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Non-verbal communication is communication through. Non-verbal ways of communication

The ability to communicate, win over an interlocutor and find an approach to him is an art that allows you to achieve success, both personally and professionally, public sphere. According to research, human behavior is assessed from the point of view of non-verbal means of communication - through gestures and facial expressions, movements and postures, facial expressions, glances, smiles, etc. Non-verbal communication indicates the emotional state of a person, his feelings and character traits.

Thanks to the classification of non-verbal means of communication, one can recognize (understand) the motives of the interlocutor's behavior (his dreams, mood, expectations, intentions, experiences), achieve the highest degree of psychological closeness with him. For a better understanding of the features of non-verbal communication, you should familiarize yourself with the main types of communication and their characteristics.

Kinesics

Kinesics is a branch of psychology that studies the emotional reactions of a person in terms of his expressive expressive movements (body movements). In this aspect, the following are considered as the main non-verbal means of communication: posture, expressiveness of gestures, facial expressions, features of gait, gaze. It is believed that the information that the interlocutor wants to convey through speech can differ significantly from the feelings he actually experiences.

Pose

The postures taken by a person during a conversation testify to his true intentions, more eloquently than gestures and facial expressions. Controlling your emotions is easy, but controlling your posture when communicating is more difficult.

Modern psychologists divide postures into three types:

domination- a person hangs, tries to look down, sits, leaning back, crossing his legs. Addiction- the individual lowers his head, sits, tightly clenching his knees, fiddling with his fingers.
closeness- the opponent interlocks his fingers, closes by crossing his arms, legs, moves away from the interlocutor, looks away. openness- an individual who is disposed to communication is distinguished by a relaxed posture, a broad smile, open palms, outstretched legs, and a torso turned towards the interlocutor.
Confrontation- is expressed by a raised chin, clenched fists, arms outstretched or located on the hips, sides. harmony- manifests itself in the peaceful posture of the speaker, his good-natured look.

Gestures

With the help of these non-verbal elements of communicative communication, our ancestors have been trying to reach mutual understanding since ancient times. Head movements, hand gestures are able to convey the emotional state of the interlocutor - his overexcitation, sadness, joy, anger, etc.

In a non-verbal sense, sign language is classified into the following types:

modal- conveying the attitude of the participants in the conversation (trust / distrust, approval / disagreement, satisfaction / dissatisfaction);
communicative- used for prohibitions, affirmation, farewell, greeting, attracting attention, etc.
descriptive- express emotional coloring in the context of certain statements.

facial expressions

Mimic reactions are considered one of the main indicators of the true feelings of the interlocutor. According to studies, if an individual keeps his face still, then information about his personality characteristics is lost by 15%. Psychologists have noted more than 20,000 different non-verbal interpretations of facial expressions. The main emotional states are:

anger;
fear;
irritation;
sadness;
astonishment;
joy;
disgust.

When a person's emotional state changes, the configuration of the entire face begins to change dynamically, mainly lips, eyebrows and forehead.

Gait

The gait personifies the life position of the individual. Analyzing the style of movement of a person, one can judge the features of his character, age, well-being and even profession. By the dynamics, rhythm and amplitude of the step, psychologists learn about such states as pride, suffering, illness, anger, determination, happiness, etc. A “light” gait gives out high spirits, joy, and self-confidence. "Heavy" - characteristic of gloomy faces who are discouraged or in a state of anger. "Lazy", "weaving" - happens to suffering, insecure faces.

Sight

Visual contact is a non-verbal signal that is the most important element in the art of communication. A direct, interested look disposes the interlocutor to himself, arouses sympathy. Too long glance is perceived as a challenge, excessive interest of the interlocutor. A short one, on the contrary, gives reason to believe that the opponent is insincere, hides information. It is considered optimal - an exchange of glances in 10 seconds.

It is also worth considering the national factor, for example, Asians (Japanese, Koreans) do not often look at faces, Europeans are distinguished by a direct look. Depending on the specifics, psychologists distinguish the following types of views:

social - characteristic of secular, relaxed communication;
business - used in a working atmosphere (when concluding business contracts, etc.);
intimate - personifies interest, love, etc .;
a sideways glance - may indicate hostility, envy, criticality, suspicion.

The eyes are capable of transmitting the most subtle signals of an individual's emotional state. Constriction / expansion of the pupils occurs in a person at an unconscious level, depending on his mood and state of the body. An excited, interested person will have 4 times dilated pupils. A gloomy, depressive state leads to constriction of the pupils.

Prosody and extralinguistics

Prosody and extralinguistics analyze the individual in terms of such non-verbal elements as:

Intonation- allows you to determine the thoughts, feelings, experiences, mood of the interlocutor;
Volume- characterizes volitional aspirations, the emotional state of a person (hysteria, balance, etc.);
Timbre- betrays the character of the individual. High timbre is a sign of self-confidence or excitement, low - relaxation and softness, chest - increased emotionality.
Poise- allows you to give words additional significance and weight. With the help of a pause, the interlocutor can take time for reflection, convey his emotions (offense, surprise, disagreement).
Sigh- has no verbal content, but can eloquently express hopelessness, tragedy, sadness.
Laughter- able to defuse the situation and inspire (cheerful, comical). Or vice versa - upset, lower self-esteem (sarcastic, cynical, malevolent).
Cry- Expresses an overabundance of feelings of the interlocutor.
Cough- is interpreted as a person’s desire to symbolically “burp” something or bewilderment, disagreement with something.

Takeshika

Takeshika studies non-verbal dynamic ways of communication - shaking hands, kissing, patting. Scientists have proven that touch is a biologically necessary form of stimulation for a person. Individual uses different types touches depending on the status, age, gender of the partner.

Handshake- can be equal, dominant (strong, with a hand located on top), submissive (weak, the hand is below).
Pat on the shoulder - a tactical technique, which is used under the condition of close relations between the interlocutors, as well as with their social equality.
Kiss- used in close communication - relatives and acquaintances (friendly), couples in love (intimate).

Incorrect application of these tactical elements can lead to an inadequate reaction of the opponent, to conflict situations.

Proxemics

Proxemics is based on building interpersonal relationships between individuals using spatial constraints. From the point of view of proxemics, non-verbal means of communicative communication include:

Distance
Orientations
Distance

Psychologists have established several norms of "proximity" (distances of a spatial type):

intimate– designed for the closest people (0-45 cm.)
Personal- allowing you to communicate with common friends (45-120 cm).
social- recommended for official communication with unfamiliar people.
public- allows you to refrain from communication or speak in front of an audience.

An interlocutor who adheres to the above norms not only provides, but also feels more confident and comfortable.

These means of communication may vary depending on the nationality, social status and country of residence of the individual. Gender, age and personality characteristics of a person also matter.

Orientation

Such a proxemic component as orientation conveys various shades of a person's emotional state, in terms of the angle of communication and the direction of the partner. Turning the toe of the foot and body can signal a person's attitude towards an opponent. A negotiator who decides to end the discussion involuntarily turns his body towards the exit. IN business communication seats at the negotiating table also matter:

against- characterizes a competitive-defensive position, in which the participants rigidly defend their point of view;
On the one side- the most convenient option for joint discussion of problems and development of a common solution;
corner arrangement- allows you to have a friendly and relaxed conversation;
diagonally- the situation indicates a lack of interest, unwillingness of the participant in the conversation to interact.

In his famous book Body Language, the Austrian writer Alan Pease claims that each person perceives information based on this calculation: 7% of information comes with words, and the remaining 97% is perceived by us using non-verbal signals.

These modes of communication are better known as "sign language" and mean a form of self-expression that does not use words or any symbols of speech.

Expand your perception

Knowing the types of non-verbal communication and understanding non-verbal signals is important for several reasons. Firstly, they perform the functions of an accurate expression of feelings, because very often we experience feelings so complex that we simply cannot find the right words to describe them, but this can be done using non-verbal means and methods. Secondly, they perform the functions of a deeper mutual understanding.

Knowing the basic ways of non-verbal communication, you will be able to better understand and “bite” the other person, when he tries to control his behavior in communication with you, because non-verbal signals appear unconsciously and your interlocutor simply cannot control them. The classification of non-verbal means of communication and examples of their use will help you not only better understand yourself, but also teach you to recognize lies and manipulation by other people.

To learn to better understand the interlocutor and recognize his hidden signals, you first need to learn to pay attention to all the elements or means of non-verbal communication at the same time, and non-verbal means of communication include facial expressions, gestures, postures, intonation and timbre of voice, visual contact and interpersonal space.

Let's talk in more detail about each of these elements of non-verbal communication and give specific examples of their manifestation.

facial expressions

Facial expression is a facial expression of a person, it is the main element in displaying emotions and feelings. Positive emotions, such as love or surprise, are much easier to recognize than negative ones, such as disgust or anger. are reflected differently on the right and left sides of the face, because the left and right hemispheres of the brain perform different functions: the right one controls the emotional sphere, and the left one is responsible for intellectual functions.

Emotions are expressed in facial expressions in this way:

Anger - wide open eyes, lowered corners of the lips, "squinted" look, clenched teeth;
Surprise - parted mouth, wide eyes and raised eyebrows, lowered lips;
Fear - drawn together eyebrows, stretched lips with lowered and laid down corners;
Happiness - a calm look, raised, laid back corners of the lips;
Sadness - a "faded" look, lowered corners of the lips, arched eyebrows.

visual contact

This method of non-verbal communication helps to demonstrate interest in the conversation and better understand the meaning of what was said. During a conversation, two people together create and regulate the degree of comfort, periodically meeting their gaze and taking it away. A closer look can both build trust and create discomfort.

Pleasant general topics maintain eye contact, while negative, confusing questions make you look away, demonstrating disagreement and dislike. Features of visual contact allow us to draw conclusions about the degree of interest in the dialogue and attitude towards the interlocutor:

Admiration - long eye contact, calm look;
Indignation - a close, obsessive, somewhat disturbing look, prolonged eye contact without pauses;
Location - attentive gaze, eye contact with pauses every 10 seconds;
Dislike - avoidance eye contact, "rolling" the eyes.
Expectation - a sharp look into the eyes, raised eyebrows.

With visual contact, you can find out not only the attitude of the interlocutor, but also determine some features.

Intonation and timbre of the voice

Correctly understanding the intonation and timbre of the voice means learning to "read between the lines" the message of another person. These features include frequent pauses, unfinished sentences and their construction, the strength and height of the voice, as well as the speed of speech.

Excitement - low tone of voice, fast, abrupt speech;
Enthusiasm - high tone of voice, clear confident speech;
Fatigue - a low tone of voice, a decrease in intonation towards the end of a sentence;
Arrogance - slow speech, even monotonous intonation;
Uncertainty - mistakes in words, frequent pauses, nervous cough.

Gestures and postures

Feelings and attitudes of people can be determined by the manner of sitting or standing, by a set of gestures and individual movements. It is easier and more pleasant for people to communicate with those who have expressive motor skills, a lively, relaxed facial expression.

Bright gestures display positive emotions and dispose to sincerity and trust. At the same time, excessive gesticulation, often repeated gestures can indicate internal tension and self-doubt. Non-verbal communication becomes available, and the level of mutual understanding increases if you understand the postures and gestures of your interlocutor.

Concentration - closed eyes, pinching the bridge of the nose, rubbing the chin;
Criticality - one hand near the chin with an extended index finger along the cheek, the second hand supports the elbow;
Positivity - the body of the body, the head is slightly tilted forward, the hand slightly touches the cheek;
Distrust - the palm covers the mouth, expressing disagreement;
Boredom - the head is propped up by the hand, the body is relaxed and slightly bent;
Superiority - sitting position, legs one on the other, hands behind the head, eyelids slightly closed;
Disapproval - restless movement, shaking off "villi", straightening clothes, pulling trousers or skirts;
Uncertainty - scratching or rubbing the ears, wrapping one hand around the elbow of the other hand;
Openness - arms are spread out to the sides with palms up, shoulders are straightened, the head “looks” straight, the body is relaxed;

Video about non-verbal communication:

Interpersonal space

The distance between the interlocutors plays an important role in establishing contact, understanding the situation of communication. Often people express their attitude in such categories as "stay away from there" or "want to be closer to him." If people are interested in each other, the space separating them decreases, they tend to be closer. For a better understanding of these features, as well as in order to correctly distinguish between situations and the scope of contact, you should know the basic limits of the allowable distance between the interlocutors:

Intimate distance (up to 0.5 m) - intimate trusting relationships between loved ones, friends. It may also be acceptable in sports where physical contact is acceptable.
Interpersonal distance (from 0.5 m - to 1.2 m) - a comfortable distance during a friendly conversation, where touching each other is allowed.
Social distance (from 1.2 m - to 3.7 m) - informal interaction in society, during a business meeting. The greater the distance, up to the extreme border, the more formal the relationship.
Public distance (more than 3.7 m) is a comfortable distance for a lecturer who makes a public speech in front of a large group of people.

Such limits of distances and their significance depend on the age, gender of a person, his personal characteristics. Children are comfortable at a closer distance from the interlocutor, and adolescents close and want to move away from others.

Women love closer distances, regardless of the gender of their interlocutor. Balanced, self-confident people do not pay much attention to distance, while nervous anxious people try to stay away from others.

Learn to recognize lies

In order to feel confident and comfortable in situations of communication with different people, to avoid manipulation, you should learn to recognize non-verbal language of communication in situations where they are trying to deceive you.

What means of non-verbal communication, gestures, postures, facial expressions should be paid attention to in order to recognize a lie?

too long or frequent pauses, pauses and hesitation before the start of the replica;
asymmetry of facial expressions, lack of synchrony in the work of the facial muscles, when there is a discrepancy in the facial expressions of the two sides of the face;
A "frozen" facial expression, when it does not change for 5-10 seconds, is false;
delayed expression of emotions, when there are long pauses between the word and the emotions associated with it;
"Elongated" smile, when the lips are pulled back from the teeth, creating a narrow line of lips;
visual contact is shallow, when the eyes of the liar meet the eyes of the interlocutor for no more than a third of the entire time of the conversation, while often looking at the ceiling and around with a restless facial expression;
twitching of any part of the body: tapping fingers on the table, biting the lips, twitching the arms or legs;
the sparse gestures that the liar keeps under control;

5,00

Non-verbal communication- this is a kind of non-verbal interaction of a communication nature between living beings. In other words, non-verbal communication of a person is a kind of transmission of all kinds of information or the possibility of influencing the environment without the use of speech (language) mechanisms. The instrument of the described interaction is the physical body of individuals, which owns a wide range of tools and specific techniques for transmitting information or exchanging messages.

Non-verbal communication covers all kinds of gestures and facial expressions, various bodily postures, voice timbre, bodily or visual contact. Means of non-verbal communication of a person convey the figurative content and emotional essence of information. The language of non-speech components of communication can be primary (all of the above means) and secondary (various programming languages, Morse code). Many scientific minds are sure that only 7% of information is transmitted through words, 38% of data is sent using sound means, which include tone of voice, intonation, and 55% through non-verbal interaction tools, in fact, using primary non-speech components. It follows from this that the fundamental in the communication of mankind is not the spoken information, but the manner of its presentation.

Non-verbal communication communication

The surrounding society can learn a lot about an individual solely by his manner of choosing clothes and talking, the gestures used, etc. As a result of many studies, it has been revealed that non-verbal ways of communication have two types of source of origin, namely biological evolution and culture. Non-verbal means of communication are necessary in order to:

Regulation of the course of the process of communicative interaction, creation of psychological contact between interlocutors;

Enrichment of meanings conveyed with the help of words, direction of interpretation of the verbal context;

Expressions of emotion and reflections of the interpretation of situations.

Non-verbal communications of communication include well-known gestures, facial expressions and bodily postures, as well as a hairstyle, style of clothing (clothes and shoes), office interior, Business Cards, accessories (watches, lighters).

All gestures can be divided into gestures of openness, suspicion, conflict or defense, thoughtfulness and reasoning, uncertainty and doubt, difficulty, etc. Unbuttoning a jacket or reducing the distance between a conversation partner is a gesture of openness.

Suspicion and secrecy are indicated by rubbing the forehead or chin, an attempt to cover the face with hands, and especially the avoidance of eye contact, looking away to the side. The gestures of conflict or defense include crossing the arms, picking up the fingers into a fist. The pinching of the bridge of the nose, the hand at the cheek (the pose of the “thinker”) speaks of the thoughtfulness of the interlocutor. Scratching the space above the earlobe or the side of the neck with the index finger means that the interlocutor doubts something or indicates his uncertainty. Scratching or touching the nose indicates the speaker's predicament. If during the conversation one of the participants lowers his eyelids, then such an action indicates his desire to end the conversation as soon as possible. Ear scratching demonstrates the interlocutor's rejection of what the partner says or the way he says it. Pulling the earlobe reminds that the partner is already tired of listening, and he also has a desire to speak out.

Non-verbal communications also include handshakes, which express the different positions of the participants in the communication interaction. The capture of the hand of one of those who meet in such a way that her palm is down indicates the imperiousness of the interlocutor. The same status of those meeting is reported by a handshake, in which the hands of the participants are in the same position. Stretching out the hand of one side, turned palm up, speaks of humility or subordination. Emphasizes the different status of the meeting or a certain distance in position or expresses disrespect a shaking made with a straight, not bent hand. Only the tips of the fingers extended for a handshake indicate a complete lack of respect for another individual. Shaking with both hands testifies to confidential sincerity, excess of feelings, closeness.

Also, handshakes of citizens of different countries may differ. So, for example, Americans are characterized by strong, energetic handshakes. After all, they speak of strength and efficiency. For people from the Asian part of the continent, such handshakes can be bewildering. They are more accustomed to soft and long handshakes.

non-verbal communication in business communication plays an important role. So, for example, picking up villi from a suit acts as a gesture of disapproval and disagreement in negotiations. In order to delay the pause for a final decision, you can take off your glasses and put them on or wipe the lenses. You can also highlight actions that will non-verbally talk about the desire to complete the meeting. These include: feeding the body forward, while the hands are located on the knees or on the armrests. Hands raised behind the head demonstrate that for the interlocutor the conversation is empty, unpleasant and burdensome.

Non-verbal language of communication is manifested even in the way an individual smokes. A closed, suspicious communication partner directs the exhaled stream of smoke down. A stronger hostility or aggression is indicated by the exhalation of smoke from the corners of the mouth down. Also important is the intensity of exhalation of smoke. The confidence of the interlocutor is evidenced by the rapid exhalation of smoke. The faster it is, the more confident the individual feels. The more intense the flow is exhaled downwards, the more negatively the interlocutor is set. Ambitiousness is indicated by exhaling smoke through the nostrils with the head up. The same, but with the head down, indicates that the individual is very angry.

Verbal and non-verbal means of communication in the course of communicative interaction are perceived simultaneously, as a result of which they should be analyzed as an indivisible whole. For example, during a conversation with a smiling, beautifully dressed subject with a pleasant timbre of voice, his interlocutor, all the same, without realizing it, can move away from his partner due to the fact that the smell of his toilet water is not to his liking. Such a non-verbal action will make the partner think that he is not all right, for example, with his appearance. From understanding this, confidence in one’s own words can disappear, the face turns red and ridiculous gestures appear. This situation indicates that verbal and non-verbal means of communication are inextricably linked. After all, gestures that are not supported by words are far from always meaningful, and words in the absence of facial expressions are empty.

Features of non-verbal communication

The positions of the body, head, arms and shoulders that are most difficult for self-control are of the greatest importance in communications. This is precisely the peculiarity of non-verbal communication in the process of conversation. Raised shoulders testify to tension. When relaxed, they fall. Lowered shoulders and a raised head often indicate an openness and attitude towards successful problem solving. Raised shoulders in combination with a lowered head are a sign of displeasure, isolation, fear, uncertainty.

An indicator of curiosity and interest is a head tilted to the side, and for the fair half, this gesture can express light flirting or flirting.

Much about the individual in the course of a conversation can tell the expression on his face. A sincere smile indicates friendliness, positive attitude. Discontent or isolation is expressed by tightly compressed lips. The bend of the lips, as if in a grin, speaks of doubt or sarcasm. Eyes also play an important role in non-verbal communication. If the gaze is fixed on the floor, then this demonstrates fear or the desire to stop communication interaction, if to the side, then it indicates neglect. You can subdue the will of the interlocutor with the help of a long and motionless direct look into the eyes. Raising the head in conjunction with looking up indicates a desire for a pause in the conversation. Comprehension expresses a slight tilt of the head combined with a smile or a rhythmic nodding of the head. A slight movement of the head back in combination with frowning eyebrows indicates a misunderstanding and the need to repeat what is being said.
In addition, a rather important feature of non-verbal communication is the ability to distinguish between gestures that speak of a lie. After all, most often such gestures are expressed unconsciously, so it is quite difficult to control them for an individual who intends to lie.

These include covering the mouth with a hand, touching the dimple under the nose or directly to the nose, rubbing the eyelids, looking to the floor or to the side of the gaze. The fair sex, when they lie, often draw a finger under the eye. Scratching the neck area, touching it, pulling back the collar of the shirt is also a sign of a lie. An important role in assessing the sincerity of a communication partner is played by the position of his palms. For example, if the interlocutor, holding out one palm or both, opens them partially or completely, then this indicates frankness. Hidden hands or motionless collected ones testify to secrecy.

Non-verbal and verbal means of communication

Communicative interaction or communication is called a rather complex multifaceted process at the beginning of establishing and then developing contacts between individuals, caused by the need joint activities and covering the exchange of messages, the development of a common direction or strategy of interaction, and perception with subsequent understanding of another subject. Communicative interaction consists of three components:

Communicative, representing the direct exchange of information between communicating people;
Interactive, consisting in the organization between the subjects of interaction;
Perceptual, consisting in the process of perception by individuals of each other and in the establishment of mutual understanding.

Communicative interaction can be verbal and non-verbal. In the process of everyday life, individuals talk to many people, using both verbal and non-verbal. Speech helps people share knowledge, worldviews, make acquaintances, establish social contacts, etc. However, without the use of non-verbal and verbal means of communication, speech will be difficult to understand.

Features of non-verbal communication and verbal interaction consist in the use of various tools for accepting and analyzing incoming data in the course of communications. So, for the perception of information transmitted by words, people use intelligence and logic, and for understanding non-verbal communication, they use intuition.

Verbal communication implies an understanding of how speech is perceived by a communication partner and what effect it has on him. After all, speech is one of the fundamental means of interpersonal communication.

For the human individual, a phenomenon begins to exist in its full sense when it is named. Language is the universal means of human interaction. It is the basic system by which people encrypt information and an essential communication tool. The language is considered a "powerful" encryption system, but along with this, it leaves room for destruction and the creation of barriers.

Words make clear the meaning of phenomena and circumstances, they help individuals express thoughts, worldview and emotions. Personality, its consciousness and language are inseparable. Often the language is ahead of the flow of thoughts, and often does not obey them at all. An individual can “blurt out” something or systematically “wag his tongue” at the same time, practically without thinking about what forms certain attitudes in society with his statements, directs them to a specific response and behavior. Here you can apply the saying - "as it comes around, it will respond." With the right use of words, you can manage such a response, predict it, and even shape it. Many politicians master the art of the competent use of words.

At each stage of communication interaction there are barriers that hinder its effectiveness. In the course of interaction, the illusory nature of mutual understanding of partners often arises. This illusion is due to the fact that individuals use the same words to mean completely different things.

Data loss and information corruption occurs at every stage of communication. The level of such losses is determined by the general imperfection of the human language system, the inability to accurately and completely transform thoughts into verbal structures, personal attitudes and aspirations (wishful thinking is perceived as valid), literacy of interlocutors, vocabulary, and so on.

Interpersonal communication interactions are predominantly carried out through the use of non-verbal tools. Non-verbal language is considered richer than verbal. After all, its elements are not verbal forms, but facial expressions, body positions and gestures, intonation characteristics of speech, spatial and temporal boundaries, a symbolic communicative sign system.

Often, non-verbal language of communication is not the result of a deliberate behavioral strategy, but a consequence of subconscious messages. That is why it is very difficult to fake it. The individual unconsciously perceives small non-verbal details, considering such perception as a "sixth sense". Often people unconsciously note discrepancies between spoken phrases and non-verbal signals, as a result of which they begin to distrust the interlocutor.

Types of non-verbal communication

Non-verbal interaction plays an essential role in the process of mutual exchange of emotions.

Facial expressions (presence of a smile, direction of gaze);

Movements (nodding or shaking the head, swinging the limbs, imitating some behavior, etc.);

Walking, touching, hugging, shaking hands, personal space.

A voice is a sound that an individual makes during a conversation, when singing or shouting, laughing and crying. The formation of voice occurs due to the vibration of the vocal cords, creating sound waves during the passage of exhaled air through them. Without the participation of hearing, the voice cannot develop, in turn, hearing cannot be formed without the participation of the vocal apparatus. So, for example, in an individual suffering from deafness, the voice does not function, due to the fact that there are no auditory perceptions and stimulation of the speech-motor centers.

In non-verbal communication, it is possible, with the help of only one intonation of the voice, to convey the enthusiastic or interrogative nature of the proposal. By the tone in which the request was stated, one can conclude how important it is for the speaker. Often, due to the wrong tone and intonation, requests can sound like orders. So, for example, the word "sorry" can carry completely different meanings depending on the intonation used. Also, with the help of voice, the subject can express his own state: surprise, joy, anger, etc.

Appearance is the most important component of non-verbal communication and it implies an image that a person sees and perceives.

Non-verbal business communication begins to line up precisely with an assessment of the external attributes of an individual. Acceptable appearance depends on the following characteristics: tidiness, good manners, naturalness of behavior, presence of manners, literacy of speech, adequacy of reactions to criticism or praise, charisma. In life, it is very important for every individual to be able to correctly use the capabilities of his own body when transmitting information to an interlocutor.

Non-verbal communication in business communication is essential. After all business people often you have to convince opponents of something, persuade them to their own point of view and commit certain actions (concluding transactions or investing a serious amount in the development of an enterprise). It will be easier to achieve this if you can demonstrate to the partner that the interlocutor is honest and open.

No less important is the position of the body (posture) during the conversation. With the help of a pose, one can express subordination, interest in a conversation, boredom or a desire for joint partnership, etc. When the interlocutor sits motionless, his eyes are hidden under dark glasses, and he covers his own notes, the other person will feel rather uncomfortable.

Non-verbal business communication to achieve success does not involve the use of postures at business meetings that demonstrate closeness, aggressiveness. It is also not recommended to wear glasses with tinted glasses during any communications, especially at the first meeting. Since, without seeing the eyes of a communication partner, the interlocutor may feel uncomfortable, because the lion's share of information remains inaccessible to him, as a result of which the general atmosphere of communicative interaction is disturbed.

Also, the psychological subordination of the participants in the conversation is reflected in the poses. For example, the desire for submission or dominance.

Thus, non-verbal communicative interaction is one of the tools of personal representation of one's own "I", an instrument of interpersonal influence and regulation of relationships, forms the image of the interlocutor, clarifies and anticipates the verbal message.

Non-verbal communication gestures

Often, individuals say something completely different from what they mean, and their interlocutors understand completely different things from what they wanted to convey. All this is due to the inability to read body language correctly.

Non-verbal communication methods can be conditionally divided into the following:

Expressive and expressive movements, which include facial expressions, body position, gait and hand gestures;

Tactile movements, including touching, patting on the shoulder, kissing, shaking hands;

A gaze characterized by the frequency of eye contact, direction, duration;

Movements in space, including seating at the table, orientation, direction, distance.

With the help of gestures, you can express confidence, superiority, or, conversely, dependence. In addition, there are masked gestures and incomplete barriers. Often in life, subjects may encounter conditions where they are not entirely comfortable, but at the same time they need to appear confident. For example, during a report in front of a large audience. In this situation, the individual attempts to block intuitive protective gestures that betray the speaker's nervousness, as a result of which he partially replaces them with incomplete barriers. Such barriers include such a position in which one hand is in a calm state, and the other holds on to the forearm or shoulder of the second hand. With the help of disguised gestures, the individual is also able to achieve required level confidence and calmness. As you know, the protective barrier is expressed in the form of fixing crossed arms across the body. Instead of this position, many subjects actively use manipulations with various accessories, for example, twirling cufflinks, pulling a watch strap or bracelet, etc. In this case, one arm is still across the body, which indicates the installation of a barrier.

Hands placed in pockets can also have many meanings. For example, a person may just be cold or just focused on something. In addition, it is necessary to distinguish gestures from the habits of the individual. So, for example, the habit of swinging your leg or tapping your heel while sitting at a table can be perceived as a reluctance to continue communication.

Non-verbal communication gestures are divided into the following:

Gestures of an illustrative nature (instructions, go-aheads);

Regulatory character (nodding, shaking the head);

Emblem gestures, that is, gestures that replace words or even entire phrases (for example, clasped hands indicate a greeting);

Adaptive character (touching, stroking, pulling objects);

Gestures-affectors, that is, expressing emotions, feelings;

Micro gestures (lip twitching, facial flushing).

In his famous book Body Language, the Austrian writer Alan Pease claims that each person perceives information based on this calculation: 7% of information comes with words, and the remaining 97% is perceived by us using non-verbal signals.

These modes of communication are better known as "sign language" and mean a form of self-expression that does not use words or any symbols of speech.

Expand your perception

Let's talk in more detail about each of these elements of non-verbal communication and give specific examples of their manifestation.

facial expressions

Facial expression is a facial expression of a person, it is the main element in displaying emotions and feelings. Positive emotions, such as love or surprise, are much easier to recognize than negative ones, such as disgust or anger. Emotions are reflected differently on the right and left sides of the face, because the left and right hemispheres of the brain perform different functions: the right one controls the emotional sphere, and the left one is responsible for intellectual functions.

Emotions are expressed in facial expressions in this way:

Anger - wide open eyes, lowered corners of the lips, "squinted" look, clenched teeth;
Surprise - parted mouth, wide eyes and raised eyebrows, lowered lips;
Fear - drawn together eyebrows, stretched lips with lowered and laid down corners;
Happiness - a calm look, raised, laid back corners of the lips;
Sadness - a "faded" look, lowered corners of the lips, arched eyebrows.

visual contact

Admiration - long eye contact, calm look;
Indignation - a close, obsessive, somewhat disturbing look, prolonged eye contact without pauses;
Location - attentive gaze, eye contact with pauses every 10 seconds;
Dislike - avoiding eye contact, "rolling" the eyes.
Expectation - a sharp look into the eyes, raised eyebrows.

With visual contact, you can find out not only the attitude of the interlocutor, but also determine some character traits by eye color.

Intonation and timbre of the voice

Excitement - low tone of voice, fast, abrupt speech;
Enthusiasm - high tone of voice, clear confident speech;
Fatigue - a low tone of voice, a decrease in intonation towards the end of a sentence;
Arrogance - slow speech, even monotonous intonation;
Uncertainty - mistakes in words, frequent pauses, nervous cough.

Gestures and postures

Bright gestures display positive emotions and dispose to sincerity and trust.

At the same time, excessive gesticulation, often repeated gestures can indicate internal tension and self-doubt.

Non-verbal communication becomes available, and the level of mutual understanding increases if you understand the postures and gestures of your interlocutor.

Concentration - closed eyes, pinching the bridge of the nose, rubbing the chin;
Criticality - one hand near the chin with an extended index finger along the cheek, the second hand supports the elbow;
Positivity - the body of the body, the head is slightly tilted forward, the hand slightly touches the cheek;
Distrust - the palm covers the mouth, expressing disagreement;
Boredom - the head is propped up by the hand, the body is relaxed and slightly bent;
Superiority - sitting position, legs one on the other, hands behind the head, eyelids slightly closed;
Disapproval - restless movement, shaking off "villi", straightening clothes, pulling trousers or skirts;
Uncertainty - scratching or rubbing the ears, wrapping one hand around the elbow of the other hand;
Openness - arms are spread out to the sides with palms up, shoulders are straightened, the head “looks” straight, the body is relaxed;

Video about non-verbal communication:

Interpersonal space

Intimate distance (up to 0.5 m) - intimate trusting relationships between loved ones, friends. It may also be acceptable in sports where physical contact is acceptable.
Interpersonal distance (from 0.5 m - to 1.2 m) - a comfortable distance during a friendly conversation, where touching each other is allowed.
Social distance (from 1.2 m - to 3.7 m) - informal interaction in society, during a business meeting. The greater the distance, up to the extreme border, the more formal the relationship.
Public distance (more than 3.7 m) is a comfortable distance for a lecturer who makes a public speech in front of a large group of people.

Learn to recognize lies

What means of non-verbal communication, gestures, postures, facial expressions should be paid attention to in order to recognize a lie?

too long or frequent pauses, pauses and hesitation before the start of the replica;
asymmetry of facial expressions, lack of synchrony in the work of the facial muscles, when there is a discrepancy in the facial expressions of the two sides of the face;
A "frozen" facial expression, when it does not change for 5-10 seconds, is false;
delayed expression of emotions, when there are long pauses between the word and the emotions associated with it;
"Elongated" smile, when the lips are pulled back from the teeth, creating a narrow line of lips;
visual contact is shallow, when the eyes of the liar meet the eyes of the interlocutor for no more than a third of the entire time of the conversation, while often looking at the ceiling and around with a restless facial expression;
twitching of any part of the body: tapping fingers on the table, biting the lips, twitching the arms or legs;
the sparse gestures that the liar keeps under control;
high tone of voice, heavy breathing;
bent body, cross-legged postures;
poor facial expressions, weak work of facial muscles;
rapid movement of the eyes first to the upper right corner, and then to the lower left;
quick, imperceptible at first glance, touching the nose, rubbing the eyelid;
more vivid gestures with the right hand, in comparison with the left;
any exaggeration: extra movements and gestures, inappropriate emotions;
frequent blinking of the eyes

Knowing all the subtleties of non-verbal communication techniques, you will not only be able to avoid manipulation, but you yourself can easily learn how to manage people.

…

How to learn to control emotions
Colin Tipping "Radical Forgiveness"
Personality by eye color

Non-verbal communication is an important and integral part of the communication process. Facial expressions, gestures, movements, intonation and tone of voice, gaze - all these factors affect the effectiveness of the process of information exchange between the sender and the addressee.

Scientists have come to the conclusion that, with the help of body language, people convey very important, and most importantly, truthful, information in the process of communication. Non-verbal means of communication and their forms came to the attention of researchers relatively recently. The result of their detailed study was the appearance new science- non-verbal psychology.

In every person, to one degree or another, two forces counteract: the need for solitude and the thirst for communication with people.
Vladimir Nabokov. Lectures on Russian literature.

The whole truth about non-verbal communication

Analyzing whether our interlocutor is telling the truth, we subconsciously take into account not only words, but also messages transmitted using body language. Scientists have managed to prove that almost 50% of information is transmitted by gestures and facial expressions, and only 7% - by words.

Undoubtedly, the gestural and mimic accompaniment of speech can tell much more about others than their full autobiography.

WikiHelp
Non-verbal communication is a side of communication, consisting in the exchange of information between individuals without the help of speech and language means, presented in any sign form. Such means of non-verbal communication as: facial expressions, gestures, posture, intonation, etc. perform the functions of supplementing and replacing speech, conveying the emotional states of communication partners.

If a few words or sentences are needed to fully describe an emotional state, then to express any feeling in non-verbal means, it is enough to perform just one movement (for example, raise an eyebrow, expressing surprise or nod).

Basic elements of non-verbal communication

Learning the means of non-verbal communication will make our daily communication more effective. The ability to read between the lines is very important in the process of building a strategy of behavior, since various manifestations of non-verbal information exchange can become the key to many mysteries and secrets.

It is believed that not a single person is able to fully control the movements of facial expressions and gestures during a conversation. Even weak signals instinctively given by the interlocutor will help his opponent draw the right conclusions.

Behavior: Observing changes in human behavior depending on the situation, you can extract a lot of useful information. Expression – means of expression: gestures, facial expressions. Haptic interaction: touching, shaking hands, hugging, patting on the back. Sight: duration, direction, change in pupil size. Movement in space: gait, posture while sitting, standing, etc. Individual reactions to various events: speed of movements, their nature (sharp or smooth), completeness, etc.

Modern scientists have nevertheless been able to develop special techniques that can mislead even experts in sign language. Having thoroughly studied some non-verbal techniques, you can use certain elements to convince the interlocutor of the sincerity of your intentions. But this is quite difficult, since the non-verbal accompaniment of speech is activated during the dialogue by our subconscious.

The meaning of some postures and gestures

Almost every day a person comes into contact with other people, communication arises between them. As you know, communication is divided into verbal and non-verbal. The methods of non-verbal communication can include everything except speech, that is, facial expressions, gestures, intonation, postures and more.

Consider below the most popular postures for non-verbal communication:

If a person hides his hands behind his back, most likely he wants to deceive you. Widely opened hands, turned palms up, indicate that the interlocutor is friendly and willing to communicate. If your counterpart crossed his arms over his chest, it means that he is uncomfortable and does not want to continue the dialogue. Concentrating on a serious issue, a person will involuntarily rub his chin or pinch the bridge of his nose. If, while listening to you, a person constantly covers his mouth with his hand, then you are not speaking convincingly enough If the interlocutor is bored, he props up his head with his hand An energetic handshake, accompanied by a joyful verbal greeting, speaks of the sincere intentions of the person If your counterpart cannot catch the essence of the conversation, he will scratch his ear or neck.
Hand gestures when speaking
Hand gestures can tell in sufficient detail about the general mood of the conversation of the interlocutor. The saturation of a person's speech with gestures adds bright colors to the conversation. At the same time, too active gestures or periodically repeated gestures can indicate self-doubt and the presence of internal tension. In general, hand gestures can be divided into open and closed:
- Open gestures testify to the trust and friendly attitude of the interlocutor. Supplement can serve as a slightly advanced body.
- Closed hand gestures in almost all cases indicate some discomfort and a person’s desire to “close”. For example, hands located on the elbows and “clasped in the lock” indicate the unpreparedness of the interlocutor for a direct conversation and decision-making in this moment. If a person has a ring on his finger, and he periodically touches and scrolls it, then this gesture indicates nervous tension.
If the interlocutor, while at the table, raises his hand to his lips, then most likely he wants to hide certain information or deceive. You should also pay attention to the gesture when the interlocutor touches his ear with his fingers, as it means a desire to end the conversation.
Leg position for communication
- attention position: Open pose with legs together, toes slightly apart. This position indicates a neutral behavior of a person.
- The position in which the legs are apart is most characteristic of the male half of humanity., since it is some signal of dominance. At the same time, this position indicates confidence, a person stands firmly on his feet.
- If one leg of the interlocutor is put forward the other, then this gesture can reveal his intentions regarding the conversation. In the case when a person’s sock is directed to the side when talking with you, this means that he is not averse to leaving as soon as possible. And, on the contrary, when the sock is turned towards the interlocutor, the person is carried away by the conversation.
Crossed Leg Variations
All crossed leg positions indicate a closed attitude and defense. Often, a person takes this position of the legs, experiencing discomfort and stress. In combination with crossed arms (most often in the chest area), the posture indicates a person’s desire to protect himself from what is happening and the inability to perceive information. The position called "hooking legs", characteristic of women, means fear, discomfort and tightness.
Conclusion
Human gestures are sometimes much more eloquent than his words. Therefore, when talking with an interlocutor, due attention should be paid to gestures.
Communication as a communicative process

Business communication is, first of all, communication, that is, the exchange of information that is significant for the participants in communication.

For effective communication, the following questions need to be clarified:

- what are the means of communication and how to use them correctly in the process of communication?

How to overcome communication barriers of misunderstanding?

In order for communication between individuals to become possible, certain means are needed by which communication is established and maintained. A special place is occupied by speech, which is characterized by richness and richness of linguistic means, culture and expressiveness.

All means of communication are divided into two large groups: verbal (verbal) and non-verbal . Scientists, in particular A. Meyerabian, found that information is transmitted through verbal means by 7%, sound means (including tone of voice, intonation) - by 38%, and through non-verbal means - by 55%. Professor Birdwissle has done similar research on the proportion of non-verbal means in human communication. He found that a person speaks words only for 10-11 minutes a day and each sentence sounds on average no more than 2.5 seconds. Verbal communication in a conversation takes less than 35%, and more than 65% of information is transmitted using non-verbal means of communication.

Most researchers share the opinion that the verbal channel is used to convey information, while the non-verbal channel is used to “discuss” interpersonal relationships, and in some cases instead of verbal messages (a woman expresses her attitude towards a man with a look).

Regardless of the cultural level of a person, words and the movements accompanying them coincide with such a degree of predictability that, with good preparation, it is possible to determine by voice what movement a person makes at the moment of pronouncing a particular phrase.

Non-verbal means of communication

Non-verbal behavior of a person is inextricably linked with his mental state, being a means of its expression. In the process of communication, non-verbal behavior is the object of interpretation not in itself, but as an indicator of individual psychological and socio-psychological characteristics of a person hidden for direct observation. People quickly learn to adapt their verbal behavior to changing circumstances, but body language is less plastic. Surprisingly, we rarely realize that posture, gestures and movements can contradict what the voice says. When we talk about a premonition that someone has told a lie, what we really mean is that we have noticed a discrepancy between verbal and non-verbal cues (lecturers' audience sense). For example, if listeners sit deep in their chairs with their chins down and arms folded across their chests, then the receptive person will have a premonition that his message will not succeed.

Women are usually more sensitive than men because of women's intuition. For the first few years, a mother relies solely on non-verbal communication channels with her child. It is believed that due to their intuition, women are more suitable for negotiating than men.

There is a heated debate whether non-verbal cues are innate or acquired. Congenital (genetic) include the ability to suck in cubs; the ability to smile, as it is observed in both the blind and the deaf; folding hands when crossing (left or right hand on top). Men put on their coats from the right sleeve, and most women from the left; letting the woman go forward, the man turns to face her, and the woman turns her back, because she instinctively covers her chest.

But many non-verbal cues are learned.

Classification of non-verbal means of communication

1. Kinetic means (kinesics) - visually perceived movements of another person, performing an expressive-regulatory function in communication. Kinesics includes expressive movements, manifested in facial expressions, posture, place, gaze, gait.

Special Role assigned facial expressions - movements of the muscles of the face. With a motionless or invisible face of the lecturer, up to 10–15% of information is lost. Main characteristic facial expressions is its integrity and dynamism. This means that in the facial expression of the six basic emotional states (anger, joy, fear, suffering, surprise and disgust), all muscle movements are coordinated. Mimic expressions do not depend on the nationality and culture of a person, that is, they are expressed in the same way. The main information load is carried by the eyebrows and lips (the area around the mouth).

Closely associated with facial expressions sight , or visual contact . When a person forms a thought, he often looks to the side (into space), when the thought is completely ready - at the interlocutor. If we are talking about complex things, they look at the interlocutor less. In general, the one who speaks looks less at the interlocutor than the listener. Visual contact indicates a disposition to communicate.

With the help of the eyes, the most accurate signals about the state of a person are transmitted, because the expansion and contraction of the pupils cannot be consciously controlled. Pupils dilate in high spirits, when interested in something (with constant lighting), and vice versa.

But the face is in many situations less informative than the body, since facial expressions are consciously controlled better than body movements, especially when lying.

Pose- the position of the human body, typical for this culture. The total number of different stable body positions is about 1000. Depending on cultural traditions, some postures are fixed, some are prohibited. The higher the status of a person, the more relaxed his postures. Posture also indicates closeness or disposition to communicate.

“Closed“postures (the front part of the body closes, and the person seeks to take up as little space as possible in space) speak of distrust, disagreement, criticism, opposition.

“open”poses – trust, consent, goodwill.

Gestures depend on culture, social status, emotional state. Gestures are as easy to understand as postures. Gesticulation increases with increasing emotional arousal and, if desired, to achieve a more complete mutual understanding.

The specific meaning of individual gestures is different in different cultures, but there are similar gestures:
- communicative (greeting, farewell, attracting attention, prohibitions, etc.);
- modal (assessment gestures and attitudes);
- descriptive, which make sense only in the context of a speech statement.
Main communicative gestures

Happy people smile; sad frowns; angry - an angry look; they don’t know or don’t understand something - they shrug their shoulders or make a helpless gesture; “yes” - nod; “no” - shake your head from side to side (even infants have this gesture). But the type of culture also leaves an imprint on non-verbal signals.

gesture “ok”: in America - “everything is fine”, in France - “zero” or “nothing”, in Japan - “money”, in some countries of the Mediterranean basin this gesture indicates the homosexuality of men.

Thumb up: in America, England, New Zealand - three meanings: “voting on the roads”, “everything is in order”, “insult” when thrown up sharply. In Greece - “shut up”.

V-sign with fingers: in the UK and Australia - an insulting interpretation; in most European countries - "victory".

But one gesture cannot be interpreted in isolation; it is necessary to take into account the complex of gestures and the circumstances that accompany them. Gestures, like words, come in the form of sentences and should be perceived in the same way. talking man must be congruent, i.e. words and gestures must match in meaning, and in case of a contradiction, a lie arises.

Gait- a style of movement by which one can easily recognize the emotional state of a person. The most "heavy" gait when angry; the most “easy” - with joy; longest stride length with pride; sluggish, depressed gait - with suffering.

The following types of non-verbal means of communication are associated with voice.

2. Prosody and extralinguistics

Thanks to these speech means, the flow of speech is regulated, language means of communication are saved; they complement, replace and anticipate speech utterances, express emotional states.

Prosody is the general name for the rhythmic-intonational aspects of speech: pitch, voice volume, timbre, stress force.

Extralinguistic system - the inclusion of pauses in speech, as well as various kinds of psychophysiological manifestations of a person: crying, coughing, laughing, sighing, etc. Rapid speech conveys excitement or concern; slow - depression, grief, arrogance, fatigue; high voice - enthusiasm, joy, distrust; soft and muffled voice - grief, sadness, fatigue.

It is necessary to be able not only to listen, but also to hear the intonation structure of speech.

Human voice- This characteristic in the general impression that arises about a person, so that we can immediately identify many professions by voice, for example, teachers, military men, priests. In studies, from 60 to 90% of correct judgments were obtained regarding body size, fullness, mobility, inner peace and age, based only on voice and manner of speaking. At the same time, those who judged by intuition were right by 88%, and those who rationally analyzed - only by 20%. The average person thinks more about the content of his words than about the way he speaks.

Speech rate corresponds to the dominant temperament or the so-called pace of life. It is difficult to change it arbitrarily, it can only be a short time. With true inner inclusion, the specific rate of speech will be restored again.

In speech behavior, first of all, it is necessary to evaluate:
- how the facts are described, what type they are;
- how the partner answers your questions, reacts to them;
- what is his inner involvement, liveliness, mood, vocabulary, way of expression, type of self-presentation.
It is necessary (during long conversations or the first acquaintance) to pay attention to your favorite topic of conversation: this is the sphere of the true interests of a person or his situational problems.

3. Takesical means of communication - dynamic touches: handshake, patting, kissing. They are a biologically necessary form of stimulation.

With absence required amount touching in newborns, the so-called effect of hospitalism develops, which leads to the fact that intellectual and emotional development is inhibited, the self-concept is distorted, physical well-being is destroyed, etc. Common signs: weight loss, lethargy, apathy, increased drowsiness, muscle hypotonia, avoiding contact with others (lack of visual tracking, turns to voice, cooing in response to the caress of an adult), weak crying. In extreme forms, hospitalism can lead to serious mental illness (infantile insanity, for example), chronic infection, and sometimes death of the child.

The use of dynamic touch in communication is determined by the status of partners, age, gender, degree of acquaintance.

Handshake is dominant, submissive, equal.

Pat more commonly used in close relationships, equality social status communicating.

Takes means of communication, to a greater extent than other non-verbal means, perform the function of an indicator of status-role relations, the degree of closeness of the communicants. Inadequate human use of tactic means can lead to conflicts.

4. Proxemics

Communication is always spatially organized. The term “proxemics” literally means “proximity”, was introduced by the American anthropologist E. Hall. Proxemic characteristics include the orientation of partners at the time of communication and the distance between them. These characteristics are influenced by cultural and national factors.

Orientation and communication angle- this is the turn of the body, the toe of the foot, etc. All this signals the direction of a person's thoughts.

Positions at the table determined by the nature of communication:
- against- communication is competitive or defensive;
- angular position- in a friendly conversation;
- on one side of the table- in cooperative (business) communication;
- diagonally(from different sides of the table) – independent position.
Distance between communication partners, or territory

Territory is a space that a person considers his own, as if this space is an extension of his physical body. This is the airspace around the human body, it is clearly marked (E. Hall). The dimensions of the “shell” depend on the population density of people in the place of residence, i.e., it is socially and nationally conditioned. Personal territory can be divided into four spatial zones:

A) intimate(from 15 to 46 cm). This is the most important and most protected area. Children, parents, spouses, lovers, close friends and relatives, i.e. people who are in close emotional contact, are allowed to this distance. There is also a subzone with a radius of up to 15 cm - over-intimate. It can only be penetrated through physical contact;

b) personal(from 46 to 120 cm). It's the distance that usually separates us at parties official receptions, evenings;

V) social(from 120 to 360 cm). At this distance, we keep from strangers, such as a plumber or a carpenter, who are doing repairs in our house; a new employee at work, from people we don't know very well;

G) public(more than 360 cm). At this distance it is most convenient to be in relation to a large group of people.

near areas - A And b; distant - V And G.

It has been found that introverted (introverted) people tend to have a relatively greater distance when speaking than outward-facing (extroverted) people. Crowding at concerts, in cinema halls, transport leads to the inevitable invasion of people into each other's intimate zones, people instinctively begin to defend themselves, and this in turn leads to rudeness, aggression and even physical impact.

There are a number of unwritten rules of conduct western man
in crowded conditions :
- no one is allowed to talk, even with acquaintances;
- it is not recommended to look directly at others;
- the face must be completely impartial - no display of emotions is allowed;
- if you have a book or newspaper in your hands, you should be completely immersed in reading;
- the closer in transport, the more restrained your movements should be;
- in the elevator, you should only look at the floor sign above your head.
multi-storey housing complexes also have a negative impact on a person, since they deprive him of his personal territory.

Zonal spaces differ:
- at people of different nations: the Japanese have much less of them than the Americans, so the Americans consider the Japanese to be overly familiar, and they, in turn, are “cold” and too official. During the conversation, it is interesting to watch them: moving slowly, the Japanese seems to be advancing, and the American is moving away;
- city dwellers And countryside. This can be observed when shaking hands. A villager usually stands firmly on the ground and leans towards your handshake, while a city dweller will take a step forward when shaking hands. Residents of sparsely populated areas have personal spaces up to nine meters, so they prefer to wave to each other as a sign of greeting.
A person regards his property or the area regularly used by him as his personal territory, like personal airspace, and is ready to defend it. Therefore, in an unfamiliar house or at negotiations, it is better to ask the owner where his place is or wait until they show you the place.

Psychologists have noticed that people behind the wheel react completely differently to facts related to their territory. In some cases, the size of their territory increases by 10 times, so they react strongly negatively to overtaking or crossing their path. Others, on the contrary, perceive the machine as a protective cocoon, isolating them from outside world. Such a driver drives slowly along the curb, and this is also a source of trouble on the road.

It should be noted that the non-verbal behavior of a person is polyfunctional. Non-verbal behavior:
- creates the image of a communication partner;
- expresses the quality and change in the relationship of communication partners, forms these relationships;
- is an indicator of the actual mental states of the individual;
- allows you to clarify, change the understanding of the verbal message, enhance the emotional richness of what was said;
- maintains an optimal level of psychological closeness between communicating;
- acts as an indicator of status-role relations.

Non-verbal communication is communication through. Non-verbal ways of communication

Kinesics

Pose

Gestures

facial expressions

Gait

Sight

Prosody and extralinguistics

Takeshika

Proxemics

Psychologists have established several norms of "proximity" (distances of a spatial type):

Orientation

Expand your perception

facial expressions

visual contact

Intonation and timbre of the voice

Gestures and postures

Interpersonal space

Learn to recognize lies

Non-verbal communication communication

Features of non-verbal communication

Non-verbal and verbal means of communication

Types of non-verbal communication

Non-verbal communication gestures

Expand your perception

facial expressions

visual contact

Intonation and timbre of the voice

Gestures and postures

Interpersonal space

Learn to recognize lies

…

The whole truth about non-verbal communication

Basic elements of non-verbal communication

The meaning of some postures and gestures

Hand gestures when speaking

Leg position for communication

Crossed Leg Variations

Conclusion

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