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Guillotine matchstick equipment production. Match production equipment

How are matches made?

We are used to using matches and are no longer surprised how much they simplify our lives, although ancient man their application would seem like real magic. If you are interested in how matches are made, let's look at the algorithm for making them.

Production material

Usually matches are made from a combustible material, namely wood. At the end of a wooden stick there is a sulfur head, which is responsible for ignition. In addition to wood (aspen and linden), wax and cardboard are used to create matches and matchboxes.

Match types

The matches themselves have hundreds of varieties. They are distinguished from each other by composition, by the principle of combustion, by color and even by size. For example, several types of matches can be noted, which differ from each other in the type of ignition:

frictionless - easily ignite when rubbing against any surface;
grating - the most common matches that can only be ignited by rubbing against a special surface called a "grater".

The most popular types of matches are:

storm - can burn in any situation, even with strong wind and in water;
thermal - they emit a lot of heat, such matches can even be used for soldering;
signal - these matches emit a colored flame;
fireplace - by name it is immediately clear that they are used to ignite the fireplace;
photographic - help create instant flashes.

Match making technology

The match has a very simple structure. It consists of a base and a head. But this does not mean that the production of these irreplaceable items is easy. In the whole process of creating matches, several stages can be noted:

The first stage of all work is to create the basis for the match. The standard technology uses aspen or pine wood. Logs are harvested and their end parts are painted with lime, which makes it possible to avoid wood decay.
Prepared logs now need to be cleaned of bark and sawn into thin sheets, which are then cut into sticks. To make match straw, you need to spend about 60 percent of all available wood. Standard size matches - 4.25 cm long and 0.16-0.22 cm thick. Naturally, to create products of this size, it is necessary to use special equipment. The harvesting process has certain differences, it all depends on the type of matches. If it is necessary to manufacture products with a square section, then the veneer method is used. If the matches are round - stamp method.
Match blanks now need to be treated with a special chemical solution that performs a fire-fighting function. For example, it can be phosphoric acid. After the blank dries after impregnation, one of the edges of the match is covered with paraffin, which allows the match to ignite without much effort.
Now all processed matches are dipped into a sulfur solution using a special matrix, which is a two-meter tape. Due to this, match heads are formed. Then the finished matches are dried.

When matches are made, boxes are made in parallel from large rolls of cardboard. The necessary drawing is applied to the cardboard and the so-called grater is the place on which the match is struck. Then the cardboard is cut and folded into boxes. Ready-made matches will subsequently be packed in them. Here is the manufacturing process!

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Match production

Classificationwoodworkingproductions

production manufacturing match

Classification of woodworking industries. Wood processing industries can be attributed to secondary wood processing industries. The raw materials used here are lumber, chipboard and fiberboard, plywood, veneer, which, in turn, are products of primary wood processing. Woodworking industries are diverse in terms of types of products. Their structure includes the productions which are letting out furniture; joinery and building products (windows, doors, floor boards, skirting boards, fillets); wooden musical instruments; housings and cases for radios and televisions, clocks, microscopes and other precision mechanics instruments; wooden ships; parts and products for the equipment of motor ships, railway cars, motor vehicles, agricultural machines; sports equipment and more.

Despite the diversity of types and purposes of wood products, their designs and technological processes are organized on the basis of the same principles. Most fully all the features of woodworking technology can be traced on the examples of the production of furniture and joinery and building products. The production of these wood products is currently the leading one, the most technically equipped in comparison with other woodworking industries. All modern productions, including woodworking, by nature production processes are divided into three main types: individual, serial and mass.

Individual (single) is called production, characterized by a single production of products of a diverse non-permanent nomenclature. Such production should have universal equipment that allows performing various operations and types of processing, and requires highly skilled workers. Enterprises of this type include plants and factories for the production of highly artistic furniture and other building products made to special orders.

Serial production is called production, characterized by periodic repetition of the manufacture of series (batches) of the same type of products. The equipment used is universal-specialized. Features of mass production - flow, conveyorization and automation of individual sections, interchangeability and extensive mechanization of processing, assembly and finishing of parts. Quantity handmade V serial production decreases sharply, labor productivity increases in comparison with individual production.

This type of enterprises includes a significant part of the factories and plants producing furniture and other joinery products for various purposes. Mass production characterized by a narrow range and a large volume of manufactured products, continuously manufactured for a long time. A feature of mass production is specialization in the production of a certain product, for example, chairs, wardrobes, window or door blocks, panel or bar blanks, etc.; specialization of equipment, fixtures and tools; mechanization, conveyorization, automation of processing, assembly, finishing, transportation of parts and finished products; wide interchangeability of parts Mass production is more efficient than mass production, despite the large initial capital expenditures during construction. The cost price of the same types of products in mass production is lower, the production of products is faster, the output is larger, and the cost of transportation is less.

In the woodworking industry, mass production is usually large enterprises- factories: furniture assembly, for the production of blanks, joinery and construction products (windows, doors, floor boards), etc.

Technological process, its stages and their sequence. The technology of woodworking production is a substantiated system of methods and techniques for processing wood materials for the manufacture of joinery products from them. Part of the production process associated with a change in the shape, size, quality and properties of the processed material is called the technological process. In woodworking industries technological process production of products is characterized by a change in the size, quality and geometric shape of the blanks and parts that make up the product.

In the processes of wood finishing, along with physical phenomena, chemical phenomena play an important role, which differ markedly from the processes of mechanical processing of wood and are the subject of independent research. academic discipline. In this textbook, finishing processes are only touched upon in connection with the consideration of the general sequence of the technological process for the manufacture of joinery products.

The technological process of manufacturing a product is divided into a number of stages or stages: drying or drying of wood materials before starting for processing, cutting wood materials into blanks (obtaining rough blanks); mechanical processing of rough blanks (obtaining finishing blanks); gluing and veneering composite (glued) blanks; mechanical processing of finishing blanks (obtaining parts); assembly of parts into assembly units; mechanical restoration assembly units; assembly of assembly units and parts into a product; finishing parts and assembly units or an assembled product. The sequence of the first two stages of the technological process (drying and cutting) can be different: first drying, then cutting and vice versa. The last and penultimate stages can also change places. It is possible to first assemble the elements into a product, and then finish the assembled product, and, conversely, first finish the elements and parts, and then assemble them into the product.

If the material for the manufacture of solid parts are single-size rough blanks, the second and fourth stages in the technological process will be absent. Technological operation and its components. Each stage of the technological process consists of a number of technological operations. The operation is elementary component technological process, performed on one machine or at one workplace. Operations can be pass-through and positional. A pass-through operation is performed with a continuous movement of the workpiece relative to the cutting tool, for example, the processing of workpieces on longitudinal milling and circular saws for longitudinal cutting. Passing operations are more productive, but they are not always feasible. In some cases, for example, when drilling nests and holes in a workpiece, a positional operation is performed, in which the workpiece is fixed motionless in a certain position (position) on the work table, in a machine or fixture, and a cutting tool is advanced on the workpiece.

Each operation is divided into parts, the number of which varies depending on the nature and volume of the operation. As part of the operation, a transition, passage, installation and position are distinguished. The part of the operation, which consists in processing any one surface of the workpiece with the same tool, is called the transition. For example, when processing a workpiece from three sides on a single-sided planer, the operation consists of three transitions.

A transition may consist of one or more passes. Pass - part of the operation, which is performed in one movement of the workpiece relative to the tool or tool relative to the workpiece. For example, to level the seam of a workpiece on a jointer, it is necessary to pass the workpiece through the machine twice; therefore, it is necessary to carry out two passes in one transition (alignment of the plates). A positional operation, depending on its complexity, may consist of one or more settings. Installation - part of the operation, performed with one clamping of the workpiece in the machine or fixture. For example, drilling several holes in a workpiece on a single-spindle drilling machine will require as many fixtures (settings) of the workpiece as there are holes to be drilled in it. The same operation, when performed on a multi-spindle drilling machine, is performed in one installation, i.e., with one fixing of the workpiece on the machine table.

Reducing the number of installations in an operation has great importance for better use of the machine and increased labor productivity, since during the mechanical processing of wood, the time spent on cutting is much less than the time spent on fixing, unfastening and moving the workpiece.

Technologymanufacturingwoodenmatches

Each of us knows household matches. However, this is just one species from a diverse family that includes up to 100 various kinds matches that differ from each other chemical composition heads, sizes and other parameters. There are matches wind, hunting. There are species that burn in the water (storm). Signal matches are special in that when burned, they emit thick smoke, colored with color. There are even matches that can be welded or soldered, the so-called "termites".

Wooden matches can be crafted in one of 2 ways. The first one is veneer. Used for the kind of matches that have a square cross section. Selected aspen logs are used as raw materials, from the processed wood of which ribbons are cut. The width of the tapes is equal to the length of the match, and the thickness is equal to the thickness of one match. Next, the resulting tapes are sent to a match machine - a huge multifunctional equipment, reaching 18 m in length and 7.5 m in height. For 1 shift of 8 hours, such a machine is capable of producing up to 10 million units of matches. In a match machine, the ribbons are cut into individual matches.

In the second manufacturing method final product are matches with a round cross section. In this case, small pine chocks are sent to the machine, where blanks are cut out of wood using cut-out dies. Further, the technology for the production of matches of both methods is the same. At this stage, the blanks go through 5 baths: the match is impregnated along the entire length with a fire-fighting solution, the head is treated with a paraffin primer so that the wood ignites easily. Next, two adhesive gluten layers are applied to form the head. After the match head is sprayed with a solution that strengthens the application and prevents it from being destroyed by exposure natural phenomena. After drying in 60 min., finished goods arrive at the packaging, where they are distributed in matchboxes. On a wrapping machine, boxes of matches are wrapped in wrapping paper in 3, 6 or 10 boxes.

The matches themselves are cheap goods, it is not so easy to produce them. Before a piece of wood turns into an elegant match, it goes through many stages. In order to avoid smoldering, match straws are impregnated with a 1.5% solution of H3PO4, and then paraffinized (dipped in molten paraffin).

In addition to ordinary (household) matches, special matches are also made:

Storm, burning in the wind, in dampness and in the rain.

Thermal, which develop a higher temperature during combustion and give more heat during combustion of the head.

Signal, giving a colored flame when burning.

Photographic, giving an instant bright flash, used when photographing, etc.

In the United States, matches are also made that ignite when rubbed against any rough surface (the so-called SAW (strike anywhere) matches). A feature of such compositions is the presence of P4S3 sesquisulfide in them. The main stroke, according to experts, is the incendiary mixture. It includes about 20 ingredients, and the composition of the mixture is kept in the strictest confidence. Although for those who are interested, I can tell you about their compositions, but more on that later, we are not gathered here for that.

Cutting the supplied ridges (bars) into churaks (small saw cuts, similar to firewood).

Bark removal.

Production of match veneer.

Laying veneer strips in stacks.

Cutting veneer strips into match straws.

Transportation of match straws.

Impregnation of match straws with a solution.

Drying match straws.

Polishing the surface of a match straw.

Separation of match straws from broken and short straws (sorting by length).

Separation of straws with a deviation from the established cross-sectional dimensions.

Application of phosphorus mass on boxes.

Drying of phosphorus mass.

Matchbox orientation.

Packing of matchboxes in paper.

Stacking packs of matches in corrugated cardboard boxes.

Orientation of the outer and inner parts of matchboxes.

Making the outer part of a matchbox.

Making the inside of a matchbox.

Only after that matches fall into our hands.

First matches

For the first time, white phosphorus was successfully used to light a match by friction in 1830 by the French chemist C. Soria. He made no attempt to organize industrial production matches, but two years later phosphorus matches were already produced in Austria and Germany.

Safety matches

The first safety matches, ignited by rubbing against a specially prepared surface, were created in 1845 in Sweden, where J. Lundström began their industrial production in 1855. This became possible thanks to the discovery by A. Schrotter (Austria) in 1844 of non-toxic amorphous phosphorus. The head of safety matches did not contain all the substances necessary for ignition: amorphous (red) phosphorus was deposited on the wall of the matchbox. Therefore, the match could not be ignited by accident. The composition of the head included potassium chlorate mixed with glue, gum arabic, crushed glass and manganese dioxide. Almost all matches made in Europe and Japan are of this type.

kitchen matches

Matches with a double-layered head, ignited on any hard surface, were patented by F. Farnham in 1888, but their industrial production began only in 1905. The head of such matches consisted of potassium chlorate, glue, rosin, pure gypsum, white and colored pigments and a small amount of phosphorus. The layer at the tip of the same head, which was applied by the second dipping, contained phosphorus, glue, flint, gypsum, zinc oxide and a dye. The matches ignited silently, and the possibility of flying off the burning head was completely excluded.

Impregnation of matches

Prior to 1870, no fire impregnation methods were known to prevent flameless burning of the remaining coal on an extinguished match. In 1870, the Englishman Howes received a patent for the impregnation of matches with a square cross section. It listed a number of materials (including alum, sodium tungstate and silicate, ammonium borate and zinc sulfate) suitable for impregnating square matches by immersing them in a chemical bath.

The impregnation of round matches on a continuous match machine was considered impossible. Due to the fact that the legislation of some states since 1910 required mandatory fire impregnation, W. Fairburn, an employee of the Diamond Match company, in 1915 proposed, as an additional operation on a match machine, immersing matches by about 2/3 of the length in a weak solution (approx. 0.5%) ammonium phosphate.

Phosphorus sesquisulfide

White phosphorus, which was used to make matches, caused bone disease in match factory workers, tooth loss and necrosis of jaw areas. In 1906 an international agreement was signed in Bern (Switzerland) banning the manufacture, import and sale of matches containing white phosphorus. In connection with this ban, harmless matches with amorphous (red) phosphorus were developed in Europe. Phosphorus sesquisulfide was first obtained in 1864 by the Frenchman J. Lemoine, mixing four parts of phosphorus with three parts of sulfur without access to air. In such a mixture, the toxic properties of white phosphorus did not appear. In 1898, the French chemists A. Seren and E. Caen proposed a method for using phosphorus sesquisulfide in match production soon adopted in some European countries.

In 1900, the Diamond Match Company acquired the right to use a patent for matches with phosphorus sesquisulfide. But the patent formula was for matches with a simple head. The quality of sesquisulfide matches with a two-layer head turned out to be unsatisfactory.

In December 1910, W. Fairburn developed a new formula for harmless matches with phosphorus sesquisulfide. The company published the patent formula and allowed all competitors to use it for free. A law was passed to tax every box of matches with white phosphorus equal to two cents, after which matches with white phosphorus were forced out of the market.

Mechanization of the production of matches

In the beginning, the production of matches was completely manual, but soon attempts began to increase productivity through mechanization. Already in 1888, an automatic continuous-action machine was created, which, with some modifications, still forms the basis of match production.

Production of wooden matches

Modern wooden matches are made in two ways. With the veneer method (for matches of a square cross section), selected aspen logs are skinned and then cut into short blocks, which are peeled or planed into ribbons corresponding in width to the length of the matches, one match thick. The ribbons are fed into a match machine, which cuts them into individual matches. The latter are mechanically inserted into the perforations of the plates of the dipping machine. In another method (for round matches), small pine blocks are fed into the head of the machine, where punching dies arranged in a row cut match blanks and push them into perforations of metal plates on an endless chain.

With both methods of production, the matches are successively passed through five baths, in which a general impregnation with a fire-fighting solution is carried out, a primer layer of paraffin is applied to one end of the match to ignite the wood from the match head, a layer forming the head is applied on top of it, a second layer is applied to the tip of the head, and finally the head is sprayed with a hardening solution that protects it from atmospheric influences. After passing on an endless chain through huge drums for drying for 60 minutes, the finished matches are pushed out of the plates and enter the packing machine, which distributes them among the matchboxes. Then the wrapping machine wraps three, six or ten boxes in paper, and the packing machine fills the shipping container with them. A modern match machine (18 m long and 7.5 m high) produces up to 10 million matches in an 8-hour shift.

Production of cardboard matches

Cardboard matches are made on similar machines, but in two separate operations. Pre-treated cardboard from large rolls is fed into a machine that cuts "combs" of 60-100 matches from it and inserts them into the sockets of an endless chain. The chain carries them through the paraffin bath and head forming bath. The finished combs are fed into another machine, which cuts them into double "pages" of 10 matches and fastens them with a pre-printed lid fitted with an ignition strip.

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Main varieties

These products are divided depending on what material they are made of, into:

Wooden (made from soft wood - linden, aspen);

wax;

Cardboard.

According to the type of ignition, the following types of matches are distinguished:

Grating. This species is ignited on a special surface called a "grater". Today in Russia they are the most common matches. Their output is 99% of all manufactured matches.

Non-sterochnye. They ignite by friction against any surface.

Match production technology

In this case, the following actions are carried out:

At the initial stage of making matches, logs of the required wood species are harvested. They paint the end sides with lime to avoid the process of decay.
After that, the logs are cut into thin sheets, which are subsequently divided into blanks for this product (the length of a regular match is 42.5 mm, and its thickness is from 1.6 to 2.2 mm). This is done using special equipment.
Then match blanks are sent to chemical workshops. There they are impregnated with phosphoric acid, and then subjected to paraffin treatment so that they do not deteriorate.
Further, the processed blanks are dipped into a sulfur solution using a special matrix into which the sticks are inserted. As a result, match heads are obtained. And then they are dried using the same matrix, which is a two-meter tape.

While the products are drying, matchboxes are being made in a nearby workshop. They are made from huge rolls of cardboard, on which a pattern is initially printed, and then a grater is applied. Upon completion of all these procedures, matchboxes are cut and bent.

And then, thanks to the air cyclone, they are fired into a special box-laying machine, in order to subsequently send them to the match unit for filling with the finished products. The number of pieces of this product in one package is set by the manufacturer. Then the filled boxes are packed in blocks of 10 and sent for sale.

Business intricacies

To all of the above, we can add that there are about a hundred different types of matches. They are distinguished by the degree of combustion, composition, color and size.

Expanding the production of matches, it is necessary to improve the technological process. Success depends on it this business. You should also learn new types of matches.

Eg:

Hunting. They differ from ordinary ones in that, in addition to the stick and the head, they have an additional coating. Due to this, the match burns for a long time with a large flame. They are quite easy to ignite in any weather. Compared to an ordinary match, a hunting match burns much longer.

Storm. This species does not have a head, but the coating is much thicker in the main part (in comparison with hunting ones). Their ability to ignite is very high due to the fact that the incendiary mass contains a lot of bartolet salt. These matches can light up in any weather (even in a twelve-point storm). They are mainly used by fishermen and sailors.

Gas or fireplace. Their length is much longer (in comparison with ordinary matches). Their main purpose is to ignite burners. gas stoves or fireplaces.

There are also thermal matches. They are able to generate such an amount of heat that they can even be used for soldering. Signal matches are no less unique. They burn with multicolored flames. There are also photographic matches. They are used to create an instantaneous flash. There are also souvenir and gift items. In general, when organizing the production of matches, the variety of goods is selected on an individual basis.

Technology features

This product has a fairly simple structure. It consists of a head and a wooden base. However, this does not mean that the technology for the production of matches is too simple. There are several stages in their creation:

The base is made of pine or aspen. To do this, take wooden bars, which are sawn into small saw cuts. You should also get rid of the bark. For the manufacture of match straw, about 60% of wood is needed.
But the subsequent process is determined by the type of matches. If there is an interest in square cross section, then it is necessary to use the veneer method, and if in a round one, then a stamp is needed. The first option will need to make a tape with a width equal to the length of the match itself. Its thickness is equated to the parameter of the original product. Then the tapes must be cut into match straws, which are further cut into individual elements. The match production line is 18 meters long and 7.5 meters high. It takes 8 hours to produce 10 million matches. According to the stamp method, blanks are made from the bars that are sent to the machine.
Further, the base of the match is saturated with a fire-fighting solution, after which one of its ends is treated with paraffin so that it ignites without difficulty.
After that, apply double layer glue that forms the head, as well as a protective coating from external influences.
When the impregnations are completed, the matches are dried in a special machine for at least an hour, and then they are polished and sorted.
Upon completion of these procedures, these products are packaged: boxes are glued, inner and outer, a grater surface is applied to the sides, labels are glued. These actions are important. The length of the box for ordinary matches is five centimeters. These parameters depend on the type of manufactured product. Matches are packed in boxes and wrapped in paper on a special machine.

Production Line

The plant for the manufacture of these products should have several basic machines at its disposal, such as:

By applying phosphorus;

On the creation of boxes;

By mixing chemical elements;

Automatic continuous equipment for the production of matches;

Selecting device;

Dryer;

Cutting unit.

The entrepreneur already acquires any other secondary devices at his individual request. All of the above equipment for the production of matches will cost on average from 19 to 23 million rubles. Although it is possible to reduce costs if you remove the stages for the production of straw (it is simply bought). And of course, the manufacture of matches and their storage requires special premises in which all fire safety standards will be strictly observed.

Raw material

In this case, several materials will be required. As raw materials, technical potassium and sodium bichromate, copper sulfate, and solid paraffin will fit. Aspen round timber will cost from 1.5 to 2.5 thousand rubles per 1 cubic meter.

Staff

To organize successful production matches will require more than one pair of working hands. At least ten people are needed to establish the production of this product. They will include a manager, workers, loaders, technologists, line operators. The number of employees depends on the volume of production.