15. Technological schemes of PPR - projects for the production of works and technological maps.

15.1. In accordance with the requirements of MDS 12-81.2007 "Methodological recommendations for the development and execution of a construction organization project and a work production project", the work production project should include technological schemes for performing certain types works with the inclusion of operational quality control schemes, a description of the methods of work, an indication of the need for materials, machines, equipment, devices and protective equipment for workers.

15.2. The technological scheme for the construction of buildings and structures as part of the enterprise (line, start-up complex) establishes the order of construction of the main facilities, utility and service facilities, energy and transport facilities and communications, external networks and structures for water supply, sewerage, heat supply and gas supply, as well as landscaping, depending on the technological scheme production process industrial enterprise, features of construction decisions of its general plan (the nature of the distribution of the scope of work depending on the type of object - concentrated, linear, territorially scattered, mixed) and space-planning decisions of the main buildings and structures (homogeneous, heterogeneous objects), as well as the accepted method of organizing construction.

15.2.1. Technological schemes for the erection of the main buildings and structures establish the sequence of erection of individual buildings (structures) in their parts (nodes, sections, spans, cells, tiers, floors, production sites, workshops, etc.) depending on the technological scheme of the production process located in this building (structure), or other functional scheme, space-planning and design solutions, as well as accepted methods (technological schemes) for the production of work.

15.2.2. When choosing organizational and technological schemes as general principles must be taken:
- completeness of a separate technological cycle in common technology industrial production;
- constructive completeness of the allocated part of an industrial enterprise or a separate building (structure);
- spatial stability of the allocated part of the building (structure);
- parallelism (simultaneity) of the construction of individual facilities as part of the enterprise and the erection of parts of buildings (structures), as well as direct flow (excluding redundant, distant, return, counter and other irrational directions in organizational and technological schemes).

15.2.3. The choice of organizational and technological schemes should be made taking into account the complexity of the construction of facilities ( industrial enterprises, individual buildings, structures).

15.3. Technological schemes for the construction of residential and civil purpose optimal solutions should be determined in terms of the sequence and methods of construction of facilities (complexes). Technological schemes include:
- spatial division of a building or complex into areas and plots;
- the sequence of erection of buildings and structures with an indication of the technological sequence of work on the sites and sites;
- description of the main methods of construction of objects.

15.3.1. To organize the construction flow, individual objects and the complex as a whole are divided into areas and sections, which can be the same or different in size and scope of work. In this case, one should strive for the same or short size of the grips and sections.

15.3.2. Within the area, all specialized flows that are part of the object flow are interconnected. The sizes and boundaries of the plots are established from the conditions of planning and design decisions, taking into account the requirements for ensuring spatial rigidity and stability of the erected parts of structures (at individual facilities), the possibility of temporary suspension and subsequent resumption of work at the boundaries of the plots, the possibility of commissioning individual structures of the complex.

15.3.3. Parts of structures with repeating identical complexes are accepted as captures. construction works(processes), within which all private flows that are part of the specialized flow under consideration develop and are interconnected. The dimensions of the grips should be assigned in such a way that the duration of the execution of individual processes on the grip corresponds to the rhythm of the flow, and the location of the boundaries of the grips corresponds to the architectural, planning and design solutions and can be clearly established in nature. In addition, it should be possible to stop and resume work at the boundaries of the areas without violating the requirements of SNiP, as well as the possibility of performing other processes on adjacent areas.

15.3.4. The technological scheme for the construction of the underground or above-ground part of the building includes necessary measures on the safety of existing underground utilities of buildings and structures located in the immediate vicinity of the excavated pits in accordance with technical solutions, envisaged by the project, placement of hoisting machines, boundaries of hazardous areas and areas for moving goods by cranes, horizontal and vertical binding of hoisting machines, appropriate measures to ensure the safety of people from the action of hazardous factors.

15.4. Technological schemes for the reconstruction of industrial enterprises can be presented in the following versions:
- extension to the existing workshops of new industrial buildings (option 1). The duration of the reconstruction is determined by the duration of the extension work;
- extension of new production buildings to existing workshops in combination with the reconstruction of existing workshops or individual technological stages (option 2). Under the condition of carrying out the reconstruction without stopping production in the newly constructed shops, the installation of a technological line is carried out, on which the production of products similar to that previously produced by the second shop (site) is organized. After the production line is put into operation, they begin to reconstruct the second workshop (section), then the third, etc.;
- temporary production is organized for the production of products with the subsequent reconstruction of existing workshops by sections (option 3);
- Reconstruction of sites is carried out (subject to a partial stop of the main production for individual technological stages) in accordance with the sequence of release of sites from technological equipment(option 4);
- carried out (under the condition of a complete stop of production, when the production of products at all reconstructed technological stages, shops is stopped), first of all, all dismantling works, and then the installation of newly installed technological equipment and building structures (option 5).

15.4.1. The choice of technological schemes and methods for carrying out installation and de installation work should be carried out on the basis of a comparison of technical and economic indicators of technologically possible and safe options for the mechanized performance of the specified scope of work within the established time frame.

15.4.2. Variants of technological schemes should take into account the conditions of constrained production of works, the placement of mechanization means, the direction technological processes and routing of access roads. At the same time, the external constraint of the object is characterized by the adjoining of the reconstructed spans to the existing ones, the distance to the existing buildings, structures and communications; intrashop tightness of the object is characterized by the employment of the work area with foundations, basements, technological equipment and building structures. In addition, the choice of organizational and technological schemes is influenced by technological factors: the nature of internal constraint in terms of the layout and height of the premises; restrictions on the operation of mechanization facilities near existing workshops; the presence of underground structures, structures and communications; explosion and fire hazard, etc.; the degree of physical deterioration and reliability of load-bearing structures; presence near power lines; the physical condition and nature of the structures to which buildings are attached or built on; the presence of overhead cranes; specificity and mode of operation of the workshop.

15.5. When choosing organizational and technological schemes for the construction of agricultural production buildings, the following features are additionally taken into account:
1) the preparatory period includes work on the organization construction site: clearing and preparation of the territory; geodetic marking works; arrangement of temporary (mobile) buildings and structures; laying of underground networks in the area of ​​construction and installation works; supply of electricity and water to the places of consumption;
2) the process of construction of agricultural buildings (the main period of construction) is divided into four technological stages: the construction of the underground part of the building; erection of the above-ground part of the building; roofing device; post-assembly work;
3) agricultural buildings according to the saturation with underground facilities (manure removal trays, channels, etc.) are divided into three categories: without underground facilities; with poorly developed underground economy; with a highly developed underground economy.

15.5.1. For agricultural production buildings, the order of work in each technological stage is accepted.

15.5.1.1. For buildings without underground facilities:
1) erection of the underground part of the building: excavation of trenches and foundation pits; installation of foundations and foundation beams; floor preparation device;

3) roofing device;
4) post-installation work: installation of joinery; arrangement of foundations for equipment; arrangement of floors, ramps, blind areas; plastering works; installation of ventilation shafts; Painting works; installation of technological equipment; commissioning works.

15.5.1.2. For buildings with poorly developed underground facilities:
1) erection of the underground part of the building: excavation of trenches and pits for foundations, trays and channels; installation of foundations, partial backfilling of soil and preparation of the base for trays; installation of prefabricated reinforced concrete trays and channels; backfilling of soil under the floors and preparation device under the floors;
2) erection of the above-ground part of the building: installation of the building frame with sealing of joints; installation of wall panels with sealing and jointing;
3) roofing device;
4) post-installation work: installation of joinery; arrangement of foundations for equipment, monolithic concrete channels, trays, installation of feeders; arrangement of floors, ramps, blind areas; installation of fencing machines; plastering works; installation of ventilation shafts; Painting works; installation of technological equipment; commissioning works.

15.5.1.3. For buildings with a highly developed underground economy:
1) erection of the underground part of the building: earthworks for foundations and manure removal trays; installation of foundations, columns and basement panels with sealing of joints and waterproofing; backfilling the soil and preparing the base for the floors; installation of manure removal trays and ventilation ducts with the device and overlapping of wells; preparation device for floors, blind areas, ramps;
2) erection of the above-ground part of the building: installation of prefabricated reinforced concrete partitions; installation of coating structures; installation of wall panels; installation of brick partitions;
3) roofing device;
4) post-installation work: installation of joinery; installation of clean floors; installation of fencing machines, boxes; installation of technological equipment; plastering works; installation of ventilation shafts; Painting works; commissioning works.

15.5.2. Depending on the saturation of the underground economy, each of the four technological stages turn on different kinds construction, assembly and special construction works, and their technological sequence will be different.

15.6. In organizational and technological schemes, it is necessary to provide for:
- performance of work by industrial methods using the most advanced types of machines and mechanisms that ensure high labor productivity, excluding manual unproductive labor of workers;
- organization mass production works with the use of high-performance machines and mechanisms;
- the maximum possible combination in time of production of related works;
- the possibility of year-round production of construction and installation works;
- Compliance with labor protection and safety regulations.

15.7. Technological schemes, depending on the complexity of the object, are carried out on a scale of 1:50, 1:100, 1:200.

15.8. The technological scheme gives a cross section (if necessary, in some cases, a longitudinal section) of a building (structure) under construction, while the cranes are shown with the boom position above the building (structure) at the maximum required working reach and dotted line - when the boom is rotated 180 °.

15.9.1. The crane is tied to the building in accordance with the dimensions of the approximation, taking into account the possible deviation from the vertical of the crane slewing tower in accordance with paragraphs. 4.1 - 4.12 and Figure 1 RD-11-06-2007 " Guidelines on the procedure for developing projects for the production of work by hoisting machines and technological maps for loading and unloading operations.

15.9.2. The section shows:
- marks of the top of the building (structure), parapet, lanterns, machine rooms of elevators and other maximally protruding parts of the building;
- mark of the crane hook at maximum height lifting at maximum working reach;
- mark of the bottom of the counterweight for cranes with an upper counterweight;
- dimensions between the most protruding parts of the building (structure), stacks of goods or other objects and the most protruding parts of the crane;
- dimensions from the base of the slope of the excavation to the base of the ballast prism of the rail crane track or to the nearest support of the jib mobile crane;
- underground communications;
- cross section rail crane track and crane base;
- equipment, means of scaffolding for the production of construction and installation works;
- the position of structural elements, products with maximum mass and elements closest to the crane. Above the centers of gravity of the indicated elements, they show the reach (R), the carrying capacity at a given reach (Q), the mass of the cargo (P) and the mark of the lifting height, taking into account the maximum dimensions of the cargo;
- position and dimensions of remote platforms (mounting, cargo receiving).

15.9.3. If, as the building (structure) is erected, it becomes necessary to build up the crane tower, replace the crane or replace the crane boom, then it is necessary to make a new section or show several positions of the crane on one section.

15.9.4. With an attached crane, the sections show all the positions of the crane with the corresponding location of the fasteners and the height of the building (structure) to the mark corresponding to this position. The number of cuts corresponds to the number of positions of the attached crane.

15.10. The technological scheme shows existing and planned underground communications and structures, power lines, overhead communications, trees, nearby existing and projected buildings (structures) and other objects that fall into the danger zone of the crane.

15.11. On the technological scheme, element-by-element layout of materials, products and structures is performed.

15.12. The placement of lifting machines is carried out in accordance with the requirements set forth in RD-11-06-2007.

15.13. In the technological scheme, the technological sequence of construction and installation works is solved.

15.14. The technological scheme shows remote mounting platforms, their location and size, scaffolding and other means of scaffolding. The list of necessary fixtures, inventory, scaffolding is given in the form of a table.

15.15. Mounting equipment for temporary fixing and alignment of building structures (structures) must meet the requirements of GOST 24259-80. Scaffolding and other devices (scaffolding, scaffolding, ladders, step-ladders, ladders, bridges, canopies, mounting platforms, etc.) that ensure the safety of work must meet the requirements of SNiP 12-03-2001, GOST 24258-88, GOST 26887-86, GOST 27321-87 and GOST 28012-89.

The organizational and technological schemes should determine the optimal solutions for the sequence and methods of construction of facilities.

Organizational and technological schemes include:

spatial division of the building (structure) into areas and areas;

the sequence of erection of buildings and structures with an indication of the technological sequence of work on the sites and areas;

characteristics of the main methods of erection of objects.

Organizational and technological schemes for the construction of building structures include short description design solutions for the production of works.

Design decisions should contain basic data that influence and justify the choice of technology for erecting a building (structure), and, in particular, include: building parameters; step of load-bearing structures; characteristics of structural elements; maximum weight of mounted elements; design of knots, joints and joints.

Technological solutions for the production of works are the main part of the organizational and technological schemes and should include in their composition: the breakdown of the building into sections; methods of installation of structures; basic machines and devices; quality control requirements.

When choosing the main machine for construction in the process of developing technical solutions, the following should be taken into account:

space-planning and constructive solutions of the facility under construction;

the mass of mounted elements, their location in terms of and height of buildings or structures;

construction organization methods;

methods and methods of installation (device) structures;

technical and economic characteristics of erection cranes, concrete pumps, etc.

Methodology for determining the required parameters of a set of basic machines and equipment for the production of works (Appendix D).

Organizational and technological schemes for the production of the main works are the basis for the design of the calendar plan.

4.2 Construction schedule

aim scheduling construction is: substantiation of the specified or identification of the technically and resource-possible duration of the construction of the projected object, as well as the timing of the implementation of certain basic works; determination of the volume of construction and installation works in certain calendar periods of construction; determination of the required number and timing of the use of construction personnel and the main types of construction equipment.

The initial data for the development of the schedule are:

project materials (general plan, construction and cost estimates);

normative or specified duration of construction of an object or complex;

conditions for the implementation of construction;

volume of work;

budget documentation;

decisions made on the methods of organizing construction.

The estimated cost, volumes of construction and installation works, the need for building structures, semi-finished products and basic materials are taken on the basis of aggregated indicators of the estimated cost and the current norms for the consumption of building materials for structures and types of work (section 5 "Estimate documentation").

The bill of quantities of work is drawn up in the form of table 4.2.1. The scope of work is determined on the basis of the architectural and construction and design and construction parts of the project.

An indicative list of works on the example of the construction of a residential multi-storey building with monolithic load-bearing structures is given in Appendix G.

Table 4.2.1 - Bill of Quantities

	Name of works		Scope of work	Note

After compiling the statement of scope of work, a construction schedule is built in the form of table 4.2.2 and Appendix B.

Table 4.2.2 - Construction schedule (form)

Continuation of table 4.2.2

The labor intensity of work (column 5 of table 4.2.2) and the cost of machine time (column 7 of table 4.2.2) during scheduling is determined on the basis of the estimate documentation (Section 5). In local estimates (form No. 4) - column 11: the numerator is the labor costs of workers, the denominator is the cost of machine time.

In justified cases, labor intensity can be determined by ENiR, GESN, TER, SNiP, specially calculated calculations or specific output in natural, cost or volume-constructive measurement (section, floor, building). However, when rationing according to the ENiR, many auxiliary works are not taken into account, and the calculated labor inputs turn out to be 1.5 ... 2 times less than according to other regulatory sources. The most reliable results are obtained when using calculation data or specific output, but finding the results in this way is a complex and time-consuming process. In exceptional cases, when determining the labor intensity of work, the norms for which are not in these documents, you can use the UNiR (with the introduction of the appropriate coefficient 1).

The practice of organizing work has revealed a number of patterns that should be taken into account when designing construction and installation works. Prior to the start of the zero cycle, all preparatory work must be completed (clearing the site, laying out the building, transporting materials, etc.). The above-ground cycle is performed after the erection of all supporting structures of the zero cycle. Finishing work can begin before the completion of the construction of load-bearing structures of the above-ground part of the building. Special installation work is carried out with a corresponding division into three parts (input device, laying of networks, installation of sanitary, electrical and other fittings).

The duration of the preparatory period for the construction of an object in the WRC is determined by the specific conditions for the implementation of construction and is accepted according to SNiP 1.04.03 - 85 *, or for indicative calculations, by decision of the section consultant, equal to 10 ... 20% of the total standard construction duration. The labor intensity of the preparatory period is taken according to aggregated indicators (Appendix E).

The duration of mechanized work (column 8 of table 5.2.2) in calendar plan T fur, days, determined by the formula

Where T machine-cm - the cost of machine time, man-days;

n mash - the number of cars;

m

The required number of machines depends on the volume and nature of construction and installation works and the timing of their implementation.

Work performed using the main construction machines (bulldozers, excavators, construction cranes, etc.), in order to reduce costs, it is advisable to carry out in two shifts.

Duration of manual work t p (column 8 of table 4.2.2), days, is determined by the formula

, (4.2.2)

Where T p - the complexity of the work performed manually, man-days;

n h - the number of workers in the brigade;

m- the number of shifts per day.

The number of workers per shift is determined taking into account the composition of the units recommended by the ENiR for the relevant work.

In production handmade the number of shifts per day depends on the total volume and scope of work. With a significant amount of work and a small front, two-shift work is assigned. With a small volume and a sufficient front, one-shift work is accepted. In some cases, the technological conditions for the production of works (for example, concreting of structures in which working seams are undesirable) necessitate two- and even three-shift work.

The design of the production of special works (sanitary, electrical, etc.) is carried out in conjunction with general construction and finishing.

Labor costs for the production of special works are taken in accordance with Appendix E.

In WRC, when scheduling, it is necessary to provide for unrecorded work. Unrecorded works are accepted in scheduling, upon agreement with the consultant of the section, up to 20% of the labor intensity of construction and installation works.

The calendar deadlines for the performance of individual works are established from the condition of observing a strict technological sequence, taking into account the submission of a front of work in the shortest possible time for the implementation of subsequent ones.

The technological sequence of work depends on specific design solutions. The technological sequence of a number of works also depends on the period of the year and the area of ​​construction. For the summer period, it is necessary to plan the production of the main volumes of earthworks and concrete works in order to reduce their labor intensity and cost. If the finishing work falls on the autumn-winter period, then the glazing and heating device must be completed by the beginning finishing works. If external and internal plastering can be performed during the warm season, then internal plastering is carried out first, as this opens the front for subsequent work. But if during this period it is impossible to complete the external and internal plastering, then before the onset of cold weather, work on external plastering is forced, thanks to which conditions are created for performing internal plastering work in the autumn-winter period, etc.

The main method of reducing the construction time of facilities is the flow-parallel and combined performance of construction and installation works. Works that are not related to each other must be performed in parallel and independently of each other. If there is a technological connection between the works within the common front, the areas of their implementation are correspondingly shifted and the works are performed in combination.

When drawing up a schedule for the implementation of construction processes, the expediency of uniform consumption of basic resources, primarily labor, due to the consistent and continuous transition of work teams from one work site to another, is taken into account.

After drawing up the calendar schedule, a graph of the need for workers is built by summing up the number of workers every day at all jobs.

The quality of the construction of the schedule is assessed by the coefficient of uneven demand for workers

, (4.2.3)

Where N max – the maximum number of workers per shift in construction;

N cp - the average number of workers, equal to

, (4.2.4)

Where W – the amount of labor costs of construction, man-days;

S- the area of ​​the constructed schedule of the need for workers, man-days;

T– duration of construction according to the schedule, days.

If there are sharp fluctuations in the workforce demand schedule or TO n does not satisfy the boundary conditions, then the graph is corrected.

Equalization of the need for workers for the facility as a whole can be carried out by redistributing the start and end dates of work, especially unaccounted or special ones. This alignment is relative and is performed only within the rational technological sequence of work.

Methodological advice

Organizational and technological documentation includes construction organization projects (POS) and work execution projects (PPR).

Operational control cards, technological regulations and others can be used as additional reference material.

Production documentation includes: a general log of work, logs for certain types of work, a log of architectural supervision of design organizations, inspection reports hidden works, acts of intermediate acceptance of critical structures, acts of testing equipment, systems, networks and devices and other documents for certain types of work provided for by the BNiP.

The as-built documentation includes a set of working drawings with inscriptions on the compliance of the work performed in kind with these drawings, or included in them in agreement with design organization changes made by persons responsible for the construction and installation works.

The construction organization project (POS) as part of the organizational and technological documentation is binding document for customers and contractors. The design plan must be developed by the general design organization.

The project for the organization of the construction of the facility should be developed for the full scope of construction provided for by the project.

The structure of the construction organization project includes:

a) the construction calendar plan, which determines the timing and sequence of construction of the main and auxiliary buildings and structures. The calendar plan for the preparatory period is drawn up separately (with the distribution of volumes by months);

b) construction master plans for an object or a complex of objects for the preparatory and main periods of construction;

c) organizational and technological schemes that determine the optimal sequence for the construction of buildings and structures, indicating the technological sequence of work;

d) a statement of the volumes of the main construction, installation and special construction works determined by the design and estimate documentation;

e) a statement of the need for building structures, products, materials and equipment with distribution, according to the calendar periods of construction;

f) a statement of the need for basic construction machines and vehicles;

g) the need for personnel of builders by main categories;

h) an explanatory note that contains: a description of the conditions and complexity of construction; substantiation of production methods and the possibility of combining construction, installation and special construction works; labor protection measures in accordance with applicable regulations; protection conditions environment; substantiation of the size and equipment of sites for storing materials, structures and equipment; justification of the accepted duration of construction.

The project for the production of works (PPR) is developed by the general contractor or subcontracting construction and installation organization at the expense of its overhead costs. It is prohibited to carry out construction and installation works without an approved construction organization project and a work execution project. It is not allowed to deviate from the decisions of construction organization projects and work production projects without the consent of the organizations that developed and approved them.

The composition of the project for the production of works for the construction of a building or a part thereof includes:

a) a calendar schedule for the production of work or a comprehensive network schedule, which establishes the sequence and timing of the performance of work with the maximum possible combination of them;

b) building master plan;

c) schedules for the receipt of building structures, products, materials and equipment at the facility with picking lists;

d) schedules for the movement of workers and the main construction machines around the facility;

e) technological maps for the performance of certain types of work with sequence diagrams for the implementation of techniques, with the inclusion of schemes for operational quality control, a description of the methods of production of work, labor costs and the need for materials, machines, equipment, devices and protective equipment for workers;

f) a decision on the production of geodetic works, which includes a layout of signs for performing geodetic constructions and measurements, as well as instructions on the required accuracy and technical means geodetic control of construction and installation works;

g) decision on safety and fire safety;

h) measures for the implementation, if necessary, of work on a rotational basis, which include work schedules, work modes, work and rest modes and the composition of technological sets for equipping teams;

i) a decision to provide temporary networks of water, heat and power supply and lighting;

j) explanatory note.

In the system of organizational and technological preparation of construction works, the PPR is the main document. The composition and content of the WEP is influenced by the features of the organization of design and construction, associated with the conditions of development, types and specifics of construction work.

Depending on the timing and volume of construction, the WEP is created on the basis of working documentation for the construction of a whole building or individual parts of an object. Possible development of temporary construction works for the performance of technically complex construction and installation works, as well as works of the preparatory period.

The main documents in terms of volume from the total volume of drawings in the PVR are technological maps. Technological maps are developed on construction processes, the result of which are finished structural elements, as well as parts of the structure. Organizational and technological solutions that are taken as the basis for the development of technological maps, designed to ensure high quality, safety and trouble-free performance of work in accordance with the requirements of the current norms and rules of construction production.

Unfortunately, it must be noted that not all documents stamped with "POS" or "PPR" are such. Most often, a simplified construction plan is issued for POS, which is used to collect signatures from organizations that are agreed upon, for PPR - a crane binding scheme, without which the general contractor cannot put the crane into operation.

Today, builders sometimes refuse to develop certain sections of work projects. The consequences of this approach are tragic: the destruction of buildings, falls cranes, injuries of builders. As a rule, it is difficult to find the perpetrators of man-made disasters due to the lack of documents that regulate the technological discipline of performing production operations and personal responsibility for their implementation.

The general work log as part of the production documentation must be drawn up in accordance with the requirements.

The list of special magazines is established by the general contractor in agreement with subcontractors and the customer.
Executive documentation must be kept in full. In addition to working drawings, the set of as-built documentation includes diagrams of pile fields, mounting horizons, and others.

Organizational, technological, production and as-built documentation is submitted to the working commission (if necessary, and to the state commission) when the facility is put into operation.

Questions for self-examination

1. Composition and content of construction organization projects (POS).

2. Composition and content of work projects (PPR).

3. What are the requirements to follow when developing a PIC?

4. At what stages of design are POS and PPR made?

5. What issues are resolved as part of the TIC?

6. On the basis of what source materials are the PIC?

8. What is the main issue in the development of PIC? How to determine economic effect at economic evaluation pic?

9. What organizations develop PPR? Who is the customer of the PPR?

10. Why is PPR necessary? What range of issues is addressed as part of the PPR?

12. Is it possible to carry out construction without a PPR?

13. What are technological cards and what are they for?

Organizational and technological schemes of construction are the basis for scheduling. They determine the technological and organizational sequence of work. For example, in accordance with the accepted technology of work, it is necessary to carry out foundation work, and then proceed with the construction of the above-ground part. Or when excavating a pit (trench) in conditions of an increased level of groundwater, it is necessary to provide for work related to dewatering. In the production of finishing works, before they begin, it is necessary to mount internal engineering systems, which should provide the necessary thermal and water conditions in the premises.

Based on the examples presented, the following generalization can be made. Each job in the schedule can be represented by two start and end events, and between these events for any pair of jobs, a link can be established showing the relationship between the selected events. At the same time, if related work is performed by a common resource, then the connection between them is called a resource or, in other words, organizational connection. If the sequence of related works is determined by technological dependence, then such connections are usually called technological or frontal connections.

In project management programs, all jobs are presented in the form of a list and, therefore, their “physical” order is determined by the corresponding numbers in the list. To determine the links, the condition is assumed that the work, on the event of which the event of another work depends, is the previous one. An activity whose event depends on the event of the previous activity is considered to be a successor activity. Purely formally, between the previous work, which we denote by the index i, and the subsequent work, which we denote by the index j, the connection may be absent, or there may be one of 4 varieties: the end-initial connection OH, the initial-initial connection HH, the end-end connection OO and the initial-end connection HO. As a result of establishing links between two events of the previous and subsequent works, the following inequalities can be established

tOj≥t Hi± tij

tOj≥tOi± tij(1)

tHj≥t Hi± tij

tHj≥tOi± tij

In particular, the last inequality shows that the beginning of the subsequent work ( tHj) must be greater than or equal (≥) to the end of the previous work ( tOi) with additional allowance for a positive or negative time lag (± tij) defined for this connection. As an example, let's take two consecutive workflows: concreting the structure and subsequent demoulding. It is obvious that the beginning of the demoulding process should take place no earlier than the end of the concreting process, but to this must be added the time required to gain a certain strength of the structure. Thus, based on the analysis of all works combined into a single calendar schedule, its organizational and technological scheme is determined.

After the formation of the organizational and technological scheme, they proceed to determine the main quantitative characteristics of the work, which include labor costs - q, duration - t and labor and machine resources - r, which determine the appropriate duration. The relationship between these characteristics is described by the following equation

q=r t(2)

Each of the quantities included in equation (2) can be defined as a function, an argument, or as a given parameter. For example, according to equation (2), the duration of work is most often calculated, that is, it is a function, while labor costs appear as a given parameter depending on the physical volume of work, and the value of labor resources is an independent argument, which, ultimately, determines the desired duration. Labor costs of work are determined either by production (ENiR, RATU, etc.) or estimated standards (FER, FER, etc.).

It should be noted that those resources that determine the duration of the work are called leading resources. However, there are also slave resources, for which the duration is determined by the leading resources. For example, the duration of the erection of the brick walls of a building will be determined by the number of masons, and the duration of work tower crane, as a slave resource, will depend on the duration of the work of the leading resource, that is, the masons. Thus, for a slave resource, the duration will be a given parameter, the quantity of the slave resource will act as an argument, and the work will be defined as a function.

To account for this kind of circumstances, in project management programs such as Microsoft Project, is used both as a hierarchical scheme for representing the work of compound works, and for determining the calculation structure for simple works.

3.3. Automated calculation of scheduling plans in project management programs

Interface for project management programs Microsoft Project divided into two main blocks. The first block is spreadsheet, the second block is a graphical display of the calendar plan in the form of a Gantt chart, network graphics or traditional calendar. The most used form is the Gantt chart, since it is more in line with the linear calendar chart traditionally adopted in the Russian Federation. The construction of a calendar schedule is based on the input and (or) calculation of characteristics for two main interrelated objects, namely: for resources and for tasks (works) performed during the construction process.

All jobs and the resources used to perform them are entered as a list, i.e. line by line, while they are divided into simple and compound works. Composite activities can include both composite and simple activities. simple works do not include any other work and determine the duration, labor intensity and cost of the corresponding composite work. Thus, works can be structured in a hierarchical manner. The duration of a compound job is determined by the difference between the maximum finish and the minimum start from the entire list of incoming jobs.

The time limits for running jobs are determined by two parameters: the type of constraint and, if necessary, the date of the constraint. For simple tasks 8 types of restrictions are used:

1) as soon as possible;

2) as late as possible;

3) start no earlier than a certain date;

4) finish no later than a certain date;

5) start exactly on a specific date;

6) finish exactly on a certain date;

7) start no later than on a certain date;

8) finish no earlier than a certain date;

For compound jobs, only the first three restrictions can be used.

In a program like MR a list of all resources used in the construction is formed. For each resource, a graph of their limiting quantity (machines, workers, etc.) is determined, i.e. defines a user-set dynamic limit that must not be exceeded in the schedule. If the resource exceeds a certain limit, then a resource conflict will occur, usually displayed in red in the program. The resource conflict is eliminated by the user based on the content specific task. For quantification maximums of used resources is the corresponding design characteristic that determines the peak load of the resource. If a particular resource "goes in red", then this column will show its excess over the maximum. The occurrence of a conflict is also affected by the determination of the moment of readiness of the resource, which is set either at the beginning of work, or at its end, or for the entire duration of the work.

The user determines the time payment for a resource per unit of labor intensity of the work performed as standard and overtime rates and a one-time payment for each resource unit at each assignment. For the resources used, the labor intensity is calculated with the dimension in days. The product of the labor intensity of a given resource and the rate of time payment determines the total time payment. The total one-time payment is calculated as the product of the corresponding tariff for the amount of the resource used and the number of its assignments in the CP. The sum of time and one-time costs determines the total cost of the resource used. Everyone's work schedule labor resource can be organized according to either a standard or custom calendar.

In addition to labor (machines and people), the program uses material resources. The total cost of labor and material resources determines direct costs.

The cost of work is determined by the cost of the resources used and fixed costs, while the latter can determine some fixed costs (the cost of equipment, furniture, etc.). Thus, the estimated cost taken into account in the program is distributed over time, that is, dynamically, and it determines the investment cash flow.

3.4 Algorithm for calculating work schedules using the critical path method.

To calculate the work schedule presented in Fig. 2, we describe its organizational and technological scheme.