Defense-industrial complex. First, let's define the military-industrial complex, consider its composition, and discuss its features. Also in this lesson we will get acquainted with the role it plays in the life of our country.

Subject: general characteristics economy of Russia

Lesson: Defense Industrial Complex

Defense Industrial Complex (DIC) - a system of organizations and enterprises involved in the development and production of military equipment, weapons and ammunition.

Part Defense-industrial complex includes different types of enterprises and organizations.

1. Research organizations. Engaged theoretical research on the basis of which new types of weapons are being developed.

2. Design bureaus. They create prototypes of weapons and ammunition and work out the technologies for their production.

3. Testing laboratories and testing grounds. Check prototypes in the field, as well as test finished products defense companies.

4. Manufacturing plants. Carry out mass production of weapons, military equipment, ammunition.

Rice. 1. Composition of the defense industry

A feature of the defense industry is that the need for its products is determined not by market mechanisms, but by the state and its defensive needs and economic opportunities.

Military equipment is one of the export items of Russia. This type of export is more profitable than the export of raw materials and materials.

Russia ranks first in the world in terms of trade in conventional arms, ahead of the US, France, Germany and the UK.

Rice. 2. Military equipment

Defense industrial complex can be considered as part of the machine-building complex, therefore, the same factors act on its deployment as in machine building, but for the defense industry the most important is the military-strategic one.

Military-strategic factor includes remoteness from state borders, placement of the most important enterprises in "closed" cities, where access is limited.

The largest branches of the defense industry are: Production of nuclear weapons. This part of the nuclear industry includes the extraction of ore, the production of uranium concentrate, the enrichment of uranium, the manufacture of fuel elements, the separation of weapons-grade plutonium, the development of nuclear weapons and ammunition, and the disposal of nuclear waste. Main centers Sarov and Snezhinsk .

Rice. 3. Nuclear weapons complex

Rocket and space industry. High knowledge intensity and technical complexity manufactured products are the main features of this production. The main research institutes and design bureaus are located in Moscow and the Moscow region. The largest mass production missiles and spacecraft located in Voronezh, Samara, Zlatoust, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Zheleznogorsk. Ranges for launching missiles and testing rocket technology are located in sparsely populated areas: Cosmodrome "Plesetsk" city ​​Mirniy Arkhangelsk region, Cosmodrome "Svobodny" Amur region.

Rice. 4. Launch complex Svobodny Cosmodrome

Aviation industry. The industry produces aircraft, helicopters, aircraft engines. Companies are located mainly in major cities V Volga region e and on the territory Central Russia.

Rice. 5. Russian aviation industry

Military shipbuilding. The industry is most often located in the same place as civil shipbuilding. The main center of shipbuilding is Saint Petersburg , scientific research institutes and design bureaus are also located here . Submarines are released in cities Severodvinsk (Arhangelsk region) , Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Big Stone(Primorsky Krai), in the Primorsky Territory and the Murmansk Region, the disposal of nuclear submarines.

Rice. 6. At the shipyard

armored industry. The main enterprises of this industry are located near metallurgical plants. Tanks are produced in Omsk and Nizhny Tagil , armored personnel carriers - in Arzamas , infantry fighting vehicles Kurgan

Manufacture of small arms and artillery weapons. From the 17th century to the present, a major center for the production of small arms has been Tula , since the 19th century, small arms have been produced in large volumes in Izhevsk . Famous hunting rifles and Kalashnikovs are made here.

Rice. 7. M.T. Kalashnikov

The production of artillery weapons since the time of Peter I has been concentrated on Ural .

Main Research and Development Center for Small Arms Klimovsk Moscow region

Ammunition production. The industry includes the manufacture of explosives ( chemical industry) and the assembly of ammunition (machine-building plants).

Enterprises are located in many parts of the country, development is located in Moscow and the Moscow region.

Radio-electronic industry and production of means of communication. Focuses on labor resources, so it is located in many large cities. The main research and development offices of these industries are located in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Main

1. Customs E.A. Geography of Russia: economy and regions: Grade 9 textbook for students of educational institutions M. Ventana-Graf. 2011.
2. Economic and social geography. Fromberg A.E.(2011, 416s.)
3. Atlas of economic geography Grade 9 from Drofa 2012
4. Geography. The entire course of the school curriculum in diagrams and tables. (2007, 127p.)
5. Geography. Student's handbook. Comp. Mayorova T.A. (1996, 576s.)
6. Crib on economic geography. (To schoolchildren, applicants.) (2003, 96s.)

Additional

1. Gladky Yu.N., Dobroskok V.A., Semenov S.P. Economic Geography of Russia: Textbook - M.: Gardariki, 2000 - 752 pp.: ill.
2. Rodionova I.A., Tutorial by geography. Economic Geography of Russia, M., Moscow Lyceum, 2001. - 189p. :
3. Smetanin S.I., Konotopov M.V. History of ferrous metallurgy in Russia. Moscow, ed. "Paleotype" 2002
4. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., cart.: tsv. incl.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

1. Geography of Russia. encyclopedic Dictionary/ Ch. ed. A.P. Gorkin.-M.: Bol. Ros. ents., 1998.- 800s.: ill., maps.
2. Russian statistical yearbook. 2011: Stat.sb./Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2002. - 690 p.
3. Russia in numbers. 2011: Brief Statistical Collection / Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2003. - 398s.

Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination

1. GIA-2013. Geography: typical examination options: 10 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M .: Publishing house "National education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI-school)
2. GIA-2013. Geography: thematic and typical examination options: 25 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M .: Publishing house "National education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI-school)
3. GIA-2013 Exam in new form. Geography. Grade 9 / FIPI authors - compilers: E.M. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukova - M.: Astrel, 2012.
4. Excellent student of the exam. Geography. Solving complex problems / FIPI authors-compilers: Ambartsumova E.M., Dyukova S.E., Pyatunin V.B. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2012.

1. What functions does the Russian defense industry perform, what is its scale?
2. What is the peculiarity of the placement of the leading branches of the military-industrial complex across Russia?
3. Do you think there is a need to reduce the production of defense industry products? Base your answer.

Introduction ................................................ ................................................. ...............3

1. Composition of the defense industry complex of the Russian Federation ............................... ................................................. ...5

2. Legislative basis............................................................... ....................................6

3. Federal executive authorities in the management of the military-industrial complex .............................................................. ........................................16

3.1. Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation ............................................... ......................17

3.2. Ministry of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation.......................................19

3.2.1.Department of the military-industrial complex .............................19

3.2.2. federal agency by industry ..........................................22

3.3. Federal Space Agency ............................................................... ...........24

3.4. Federal Agency for Atomic Energy .............................................................. 25

3.5. Federal agency for the supply of military, special equipment and materiel .............................................................. ................................................. 28

3.6. Military-Industrial Commission under the Government of the Russian Federation.......................29

4. Expert Council on the problems of legislative support for the development of the military-industrial complex under the chairman of the Federation Council ................................................. ......................39

Conclusion................................................. ................................................. ........44

Introduction.

One of the most important means of ensuring national security is its armed forces, the military-industrial complex as a whole. National security - one of the main needs of the state and society - today is becoming most current value for the successful implementation of its political, socio-economic and spiritual-ideological tasks. Hence the need for constant attention on the part of the state to the problems of the development of the military-industrial complex (DIC), the development and production of weapons and military equipment, the necessary level of scientific, technical and military-technical potentials that provide Russia with the role of a great world power. The need for such an understanding and real actions of the political leadership of the country is also due to the actions of Western countries, and above all the United States, seeking to change the balance of armed forces in their favor, both in the West and on the southern borders of Russia.

The development of the main directions and prospects for the development of the military-industrial complex is the responsibility of the state. It is intended to determine the directions of the state defense-industrial policy, required level military-technical potential of the country, taking into account the emerging international situation.

At the same time, it is important to take into account the historical experience of creating and developing the defense industry, accumulated in the USSR and over the last 15 years of the existence of the Russian state. Without taking into account the positive and negative aspects of this experience, it is impossible to determine the strategy for the development of the military-industrial complex. This largely determines the relevance of the chosen research topic, the need to analyze the problems of the defense industry in public policy modern Russia. At the same time, it is important to take into account the accumulated Foreign experience in this domain. Another relevant factor, along with the above, is a significant increase in the importance of information policy in armed struggle and confrontation between states, the introduction and use of a wide range of information warfare tools, both open and covert, non-explicit technologies. As a result, today the criteria for the protection of states from military threats turned out to be not fully appropriate modern methods, methods and forms of military confrontation. This, in turn, forces the political leadership of the world's leading states to intensify their efforts to improve and develop their military-industrial complexes, to solve their socio-economic and political issues. It should also be noted such a feature of the functioning of the military-industrial complex as the desire of a number of international terrorist organizations to use its advanced technologies, especially weapons of mass destruction, for their own criminal purposes. After September 11, 2001, the tragic events with hostage-taking (in Moscow in October 2002, in Beslan in September 2004) it became completely clear that the Cold War had been replaced by a war of a completely different nature - the war on international terrorism . Therefore, the use of military force is one of the ways to counter such evil as the global spread of terrorist and extremist movements and groups.

All these objective factors necessitate the constant attention of the state to the problems of the defense industry, and the scientific community - to the analysis actual problems political and socio-economic development of the Russian military-industrial complex, the search for ways to improve its efficiency.

The object of study is the military-industrial complex Russian Federation How important tool ensuring the national security of the state.

Subject of study - system government controlled Russian military-industrial complex.

1. The composition of the defense industry complex of the Russian Federation.

Today, the military-industrial complex (hereinafter referred to as the DIC) of Russia is a multifunctional research and production industry capable of developing and producing modern views and types of weapons, military and special equipment (hereinafter referred to as AME), as well as to produce a variety of science-intensive civilian products. Its basis is strategic enterprises and strategic joint-stock companies. The list of these enterprises and companies was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 4, 2004 No. 1009 (as amended on November 19, 2007). This list includes more than 1000 items, including:

federal state unitary enterprises those engaged in the production of products (works, services) of strategic importance for ensuring the defense capability and security of the state, protecting morality, health, rights and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation;

· open joint-stock companies, whose shares are in federal ownership and the participation of the Russian Federation in the management of which ensures the strategic interests, defense capability and security of the state, protection of morality, health, rights and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation.

The defense industry consists of several branches:

1. Aviation industry.

2. Rocket and space industry.

3. Industry of ammunition and special chemicals.

4. Arms industry.

5. Radio industry.

6. Communication industry.

7. Electronic industry.

8. Shipbuilding industry.

9. Intersectoral structures and enterprises.

2. Legislative framework.

The main law regulating the foundations for the existence and functioning of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation is the Federal Law of May 31, 1996 N 61-FZ "On Defense".

This Federal Law defines the foundations and organization of the defense of the Russian Federation, the powers of state authorities of the Russian Federation, the functions of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, organizations and their officials, the rights and obligations of citizens of the Russian Federation in the field of defense, the forces and means involved in defense, responsibility for violating the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of defense, as well as other norms relating to defense.

Defense is understood as a system of political, economic, military, social, legal and other measures to prepare for armed defense and the armed defense of the Russian Federation, the integrity and inviolability of its territory.

Defense is organized and carried out in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws, this Federal Law, the laws of the Russian Federation and other regulatory legal acts.

For defense purposes, military duty citizens of the Russian Federation and the military transport duty of the federal executive authorities, bodies local government and organizations regardless of the form of ownership, as well as owners of vehicles.

For defense purposes, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are being created. The internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation are involved in the defense, troops civil defense(hereinafter - other troops).

To perform certain tasks in the field of defense, engineering and technical and road-building military formations under the federal executive authorities (hereinafter referred to as military formations), the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation, bodies federal service security, federal agency special connection and information, federal bodies of state protection, federal body for ensuring mobilization training bodies of state power of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as bodies), as well as special formations created for wartime.

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies perform tasks in the field of defense in accordance with the Plan for the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Creation and existence of formations having military organization or weapons and military equipment or which provide for the passage military service not provided for by federal laws are prohibited and punishable by law.

Lands, forests, waters and others Natural resources provided to the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies are in federal ownership.

Lands, forests, waters and other natural resources owned by the subjects of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies, in private ownership, may be withdrawn for the needs of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies only in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The sphere of technology has always been the engine of progress and development of society. In this article, we will consider the system of the military-industrial complex, its impact on the Russian economy, structure and other important points.

First of all, new technologies appear in the military industry. Modern computers, advanced devices and other equipment have been financed for many years by the state in full. Later, development firms were able to diversify their technologies for civil society. The Russian Federation is no exception in this matter, as well as its predecessor, the USSR. A well-known fact: cigarettes in the USSR were the same diameter as the cartridges for weapons. This trend led to an increase in the size of purchases in the military-industrial complex, after which the enterprises were able to significantly expand the scope of their activities.

The development of the peaceful atom and, in general, the merit of the technology race in the creation of the atomic bomb. Defense technologies are still cutting edge in science.

What is an OPC?

The military-industrial complex is a set of enterprises and institutions that specialize in the production and development of equipment and military equipment.

Structure of the defense industry:

• research centers whose main task is theoretical research;
• design bureaus - create mock-ups and test samples according to the submitted documentation of the above-described institutions;
• laboratories and test sites that are designed to test new developments;
• enterprises engaged in the wide production of tested and approved samples.

Highlights of the military-industrial complex

1. The boundaries of the placement of objects. As a rule, all such enterprises and institutions are located far from the central regions of the state. Such measures are necessary for the safety of ordinary citizens and the preservation of confidentiality.
2. Secrecy rule. All important objects are always well guarded, the cities in which they are located do not even appear on the map. They do not have a name and are simply numbered by serial number.
3. Enterprises that are part of the military-industrial complex of Russia necessarily have understudies located randomly in different regions of the country.

Defense industry specialization

• Construction complex: production of concrete slabs, ceilings and other materials.
• Chemical industry: production of reagents, toxic substances, which, for example, can be sprayed into the air, hitting the enemy at a long distance.
• MShK: supplies missiles, ships, cars, aircraft and armored vehicles, manufactures communication devices, etc.
• Fuel and Energy Complex: engaged in the production of nuclear fuel.
• Light industry: tailoring of uniforms, production different kind technical fabrics.

complex of Russia

Here are a few strategically important enterprises:

• Plant them. M.L. Mile, specializing in the production of helicopters, located in the Moscow region.
• PKO "Teploobmennik" is located in the city of Nizhny Novgorod.
• Central Research Institute of Precision Engineering, built in Klimovsk.
• NPP "Rubin", operates in the city of Penza.
• STC "Plant Leninets", located in St. Petersburg.

Breakthrough in the field of artificial intelligence technologies

It would seem that until recently, sky-high technologies of artificial intelligence were used only in modern developments of the world's leading engineers in the field of guidance and targeting. Innovative discoveries of the institutions of the military-industrial complex made it possible to create a special device to increase the mass of the load brought and to facilitate the movement of soldiers - an exoskeleton. A semblance of this technology has been used for several years to restore patients who are unable to walk and move around without assistance. The exoskeleton is the advanced development of most countries of the world in the field of defense technologies. Its use will significantly increase the ability of the human body.

Discoveries in the field of microelectronics

Developments in the field of microelectronics have long been the prerogative of defense enterprises around the world. Many secret devices saw the light in the face of a civilian product many years after their invention. The motion sensors used in smart homes that are so popular today have long been the basis of the defense capability of many countries. They were used to protect borders from intruders and promptly respond to crossing the state border. And now such sensors are used on modern technology to determine approaching objects. It is worth noting that this equipment can be used both in the military sphere and consumer.

Unmanned Drones: A Brief Introduction

Unmanned drones are the backbone of modern military intelligence. They are designed to explore the area. High-quality images and information obtained from almost instantly allow you to calculate and determine the exact location of the enemy and their infrastructural structures.

Unmanned vehicles have been used in civilian industries for some time now. As an example, shooting recreational activities or celebrations from a bird's eye view, as well as geodetic survey of the area, etc.

Appointment and application of the defense industry in the civil sphere

Developments within the military-industrial complex make it possible to simplify the difficult task of researchers, archaeologists, and historians. Deep-sea submersibles, originally designed to help submarines, demining water areas and other similar activities, are now used for research sea ​​depths and the search for new varieties of living beings at depths that scientists could not get close to before.

In conclusion, we can say that defense technologies have been the engine of progress throughout the entire existence of mankind. Many activities that were previously designed to attack or defend have become firmly established in everyday life.

Defense-industrial complex of Russia

1.1 The concept and composition of the defense industry complex of the Russian Federation

Today, the military-industrial complex (hereinafter referred to as the MIC) of Russia is a multifunctional research and production industry capable of developing and producing modern types and types of weapons, military and special equipment (hereinafter referred to as AMSE), as well as producing a variety of science-intensive civilian products. It is based on strategic enterprises and strategic joint-stock companies. The list of these enterprises and companies was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 4, 2004 No. 1009 (as amended on September 1, 2014). This list includes more than 1000 items, including:

* federal state unitary enterprises engaged in the production of products (works, services) of strategic importance for ensuring the defense capability and security of the state, protecting morality, health, rights and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation;

* open joint stock companies whose shares are in federal ownership and the participation of the Russian Federation in the management of which ensures the strategic interests, defense capability and security of the state, protection of morality, health, rights and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation.

The defense industry consists of several branches:

1. Aviation industry.

2. Rocket and space industry.

3. Industry of ammunition and special chemicals.

4. Arms industry.

5. Radio industry.

6. Communication industry.

7. Electronic industry.

8. Shipbuilding industry.

9. Intersectoral structures and enterprises.

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Russia: shock effect

A number of processes - most notably the end of the Cold War; the process of globalization in all spheres of life, including the economy; political changes in a number of regions of the world, especially in Europe, have caused a reduction in production volumes and, accordingly, a contraction of the defense industry not only in Russia, but also in NATO countries (Figure 1).

But the fall in the volume of orders by more than one and a half times over 10 years in NATO countries did not have such a shock effect on the defense industry as a tenfold decrease in the volume of orders in our country. However, the contraction of the arms market sharply intensified internal competition between military-industrial corporations. Industrial companies are forced to respond to such changes by carrying out large-scale restructuring measures that increase their efficiency and significantly reduce costs.

Thus, with a one and a half reduction in the order for weapons and military equipment over the same 10 years, employment in the defense industry has almost halved. In addition to the reduction in employment, an important element of the defense industry's response to shrinking markets has been the concentration of development and production. Over a ten-year period, the number of companies directly involved in the production of weapons has decreased by a third.

Of course, in the 1990s, the domestic defense industry also “sank” under the influence of a number of well-known factors. Many businesses simply ceased to exist. But those teams that had serious scientific groundwork and prospects were able to survive. In the most difficult conditions, when it was not paid wage, hundreds of professionals left, in such teams it was possible to save scientific schools.

For example, in 1994, the Radio Engineering Institute named after academician Alexander Lvovich Mints immediately lost more than a thousand specialists who went to work at Beeline. But the institute is still fruitfully working for the benefit of the country, being the undisputed leader in Russia in the field of creating modern early warning radars.

Consequences of globalization of the world economy

The most important factor in the restructuring of the defense industry in the last decade is the globalization of the world economy.

The driving forces of globalization in the defense industry can include:

• increased competition with those created in the mid-1990s, primarily in the United States, big companies(mergers such as Boeing - McDonnell Douglas - Rockwell Defense, Lockheed - Martin Marietta - GD Aerospace - Lorgan, Raytheon - Hughes, etc.);
• a decrease in aggregate demand for weapons and military equipment due to cuts in defense budgets;
• the relative growth in demand for R&D results for the creation of high-tech weapons systems;
• preparation for conducting coalition wars within the framework of the military doctrines of most developed countries;
• the inadequacy of the structure of most defense industries to new tasks and requirements, an excess of obsolete capacities, and the growing inefficiency of their further use;
• mass implementation of programs to optimize budget spending in order to maximize the return on investment;
• strengthening industry's orientation towards the stock market in the interests of maximizing shareholder profits in connection with the expansion of the participation of private capital in the military-industrial complex.

The problem of restructuring the defense industry intersects in this area with another delicate problem of globalization within the framework of the World Trade Organization - the problem state support market entities. Therefore, given the experience of escalating trade disputes within the WTO, foreign defense industry corporations are forced to take into account the prohibitions on indirect subsidies. civilian products through military orders. Restructuring programs for diversified corporations have to take into account the limitations of such international agreements as the WTO.

In general, the system of conditions in which the Russian defense industry finds itself requires not only a change in its scale, but also dictates the need for a significant change basic principles its functioning, relationship with armed forces, the state, the world community.

Current problems of the Russian defense industry

1. Loss of the domestic base of electronic engineering in the defense industry.

At present, there is practically no production of modern industrial equipment for the radio-electronic industry in Russia. The radio-electronic industry in Russia has turned into a large assembly plant for final products from imported element base and equipment mainly from leading Western and Chinese firms.

2. Loss of the scientific and technological base of the defense industry.

Domestic developments on breakthrough promising technologies are extremely few. But even their introduction into serial production faces insurmountable organizational and financial problems. Therefore, the radio-electronic industry exists either on a domestic, but outdated technological base, or on a modern, but foreign one. A big problem is the lack of young promising, highly qualified personnel. We need a coordinated system of measures and incentives to secure youth in the military-industrial complex.

3. Country transition to market relations in the defense industry did not create market pricing mechanisms.

Current system pricing does not stimulate enterprises to increase labor productivity, work efficiency in general. The regulation of average wages, their rationing is built in such a way that it is unprofitable for enterprises to increase production efficiency, since excess profits are withdrawn to the state's income. This does not allow rapidly re-equipping production and stimulating economically more successful enterprises.

It is necessary to radically change the pricing system and create real mechanisms to stimulate labor productivity and introduce innovative products in the defense industry.

4. Weak mutual coordination of work carried out in the defense industry.

The mechanisms of interaction between the enterprises of the industry are inefficient. The activities of individual holdings are characterized by the conduct of a "natural" economy, aimed exclusively at their own needs. As a result, the defense industry has not yet solved the problem of eliminating duplication of ongoing work. It is necessary to quickly create a unified database of existing and developed technologies and a powerful expert and analytical structure that provides analytical support for the decisions of the industry leadership.

5. Weak goal alignment state program development of the defense industry to ensure the feasibility of the SAP.

It is required to develop target functions and indicators reflecting the degree of achievement of the goals of promoting the implementation of the GPV, in order to quantification- to what extent the state program for the development of the defense industry reinforces and ensures the feasibility of the SAP. The structure of the program and its organizational part should be linked to specific priority models of weapons and military equipment and enterprises (holdings) responsible for the development and production of these products. Such a structuring of the program will make it possible to detail and consolidate responsibility for the implementation of program activities and the goals of the SAP.

In order to implement the state program for the development of the defense industry, when developing it, it is necessary to focus on large enterprises(holdings) - the lead developers of the final models of military equipment. Program activities should be justified and formed with their direct participation, with an increase in their role and responsibility for the implementation of the results. technological works OPK into specific samples of military equipment.

6. Imperfection of the decision-making system on the directions of R&D financing.

The R&D funding decision-making system is not supported by a long-term vision for the development of technologies in radio electronics, and the mechanism for distributing funds for specific projects and monitoring research results is not transparent enough and requires clarification and detail.

7. Imperfection of the infrastructure of the national innovation system.

Commercialization of technologies is at a low level, the potential for the conversion of competitive special technologies to civilian areas. The degree of implementation of the results of scientific developments of an innovative orientation in specific products industrial production in the domestic market does not exceed 20%. Less than 13% of manufactured products are exported. Exports are dominated by special-purpose products. At the same time, only a small part of domestic producers participate in international cooperation chains, while most companies have dropped out of the global cooperation system.

8. Low productivity and process efficiency.

The productivity and efficiency of processes are at an extremely low level, which is due to:

• underfunding in combination with outdated production and technological base, business models, operating models that do not meet the requirements of the modern market;
• a weak level of development of market competencies in many Russian companies;
• insufficient efficiency of the processes for launching and promoting products on the market.

Thus, the radio-electronic industry of Russia in its current state is practically uncompetitive at the global level. A huge gap in efficiency, a small market share and a small output, a technological gap sharply raises the question of an early large-scale modernization of the radio-electronic industry.

It is necessary to continue the initiated changes in the industry and in this process to maximize the potential and competencies retained Russian companies in certain segments and market niches (Figure 2).

Necessary measures of state support for defense industry enterprises

Solving the problems that arise in this case is especially important for enterprises that perform work at the expense of credit advances.

When forming and implementing the state program for the development of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to develop flexible system measures of state support for the technical improvement of defense industry enterprises. In particular, it seems necessary:

• return the investment benefit on income tax, in particular, investments in equipment, as well as R & D in full;
• abolish the taxation of part of the profits of enterprises aimed at the modernization and technical re-equipment of the production of weapons and military equipment;
• reduce the cost of leasing as the only real mechanism for today that can provide technical re-equipment
• Russian industry in a short time;
• provide tax and customs privileges for enterprises developing the technological base of advanced research and development.

In organizational terms, it seems useful:

• creation in the Russian Federation of a structure (for example, a national center) for the development and implementation of state scientific, technical and innovation strategies in the development of dual-use technologies and for the adaptation in the interests of the defense industry of open research and development carried out at the expense of federal funds;
• organization of intersectoral coordination centers in order to combine efforts to create a new generation of element base (primarily in electronics and robotics) in the interests of the defense industry;
• ensuring effective legislative protection of intellectual property rights, as well as the results of work on research and development.

It is necessary to carefully analyze the world experience in the development of the defense industry, take into account own features, to preserve historical continuity in the domestic defense industry, assess the needs of the army and navy based on modern threats to our security (and their long-term foresight). At the same time, it is necessary to develop and put into practice a system of measures to solve the listed problems of the domestic defense industry, increase the efficiency of its management, modernize the defense industry as soon as possible and create conditions for the development of internal competition in this area. The presence of a powerful national industry is a sign of the sovereignty and viability of the state.

This is what our country urgently needs now (Figure 3).