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Directions, mechanism and forms of implementation of international economic relations. International economic relations What does international economic relations include

In the course of their activities in the world economic arena, the subjects of the world economy enter into certain economic relations - international economic relations - IEO, which represent, in a broad sense, a system of economic relations between the national economies of individual countries, represented by various economic entities, as well as international economic organizations and financial centers.

These relationships are the subject of a special training course- "International economic relations". Therefore, in this textbook we will briefly consider them in terms of the structure of the modern world economy.

The development of international economic relations depends on a number of factors:

A) natural (natural-climatic, demographic, etc.). For example, to become a major exporter of oil or natural gas, a country must have appropriate reserves of these types of natural resources. Despite all the scientific and technological achievements of recent decades, high-performance Agriculture in various countries and, accordingly, dynamic exports of agricultural products, nevertheless, there are favorable natural and climatic conditions. It is impossible not to take into account the significant role that demographic factors play in the world economy;
b) acquired (industrial, scientific and technical, political, social, national-ethnic, religious). The huge role of general political factors in the development of international economic relations is obvious, when, for example, there is a "thaw" in the relations between the countries of the world or, on the contrary, a sharp aggravation (up to military conflicts). Scientific and technical and production factors play a decisive role in the development of almost all forms of modern international economic relations. The role of social, national-ethnic and even religious factors (for example, interfaith relations both in the interaction of different countries and within individual states, etc.) is also extremely important.

IN early XXI V. to the main forms of international economic relations were:

■ international trade goods;

■ international trade in services;

■ international specialization and production cooperation - ISCO;

■ international scientific and technical cooperation- ISTC and exchange of scientific and technical results;

■ international movement of capital, international monetary and financial relations;

■ international labor movement;

■ international information exchange;

■ activities of international economic organizations and cooperation in solving global problems.

One of the traditional forms of international economic relations is international trade in goods, which originated and developed many centuries ago, in ancient civilizations and states of the world.

Over time, international trade is supplemented by other forms of international economic relations, many of which were developed already in the 20th - early 21st centuries.

Sometimes the forms of international economic relations also include international economic integration (see ch. 15). The authors do not share this point of view, believing that international economic integration is a synthetic process that includes almost all currently existing forms of international economic relations (from international trade in goods and services to international information exchange).

IN modern conditions various forms of IER are closely interconnected and actively interact with each other. This growing interconnectedness and intense interpenetration allow us to consider the IER as an emerging and developing system of international economic relations.

We think on our own. In what forms of international economic relations is the consistency of modern international relations manifests itself most clearly, and in which - less clearly? Why is this happening?

Modern world economy is a market economy. Therefore, the question arises of how its main provisions are implemented in the system of the modern world economy. In the classical scheme market economy these include: the subjects of the relations that develop in this case (sellers and buyers); defining impact on development market relations from the side of supply and demand; development of competition.

All these general provisions market economies also take place in the system of the modern world economy, however, at the same time, its certain (in some cases, very significant) specificity is manifested. Thus, in the sphere of the world economy, the multiplicity of subjects participating in market relations is sharply increasing, while the freedom (invariance) of choice and partners (countries and their unions (groupings), international organizations, corporate business, individuals), and the forms of economic relations implemented in this case. The same pattern is manifested in the action of supply and demand in the world economy. Finally, the scope of competition, and international competition itself becomes more intense and fierce compared to competition within the national economy.

However, the reality of the modern world economy is such that a much higher monopolization (oligopolization) of economic relations is also manifested here. At the same time, few examples of free (pure) competition can be seen, since the rules of the game in the world economy at the beginning of the 21st century. determine the strongest players - the leading countries of the world, the largest transnational corporations and banks with global scale activities, the most authoritative international organizations. In the sphere of the world economy, in comparison with the national economies of individual countries, political factors have a more significant impact. The role of states, their institutions and unions in the world economy, despite a certain liberalization of economic relations in recent years, remains very significant. Therefore, in the subsequent sections of this textbook, much attention will be paid to the place and role of individual leading countries, their groupings and unions in the modern world economy.

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Main forms of international economic cooperation

The most ancient form of IER is international trade (Figure 2.2).

Figure 2.1 The concept of international trade

IN modern world five main forms of IER have been formed. (Figure 2.3)

1. International trade - international exchange of goods, results of intellectual work, services and labor force. In other words, MT is the exchange of factors of production at the international level. MT is the leading form of MEO.
2. International production cooperation (IPC) is a process that implements international production relations for joint activities based on MT.
3. Investment activity - an activity based on international financing in order to achieve a social effect and profit from partners.
4. Services - useful activity not embodied in a material product by a foreign consumer.
5. International monetary and financial and credit relations - a kind of economic relations associated with the functioning of world money and securities.

Figure 2.3 Main forms of international economic relations

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Subjects of international economic relations

An analysis of scientific literature makes it possible to conclude that international (interstate) relations are relations that go beyond the borders of states and arise between them. These relations are regulated by the norms of international law.

International economic relations arise and are established, first of all, between states, as political forms of the function of society, which express the political power of the economically dominant class or the entire people.

Those. International economic relations is a form of links between:

individual states.

States and international organizations.

between international organizations.

1. A large number of countries, international organizations that are subjects of the IER.

2. The complexity and nature of these relations is significantly influenced by the socio-political system of countries.

The most important forms of international economic relations include:

international trade in goods and services;

currency and credit relations.

· the movement of capital and foreign investment;

labor migration;

exchange in the field of science and technology;

· cross-country cooperation of production;

Many of the goods and services we consume are produced overseas. Free import and export is beneficial to citizens of all countries. Trade allows each country to specialize in the production of what it has achieved best results and provides each person with a richer choice of goods and services.

International trade is the exchange of goods and services between national economies. She originated in ancient times but only in the 19th century. took the form of a world market, since almost all countries of the world are drawn into it.

International trade differs from domestic trade in that:

· economic resources (including labor, natural, material, financial) are unevenly distributed among different countries;

Each country uses its own currency;

international trade is more subject to political control.

In the structure of international trade, two main blocks should be distinguished:

1. Export (export) of goods means that they are sold on the external market.

2. When importing (importing) goods, the country acquires goods produced abroad.

Different countries participate in world trade to varying degrees. The main indicators characterizing the country's involvement in foreign economic relations are: the export quota, which shows the ratio of the value of exports to the value of the gross domestic product, and the volume of exports per capita of a given country.

The dynamics and structure of world trade depend on the location of the main factors of production between different countries, from the structure of world production. So, if in the XIX century. in international exchange dominated by raw materials, food and light industry products, in modern conditions the share of industrial goods, especially machinery and equipment, has increased significantly. The exchange of components and spare parts is increasing, re-export is growing rapidly, for example, after the appropriate assembly and installation of units and machines. Currently, the scope of international exchange includes the achievements of scientific and technological revolution (trade in licenses and know-how). noted fast development trade in technologically complex products. The objects of international trade now include also design work, leasing (long-term rental of equipment), consulting services.

International trade is beneficial to any country.

First, imports expand the choice of goods and services that are not produced in the country, but that consumers would like to purchase. International trade makes it possible to more fully meet the growing needs of a person as a consumer.

Secondly, foreign firms, offering goods similar to domestic ones on the national market, thereby increase their supply, which leads to a decrease in their prices.

In addition to trade, one of the forms of international economic relations is credit and financial, expressed in the provision of loans and credits, in the export and import of capital. The USA, Great Britain, Germany, the Netherlands, Japan remain the main exporters of capital, with 80% going to developed countries.

Credit financial markets are a set of banks, organizations, stock exchanges, through which the movement of world economic flows is carried out.

Features of global financial markets:

Scales.

No geographic boundaries.

Round-the-clock operations in the global financial markets.

Use of currencies of leading developed countries.

Access to the global financial market have 1-class banks and borrowers.

This market has a specific interest rate. As a result of competition, the following financial centers emerged: New York, London, Luxembourg, Frankfurt am Main, Singapore, Tokyo, and the Bahamas. international import export trade global

Financial centers are the centers of concentrated banks, credit and financial relations that carry out operations in the financial and credit markets.

Emergence of financial centers on the periphery: Singapore, Hong Kong, Panama, Bahamas. This is due to lower taxes, currency legislation without restrictions.

Offshore - these are the world's financial centers in which banks carry out operations mainly with non-residents and in foreign currency for this state. Offshore banks are tax cover.

The global credit market is a sphere of market relations where the movement money capital on terms of repayment and payment of interest and where the demand for loan capital is formed

The world financial market is a part of the loan capital market, where the issue, purchase and sale of securities is carried out.

World loan capital can be divided into three parts:

World money market - operations are carried out here to provide a short-term loan for up to one year.

The world capital market - medium and long-term lending is carried out on it.

World financial market - issue and purchase and sale of securities is carried out.

Classical foreign loans - based on the principle of the unity of the place of borrowing and the unity of the currency.

At the end of the 50s. the euromarket has gradually formed - this is part of the loan capital market, on which banks carry out operations in the eurocurrency.

The international migration of capital or the export of capital is carried out in the following forms:

direct private investment;

government loans;

international loans financial institutions.

The main function of the export of capital is to ensure the functioning of the world commodity market through the organization of foreign branches and subsidiaries, a service department, a repair and consulting base.

Foreign investments are all types of investments of foreign investors in objects of entrepreneurial and other activities for the purpose of making a profit.

Direct investment is the acquisition of shares in a foreign enterprise that is largely owned or controlled by the investor. This is the most dynamic form of international economic relations. Such investments can be carried out in various forms - joint ventures, ownership of a controlling stake in a firm in the recipient country; opening of a branch, wholly owned by a transnational corporation.

Portfolio investments - lending or acquisition of shares in a foreign enterprise that is not owned and controlled by the investor, investments in the state and municipal securities market. Various forms of international credit can be classified according to several main features that characterize certain aspects of credit relations:

· by sources (domestic, foreign and mixed lending);

by purpose (commercial, financial, intermediate loans);

· by types (commodity, currency);

· by the currency of the loan (in the currency of the debtor country, in the currency of a third country, in international accounting currency units);

by terms (short, medium and long term).

To create a favorable investment climate, reliable protection of property rights, a fairly liberal economy, a developed market infrastructure, and preferential taxation are necessary. To attract investments and technologies to the most depressed regions, territories with a preferential taxation regime are being created - free economic zones (FEZs).

External labor migration is the voluntary movement of people outside the country in order to carry out paid labor activity.

Man is the most vulnerable of all objects moving from country to country. Migrants (“guest workers”, “campesinos”) risk a lot, their appearance in new country alarms others, even those who are themselves migrants. A lot of dangers lie in wait for them, but the average gain is very large. If this were not so, migrants would not decide to live in a foreign state permanently or temporarily.

There are at least three types of non-market impact of migration:

obtaining knowledge of significant economic value - modern technology, artistic talents, a large share of the effect of this knowledge extends to other people;

overcrowding (may cause costs such as crime, conflict, excessive noise);

social conflicts.

Many countries (especially the US) have a policy of selecting immigrants who are allowed into the country. The rules are being revised to encourage "brain gain" AND limit the influx of unskilled individuals most prone to unemployment and social conflict.

An important form of international economic relations is scientific and technical cooperation, expressed in the exchange of patents, licenses, joint research and development work.

International production cooperation, which consists in the specialization and international cooperation of enterprises, has received great development.

International economic cooperation is one of the main factors that influence today the level of the world process and the development of the economy of a particular country. There are 200 large and small independent states on the globe. Each of them pursues its own policy, creates its own economy, and at the same time enters into various international relations, in particular, economic ones.

In the process of international economic cooperation between states, between organizations and other participants, certain relations arise (strengthen or interrupted), which require an appropriate regulation.

The tool is legal regulations, the system of which constitutes the MEP - an independent branch of world law.

International economic law is the main regulatory regulator of relations that arise in the field of international economic cooperation.

The subjects of these relations can be international organizations - economic, etc.

These include at the macroeconomic level: individual countries and their subjects (including unrecognized states, for example, Abkhazia, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, etc.), international economic integration groups, big cities, TNCs, global corporations, etc.:

at the microeconomic level: small and medium-sized enterprises, cooperatives, etc., and individuals(in particular, the so-called "shuttles", or "peddlers"), etc.;

· at the supranational level: international economic organizations and supranational institutions.

Transnational corporations (TNCs).

The modern world economy is characterized by a rapidly ongoing process of transnationalization. Transnational corporations (TNCs) are the main driving force in this process. They are business associations consisting of a parent company and foreign branches. The parent company controls the activities of the enterprises included in the association by owning shares (participation) in their capital. In foreign affiliates of TNCs, the share of the parent company - a resident of another country - usually accounts for more than 10% of the shares or their equivalent. At the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. there is an unprecedented foreign economic activity(international economic transactions), in which TNCs are traders (merchants), investors, distributors modern technologies and facilitators of international trade migration. They largely determine the dynamics and structure, the level of competitiveness in the global market for goods and services, as well as the international movement of capital and the transfer of technology (knowledge).

TNCs play a leading role in the internationalization of production, which is becoming increasingly widespread in the process of expanding and deepening production ties between enterprises in different countries.

TNCs are international in terms of the scope of their activities and national in terms of capital and the nature of control. They expand their power through direct investment in their overseas affiliates and enterprises.

World diasporas, large trans-regional associations and strategic alliances of countries, world cities, communes, provinces, etc.

a special role in the system. MEOs begin to play anthropostructures, i.e. close-knit groups and associations that use network forms of organization of activities and cultural policy for active participation in world processes. The most notable among them are, in particular, environmental organization Greenpeace, an anti-globalization organization. At the beginning of the 21st century, there are up to half a million such public organizations in the world.

International organizations are very numerous, any of them does not affect the economic and social life.

Organizations with a specific weight in economic relations:

Organizations that have their own powers or means: funds and therefore have the opportunity to influence both international and national, economic and financial development.

Organizations that are forums where governments can express their views, where a unity of approach is developed and appropriate policy recommendations are made in individual countries.

International organizations providing collection of information and publication of statistical data.

What unites these organizations: they all contribute to the development of communication and cooperation between countries.

International organizations fall into four categories:

I. World Organizations are organizations dedicated to dealing with world problems and established primarily immediately after the end of the Second World War.

II. Organizations created on the initiative of the West are organizations initiated by Western states and which unite developed countries with a market economy.

III. European organizations are organizations associated with European construction.

IV. Bodies for Regional or Bilateral Cooperation with Third World Countries and Eastern Europe are various departments for regional or bilateral cooperation.

World organizations are: organizations operating in the field of economics and monetary and financial relations fall within the sphere of influence of the UN. The activity of the UN itself in these areas is limited. In practice, it is completely replaced by UNCTAD (this is the UN conference on trade and development). Among specialized organizations, dependent on the UN, a very important role is played by the bodies created under the Bretton Woods agreements and GATT, replacing the special UN agencies.

The UN is an international organization established on the basis of the voluntary union of efforts of sovereign states to maintain and strengthen peace and security, as well as to develop peaceful cooperation between states. The UN Charter was signed in 1945. The main bodies are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice and the Secretariat, which is headed by the UN Secretary General.

GATT - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - is a multilateral international agreement on the mutual granting of tariff preferences, concluded in 1947 by twenty-three countries. The purpose of creating GATT: the gradual elimination of various forms of discrimination in trade, the reduction of customs tariffs, the exchange of quantitative restrictions on imports.

Now GATT is an international organization operating on the basis of a multilateral intergovernmental agreement, which contains the principles and rules of international trade that are binding on member countries. Effective since January 1, 1948. The GATT has a large number of intergovernmental bodies, commissions and secretariats. In 1989, the number of full members of the GATT - 97 countries, another 28 countries are de facto participants in the GATT, 20 - as observers. The supreme body of the GATT is the session, and the operational-executive body is the council of representatives.

Russia is not a member of the GATT, however, in connection with the entry into the IMF and the IBRD, closer contacts with the GATT are inevitable and necessary, since the activities of the GATT, the IMF and the IBRD are largely interconnected.

The IMF is an intergovernmental organization that regulates monetary and credit relations between countries, and also provides credit resources in cases of currency difficulties. 178 countries are members of the IMF.

Tasks of the IMF:

Control the rules of currency behavior of countries. These rules are fixed in the Charter.

Provision of loans to countries - members of the Fund in case of violation of the balance of payments, repayment of external debts, negative balance of payments to stabilize the national currency.

The IMF is organized according to the AO principle, i.e. The capital of the fund is made up of contributions from the participating countries. The amount of the contribution depends on the quota and is expressed in special monetary units - SDRs, special drawing rights and US dollars. The quota is determined from the economic level of the country. The size of the quota also determines the number of votes. Voting is carried out according to the principle of weighted voting.

IBRD (World Bank) is an intergovernmental organization that provides long-term loans for the purpose of economic stimulation of the development of the bank's member countries. The members of this bank are 176 countries of the world. The bank operates under the control of developed countries. The condition for membership in the bank is membership in the IMF.

Main branches of IBRD:

International financial corporation, IFC - is engaged in lending to private businesses in developing countries.

International Development Association, IDA - established to provide financial assistance and issues soft loans for 35-40 years.

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, MIGA - Provides guarantees for obtaining loans from private banks. The bank itself provides loans to the most profitable projects.

OECD is an organization for economic cooperation and development. Now its members are 24 developed countries of the world. Purpose: coordination of economic, monetary policy, research work, development economic forecasting development of OECD member countries. The Paris Club is an informal organization of industrialized creditor countries that deals with the regulation of external debts of developing countries. Bank for International Settlements, BIS - is the center of cooperation between the central banks of developed countries, i.e. coordinates the monetary policy of central banks.

The London Club is an informal organization of creditor countries that deal with the settlement of private external debts.

European Union, EU - includes 15 states of Western Europe. In the future, this union is expanding, the countries of Eastern (Poland) and Central Europe (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia) are joining.

Russia has concluded an agreement on cooperation and partnership with the EU.

Bibliography

international economic trade

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2. Kasyanov V.V. Social science. Rostov n/a: Phoenix, 2007.

3. Kokhanovsky V.P., Matyash G.P., Yakovlev V.P., Zharov L.V. Philosophy for secondary and special educational institutions. Rostov n/a, 2008.

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5. Kurbatov V.I. Social science. Rostov n/a: Phoenix, 2007.

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The essence and foundations of international economic relations

International economic relations is a system of economic relations between the national economies of individual countries, which are implemented through the relevant business entities. MEO - a special form of activity based on the international division of labor, the international specialization of production, the internationalization of economic life. The deepening and development of the international division of labor, the specialization of production depend on natural (geographical, climatic, demographic, etc.), as well as acquired (technological, scientific, scientific and technical, etc.) factors. Their development is significantly influenced by social, national, ethnic, political, cultural and other factors.

What is the international division of labor? This is an organization of production in which enterprises of two or more countries specialize in the production of certain goods and services with their subsequent exchange. The following types of international division of labor can be distinguished:

- General type international division of labor * It involves the exchange of goods in the extractive and manufacturing industries, agricultural products, and the like;

- Partial division of labor, What does the development of international trade mean? finished goods various industries and industries, including intra-industry (cars, computers, lathes, etc.);

- single type international division of labor which reflects the specialization at individual stages of production (assemblies, parts, semi-finished products).

International specialization shapes certain system public relations, feature which is the production interaction of the economies of individual countries, the formation of common industrial complexes. In particular, specialization in the production individual nodes, parts provides for an appropriate level of cooperation, which has received a fairly large development in the electronics industry, automotive industry, etc.

One of the specializations in production finished products is the production of complete equipment and machine systems, which provide full mechanization or automation production process or its separate link. At the same time, sets of equipment for the construction of factories or individual technological lines become the object of international specialization.

The formation and development of the international division of labor and the specialization of production went through several historical stages, during which the nature and forms evolved and transformed. By the end of the 60s, the structure of the world economy was formed, in which three main segments can be distinguished.

To the first include industrialized Western countries such as the USA, Germany, Great Britain, France, Canada,

Japan, which produce and supply high-tech products, countries with powerful mineral resources, with which they reach foreign market.

Second group - these are, first of all, oil and gas producing countries of the Middle East, South Africa, and Latin America.

Third group countries specializes in the supply of agricultural products to the foreign market. For the most part, these are underdeveloped countries that were once in colonial dependence.

It should be noted that the proposed segmentation of the countries that supply specialized products to the world market is largely conditional. The fact is that most industrialized countries are suppliers to the world market not only of high-tech industrial products, but also of agricultural products (USA, Canada, Australia, Western European countries). And countries such as Austria, Canada, Sweden and others are major suppliers to the world market of coal, gold, silver, ferrous and non-ferrous ores, etc.

The socio-economic and political transformations that took place in the late 1980s and early 1990s went down in history, among other things, as an important stage in the development of the international division of labor. Its essence lies in the fact that the transition of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe to the principles of a market economy has eliminated political barriers to further development IEO and significantly expanded the possibilities of the international division of labor.

MEO is implemented through the following forms and areas:

International trade;

International specialization of production and scientific and technical work;

Exchange of scientific and technical results;

Information links;

Monetary and financial and credit relations between countries;

Movement (transfusion) of capital;

Labor force migration;

Activities of international economic organizations in solving global problems of economic cooperation.

Without changing the mechanism of supply and demand, IEOs expand its boundaries, increasing volumes and assortment. The system of market prices is acquiring new quantitative and qualitative characteristics, and competition is becoming tougher.

The main features of the MEO as a sphere of a developed market economy include:

First, both the national economy and the world economy and international economic relations are based on the international division of labor and exchange;

- Secondly, MEO participants economically mediated in a special form of the national economy, objectively implies commodity-money nature of relations;

- Third, in the totality of world economic exchange relations in the IEO to a greater extent than in relation to national economies, there are laws of supply, demand and free pricing,

- Fourth, The global market is characterized by tougher competition compared to national markets. This is due to the large number of objects and entities in the international market for goods and services;

- Fifth, international trade, which is a set of interstate product flows, forms world commodity markets, where transactions for the sale of goods and services of a stable systematic nature are carried out;

- At sixth, exchange of goods and services, international movement of factors of production mediated by the movement of money, the settlement system, commodity and money loans, currency relations. Thus, the world financial market and the international monetary and financial system arise and function. Capital flow, foreign investment, long-term international, government loans give global financial system final look;

Seventh, international economic relations presuppose active interstate labor flows. It can be stated that today there is international market labor, The same applies to the system of patenting and licensing inventions, discoveries, copyright protection, which contributed to the formation of the global information market;

- Eighth, International Economic Relations assume the formation of their own infrastructure, special institutions "They are represented by international economic, financial and credit organizations and institutions (International Chamber of Commerce, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, EBRD, etc.);

- Ninth, MEOs are subject to monopolization. This process is carried out through private structures and the formation of transnational corporations, as well as interstate unions, such as OPEC, the International Oil Cartel (IOC)

- Tenth, The IEO is not free from international, regional, state interference and regulation. They are carried out through agreements, regulations within the framework of interstate associations, and the like.

From the foregoing, we can conclude that the MEO is one of the areas of the market economy with its (market) characteristics. The main ones are:

Rich type of objects and subjects;

Determining influence of supply and demand;

Relationship with prices with the necessary flexibility and mobility;

Competition;

Freedom of enterprise.

Directions, mechanism and forms of implementation of international economic relations. International economic relations What does international economic relations include

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