinek, shym)

over the shirt - fitted

harem pants, which are put on

fit under the dress

headdress - (ak-kalpak)

over the dress - sleeveless

thin felt hat

black lapels

or camisole

headdress (topu) -

trimmed cap

fur and decorated

owl feathers

National cuisine

The most honorable place on the festive table is occupied by

National dish "beshbarmak" (five fingers), which is made from horse meat or lamb, and served with homemade noodles and greens.

Chuchuk - fatty sausages

from horse meat.

A wonderful drink is prepared from mare's milk - koumiss.

Attractions

Tower Burana

architectural monument

Caravanserai

Museum on the mountain

Suleiman Too

Mausoleum Gumbez Manas

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Commonality of Kyrgyz and Russian folklore, customs and traditions as a source folk wisdom..

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Commonality of Kyrgyz and Russian folklore, customs and traditions as a source of folk wisdom. A.S. Pushkin Askerova Aiperi, Pochueva Valeriya Head: E.V. Bagan - teacher of Russian language and literature

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“Learning about the similarity of customs and traditions, we feel family ties between our brother peoples” L. Streltsova Object of study: folklore, holidays, customs, traditions of the Kyrgyz and Russian peoples The purpose of the project: to study, compare and identify similarities in the genres of oral folk art, customs and traditions of the two peoples (Russian and Kyrgyz) Tasks: - read folk tales, proverbs, ritual songs, ditties, akiya and other folkloristics - to find out the theme, ideological orientation of works of literature created by the peoples; - to study the literature about the customs and traditions of the indigenous peoples of Kyrgyzstan and Russia, - through the analysis of Russian and Kyrgyz folk tales to compare the heroes, to find out whether the assumptions that there are many common customs, traditions and genres in the oral folk art of the Russian and Kyrgyz peoples are confirmed; - to draw conclusions Research hypothesis: studying the creativity, traditions and customs of the peoples of Russia and Kyrgyzstan, establishing their commonality, similarity, makes it possible to assume that the source of the common culture of peoples is WISDOM, passed down from generation to generation, as well as the historically built way of life, the need to fight enemies to protect their land. Relevance. The use of this work in the lessons of literature, the world around, at educational events will bring people of different nationalities and religions even closer. Research methods: - - - study of the works of oral creativity of peoples living in the territory of Eurasia for centuries, - personal observations, comparisons, analysis of the collected information, - conclusions

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Introduction Science project is devoted to the study, comparison of customs, traditions, genres of oral folk art of Russian and Kazakh peoples, searching for common elements in them. The culture of each nation is original and unique, as it has evolved over the centuries. No less important is the problem of identifying common principles. The definition and knowledge of the commonality, mutual interbreeding of two peoples teaches respect for other peoples, brings them closer and makes them related. This is necessary for the peaceful coexistence of peoples on earth. Wonderful world of fairy tales, legends, riddles, songs. Every person hears them from the cradle. Grandmothers, having gathered their grandchildren around them, told fairy tales, described the games they played in childhood, sang old ritual songs. An atmosphere of love and unity was created. It is a pity that in our time, live communication between adults and children has been much reduced. After all, when we listen to an older person, we come into contact with our ancestors, get acquainted with the life of our native people in the past, imagine them, imitate them. The reason for choosing the topic was that once, while listening to Russian carols, we found that these songs are very similar to the Kyrgyz spells “Alas” for Nooruz both in character and content. arose problematic issue: “What else can be hidden in the songs, poems, traditions, customs of the two peoples?”

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Kolyada and Alas At the celebration of the meeting of Spring and new life "Nooruz" and in the month of Ramadan, the Kyrgyz sing alas, and on "Christmas" the Russians sing carols. In these songs, everyone wishes well-being and prosperity to every home, and the owners bring treats to them. We notice amazing similarities in the purpose and content of Kolyadok and Alas. Alas, alas, Arbaleeden kalas, Eski zhyl ketti, Zhany zhyl keldi. Alas, alas, Aidan aman, Zhyldan esen, Zhakshylykty tenir berdi, Zharyk kundu keniri birdi. Oroobuz danga tolsun, Oozubuz nanga tolsun! Alas, alas - dep alastashkan. Happiness will be your mountain! Harvest cart big! Ugly wheat, And peas, and lentils. There is always a pie on the table, Lungs are dear to you everywhere! You, owners, live together for two hundred years!

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Fairy tales. Fairy tales are beautiful works of art. A person enters the world of fairy tales as soon as he begins to speak. It turned out that fairy tales about everyday life, fairy tales and about animals are among both peoples. Both in those and in other fairy tales there are very similar characters. In fairy tales, the evil force was personified by Jean and the Serpent Gorynych. Fair and mighty bogatyrs and batyrs stood up to defend their land. We cheerfully laugh at the tricks of Apendi and Ivanushka, who turned out to be not at all “stupid” and not “fools”. Since ancient times, the people have been lovingly related to the wonderful horses of the bogatyrs-batyrs. The patrons of the heroes of fairy tales are the magical birds Samruk and the Firebird. And in those and other tales, one of the characters is Baba Yaga or Zhez Kempir. In the folk art of both peoples, the numbers 3, 7, 9 are considered magical, magical. After reading a lot of Kazakh and Russian fairy tales, I came to the conclusion that the numbers 3,7,9 were lucky, because all fairy tales end happily and safely. Thanks to these numbers, good triumphs over evil. Seven colors. Seven notes. Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit. The old lady has three sons. Three days and three nights. Three loaves. Faraway lands. Three and nine-headed snakes. Seven wonders of the world, seven days, seven miles, seven tribes of ancestors, seven heavens, seven ayats-prayers, seven shrines. The choice of numbers in fairy tales is not accidental and is based on the popular idea of the meaning of the number. There is a lot of fiction, fantasy in fairy tales, but they do not deviate from the truth of life. I think that the fairy tale should be studied by historians, because everything in it is connected with the life, life, work, art of our distant ancestors who lived in the neighborhood.

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Proverbs and sayings. The guys from our class and I picked up a lot of proverbs and sayings that belong to our (Kyrgyz and Russian) peoples and have a common meaning. Here are just a few proverbs that are relevant in content and idea. Buyukkanga jyldyz - from. For the freezing star is fire; a drowning man clutches at straws. Ah kadyryn current billbait. The well-fed does not understand the hungry. Karga, karkyldap uchup, kaz bolboyt. A crow, cackling during the flight, will not become a goose; a pig looks like a bull, only the wool is not like that. Kayrylyp icher ashyn, kakyrba yes tүkүrbo, keregi tier bashyn. Do not spit on the food that you will have to eat when you return, you will need it; don't spit in the well, it's good to drink water. Menin akylym sende emes, senin akylyn mende emes. My mind is not with you, your mind is not with me; everyone lives by his own mind. Oozdon chykkan soz otuz uruu elge taralat. The word that comes out of the mouth spreads through thirty tribes. Tөgulgön ayak guillemot tolboyt. A spilled cup will not be filled again (spilled) (about a great loss).

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A k y i and C a s t u sh k i. Kyrgyz akiya and funny funny Russian ditties are peculiar in their own way, but in both genres young people lead an impromptu argument, perform competitive songs, the themes of which are very different: public, everyday, glorifying someone or satirical comparisons of their comrades ... And I study "for fun", You just have to not yawn. Write down the assignment home And write off the solution book. In our exemplary school, they give us a lot of knowledge. A year, another, the roof will go, And goodbye to my institute. Our Islam that week Passed a notebook to the teacher. He does not know what to do with it - Clean, wash or wash ....

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Tim came out to answer, But he didn't know where to start. He was silent for an hour, then he said: “Galina Alekseevna, the bell” ... And our Nurdin in the lesson, oh, does not hear a damn thing. He has a player in his pocket, And headphones in his ears. Alijan is a super-agile goalkeeper, The guy catches every ball. And in dictation, he skips mistakes - well, at least cry! ... We made a little noise - The glass rang at school. The teacher said: "Silence!" - The wall cracked in the classroom.

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About the unity of traditions and customs Man depended on nature. He was looking for means of protection in the fight against the elements of nature and other troubles. These means were ceremonies. In order to protect themselves, their homes, people used objects that were endowed with miraculous properties. Among these items among the Eastern Slavs and the peoples of Mesopotamia were a ring, an ax, bread, fire, water, grass (adraspan, lunar), lead. These items were included in the rite especially often. Copper, silver, gold rings protected the wearer from evil. The water worked wonders. She returned sight, youth healed from diseases, revived and deprived of strength (water of holy springs). Such spiritual values as hospitality, respect for elders, greeting them with children, honoring relatives, the desire to give way to elders, respect for a woman, the inadmissibility of sitting with your back to another person can be found in many other peoples. In any oriental home, "tunduk" is considered sacred - a home vault (a symbol of the hearth). The Slavs also always keep the "warmth of the hearth." At a family meal among the Kyrgyz, the guest or the head of the family is the first to taste the food. Among the Russians, a naughty child who had tasted food before his father also received a spoon on his forehead and heard “Don’t go into hell ahead!”

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This is how our grandparents explain the meanings of the words "Lent" and "Orozo". Orozo ObservanceOrozo month of Ramadan - fulfillment of the will of the Almighty with humility and obedience, education of the spirit and body, the process of physical and spiritual purification Fasting The purpose of observing Great Lent is repentance. And the rejection of fast food, alcohol and entertainment is a test of the strength and will of a person. great post- a period for spiritual and physical cleansing

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Maslenitsa is a mischievous and cheerful farewell to winter and a meeting of spring, which brings revival in nature and solar warmth. From time immemorial, people have perceived spring as the beginning of a new life and revered the Sun, which gives life and strength to all living things. In honor of the Sun, at first they baked unleavened cakes, and when they learned how to cook leavened dough, they began to bake pancakes. The ancients believed that together with a round, ruddy pancake, so similar to the Sun, they eat a piece of its warmth and power. At this time arrange funny Games, competitions "Cockfights", "Heroes", tug of war, ditties competition "Rhyming", "Carousel" ... And, of course, what a holiday without folk songs and dances ... And finally - a friendly round dance around Maslenitsa - "Burn, burn clearly so that it does not go out!" Noouruz. On March 21, Kyrgyzstanis celebrate Nooruz, the beginning of the year according to the eastern calendar. On this day, people put on their best outfits, go to visit each other, forgive insults and express their best regards. On the night before Nooruz, all the containers in the house were filled with spring water, milk and grain - so that in the new year there would be a lot of rain and a good harvest. In addition to the sumlek, Nooruz cooks "chon kezhe" or "nooruz kezhe" - a soup made from bull meat with the addition of ingredients such as rice, peas, wheat, corn, talkan, flour, millet, potatoes and spices. After sunset, a large bonfire is sure to be kindled, at which the celebration ends with cheerful songs and dances. Nooruz is a wonderful holiday of spring, an inspired ode to the renewal of nature and new life that comes with the passing of a cold winter. The Kyrgyz believe that with the advent of Nooruz, all illnesses and failures will dissipate.

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Wedding. There are similarities in the wedding ceremony. According to ancient belief, in order to drive away evil spirits surrounding the bride, when she enters the groom’s house they create noise (sing songs, laugh, play noisy games, on musical instruments). From here the wedding came to us - toy, the bride, the bride’s farewell to her parents, treats for children, payment for the bride Arkan Tosuu. We are surprised at the similarity of parental blessing with the Kyrgyz "bata". Before us is revealed the thousand-year history of the life of the people, their character. Similarities in oral folk art, in customs, traditions depend on the unity of historical paths, on the interaction of folk cults. You can find many examples of mutual crossing of the cultures of two peoples, which bring them closer and teach us to respect them.

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Conclusions Comparing individual genres of oral folk art, customs, traditions of the Russian and Kyrgyz peoples, we can say that many of them coincide in content, meaning, and the purpose of their creation. The reason for this commonality was the unity of historical paths of development, the established way of life of the common people, the interaction folk cultures, The same work, life, means of dealing with enemies to protect their land. The commonality of customs and traditions brings people together, makes them more tolerant, makes them respect individuality, ethnic characteristics, differences in the culture of another people. Confirmation of the commonality in the culture of our peoples leads to great reconciliation, friendly cooperation, mutual understanding and even greater unity of brother peoples.

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