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Innovations as the most important tool for improving the quality of education. E

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General definition of innovation

Innovation is the result of investing an intelligent solution in the development and acquisition of new knowledge, a previously unused idea for updating the spheres of people's lives (technology; products; organizational forms of existence of society, such as education, management, labor organization, service, science, informatization, etc.) and the subsequent process of implementation (production) of this, with a fixed receipt of additional value (profit, lead, leadership, priority, fundamental improvement, qualitative superiority, creativity, progress).

Thus, a process is needed: investment - development - process of implementation - obtaining a qualitative improvement.

concept innovation refers to both radical and gradual (incremental) changes in the products, processes and strategy of an organization (innovation). Based on the fact that the purpose of innovation is to increase efficiency, profitability, quality of life, satisfaction of the organization's customers, the concept of innovation can be identified with the concept of entrepreneurship - vigilance to new opportunities to improve the work of the organization (commercial, state, charitable, moral and ethical).

Innovation is a process or result of a process in which:

partially or fully protectable results of intellectual activity are used; and/or
the release of patentable products is ensured; and/or
the production of goods and / or services is ensured, in terms of their quality corresponding to the world level or exceeding it;
high economic efficiency is achieved in the production or consumption of the product.

Innovation is viewed from different perspectives: in relation to technology, commerce, social systems, economic development and policy formulation. Accordingly, there is a wide range of approaches to the conceptualization of innovations in the scientific literature.

When conceptualizing the concept of innovation, it is useful to compare it with other concepts. In particular, in the scientific literature it is noted that the concept of “innovation” is often confused with the concept of “invention”, denoting the creation of a new technical development or improvement of the old and the term innovation, meaning the introduction of new solutions. In addition, many product and service improvements would be better described simply as “improvement.” The concepts of "change" and "creativity" can also sometimes be used instead of the concept of "innovation".

To differentiate innovation From the concepts listed above, it is often specified that the peculiarity of innovation is that it allows you to create additional value, allows the innovator to obtain additional value and is associated with implementation. In this view, an innovation is not an innovation until it has been successfully implemented and has begun to be useful. The concept of economic innovation was developed by Joseph Schumpeter in The Theory of Economic Development (1934).

An alternative approach uses other terms as part of the definition of innovation: "Innovation occurs when someone uses an invention - or uses something that already exists in a new way - to change the way people live." In this case, the invention may be a new concept, device or other things that facilitate activities, and innovation is not associated with whether the organizer of the innovation received any benefit and whether it brought a positive effect.

Types of innovation

Technological - getting a new or efficient production existing product, product, technique, new or improved technological processes. Innovations in the field of organization and management of production are not technological.
Social (process) - the process of updating the spheres of human life in the reorganization of society (pedagogy, management system, charity, service, organization of the process).
Grocery - the creation of products with new and useful properties.
Organizational - improvement of the management system.
Marketing - implementation of new or significantly improved marketing methods covering significant changes in the design and packaging of products, the use of new methods of sales and presentation of products (services), their presentation and promotion to sales markets, the formation of new pricing strategies.

Efficiency of innovation activity

IN modern conditions governments around the world are investing heavily in research and development innovative activity, for example, Germany spent about 2.7% of GDP on research and development, the USA - 2.8%, Japan - about 3.5%, countries with economies in transition spend much less: Belarus - 0.74% of GDP, Russia - 1.04%. However, in the conditions of the global economic crisis, the task of how efficiently enterprises are coming to the fore, and research teams use the invested funds. In this regard, we are faced with the concept of economic efficiency. For these purposes, the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS) is published annually in the countries of the European Union. Also in 2007, on the basis of the method, indicators were calculated technical efficiency for a number of European Union countries. Based on the efficiency results obtained, all countries were grouped into 4 groups:

Based on the method of analysis of the functioning environment, an analysis was made of the competitiveness of the Belarusian economy and the impact of innovation activity on this indicator. In this study, the author uses 43 countries, 3 input parameters (knowledge intensity of GDP, number of scientists per one million people, spending on education as a % of GDP), as well as 3 output variables (number of national patent applications, high-tech exports as a % of industrial exports, ICT exports as a % of total exports). The obtained results clearly show that the best indicators of converting costs into the results of innovation activity are in such countries as the USA, Japan, South Korea, Germany, at the same time the Republic of Belarus, Russian Federation and other countries in transition use funds inefficiently.

Notes

Literature

Azgaldov G. G., Kostin A. V. Intellectual property, innovations and qualimetry // Economic strategies, 2008. - No. 2(60). - P.162-164.
Peter Drucker. Business and innovation. - M .: Williams, 2007. - 432 p. - ISBN 0-88730-618-7
Kiryakov A. G. Reproduction of innovations in a market economy (theoretical and methodological aspect). - Rostov-on-Don: RSU Publishing House, 2000.
Orlov A. I., Orlova L. A. Modern approaches to the management of innovations and investments // Economics of the XXI century. - 2002. - No. 12. - S. 3-26.
Tychinsky A.V.

QUALITY

INNOVATIVE

PRODUCT

PUBLISHING HOUSE TSTU

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

State educational institution higher professional education

"Tambov State Technical University"

Institute "Economics and Production Management"

E.L. Parkhomenko, B.I. Gerasimov, L.V. Parkhomenko

QUALITY

INNOVATIVE

PRODUCT

Approved for publication by the section on economic sciences of the Scientific and Technical Council of TSTU

Under the scientific editorship of Dr. Econ. sciences, prof. B.I. Gerasimov

Tambov TSTU publishing house

R e e n s e n t s:

V.D. Zharikov

Doctor of Economics, Professor

N.I. Kulikov

Parkhomenko, E.L.

P189 The quality of the innovative product / E.L. Parkhomenko, B.I. Gerasimov, L.V. Parkhomenko; under scientific ed. Dr. Econ. sciences, prof. B.I. Gerasimov. Tambov: Tambov Publishing House. state tech. un-ta, 2005. 116 p.

The issues of improving the quality of an innovative product, the conceptual apparatus of innovative analysis are considered. Particular attention is paid to the evaluation economic efficiency development of an innovative product.

It is intended for specialists in the field of quality management of products, processes and services, as well as graduate students and students of economic specialties of universities and other educational institutions.

UDC 338.2 BBK U 9(2)305.851-233.1

ISBN 5-8265-0423-4	© E. L. Parkhomenko, B. I. Gerasimov,
	Parkhomenko L.V., 2005
	© Tambov State
	Technical University
	(TSTU), 2005
	Scientific publication
	PARKHOMENKO Ekaterina Lvovna,
	GERASIMOV Boris Ivanovich,
	PARKHOMENKO Lev Vasilievich
	QUALITY
	INNOVATIVE
	PRODUCT
	Monograph
	Editor Z.G. Chernova
	Computer prototyping E.V. ship

Signed for publication on 26.06.2005.

Format 60 × 84 / 16. Offset paper. Offset printing.

Times New Roman headset. Volume: 6.74 conv. oven l.; 6.7 ed. l.

Circulation 400 copies. S. 471M

Publishing and Printing Center of the Tambov State Technical University,

392000, Tambov, Sovetskaya, 106, building 14

INTRODUCTION

At the present stage market economy there is an active development of the principles and methods of quality management, ensuring the improvement of the management of innovative projects and the design organization as a whole. Under these conditions, quality management mechanisms are undergoing significant changes related to the specifics and specific conditions of the activities of organizations. Quality is now becoming a strategy for many design organizations and is considered as the main component of the competitive advantage

va product innovation.

IN conditions of ever-increasing competition, unpredictability of changes environment, quality management methods should acquire a dynamic, continuously evolving character, requiring continuous improvement of organizational conditions and management structures. It becomes obvious that it is extremely difficult to ensure not only the development, but even the preservation of the quality management system of an innovative product at the achieved level without structuring the processes of the quality management system and determining the conditions for their effective application in the management of innovative projects.

IN In modern conditions of increasing competition, turning it into a global basis for the survival and success of a design organization, the basis for a stable position of an organization in the market is the timely offer of products that meet the world quality level. At the same time, the competitiveness of any organization, regardless of size, form of ownership and other features, depends primarily on the quality of the product and the commensurability of its price with the proposed quality, i.e. on the extent to which the proposed innovative product satisfies the needs of the consumer.

These circumstances lead to a natural increase in the role of the enterprise quality system as a universal tool for increasing the competitiveness of a design organization, which allows achieving the goal of reducing the cost of an innovative product produced with absolute satisfaction of consumer requirements, i.e. achieve a level of quality and cost that makes products competitive in the world.

The most common organizational and methodological basis for creating enterprise quality systems in the world are international ISO standards 9000 series. Creating a quality system based on these standards allows you to move from quality management in general to quality management of certain types of products required by the consumer. Within the framework of the quality system, the economic aspect of quality is also implemented - taking into account the relationship between product quality and results. economic activity design organization through accounting for the costs of quality assurance and comparing them with the losses associated with the release of a low-quality, non-competitive product. international organization according to standardization, product quality is defined as a set of properties and characteristics that give it the ability to satisfy conditional and implied needs. Identification of expected needs, consumer expectations related to the quality of the proposed innovative product can also be successfully carried out when implementing the marketing function in the quality system, covering all stages life cycle product.

Particularly relevant are the problems of creating quality systems for Russian design organizations,

characterized by crisis.

For the majority of design and development organizations in our country, a typical situation is when the non-competitiveness of products in terms of quality is aggravated by the non-competitiveness in terms of price due to excessive production costs. Therefore, one of the prerequisites for bringing the developing industry of the Russian economy out of the crisis is the introduction of effective quality systems that can ensure the competitiveness of manufactured products not only in terms of quality, but also in terms of price.

The task of creating an efficiently functioning quality system should be solved, first of all, at the level of a particular enterprise, taking into account its features, determined by the field of activity, current financial condition, existing level implementation of the principle of consistency in quality assurance work, etc.

The quality management systems that existed under a centrally planned economy no longer met the requirements of the time. There was a need to create and implement new quality management systems, based on theoretical developments in this direction, followed by their application.

change in practice. Despite the fact that interest in quality management systems is constantly growing, the organizational and economic aspects of this issue have been developed relatively poorly, fragmentarily.

Improving the quality of an innovative product and the competitiveness of an enterprise based on the improvement of quality management systems is a problem that requires A complex approach, covering not only the process of developing an innovative product, but also its implementation and further maintenance. This allows us to conclude that it is possible to create a unified set of measures to improve the effective

quality management systems and their impact on an innovative product.

At the present stage of management, Russian practice is characterized by the disappearance of directive methods of management and the development of competition between producers. In this regard, the main problem of Russian design organizations in the context of the integration of the Russian economy into the world system is the adaptation of the accumulated experience in the field of quality management to new conditions. To do this, first of all, it is necessary to bring the methodological foundations of quality management in line with modern requirements for product quality.

1 CONCEPT APPARATUS OF INNOVATIVE ANALYSIS

1.1 ESSENCE AND TYPOLOGY OF INNOVATION

The concept of "innovation" is a Russian version English word innovation. The literal translation from English means "innovation" or "innovation". Innovation means new order, new custom, new method, invention, new phenomenon. The Russian phrase "innovation" in the literal sense "introduction of the new" means the process of using innovation. From the moment it is accepted for distribution, an innovation acquires a new quality - it becomes an innovation (innovation). The process of introducing an innovation to the market is commonly referred to as the commercialization process. The period between the appearance of an innovation and its implementation into an innovation (innovation) is called the innovation lag.

Novation (lat. novation) in accordance with explanatory dictionary Dahl (XIX century) is interpreted as a change, an update.

Innovations (Latin innovations) since the 20s. modern century (XX century) is treated as an innovation. The meaning of this concept is reduced to a series of actions, to the process of joint activity of people or the transition of the system, as a whole, from one state to another.

It is worth paying attention to the following salient feature innovations. It could be New Product designed to meet the final demand of the population. Typical innovations of this kind have been associated in recent years with the introduction of VCRs, CD players, cable television, personal computers etc. But innovation can also be a process, for example, new technology production of valuable drugs, allowing to increase their output or reduce the cost of their production.

A significant shift in understanding the role of innovation in the economy and the entrepreneur as a subject of the innovation process occurred thanks to the works of one of the most influential economists of the twentieth century, I. Schumpeter, "The Theory of Economic Development" and "Business Cycles". In the first of these books, he wrote, in particular: “Under the enterprise, we mean the implementation of new combinations, as well as what these combinations are embodied in: factories, etc. We call entrepreneurs economic entities whose function is precisely the implementation of new combinations and which act as its active element.”

Schumpeter draws attention to the following fundamental point. A new combination can only arise in a discrete way. If such a combination is obtained gradually from the old, due to constant small adaptations, then it can also lead to economic growth, but this will already be development in his understanding.

The concept of "implementation of new combinations", which determines the form and content of economic development, according to Schumpeter covers the following five cases:

1) making a new one, i.e. not yet known to consumers, the good or the creation of a new quality of this or that good;

2) introduction of a new, i.e. this branch of industry is still, practically unknown, method (method) of production, which is not necessarily based on a new scientific discovery and which may even consist in a new way of commercial use of the product in question;

3) foundation of a new sales market, i.e. such a market in which the given branch of the industry of the country was still represented, regardless of whether this market existed before or not;

4) obtaining a new source of raw materials or a semi-finished product in the same way, regardless of whether this source existed before or simply was not taken into account, or was considered unavailable, or it had yet to be created.

5) carrying out an appropriate reorganization, for example, securing a monopoly position (through the creation of a trust) or undermining the monopoly position of another enterprise.

Schumpeter's idea of the disruption of the equilibrium that has developed in the market as a result of the implementation of new combinations as the main mechanism of economic development turned out to be fruitful and was continued in the works of many modern researchers. It also sounds in the definition of a prominent American management specialist P. Drucker, who draws the following direct connection between innovation and entrepreneurship "Innovation is a special tool for entrepreneurs, a means by which they use change as a chance for various kinds of business or services."

A laconic but very capacious definition by experts from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) states that a scientific and technological innovation is "a new application of scientific and technical knowledge that leads to success in the market." It is the market that gives economic evaluation idea practical use new knowledge and determines its subsequent fate - the rapid introduction into production or oblivion for many years.

The term innovation is most widely used in American management. American authors set out to explore the role of innovation as a link between a firm's marketing approach to business and its organizational behavior. The model considered by the authors is shown in fig. 1. In the study, the following hypotheses are formed and tested based on the results of the activities of 134 banks in the US Midwest:

1) innovation activity determines the ratio of the marketing approach and the organizational behavior of the company;

2) customer orientation has a positive effect on innovation in both technical and administrative areas;

3) competitive orientation has a positive effect on information activity in the technical sphere, but does not have a direct impact on innovation in the administrative sphere;

4) cross-functional coordination has a positive effect on innovation in both areas;

5) Both technical and administrative innovations have a direct positive impact on organizational behavior firms;

Marketing Approach		Environment
Marketing Approach
* Orientation to		Market	Technological
* Orientation to	instability		instability
consumer	instability		instability
consumer
* Orientation to
* Orientation to
competitor		Innovation in the organization
competitor		Innovation in the organization
* Interfunctional		* Technical
* Interfunctional		* Technical
coordination		* Administrative
		* Administrative

Organizational

behavior

Rice. 1 Marketing approach, environment, innovation and organizational behavior

6) both types of innovation interact positively with each other, creating a synergistic effect in the company's activities;

7) external instability reinforces the connection between marketing orientation and innovation.

Communication of innovations with entrepreneurial activity implicitly noted at the beginning of the 20th century. Around 1800, the French economist J.B. Say formulated a position that has not lost its significance to the present: "The entrepreneur moves economic resources from an area with lower to an area with higher productivity and greater efficiency."

Currently, there is no single interpretation of the concept of innovation, so you can find different definitions in dictionaries, but they are the same in meaning. Depending on the object and subject of research, innovation can be considered as:

– process (B. Twiss, A. Koire, I.P. Pinings, V. Rappoport, B. Santa, V.S. Kabakov, G.M. Gvishiani, V.L. Makarov, etc.);

– system (N.I. Lapin, J. Schumpeter);

– change (F. Valenta, Yu.V. Yakovets, L. Vodachek, etc.);

– result (A. Levinson, S.D. Beshelev, F.G. Gurvich).

Let's analyze the existing options for defining innovations and summarize the results of the analysis in Table. 1.

1 Variants of definitions of the concept of innovation

The definition of the concept of "inno-		Flaws
		Flaws

Public,	technical,		considered
economic process, practice			movement
tic use of ideas,		products
inventions, which led		market. Do not study
dit to create the best		production shade
properties of products, technology		essential
gy, economy-oriented			structure
medical benefit, profit,		production
income, covering the entire spectrum
activities - from is-
follow and	developments to
marketing
Public,	technical,	Such a use
economic process,
leading to the creation of the best			lead
according to their properties of goods		receiving you-
(products, services) and technology		years through real-
gy through practical use
use	innovations

				Continuation of the table. 1

The definition of the concept of "inno-		Flaws
		Flaws

Complex

agreed

dissemination

sales market

use

new practical

means (innovation) for

new (or better satisfying

already known) society

vein needs: at the same time

It is this process that is coupled

nyh with this innovation due to

changes in that social and

material environment in which

committed

vital

The process in which the invention

Not reviewed

or an idea becomes eco-

organizational

nomic content

economic,

social and

Practical

implementation

agreed

qualitatively

new solutions

opportunity

strategies

use

enterprise strategy

innovation

quality

changes

traced

production may include

journey from idea to

as to engineering and technology,

implementation

as well as forms of organization

production

management

An object embedded in production

traced

leadership as a result of

scientific

research

ta" to the market

discoveries,

qualitatively

great

analogue; characterized by

higher technological

level, new consumers

body qualities

or services compared to

previous product; pro-

manufacturing,

organizational

naya, financial, scientific

research, educational

other areas providing

cost savings

to save

Continuation of the table. 1

The definition of the concept of "inno-

Flaws

Target change in function

Not reviewed

rationing

enterprises

as systems (quantitative,

new types of

quality in every field

enterprise activity)

sales. Do not mark

necessary

body

hay changes

Aggregate

technical,

not taken into account

industrial,

commercial

opportunity

events, leading

ready for the market

new and improved processes

leading

owls and equipment

receiving

our products;

traced

from birth

its implementation

Designing new

reflected

dogs and products… More

relationship

broad philosophical meaning

innovation

le is a development function

production

culture as

aggregates

vital activity

person.

holistic,

internally

controversial and dynamic

Implementation Changes

not taken into account

and use of new species

opportunity

consumer goods, but

use

production

Vehicle, markets

making

and forms of organization in pro-

changes

mentality

quality and

quantitatively

composition of the cad-

not specified

obligation

raise

efficiency

The result of scientific work, on-					traced
directed to perfection				journey from idea to
social practice					implementation
and intended for non-
medium			implementation in
public			production

Final result
activity, semi-				news about development,
		embodiment		not mentioned
			improvement-	way from the birth
bath product, implemented				ideas before
on the market, new or old				its implementation
perfected
logical process, using
used in practice
or in a new sub-
	to social

Mastering a new product					marked
line based on special				organizational
	developed
		technologies,		managerial
capable		bring to
		satisfying not
secured by the existing
offer			needs

Result, preliminary result					agreed
	carried out			opportunity
practical,			organizational	use
noah work

Thus, after analyzing the existing variants of the definition of the concept of "innovation" and identifying some inaccuracies in the definition, we will use the following definition as the base one:

Innovation (innovation) is a complex process of creating the distribution and use of a new practical means (innovation) to meet human needs that change under the influence of the natural development of society, as well as changes in the social and material environment associated with this innovation; introduction of new ideas, technologies, types of products and others in the field of labor production, management at the enterprise, in the industry. In principle, any socio-economic innovation (so far it has not yet received mass, i.e. serial distribution) in the field of labor, production and management can be considered an innovation. Innovation (innovation) is the result of the process of innovation.

Any field of knowledge tends to streamline and classify concepts. There is still no unity in the classification of innovations in literary sources, however, by combining some attempts, it is possible to obtain an approximate typology of innovations depending on the characteristics by type.

The first sign is the source of initiative:

custom innovations (by order of an investor, firms, government order, etc.);

author's (initiative) as a result of individual innovative activity, turning in rare cases into the form of a large innovative business (for example, "Eye Microsurgery" by B. Fedorov.); however, no statistics are kept on them; there is a priori: more custom-made than author's.

The second sign is the scale of innovation:

R. R. Khalitov

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE RESEARCH CATEGORY "QUALITY OF INNOVATIONS"

Keywords: quality of innovations, innovative development, quality of innovative development, quality management

innovative projects.

The article discusses a variety of points of view and theoretical views of foreign and domestic researchers on the problem of researching the quality of innovative development. The article explored theoretical basis quality management of innovative development, the necessity of quality management of innovative projects in the activities of enterprises is shown, the essential importance of methods for assessing the level of quality assurance of innovative projects in the management system at the enterprise is established.

Keywords: quality in innovation, innovation development, quality of innovation development, quality management of innovation

The article deals with various points of view and theoretical opinions of foreign and domestic researches on the issue of research of quality in innovation development. Theoretical bases of quality management in innovation development are investigating, the necessity of quality management of innovation projects for the enterprises is shown and essential value of estimating methods of maintenance level of quality of innovation projects in work management system is established in the article.

The innovative development of economic sectors in a dynamically changing environment increasingly creates the need to form a new set of modern instruments and indicators that allow to adequately perceive and evaluate economic processes, as well as to form effective programs for effective regulation and forecasting of the development of economic systems. Meanwhile, the development of various sectors of the economy at the regional level is largely characterized by the presence of largely contradictory processes. All these processes acquired special significance in the development of socio-economic systems only at the end of the 20th century, and therefore they are not always amenable to a clear and complete explanation within the framework of classical theories.

The main component of the development of economic sectors should be considered their dynamism, which is manifested in intensive development as external relations system, caused by external factors, and in the mobility of its internal structure including internal factors. This determines the special significance of studying the specifics of the transformation processes themselves in the sectors of the economy, namely, the definition of what is the object of influence, namely the composition of internal and external factors, the transformation processes, in what form they should take place and what changes in the economic system they actually lead to.

The study of transformation processes in sectors of the economy should be focused on the creation of effective and adequate tools that allow for macroeconomic regulation of the development of sectors of the economy in order to form a prosperous competitive society and harmonious integration economic system into the global socio-economic space. Mechanisms of regulation of innovative development

sectors of the economy should also include effective mechanisms for predicting the development of the economic system and its structural elements, which would make it possible to foresee all the threats and benefits received from the implementation of certain development programs, and, therefore, would create a certain set of opportunities for building the most optimal trajectory of development of the economic system in terms of social costs.

Sectoral economic systems are complex objects of management, the economic development of which is determined, among other things, by innovations. The process of innovation itself is complex, affecting various aspects of the economy.

There is a large number scientific directions research of innovative development: evolutionary direction (N.

Kondratiev, J. Schumpeter, K. Freeman, D. Maevsky, S. Glazyev, Yu. Yakovets, S. Uyenter, R. Nelson, etc.), the quantitative approach (A. Lewis, W. Rostow, R. Solow, J. Hicks, P. Romer, etc.) and the approach associated with the existence of the market failure problem (V. Leontiev, L. Kantorovich, etc.).

In science, both the domestic school of evolutionary scientists and foreign studies are known, which are generally based on the work of the Russian scientist N. Kondratiev and J. Schumpeter. With the advent of the works of V. Maevsky, S. Glazyev, Yu. Yakovets, a new approach appears in domestic science in the study of the theory and methodology of the technological development of the economy. The provisions of these theories of innovative development are relevant when considering economic systems both from the standpoint of an industry and a territorial feature.

Conceptually patterns

technological development are based on the works of J. Galbraith, P. Drucker, T. Kuhn, B. Satno, D.

Sahala, E. Toflera. From the standpoint of the institutionalization of innovative development, it is important to consider precisely the sectoral model of development as an object (subject of management), hence the presence of the theory of the paradigm of G. Mensch, A. Kleinknecht, K. Perez, R. Foster, K. Freeman, and sectoral trajectories of scientific and technological development by C. Pavitt are especially valuable.

There are also various classifications of innovations related to the degree of their novelty. Spill radical, improving and private innovations.

In the works of the Russian researcher Yu. V. Yakovets, there is a division of innovations into basic, improving, micro-innovations and pseudo-innovations.

Also interesting are the studies of G. Mensch in the field of studying innovative development. In his works, he tried to find the relationship between the rate of economic growth and the cyclical appearance of basic innovations. According to G. Mensch, from the moment when the production of new goods begins to exceed demand, the manufacturer is looking for ways to foreign markets, because of which the rate of profit falls, in the end, less and less funds are directed to investments. After that, capital rushes to the financial markets, as a result, speculative financial transactions reach critical levels, and the rate of return in the monetary sphere falls below the rate of return in industry. What leads, in the end, according to Mensch, to the fact that the financial sector is moving to investments in the real sector.

Another representative of the evolutionary trend, a follower of G. Mensch, K. Freeman, pays special attention to social institutional factors of development, considering them the most important than market factors innovation.

Researcher Carlotta Perez-Perez considers the cost structure as a key factor in the techno-economic paradigm, believing that it is changes in the cost structure that mean a change in the techno-economic paradigm.

Until now, domestic scientists have not been able to fully share the novelty for industrial enterprises and novelty for mesosystems, since innovations new to enterprises may not be such in interregional and intersectoral comparisons. In science, this is solved by grading on innovation:

World novelty;

Patriotic novelty;

Industry novelty;

New for the company;

Expansion of the range, portfolio of goods and services;

Updated goods and services;

Goods and services with changed positioning;

With reduced costs (manufacturing innovation).

Various classifications innovations are considered by a number of authors from the standpoint of innovation as a result and process. However, this does not allow the formation of a unified

methodological approach when comparing the efficiency of individual sectors of the economy. Therefore, we believe that it is methodologically correct to introduce a universal category for comparing the quality of innovations. This category is broader than considering the features of innovative activity.

Since often innovative activity in the Russian industry does not lead to an increase in business efficiency, because before that enterprises could be in a situation of reduced competition markets, that is, they could receive excess profits. For this reason, the quality of such innovations for economic development in general is questionable.

At the same time, the quality of innovation and the quality of innovative development deserve special attention.

The history of the study of the content of such categories as "quality" and "innovation" already has more than a dozen years and has hundreds of definitions, at the same time, until now, scientists have not been able to come to consensus on the content of such concepts as "quality

innovations” and “quality of innovative development”. Let's try in our study to analyze these two concepts by means of analysis, the most reliable, in our opinion, and giving the most accurate assessment, definitions of the categories "quality" and "innovation".

One of the first to define the concept of quality was Walter Shewhart, in his book " economic management quality

industrial products" he defined

quality as high quality, impeccability

goods, that is, Shewhart quality is a strict compliance with standards.

Another specialist in the field of quality, K. Ishikawa, defines quality in his works as the activity of designing, creating and operating products that are the most profitable and applicable and correspond to

consumer requirements. If we consider

the quality of the new product according to K. Ishikawa, it turns out that it can be in terms of its manufacture and the cost of its use

economical and at the same time have no or have a negative benefit value. Quality of innovative development of the enterprise

is defined by improving customer value, a constant focus on incremental continuous improvement, the overall involvement of staff in the process of continuous improvement, and the comprehensive manageability of activities.

D. Juran takes as a basis the concept of quality - conformity to the purpose or application of the manufactured products. The main idea is that the quality properties of the product are manifested when used in accordance with its purpose or the purpose of its development, that is, quality is formed when the product is used in accordance with its purpose, but quality is not limited to the purpose. The fact that the product is operated in accordance with its purpose and the result of its use is improved does not necessarily lead to an increase in quality. Here, quantitative growth can take place, expressed in the growth of the result of using products with no increase in quality. The quality of innovative development according to D. Juran can be defined as a step-by-step improvement for major projects, accompanied by constant evaluation by control (inspection) departments, frequent social investment, applicable to manufacturing and service industries, the scale of use is suitable for the entire product life cycle.

G. Taguchi believes that quality is greatly affected by losses, inefficient use of products and untimely

supplies. production losses,

untimely deliveries and inappropriate

the use of products reduces the efficiency of the production process as a whole. G. Taguchi

believes that the result of the consumption of new products in a qualitative sense is more related not only to the process of its consumption, but rather to the process of its production. The quality of innovative development is determined

focus on continuous improvement in

acceptable levels of variation and is expressed by an improvement in the knowledge and skills of employees, the widespread use of statistical

methods, and has a focus on the supplier. The Taguchi concept is more applicable to production processes rather than to manage the quality of innovative projects.

The definition of the concept of quality in the presentation of the American scientist Edward Deming is associated with meeting the requirements of the consumer, not only to meet his expectations, but also to anticipate the direction of their future changes. In his works, he develops 14 principles for building a globally competitive business, including through a focus on continuous improvement (innovation). Another aspect of great importance is the commitment to quality. It is through the constant improvement of quality and focus on innovation that unlimited possibilities open up, according to

according to E. Deming, as a result of which both the company and the buyer benefit. According to Deming, the quality of innovative development can be formulated as a philosophy of continuous improvement, based on

on 14 principles of building a competitive business.

Philip Crosby, one of the world's recognized American authorities in the field of quality, in his books formulates the concept of quality more briefly as compliance with requirements. The most widely known are his 14 principles (absolutes), which determine

the sequence of actions to ensure quality in enterprises. The quality of enterprise development according to Crosby is determined by understanding and analyzing the costs of quality; promoting the principle of "zero defects". Crosby proposed a universal way to assess the degree of competence of an enterprise in solving a quality problem. For this purpose, he used six parameters (indicators):

The attitude of the company's management to the problem;

The status of the quality department at the enterprise;

Ways to address the quality problem;

The level of spending on quality in

percentage of the total turnover of the enterprise;

Quality improvement measures;

Real standing with quality on

enterprise.

Armand W. Feigenbaum

Feigenbaum) is a world-famous American specialist, the author of the theory of integrated quality management, defines quality as a total compliance with the characteristics of a product or service, including marketing, development, production and service, resulting in the use of products. According to Feigenbaum, improving the consumer properties of products is not based on strict compliance with the characteristics

products to the conditions of use, but on the constant increase in the ability of products to perform their intended functions.

Recently, a large number of aspects of the concept of "quality" have appeared: managerial, economic, social, etc. Each of them gives its own interpretation of the content of this category, depending on the object of study. We will consider the concept of "quality" in terms of its ability to assess the quality of the innovative component. We will consider the quality of innovations as meeting the requirements of the consumer, not only to meet his expectations, but also to anticipate the direction of their future changes.

In economics and management, the term "quality" is primarily associated with the creation and use of products and services, therefore, the object of research and management here is primarily the quality of products and services, and its perception by each person largely depends on the role that he plays in the process of their production and consumption.

Systemic changes imply the need to justify a new measure of innovative development in conditions of disequilibrium, instability and uncertainty, give rise to the need for a new synthesis of fundamental theoretical and methodological constructions that reveal the topic of growth limits when replacing labor with knowledge. The quality of innovative development, viewed through the prism of the relationship of changes in the technological basis of social production and social structure

intellectual economy, is interpreted, firstly, as a radical reform of the system public relations and, secondly, as an essential criterion for ongoing changes, which determines the results of the functioning of national and world economies.

In many ways, the quality of innovation

determined by the innovation model. There are a large number of approaches to the consideration of the innovation process, they change depending on the requirements of the market, on the economic environment. In total, there are five generations of models of the innovation process. If in the first models the innovation process was considered as "a process of discovery, in which new knowledge is transformed into new products, passing through certain stages." Thus, in order to obtain results in the form of new products or services, it was necessary to concentrate efforts on the first stages of the innovation process, namely on R&D.

In the future, increased competition and a shortening of the life cycle of goods led to the need for a closer relationship between R&D and other stages of the innovation process. This consideration of innovation processes occurred after the publication of the work of Nelson and Winter "The Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change" and the "Interactive Model" of Rosenburg and Klein, and eventually led to the emergence of a new model of the innovation process. It begins to consider the innovation process as a combination of the two previous models. In this kind of models, called "interactive models", new knowledge was combined with the old.

In the 1990s, the attention of economists shifted from integration to networking. It was believed that in order for an enterprise to be innovative and maintain the competitiveness of innovative projects, it is necessary not only to unite various departments of the enterprise around the innovation process, but also to create and strengthen their network interactions with consumers, suppliers and others.

institutions. This formed the so-called "innovation system". In this decade, the so-called "systems of innovation theories" appeared. The main idea of these theories was that interaction and knowledge exchange should be carried out not only between different departments of the enterprise, but also with other

"sources of knowledge" (enterprises, universities, research centers, consumers,

suppliers). Freeman defines an innovation network as "a limited number of explicit connections with preferred partners ... with the aim of reducing static and dynamic uncertainty." Despite the fact that informal network relations exist, they are practically not described and studied in the works of that period, since they are "difficult to classify and measure."

Rothwell described this model of innovation as follows: certain transformations in

managerial, organizational and

technological areas allow the enterprise to change the speed of change and the effectiveness of innovation. Rothwell singled out the main strategic elements and features (primary enabling features) of the fifth innovation model.

In the fifth generation of models

innovation process special attention

given to the use of electronic

tools - information and

communication technologies(ICT - Information and Communication Technologies) to strengthen the internal and external relations of the enterprise; communications between various divisions of the enterprise, intercompany communications and communications with other

institutions, as well as quality and other non-price factors.

This shift in priorities and

tools of innovative development determines the need for transformations in the management system, starting with the material and technical base of production and ending with changes in the perception of socio-economic processes that are manifested in the consumer behavior of business entities. special role focusing on quality and other non-price factors plays here, including such concept models, models and methods of quality management: Total Quality management, models of international ISO standards, business process reengineering (BPR), benchmarking, balanced system indicators (BSC), statistical process control (SPC), customer relationship management (CRM), HACCP, Five S, Six Sigma methodologies.

The problem of the quality of modern economic growth is of particular importance for Russia. The movement of the domestic economy along a growth trajectory in the context of the recent extremely favorable global situation and the appearance of social and economic well-being was not accompanied by large-scale investments in human capital and a massive renewal of fixed capital. Relative comfort of the results of rent-seeking

economic behavior did not contribute to the implementation of the macroeconomic program

sustainable growth and the formation of appropriate institutions.

Despite the ongoing research in this area of economic knowledge by foreign and Russian scientists, it can be stated that there is a clear lack of scientific substantiation of the concept of the quality of modern economic growth. In conditions of instability of research approaches, the problematic

many provisions of the theory of the quality of modern economic growth creates conditions for scientific discussion, but does not contribute to clarifying directions economic policy. The search for ways out of the crisis and the choice of the trajectory of sustainable economic growth form a demand for

deepening theoretical and methodological

research in this area.

In our opinion, the essence

innovative development lies not only in the main innovation process, but also in the development of a system of factors and conditions necessary for its implementation. You can also consider innovative development as a strategy based on the widespread introduction of innovations, the use of opportunities, the implementation of which requires the use of modern standards and technologies. In our study, we are under quality

of innovative development, we will understand the innovation process aimed at anticipating and maximizing the satisfaction of the needs of both end users and organizations through the active introduction of innovation elements throughout the entire cycle of product / technology creation and the selection of optimal factors that contribute to innovation.

development, accompanied by the development and production of genuine innovations. Accordingly, the factors affecting the quality and competitiveness of innovative development and innovative projects can be divided into four groups:

Organizational and managerial - system

quality management, flexibility of the organizational structure, democratic style of management, the prevalence of horizontal information flows,

self-planning, allowance for adjustments, decentralization, autonomy, formation of target working groups;

Economic, technological - availability

a reserve of financial and material and technical means, advanced technologies, the necessary economic and scientific and technical

infrastructure;

Political, legal - legislative

measures (especially benefits) that encourage

innovation activity, governmental support innovation;

Socio-psychological, cultural - moral encouragement of participants in the innovation process, public recognition, providing opportunities for self-realization, release

creative work, a normal psychological climate in the workforce.

The quality of innovation can also be seen in terms of the nature of the response to factors external environment. Objective factors include those environmental factors that are caused by long-term trends and are not associated with the volitional decisions of a particular subject. These include economic laws that actively affect the quality of innovation:

The law of receiving and appropriating profit, which can also be called the law of the movement of a market economy, since profit is the driving force of production, therefore it has great importance for the quality of innovation;

The law of value that governs

the development of the economy and determining the need for mutually beneficial exchange in all types of transactions can also be considered as one of the most characteristic external factors affecting the quality of innovation;

The laws of supply and demand,

determining the economic mechanism of the relationship between production and consumption, allows the manufacturer to satisfy the maximum

the needs of both end users and organizations through the active introduction of marketing elements in their activities;

The law of competition, which characterizes the economic mechanism by which objective economic laws are implemented and interact in a particular type of market, contributing to an increase in the production of a high-quality innovative product;

The regularity of the cyclical development of the economy, which determines the relationship of business, including innovative activity, and the corresponding phase of the "cycle".

Subjective nature are those factors, the action of which is a direct consequence of consciously decisions taken, among which are:

The innovation policy of the state as the most important component of the state economic policy.

monetary policy

organizations acting as investors. Implementation of innovative projects, and

respectively and quality, often associated with the use borrowed money, which requires taking into account the high degree of risk of such investments.

strategies of competing firms. The significance of this factor is determined by the ability of other economic entities to influence the structure of the market, the intensity of competition, and adjust the receipt of the necessary material resources.

Consumer behavior, which largely determines the availability of demand for emerging as a result of the development of innovative relations

innovations. Accounting for this factor for an enterprise engaged in innovative activities implies additional efforts to form a policy aimed at quality and anticipation of future consumer demand for a new product, service, technology, etc.

The quality of the innovation process is influenced by many economic factors, both objective and subjective, external and internal. External factors affecting the quality of innovations and the quality of innovative projects include factors that determine the interaction of an enterprise with the economic and social environment:

Usage external sources to support all phases of the innovation process: from discovery and development to commercialization;

Communication with customers, business

partners, investors, competitors,

research organizations and universities;

Lobbying interests in

state institutional structures.

Internal factors- these are the essential features of the enterprise that distinguish it from competitors and determine its innovative viability:

quality management, infrastructure, organizational development;

Motivated leadership;

Integration of technological and

organizational and managerial innovations;

High performance;

Effective relations with the staff, wide involvement of them in the innovation process;

Continuous organizational learning;

Effective marketing system,

communicating with end users.

Based on the above, we

we come to the conclusion that the main task of enterprises aimed at continuous improvement and innovative development is the focus on the production of high-quality competitive products that help ensure their innovative potential and increase the level of competitiveness in the domestic and international markets, as well as the use of modern methodologies and quality management tools adapted to Russian conditions that contribute to continuous improvement of activities.

The quality level of an innovation refers to the relative characteristics of quality (or its generalized characteristics) in comparison with a set of basic indicators, which are used as indicators of analogues and standards.

Considering quality management as one of the factors of innovative development, it must be remembered that we are talking about management dynamic object. Therefore, the quality management system

should be flexible enough to allow for frequent modifications without sweeping changes to the work program, and should take place at all stages of innovation development.

But we believe that it is impossible to create competitive products, even

occupying a monopoly position, without control over the quality of its production. Indeed, a special place in the conceptual model of enterprise management is occupied by the mechanism

improving quality management. This is explained by the fact that it is with its help that control is exercised over the connection between the theoretical developments of the authors and the actual practice of producing innovative products. In accordance with the above, we believe that this goal can be achieved through

application of quality management methods. Since, in our opinion, they help to prevent a situation where losses are possible when receiving unusable innovative and any other products.

Based on this, we understand the quality of an innovative product as a set of new product properties,

determining its suitability to satisfy

a completely new need of the consumer of this market, or to satisfy the existing need at a higher quality level by producing on the latest modern

equipment and implementation innovative approach in the very process of producing an innovative product of enterprises in the sectors of the economy and establishing control over its implementation. In accordance with this, we understand the mechanism of quality management of innovative products as a set of interrelated objects and subjects of management, the principles, methods and functions of management used at various stages of the life cycle of innovative products and levels of quality management in enterprises.

Literature

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2. Mensch Gerhard. Stalemate in Technology: Innovations Overcome the Depression - 241 p.

3. Freeman, C., Clark, J., Soete, L. Unemployment and Technical Innovation: a Study of Low. - L., 1982.

4. Perez, Carlota. Finance and technical change: A long-term view / H. Hanusch and A. Pyka, eds., The Elgar Companion to Neo-Schumpeterian Economics. - Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2004.

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12. Kline S. and Rosenberg N. An Overview of Innovation. The Positive Sum Strategy / Landau and Rosenberg (Eds.), Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1986.

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development industrial complex:

system-forming elements of intersectoral innovations / E.V. Liplyanina, A.I. Shinkevich // Vestnik Kazan. technol. university 2009. No. 5. S. 44-54.

Many organizations require leaders to build more innovative teams. But how can this be put into practice? If you ask innovation leaders how they achieve efficiency, you will hear in response: “I don’t know, I somehow didn’t think about it.” Or they invent something, more or less convincing. But the fact is that people who do an excellent job with a non-standard task do not always know how to explain how they succeed.

To understand this, we conducted our own research. We turned to a well-known telecommunications company for help, whose executives score well above average in most managerial competencies. We identified 33 executives who were in the 99th percentile or higher for innovation based on the assessments of colleagues, subordinates and superiors obtained from a comprehensive survey. It was these closest employees, as we believed, who could most clearly explain what makes this particular group stand out in a large and successful organization.

Then we interviewed each manager by phone, as well as his immediate supervisor, several subordinates and colleagues, and asked him to give specific examples of what actions this person has established himself as an innovator. We also asked how this manager differs from others they have worked with.

Combining the data from the interview and the round robin, we came up with a list of 10 traits and qualities that made this group stand out as innovation leaders. We list them from the most important to the least. These leaders are:

Discover great strategic vision. The most effective innovators have an excellent idea of the future. As one respondent said of her boss, “She is great at painting a clear picture of the future, which helps us figure out how to get there.”
Totally focused on the clients. What the client is only interested in, for these people is all-consumingly fascinating. They try to get into the mindset of the client. They communicate with him and ask important questions- about wants and needs.
Create a climate of mutual trust. Innovation often requires risk. Not all innovative ideas guarantee success. Our highly innovative leaders build close collaborative relationships with the team. Colleagues know that their boss will cover the rear and not leave them to be eaten by wolves if something goes wrong. No one is punished for honest mistakes.
They show reckless loyalty and fulfill their duty towards the company and customers. The desire to please the boss or senior executives always takes a backseat to the desire to do everything that is needed for the project and the company as a whole.
Build a culture of communication from the bottom up. Such leaders believe that the best, most advanced ideas come from below. They form a culture in which good ideas, like champagne bubbles, rise from the bottom of the glass to the top, that is, they come from ordinary employees. They say they radiate optimism, full of energy, receptive to new ideas. No sullenness - jokes and laughter.
They are persuasive. These people know how to persuade anyone to accept good idea. They do not impose their thoughts on the team, but they present them with such enthusiasm and conviction that the team itself willingly follows them.
They know how to raise the bar. They set goals that require not just working harder, but finding new ways to reach higher goals.
Increasing pace. These leaders are sure that the ship must sail fast, otherwise shells will stick to its bottom. They prefer experimentation and quick prototyping over long discussions in bureaucratic corporate committees.
Be sincere in every conversation. These bosses are famous for honest, sometimes even too frank speech. Subordinates can always count on a direct response from their boss.
Inspire and motivate by example. One respondent remarked, "Motivation is inspiration." And inspiration arises from a clear awareness of the purpose and meaning of the work.

We only studied one company, but this full focus group review confirms the findings from our analysis of high-innovation leaders in other organizations from a wide variety of industries—automotive, pharmaceuticals, and consumer products—in all parts of the world. These findings, we believe, apply to innovators from all fields and cultures around the world.

Innovations as the most important tool for improving the quality of education. E

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