Topic: Types, causes and indicators of international labor migration

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University: VZFEI

Year and city: Moscow 2011

Option number 12

Work plan

Control theoretical question

1. Types, causes and indicators of international labor migration.

Under international labor migration(MTM) refers to the movement of labor resources between countries and their use beyond national borders within a certain time for the purpose of employment for more favorable conditions than in the country of origin, determined by the ratio of supply and demand in the labor market. How the MTM process is a unity of immigration, emigration, remigration.

The subjects of MTM are emigrants- persons traveling from the territory of this country abroad, and immigrants- persons entering the territory of this country from abroad. Labor migration involves the return of an emigrant to his country - re-emigrant.

Depending on various factors affecting labor migration, and from the point of view of compliance with the norms of the legislation in force in world practice, the following classification of forms of labor migration has developed

by directions:

Migration from developing and former socialist countries to industrialized countries;

Migration between industrialized countries;

Migration between developing countries;

Migration of skilled labor from industrialized to developing countries;

Migration from developing countries to former socialist countries;

By territorial coverage:

Intercontinental;

Inland:

a) between states;

b) between macro-regions;

by time:

Final (permanent or irrevocable) - associated with a change in permanent place of residence;

Temporary (returnable):

a) short-term (the migrant is up to 1 year outside his usual place of residence);

b) long-term (more than 1 year);

Temporary labor migration can be in the nature of periodic movements (caused by recurring reasons, for example, seasonal), or pendulum - associated with the daily movement of part of the population to the place of work, study and back;

according to the degree of legality:

Legal - being in the country legally;

Illegal - illegal border crossing;

based on the:

Voluntary - due to the voluntary adoption by an individual or a group of people of a decision to migrate;

Forced - caused by military, political events, non-ethnic and religious persecution, which force the population to change their place of residence;

Forced - forced resettlement of people organized by the state (deportation).

The cumulative movement of a population across national borders forms migration flows. There are five types of streams:

1. IDPs (persons moving for permanent residence);
2. Contract workers (low-skilled personnel);
3. Professionals (highly qualified and experienced workers;
4. Illegal immigrants;
5. Forced migrants (natural disasters, wars, environmental disasters). (1, p. 288)

Objective economic reasons displacement of the labor factor:

1. The excess of the actual unemployment rate over its natural

indicator increases labor migration.

1. Level difference wages. If the country has an excess of labor resources, this creates an incentive for emigration.
2. The presence in the national economy of excess labor resources entails their outflow to other national economies.
3. Activities of TNCs (Transnational Corporations). Formation of migration flows to branches of TNCs.
4. different levels economic development individual countries. The labor force moves from countries with lower GDP per capita to countries with higher living standards.

TO non-economic reasons include political, national, religious, racial, family and other conditions leading to migration, which is often spontaneous, sudden and even massive.

One of the motives for participation in international labor migration may be the search for any job, so as not to "starve to death". This reason is most typical for the migration of low-skilled labor from countries with a low level of economic development and high unemployment. It takes place mainly from Asian and African countries to Western European countries, from Latin American countries to the USA and Canada, from Southern and Eastern Europe to the more developed countries of Western Europe.

In industrial developed countries ah, an important motive for migration is the search for a specific job for the purpose of self-expression, “social comfort” in the country of immigration, socio-cultural and psychological living conditions, etc. The economic reasons for migration are also present here, but have a different meaning: for example, high level taxes, etc.

The intensification of migration processes observed in recent decades is expressed both in quantitative indicators, and in quality: the forms and directions of movement of labor flows are changing. To assess the scale of labor migration, the following are used:

• Scale of disposals - the number of emigrants who left the country abroad for a certain period in order to find a job;
• Arrival scale - the number of immigrants who arrived in a country in a given period of time in search of work;
• Balance of migration (net migration) - the difference between the number of arrivals and the number of departures in the country, region for the period under consideration.
• Gross migration - the sum of the number of arrivals and departures in the country, region for the period under consideration.

most acceptable quantitative indicators intercountry movement of labor resources are indicators recorded in balance of payments. As in other cases, a non-resident is an individual who has been in the country for less than a year. If a person stays in the country for more than a year, then for the purposes of statistical accounting, he is reclassified as a resident. In balance of payments statistics, indicators related to labor migration are part of the current account balance and are classified under three headings:

. Labor income(labor income), compensation of employees - salaries and other payments in cash or in kind received by non-resident individuals for work performed for residents and paid for by them. This category also includes all contributions made by residents to pension, insurance and other funds related to the employment of a non-resident. Non-resident individuals include all foreign workers staying in a given country for less than a year, including seasonal workers, workers from border countries who come to this country for temporary work, as well as local staff of foreign embassies.

. Migrant movements(migrants` transfers) - the estimated monetary equivalent of the value of the property of migrants, which they carry with them when moving to another country. At the same time, the export of property of emigrants in kind is shown as an export of goods from the country, and its estimated monetary equivalent (as if payment for this export) is shown under this article.

. Employee transfers(workers` remittances) - the transfer of money and goods by migrants to their relatives who remained in their homeland. In the case of shipment of goods, their estimated value is taken into account.

IN modern conditions MTM is characterized as a natural global socio-economic phenomenon that has deep roots in the economic, social, and political spheres.

Control test tasks

/check the correct answer(s) as follows: /

1. Regional integration associations are:

e) the World Bank;

Rationale for the answer:

Main actors international relations(MO) are the state (represented by the government and state-owned enterprises), national economies (firms), regional integration associations, international corporations and supranational financial and economic institutions. Of the subjects of the MO proposed above, to regional integration associations(megablocks) are primarily the EU European Union, the APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the North American Free Trade Association NAFTA and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN.

IMF, WTO, ILO, World Bank are complex international economic organizations who coordinate international economic activity economic ties and rules outwardly economic activity. Of these, financial - the International Monetary Fund of the IMF and the World Bank; trade - WTO (World Trade Organization); and the organization that regulates international labor migration ILO - International Labor Organization.

2. The main external sign of the existence of the world market for goods and services is:

a) the presence of foreign sellers and buyers;

b) the presence of external demand and supply;

c) the existence of the world economic space;

d) movement of goods and services between countries

e) presence of an international trade organization;

f) the emergence of international competition.

Rationale for the answer:

The main elements of the structure of the world market for its objects are: market for goods and services, the capital market, the labor market, as well as the market for scientific and technical developments and information. The most important form of realization of the world market is the world market of goods and services, which can be represented by international trade. The external sign of trade is movement of goods and services between countries.

The world market as a whole is a form of organization and functioning of the world economy. The basis of the world market is the international division of labor (MRI) and mutually beneficial exchange. Availability external supply and demand stimulates international trade. Demand and supply for exported and imported goods in the world market is always balanced. Supply and demand is the root cause of the international exchange of goods and services, and the emergence of international competition is already the development (consequence) of international barter transactions.

Task

A map of supply and demand for Swiss francs is given

in the table.

franc price, Doll.	The volume of demand million francs.	Supply volume, million francs.

1. Draw an equilibrium graph for the Swiss foreign exchange market.

2. What is the equilibrium exchange rate of the Swiss franc? What is the equilibrium exchange rate for the dollar?

3. How many Swiss francs will be bought at the equilibrium rate? How many US dollars will be bought at the equilibrium rate?

4. If the franc settles at 0.40 dollars per franc, which will be observed on foreign exchange market? What actions should the Central Bank take to ensure the equilibrium of the foreign exchange market?

Solution:

2. The equilibrium exchange rate of the Swiss franc corresponds to the value of 0.6 dollars per franc. The equilibrium exchange rate of the dollar is 1:0.6 = 1.67 francs.

3. At the equilibrium rate, 340 million francs will be bought. The number of US dollars at the equilibrium rate will be 340 * 0.6 = 204 million dollars.

4. Depreciation to the level of 0.4 dollars per franc will stimulate the export of Swiss goods, as they will become cheaper and the demand for them from foreigners will increase. The consequence of this will be an increase in demand for francs. A decrease in the equilibrium exchange rate is called currency depreciation. The central bank, in order to maintain the exchange rate of the franc, will redeem a certain amount of them for dollars, which will ensure the equilibrium of the foreign exchange market.

Bibliography

1. Nikolaeva I.P. World economy UNITY, Moscow, 2007

2. Basovsky L.E. World Economy: A Course of Lectures - M.: INFRA-M, 2005

If the Control Work, in your opinion, is of poor quality, or you have already met this work, please let us know.

World market- the sphere of stable commodity-money relations between countries based on the international division of labor and other factors of production.

The world market covers all the main areas of the international division of labor. The scale of development of the world market reflects the degree of development of the internationalization process social production. The world market is derived from the domestic markets of countries. At the same time, it has an active feedback effect on the macroeconomic equilibrium of isolated economic systems. Segments of the world market are determined by both traditional factors of production - land, labor and capital, and relatively new ones - information technology and entrepreneurship, the importance of which is growing under the influence of the modern scientific and technological revolution. Markets for goods and services, capital and labor force, formed at the supranational level, are the result of the interaction of world demand, world prices and world supply, are affected by cyclical fluctuations, operate under conditions of monopoly and competition.

The global market is characterized by the following main features:

It manifests itself in the interstate movement of goods that are under the influence of not only internal, but also external demand and supply;

Optimizes the use of production factors, prompting the manufacturer in which industries and regions they can be applied most effectively;

It performs a sanitizing role by rejecting goods and often their manufacturers from international exchange, which are not able to provide an international quality standard at competitive prices.

The main external sign of the existence of the world market is the movement of goods and services between countries.

International trade consists of two counter flows of goods and services that form the export and import of each country. Export is the sale and export of goods abroad, import is the purchase and import of goods from abroad. The difference between the cost estimates of exports and imports forms the trade balance, and the sum of these estimates is the foreign trade turnover.

Product-service. The product-service includes the following components:

I. Manufacturing Services:

know-how,

Licenses;

Transport services;

Engineering services, etc.

II. Consumer services:

Socio-cultural services (education, healthcare, sports, etc.).

The share of economically developed countries in the world market of services is about 80%.

Among the reasons stimulating the rapid growth of the world market for services are the following:

A mature economy and a high standard of living increase the demand for services;

The development of all types of transport stimulates the international mobility of both entrepreneurs and the population;

New forms of communication, including satellites, sometimes make it possible to replace the personal contacts of sellers and buyers;

The accelerated process of expanding and deepening the international division of labor, which leads to the formation of new types of activities, primarily in the non-productive sphere.

Development dynamics international trade

Since the second half of the 20th century, when international exchange, according to M. Pebro's definition, acquires an "explosive character", world trade has been developing at a high pace. In the period 1950-1998. world exports grew 16 times. According to Western experts, the period between 1950 and 1970 can be characterized as a "golden age" in the development of international trade. In the 1970s, world exports fell to 5%, falling further in the 1980s. In the late 80s, he showed a noticeable revival. Since the second half of the 20th century, the uneven dynamics of foreign trade has manifested itself. In the 1990s, Western Europe - main center international trade. Its exports were almost 4 times higher than those of the United States. By the end of the 80s, Japan began to emerge as a leader in terms of competitiveness. In the same period, it was joined by the "new industrial countries" of Asia - Singapore, Hong Kong Taiwan. However, by the mid-1990s, the United States was once again taking a leading position in the world in terms of competitiveness. Export of goods and services in the world in 2007, according to the WTO, amounted to 16 trillion. USD. The share of the group of goods is 80% of services 20% of the total volume of trade in the world.

At the present stage, international trade plays an important role in the economic development of countries, regions, the entire world community:

international trade has become a powerful factor in economic growth;

the dependence of countries on international trade has increased significantly.

The main factors affecting the growth of international trade:

development of the international division of labor and internationalization of production;

activities of transnational corporations TNCs;

Analysis of the global consulting market

Over the past 20 years, there has been a very large growth in consulting services. This is due to the globalization of the world economy. In 2000-2001, in connection with the stock market crises, consulting experienced better times, slowly recovering in 2003-2004, by 2007 reached a fairly high level, and, despite the global financial crisis, in 2009 the international consulting market reaches fairly high levels, which is primarily due to a slight increase in the client base due to an increase in demand for business optimization services, IT projects, increasing the efficiency of using various resources (including labor), training, etc. by the most major markets consulting services today are the USA and the EU, the markets of Asian countries show good dynamics, but their share in the world market is still small.

In recent years, there have been significant changes in the structure of world trade. In particular, the share of communication services and information technologies At the same time, the share of trade in commodities and agricultural products is declining.

Certain changes are also taking place in the geographical distribution of world trade. The trade of developing countries is gradually growing, but the volume of goods flows from the newly industrialized countries is growing at an especially rapid pace.

RUSSIA IN THE WORLD MARKET OF SERVICES

In the process of the transition of the Russian economy to a market basis and its integration into world economy one should take into account the active role of the service sector, as well as all aspects of its development abroad (technical, structural, organizational, managerial, quantitative and qualitative). Our primary task is to accelerate the development of the service sector.

Structure and main quality parameters Russian market services differ significantly from Western ones, primarily in the predominance of traditional industries that provide transportation and marketing of manufactured products. Currently, there are gaps in Russia regarding the statistical treatment of services in both domestic production and foreign trade (especially in relation to the geographical structure of export and import flows of service industries). There are problems with the classification of services. So, a brake on development practical activities operators of the services market there is a discrepancy in classifying certain types of services as export-import operations. There is a need and work is already underway to compile of the all-Russian classifier types of economic activity by goods and services, adapted to the international classification system.

The economic development of the service sectors was accompanied by the creation of an appropriate legislative framework. Need in further formation Regulatory regime for the services sector, which will provide an optimal combination of state control measures and competitive conditions for the activities of domestic and foreign service providers, is becoming increasingly clear for Russia in the light of the task of joining the WTO. The most important and predominant article trade balance Russian Federation in the service sector in recent years is tourism

The main external sign of the existence of the world market is the movement of goods and services between countries.

international trade - This is the sphere of international commodity-money relations, which is a combination of foreign trade of all countries of the world.

In relation to one country, the term is usually used foreign trade of the state, regarding the trade of the two countries - interstate, mutual, bilateral trade, and as regards the trade of all countries with each other - international, or world trade.

Often, international trade is understood as trade in both tangible goods ("visible goods") and services ("invisible goods"), which differ from visible goods in some parameters.

International trade consists of two counter flows of goods - exports and imports and is characterized by a trade balance and trade turnover.

Export - is the sale and export of goods abroad.

Import - is the purchase and importation of goods from abroad.

Foreign trade balance - the difference in value of exports and imports.

Foreign trade turnover - the sum of the cost volumes of exports and imports.

According to the internationally accepted standards of international trade statistics, the main feature for recognizing international trade, the sale of goods - export, and the purchase - import is the intersection of goods customs border state and fixing this fact in the relevant customs reporting. For example, if the equipment is sold (in fact, transferred) by the American division of Coca-Cola to the Ukrainian division, then this is considered an export and import of Ukraine, even though the owner of the goods remained American company Coca Cola.

Export and import are two key concepts that characterize the international movement of goods and are used for a comprehensive analysis of international trade and for practical needs. The trade balance and turnover, as their derivatives, have a narrower analytical and practical value.

If we proceed from the premise of the balance of supply and demand, then graphically the concept of export and import can be depicted as shown in Fig. 1.2.3.

Rice. 1.2.3. Graphical representation of export and import:

A)- country I ; b)- world market; V)- country II

Suppose that countries i and II separately from each other produce and use the same product. The demand and supply of goods in country I are D 1 , And S 1 , and in country II - respectively DII And SII. On the horizontal axis of readings, the volume of production of goods QAND, QII, on the vertical - its internal price PAND, P 2 respectively in countries II. The market equilibrium of supply and demand for a product is reached at the point E 1 in a country where the price of a commodity is P 2 and point E 2. In country II, where the price of a commodity is G 2. Because the G 1 < G 2 , this product is cheaper in country I than in country II, and therefore, it is profitable for country I to export it to country II and get some profit from it, and for country II it is profitable to import it from country And thereby save and reduce its purchases in domestic market. Through differences in domestic prices between countries i and II in country i for any price of goods greater than G 1, its excess supply arises. In country II, for any commodity price less than G 2, there is an excess demand for it.

Countries begin to trade. Rivnova price G in the country And means that at the point E 1 the demand for the product is exactly equal to the supply and to the country AND there is no product to export. This defines the point G on the world market supply curve, which shows the minimum price after which there will be no export from country Y. For country II, the equilibrium price G, means that at the point E 2, in which demand equals supply, the country does not need any imported goods because it has enough of its own resources. This defines the point G "g on the world market demand curve, which shows maximum price, after reaching which the import of goods by country II will stop.

Since we are considering only two countries, the quantity of goods exported by country I must match the quantity of goods imported by country II, or in other words, the excess domestic supply in country II must equal the excess domestic demand in country II, that is, graphically A X B X \u003d A 0 B 2, A 1 B 1 is the export of country I, and A 2 B 2- import country II. Export volume A 1 B I will show the second point, which defines S w - the supply curve of goods on the world market, and the volume of imports A ABOUT B 2- the second point, which determines Dw - the demand curve for the product in the world market. But since exports are quantitatively equal to imports, in Fig. 1.2.3, b) they coincide on the line R "E, defining a new market equilibrium, which is reached at the point E I for a new level of world price P" w - the equilibrium price of goods in the world market. The world supply and demand for a commodity at this price is determined according to the curves D, And S.

If a situation arises when the price of the world market for some reason rises above the level G "w, thereby expanding the volume of exports by more than AB x, then the limitation of demand by quantitative framework A 0 B 2 bring the price down to G. If the price of the world market why falls below the level G "w, then quantitatively the demand for imports of goods will exceed its quantity for exports A X Bj and the price will return to the world level G".

Based on the above, the following conclusions can be drawn:

• the world market is the sphere of the international balance of supply and demand for goods that are exported and imported by countries;
• export volumes are determined by the volumes of excess supply of goods, import volumes - by volumes of excess demand for goods;
• the fact that there is an excess supply and an excess demand for international market set by comparing internal equal prices for the same goods in different countries;
• the price at which international trade is carried out is between the minimum and maximum domestic equilibrium prices that exist in countries before the start of trade;
• on the one hand, a change in the world price leads to a change in the quantity of goods that are exported and imported on the world market, on the other hand, a change in the quantity of exported and imported goods leads to a change in the world price.

Consequently, the world market is a sphere of stable commodity-money relations between countries, which are based on the international division of labor and other factors of production. The world market is manifested through international trade, which is a combination of foreign trade of all countries of the world and consists of two counter flows of goods - exports and imports. The simplest model of the world market, which is called partial equilibrium models, shows the main functional relationships between domestic demand and supply and demand and supply of goods on the world market, determines the quantitative volumes of exports and imports, as well as the equilibrium price on which trade takes place.

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International trade in services, international movement of goods and capital

International economic relations

1. INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICES

The classification of services is based on the international standardized industrial classification adopted by the United Nations and recognized in most countries of the world. In accordance with it, all the following goods are considered services:

Utilities and construction

wholesale and retail, restaurants and hotels

Transportation, storage, communication and financial intermediation

Defense and compulsory social services

Education, Health and Public Works

Other communal, social and personal services

Most of them are actually produced and consumed exclusively in national framework, that is, from the point of view of the international economy is non-tradable.

Both trade in goods and trade in services, along with some other items, are included in the current account of the balance of payments of any country. Negotiations on the liberalization of trade in services are being conducted in parallel with negotiations on the liberalization of trade in goods. However, there are qualitative differences between goods and services and their trade (Table 1).

It is because of the intangibility and invisibility of most services that trade in them is sometimes referred to as invisible exports and imports. Moreover, unlike goods, the production of services is often combined with their export under the same contract and requires a direct meeting between their seller and buyer. However, in this case, there are numerous exceptions. For example, some services are quite tangible (a printed consultant report or computer program on a diskette), are quite visible (a model haircut or a theatrical performance), can be stored (telephone answering service) and does not always require direct interaction between the buyer and the seller (automatic issuance of money in a bank using a debit card).

Services are divided into:

Factor services - payments arising in connection with the international movement of factors of production, primarily capital and labor (income on investments, royalties and investment payments, wages paid to non-residents;

Non-factorial services - other types of services (transport, travel and other non-financial services).

This division is especially important for discussing the problems of regulating international trade in services within the framework of the GATT / WTO, which concentrate mainly on non-factorial services.

It is also obvious that the provision of services in most cases occurs simultaneously with the sale of goods or investments in a particular country. Therefore, in accordance with the methods of delivery of services to the consumer, services are divided into:

Services related to investments - banking, hotel and professional services;

Services related to trade - transport, insurance;

Services related simultaneously to investment and trade - communications, construction, computer and information services, personal, cultural and recreational services.

So, services represent a change in the position of an institutional unit that has occurred as a result of actions and on the basis of a mutual agreement with another institutional unit. Unlike goods, the production of services is often combined with their export under one contract and requires a direct meeting between their seller and buyer. At the same time, either the seller comes to the buyer, or the buyer to the seller, or they move towards each other. An increasing number of services become tradable goods and are recorded in the current account of the balance of payments of any country.

INTERNATIONAL SERVICE TRANSACTIONS ($ billion)

World trade in services (in billions of dollars)

Structure of world exports of services, 1993 (billion dollars)

A - freight transport services

B - other transport services

C - trips

D - other services provided by government organizations

E - other services provided by the private sector

2. INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT OF GOODS

The main external sign of the existence of the world market is the movement of goods and services between countries.

International trade - the sphere of international commodity-money relations, which is a combination of foreign trade of all countries of the world.

International trade consists of two counter flows of goods - exports and imports and is characterized by a trade balance and trade turnover.

According to internationally accepted standards of international trade statistics key element for the recognition of international trade, the sale of goods - export, and the purchase - import is the fact that the goods cross the customs border of the state and record this in the relevant customs reporting. At the same time, it does not matter whether the product of the owner changes or not.

Export and import are two key concepts that characterize the international movement of goods, which are used for a comprehensive analysis of international trade and for practical purposes.

The world market is the sphere of the international balance of supply and demand for goods exported and imported by countries;

The size of exports is determined by the size of the excess supply of goods, the size of imports - by the size of the excess demand for goods;

The fact of the presence of excess supply and excess demand is established in the process of comparison of internal equilibrium prices for the same goods in different countries taking place in the international market;

The price at which international trade is carried out is between the minimum and maximum domestic equilibrium prices that exist in countries before the start of trade;

On the one hand, a change in the world price leads to a change in the quantity of exported and imported goods leads to a change in the world price.

So, the world market has become a natural result of the development of domestic and national markets based on the division of labor of goods that have gone beyond state borders. It is a sphere of stable commodity-money relations between countries based on the international division of labor and other factors of production. The world market is manifested through international trade, which is a combination of foreign trade of all countries of the world and consists of two counter flows of goods - exports and imports. The simplest model of the world market, called the partial equilibrium model, shows the main functional relationships between domestic demand and supply and demand and supply of goods on the world market, determines the quantitative volumes of exports and imports, as well as the equilibrium price at which trade is carried out.

3. INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MOVEMENT

The international movement of capital as a factor of production takes on specific and various forms.

According to the sources of origin, the capital in motion on the world market is divided into official and private capital.

Official - funds from the state budget, transferred abroad or received from abroad by decision of governments, as well as by decision of intergovernmental organizations. This category of capital flows includes all government loans, loans, gifts, assistance, which are provided by one country to another country on the basis of intergovernmental agreements. The source of official capital is the state budget, that is, in the end, taxpayers' money.

Private - means of private firms, banks and other non-governmental organizations, moved abroad or received from abroad by decision of the governing bodies and their associations. This category of capital flows includes capital investments abroad by private firms, the provision of trade credits, and interbank lending. The source of this capital is the funds of private firms that are not related to the state budget. But, despite the relative autonomy of firms in making decisions about the international movement of their capital, the government usually reserves the right to regulate and control it.

According to the nature of the use of capital is divided into:

Entrepreneurial - funds directly or indirectly invested in production for the purpose of making a profit. Private capital is most commonly used as entrepreneurial capital, although either the state itself or state-owned enterprises may also invest abroad.

Judicial - funds loaned for the purpose of obtaining interest. On an international scale, official capital from public sources is used as loan capital, although international lending from private sources also reaches very impressive levels.

According to the investment period, capital is divided into:

Medium-term and long-term - capital investments for a period of more than 1 year. All investments of entrepreneurial capital in the form of direct and portfolio investments, as well as loan capital in the form of government loans, are usually long-term.

Short-term - investment of capital for a period of less than 1 year. Predominantly loan capital in the form of trade credits

According to the purpose of investment, capital is divided into:

Direct investment is the investment of capital with the aim of acquiring a long-term economic interest in the country of investment of capital, which ensures the control of the investor over the object of placement of capital. They are almost entirely associated with the export of private entrepreneurial capital.

Portfolio investment - capital investment in foreign securities that do not give the investor the right to real control over the investment object. Such investments are also predominantly based on private entrepreneurial capital, although the state often issues its own and purchases foreign securities.

Item Description: "International Economic Relations"

The subject of international economic relations includes the study of two most important components: the actual international economic relations and the mechanism for their implementation. International economic relations include a multi-level complex of economic relations between individual countries, their regional associations, as well as individual enterprises (transnational, multinational corporations) in the world economy. International economic relations as a science does not study economics foreign countries and features of their economic relations. Moreover, not any economic relations, but only the most frequently repeated, typical, characteristic, defining relations. The mechanism of international economic relations includes legal regulations and tools for their implementation (international economic treaties, agreements, "codes", charters, etc.), the relevant activities of international economic organizations aimed at achieving the goals of developing international economic relations Avdokushin E.F. International economic relations: Proc.

allowance. - M.: Marketing, 1996. - 196 p.

Avdokushin E.F. International Economic Relations: Textbook. - M.: Jurist, 1999

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1) international trade in goods and services;

2) international movement of capital;

3) international currency settlement system;

4) international labor migration;

5) international information technology exchange.

Each of the noted forms has a qualitative originality, which, however, does not prevent their interpenetration, which is most clearly manifested in the activities of TNCs, the creation of integration groups and the functioning of free economic zones.

Speaking about the subjects of the international economic relations, it is necessary to highlight states(with a developed market economy, developing, transitional), regional integration groupings ( For example , European Union), international organizations, transnational corporations.

National market economies do not develop in isolation, but in close interaction with each other. No country in the world, not even the United States, can produce the entire range of modern goods, of which there are tens of millions, provide itself with hundreds of different services, investment and labor resources, highly qualified specialists. Countries meet the growing needs of a personal and industrial nature through mutual exchange and cooperation in production, scientific research, environmental and other solutions. global problems requiring the pooling of financial, technical, professional and other resources. As the productive forces develop, the interdependence of national economies increases, the socio-economic development of countries is increasingly determined by the scale, diversity and efficiency of their economic relations with the rest of the world, which together form the system of international economic relations (IER).

International economic relations (IER) are relations between residents of a given country and residents of other countries that are non-residents in relation to this country.

Economic relations between countries are carried out and developed on the basis of the international division of labor (IRL), the essence of which is the specialization of countries in the production of certain goods, in the production of which they have certain advantages; specialization makes international exchange and cooperation possible and necessary.

The international division of labor is the highest stage in the development of the territorial division of labor, when the interregional national division of labor goes beyond national borders. It acts as an objective precondition for exchange between countries.

The international division of labor determines the exchange of goods and services between countries, its expansion and diversification, the emergence of international trade and the world market, which is the total commodity circulation between countries or the totality of all external markets.

The world market arises on the basis of a large-scale factory industry, the products of which require a worldwide market. It is a natural result of the development of domestic national markets that have gone beyond state borders. The world market is a sphere of stable commodity-money relations between countries based on the international division of labor and other factors of production.
The world market is manifested through international trade, which is a combination of foreign trade of all countries and consists of two counter flows of goods - export (export) and import (import).
The world market differs from domestic markets primarily in that not all goods that circulate on national markets enter this market. The world market rejects goods from international exchange that do not meet international standards quality at world prices. The world market acts as a sphere of interstate exchange, it has an inverse effect on national production, showing what, how much, at what cost and for whom it is necessary to produce.

In Fig. 1, a conditional example shows the interaction of three countries through the exchange of goods. Areas A, B, C represent the domestic markets of these countries. Areas in, with, and - this foreign markets countries. Together and in interaction, they represent the world market (c, a + c, a + c, c).

characteristic feature world market is the interstate movement of goods.

3. International movement of goods.

The main external sign of the existence of the world market is the movement of goods and services between countries.

international trade(international trade) - the sphere of international

commodity-money relations, which is a set of foreign trade of all countries of the world. For one country, usually

the term "foreign trade of the state" is used, in relation to

trade between two countries - "interstate, mutual, bilateral trade", and in relation to the trade of all countries with each other - "international or world trade". Often, international trade is understood as trade not only in goods, but also in services. Services are also goods, but often they do not have a materialized form and differ from goods in a number of parameters, which will be discussed below.

International trade consists of two counter flows of goods - exports and imports and is characterized by a trade balance and trade turnover.

Export(export / s) - the sale of goods, providing for its export abroad.

Import(import/s) - the purchase of goods, which provides for its import due to

trade balance(trade balance) - the difference in the value of exports

and import.

Trade turnover(trade turnover) - the sum of the value of exports and imports.

According to internationally accepted standards of international trade statistics, the key element for recognizing trade as international, the sale of goods as export, and the purchase as import, is the fact that the goods cross the customs border of the state and record this in the relevant customs reporting. At the same time, whether the product of the owner changes or not - it does not matter.

For example, if a computer is sold (and, in fact, transferred) to an American

division of IBM to its Russian division, it is considered

US exports and Russian imports, even though the American company IBM remained the owner of the goods. In the theory of the balance of payments, as we will see below, on the contrary, the change of ownership of the goods is decisive, and the sale of Russian raw materials to a branch of an American enterprise located in Russia will be considered Russian export, although the raw material did not cross the border.

Export and import are two key concepts that characterize the international movement of goods, which are used for a comprehensive analysis of international trade and for practical purposes. The trade balance and turnover, as their derivatives, have a narrower analytical and practical value and are used less frequently.

4. Equilibrium in the world market.

Based on the premise of the balance of supply and demand, then graphically the concepts of export and import can be represented as shown in Fig. 2. Balance of supply and demand in the world market

Q1

Imagine that countries I and II in isolation from each other produce and consume the same product. The demand and supply of goods in country I are DI and SI, and in country II - respectively DII and SII.

The horizontal axis shows the volumes of production of goods QI, QI, along the vertical axis - its internal price PI, PII, respectively, in countries I and P. Market equilibrium of supply and demand for the product is achieved at point E1 in country I, where the price of the product is P1, and point E2 in country II, where the price of the good is P2. Since P1< Р2, данный товар дешевле в стране I, чем в стране II, и, следовательно, стране I выгодно его экспортировать в страну IIи получить от этого какую-то прибыль, а стране II выгодно его импортировать из страны I и тем самым сэкономить и снизить его закупки на внутреннем рынке. Из-за различия во внутренних ценах между странами I и II у страны I при любой цене на товар больше, чем Р1, возникает его избыточное предложение. У страны II при любой цене на товар меньше, чем Р2 возникает избыточный спрос на него.

Countries establish trade relations.

The equilibrium price P1 in country I shows that at point E1 the demand for the good is exactly equal to the supply and country I has no goods to export. This determines the point P1 "on the supply curve in the world market, showing the minimum price, upon reaching which there will be no export of goods from country I. For country II, the equilibrium price P2 shows that at the point of equality of supply and demand E2 the country does not require any import of the product, since it manages its own own resources. This determines the point P2" on the demand curve in the world market, showing the maximum price, upon reaching which the import of goods by country II will stop.